EP3159422B1 - Druckgusslegierung - Google Patents
Druckgusslegierung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3159422B1 EP3159422B1 EP16165977.6A EP16165977A EP3159422B1 EP 3159422 B1 EP3159422 B1 EP 3159422B1 EP 16165977 A EP16165977 A EP 16165977A EP 3159422 B1 EP3159422 B1 EP 3159422B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- weight
- die casting
- pressure die
- casting according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 81
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 81
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 aluminium-magnesium-silicon Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910019018 Mg 2 Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910017639 MgSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000979 O alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003878 thermal aging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017518 Cu Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
- C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
- B22D21/002—Castings of light metals
- B22D21/007—Castings of light metals with low melting point, e.g. Al 659 degrees C, Mg 650 degrees C
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/05—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
Definitions
- the invention relates to a die casting alloy based on aluminum, magnesium and silicon, in particular for use in light vehicle structural parts.
- the disclosed alloy is an aluminum, magnesium, silicon alloy, which is comparable to the reference alloy mentioned in the exemplary embodiments. This alloy has been produced by the Applicant for many years and used in the automotive industry.
- the Mg 2 Al 3 eutectic is about 35% Mg.
- the alloy according to the invention as well as in the case of the alloy according to FIG EP 0853133B1
- there is a Mg 2 Si eutectic which makes up about 50% of the cast structure. This is fundamentally different from binary AlMg alloys.
- Another alloy composition attributable to the prior art of the alloy according to the invention is hydroaluminum. It is an alloy based on aluminum and magnesium, which i.a. used for cylinder heads.
- the alloy according to the invention takes account of the ever increasing demands for lightweight construction in the automotive industry.
- the use of a material with higher strength allows the designer to realize thinner-walled and thus lighter structures. In this way, a further step towards low fuel consumption in the automobile can be realized.
- the alloy according to the invention is fundamentally versatile, but is intended for use in structural components in the automotive industry. Crash-relevant structural components can be manufactured with it, whereby rather a Cu and Zn-free variant is selected entirely without or with a T5 heat treatment.
- Another area of application includes battery-carrying structures in the e-mobile sector. This application is looking for high-strength materials to save weight. The riveting ability of the material is less important in this application because the components are removable and therefore bolted. Also of subordinate relevance, in comparison to crash-relevant components, is the deformability of the material. In this field of application, therefore, an alloy variant with copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) is used, which can be used already in the cast state or in the heat-treated state.
- Cu copper
- Zn zinc
- the mentioned objects are achieved by a diecasting alloy based on aluminum-magnesium-silicon, consisting of: Magnesium (Mg) 5.0-7.0% by weight Silicon (Si) 1.5-4.0% by weight Iron (Fe) 0.03-0.5% by weight Manganese (Mn) 0.3-0.8% by weight Zircon (Zr) 0.01-0.4% by weight Molybdenum (Mo) 0.01-0.4% by weight Vanadium (V) 0.01-0.03% by weight Beryllium (Be) 0.001-0.005% by weight Titanium (Ti) 0 - 0.15% by weight Strontium (Sr) 0 - 0.1% by weight Phosphorus (P) 0-250 ppm Copper (Cu) to 0 - 4% by weight Zinc (Zn) to 0-10% by weight
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0.05 to 0.20% by weight of molybdenum.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0.05 to 0.20% by weight of zirconium.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 2.0 to 3.0% by weight of silicon.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 5.5 to 6.5% by weight of magnesium.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0-0.08% by weight of titanium.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0.05 to 0.2% by weight of iron.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0-0.2% by weight of copper.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0-0.5% by weight of zinc.
- the alloy according to the invention contains 0-0.01% by weight of strontium.
- structural components are pressure-cast from the alloy according to the invention.
- Mg and Si were varied to find a suitable MgSi ratio for the increased requirements.
- An increase of Mg causes an increase in strength, whereby from 6.5% with a noticeable reduction of the elongation at break must be expected.
- the additional increase of Si leads to an increase of the eutectic portion of the alloy, which does not show any technical advantages. From a Mg: Si ratio of 2: 1, there is a significant loss in the elongation at break.
- Titanium and zirconium are known as grain refiners. Overall, the interaction of said elements represents an important basis for the alloy according to the invention.
- the strength-increasing effect compared to the comparison alloy EP 0 853 133 B1 is achieved in particular by refractory phases, which are formed by the elements Mo and Zr in connection with V and Ti.
- refractory phases which are formed by the elements Mo and Zr in connection with V and Ti.
- these phases precipitate out of the melt, either during the production of the alloy or during the casting process.
- they are the first to solidify during casting, in order to achieve a fine microstructure and consequently good material properties. It is preferable to keep the titanium content between 0-0.08% by weight.
- the alloy according to the invention has been developed ostensibly for die-casting and for the typical solidification conditions prevailing there.
- the size and extent of high-melting phases is always dependent on the solidification conditions.
- the solidification usually begins in the casting chamber, continues during the mold filling and often ends in thick-walled areas only after the component removal.
- One embodiment of the alloy according to the invention provides for the addition of secondary aluminum in the form of recycled material.
- the proportion of secondary aluminum should be 50% of the aluminum base alloy required for the production of the alloy.
- Recylingmaterial are for example to understand: wheels, extruded profiles, sheets and chips made of aluminum alloys.
- the alloy composition according to the invention it is possible to meet the requirements for crash-relevant structural components up to an iron content of 0.20% by weight; above 0.20% by weight iron permits use in the area of structural components relevant to strength.
- the slightly increased iron content is taken into account by reducing the manganese content.
- the risk of sludge formation in the holding furnace of the casting machine can be counteracted in this way.
- the sticking tendency of the alloy in the casting mold nevertheless decreases, since iron as well as manganese act positively and the reduction of Mn is overcompensated by the Fe content.
- the MnFe ratio avoids the formation of so-called beta phases, ie plate-shaped AlMnFeSi precipitates, which decisively reduce the ductility of the material.
- Such excretions are known under the microscope as so-called iron needles.
- a salt spray change test (ISO 9227) and an intercrystalline corrosion test (ASTM G110-92) were used to verify the corrosion tendency.
- the composition The alloy according to the invention is chosen so that in the case of Cu and Znarmen variant a very good corrosion resistance can be determined.
- the alloy according to the invention was rivet free of cracks despite its high strength.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16165977.6A EP3159422B1 (de) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-04-19 | Druckgusslegierung |
| ES16165977.6T ES2684614T3 (es) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-04-19 | Aleación para el moldeo a presión |
| CN201680084624.3A CN109072356B (zh) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-05-02 | 压铸合金 |
| MX2018012787A MX377655B (es) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-05-02 | Aleación para fundición a presión |
| PCT/EP2016/059722 WO2017182101A1 (de) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-05-02 | Druckgusslegierung |
| CA3021123A CA3021123C (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-05-02 | Alloy for pressure die-casting |
| KR1020187030923A KR101971846B1 (ko) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-05-02 | 다이 캐스팅 합금 |
| US16/094,309 US10669615B2 (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-05-02 | Alloy for pressure die-casting |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16165977.6A EP3159422B1 (de) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-04-19 | Druckgusslegierung |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3159422A1 EP3159422A1 (de) | 2017-04-26 |
| EP3159422B1 true EP3159422B1 (de) | 2018-06-13 |
Family
ID=55794877
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16165977.6A Active EP3159422B1 (de) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-04-19 | Druckgusslegierung |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10669615B2 (ko) |
| EP (1) | EP3159422B1 (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR101971846B1 (ko) |
| CN (1) | CN109072356B (ko) |
| CA (1) | CA3021123C (ko) |
| ES (1) | ES2684614T3 (ko) |
| MX (1) | MX377655B (ko) |
| WO (1) | WO2017182101A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019217319A1 (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2019-11-14 | Alcoa Usa Corp. | Al-Mg-Si-Mn-Fe CASTING ALLOYS |
| CN111809086B (zh) * | 2019-04-12 | 2021-12-07 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 一种压铸铝合金及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN110129637A (zh) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-08-16 | 华为技术有限公司 | 压铸铝合金及其制备方法和通讯产品结构件 |
| KR102285860B1 (ko) * | 2019-07-19 | 2021-08-04 | 주식회사 에프티넷 | 고인성 주조용 알루미늄 합금 및 그 제조방법 |
| RU2726520C1 (ru) * | 2019-09-03 | 2020-07-14 | федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С.П. Королёва" | Свариваемый термически не упрочняемый сплав на основе системы Al-Mg |
| US11646757B2 (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2023-05-09 | Skyworks Solutions, Inc. | Notch filters for selective emissions suppression |
| KR102364642B1 (ko) * | 2020-02-06 | 2022-02-18 | 주식회사 에스피텍 | 실리콘과 아연이 첨가된 고강도 다이캐스팅용 알루미늄 합금 및 그 제조방법 |
| CN111519071A (zh) * | 2020-05-12 | 2020-08-11 | 深圳星富丽实业发展有限责任公司 | 一种超短时效特性显著的新型高强韧压铸铝合金及其制备方法 |
| CN111607725A (zh) * | 2020-07-17 | 2020-09-01 | 山西瑞格金属新材料有限公司 | 一种高韧性耐腐蚀铝合金及其热处理方式 |
| KR102539804B1 (ko) * | 2020-10-27 | 2023-06-07 | 한국생산기술연구원 | 알루미늄 합금 및 이의 제조방법 |
| WO2022139007A1 (ko) * | 2020-12-22 | 2022-06-30 | 주식회사 에프티넷 | 고인성 주조용 알루미늄 합금 및 그 제조방법 |
| EP4194575A1 (en) | 2021-12-10 | 2023-06-14 | Aluminium Rheinfelden Alloys GmbH | Addition of calcium and vanadium to almg alloys |
| CN118326213B (zh) * | 2024-06-13 | 2024-09-06 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | 一种Al-Mg-Si-Mn-Cu-Zr系高强韧压铸铝合金及其制备方法和用途 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU3928495A (en) * | 1994-11-15 | 1996-06-06 | Aluminium Rheinfelden Gmbh | Cast aluminium alloy |
| EP1413636B9 (en) * | 2001-07-25 | 2009-10-21 | Showa Denko K.K. | Aluminum alloy excellent in machinability and aluminum alloy material and method for production thereof |
| FR2833616B1 (fr) * | 2001-12-17 | 2004-07-30 | Pechiney Aluminium | Piece coulee sous pression en alliage d'aluminium a haute ductilite et resilience |
| DE10352932B4 (de) * | 2003-11-11 | 2007-05-24 | Eads Deutschland Gmbh | Aluminium-Gusslegierung |
| AT501867B1 (de) | 2005-05-19 | 2009-07-15 | Aluminium Lend Gmbh & Co Kg | Aluminiumlegierung |
| ATE376075T1 (de) * | 2005-08-22 | 2007-11-15 | Rheinfelden Aluminium Gmbh | Warmfeste aluminiumlegierung |
-
2016
- 2016-04-19 ES ES16165977.6T patent/ES2684614T3/es active Active
- 2016-04-19 EP EP16165977.6A patent/EP3159422B1/de active Active
- 2016-05-02 CA CA3021123A patent/CA3021123C/en active Active
- 2016-05-02 US US16/094,309 patent/US10669615B2/en active Active
- 2016-05-02 WO PCT/EP2016/059722 patent/WO2017182101A1/de active Application Filing
- 2016-05-02 MX MX2018012787A patent/MX377655B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2016-05-02 KR KR1020187030923A patent/KR101971846B1/ko active Active
- 2016-05-02 CN CN201680084624.3A patent/CN109072356B/zh active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20180126559A (ko) | 2018-11-27 |
| MX377655B (es) | 2025-03-11 |
| CA3021123C (en) | 2019-06-25 |
| EP3159422A1 (de) | 2017-04-26 |
| CN109072356B (zh) | 2021-07-30 |
| MX2018012787A (es) | 2019-06-17 |
| WO2017182101A1 (de) | 2017-10-26 |
| CA3021123A1 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
| ES2684614T3 (es) | 2018-10-03 |
| KR101971846B1 (ko) | 2019-04-23 |
| US20190136350A1 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
| CN109072356A (zh) | 2018-12-21 |
| US10669615B2 (en) | 2020-06-02 |
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