EP2684212A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung des pentanären verbindungshalbleiters cztsse, sowie dünnschichtsolarzelle - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung des pentanären verbindungshalbleiters cztsse, sowie dünnschichtsolarzelleInfo
- Publication number
- EP2684212A1 EP2684212A1 EP12709818.4A EP12709818A EP2684212A1 EP 2684212 A1 EP2684212 A1 EP 2684212A1 EP 12709818 A EP12709818 A EP 12709818A EP 2684212 A1 EP2684212 A1 EP 2684212A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sulfur
- precursor layer
- selenium
- interface
- compound semiconductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 157
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 129
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- KYRUBSWVBPYWEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;iron;sulfane;tin Chemical compound S.S.S.S.[Fe].[Cu].[Cu].[Sn] KYRUBSWVBPYWEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper zinc Chemical compound [Cu].[Zn] TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 abstract 6
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 172
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 82
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910007610 Zn—Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 14
- -1 pentane compound Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017518 Cu Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017755 Cu-Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017752 Cu-Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017927 Cu—Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017943 Cu—Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] Chemical compound [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chalcopyrite Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Fe+2].[Cu+2] DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052951 chalcopyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010549 co-Evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000024234 coloboma, osteopetrosis, microphthalmia, macrocephaly, albinism, and deafness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper monosulfide Chemical class [Cu]=S BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008570 general process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02551—Group 12/16 materials
- H01L21/02557—Sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02551—Group 12/16 materials
- H01L21/0256—Selenides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02568—Chalcogenide semiconducting materials not being oxides, e.g. ternary compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02614—Transformation of metal, e.g. oxidation, nitridation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/032—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312
- H01L31/0326—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312 comprising AIBIICIVDVI kesterite compounds, e.g. Cu2ZnSnSe4, Cu2ZnSnS4
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/065—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the graded gap type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the invention is in the technical field of the production of thin film solar cells and relates to a method for producing a compound semiconductor of pentane kesterite / stannite of the type Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 , and a thin film solar cell with a pentane kerenite / stannite absorber of the Cu type 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 with a defined sulfur depth profile.
- Cu (In, Ga) (S, Se) 2 proved to be advantageous, in particular copper indium diselenide (CuInSe 2 ) is characterized by its particularly adapted to the spectrum of sunlight band gap by a particularly high absorption coefficient.
- CZTSSe pentanaric Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4
- CZTSe quaternary Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4
- CZTSe quaternary Cu 2 ZnSnS 4
- CZTS Copper Tin Oxide
- These semiconductor layers have a high absorption coefficient in visible light in the size of order of 10 4 cm 1 and a direct band gap in the order of 1.5 eV.
- Lausanne, CH, Vol. 517, No. 7, February 2, 2009, pages 2455- 2460, XP025928657 describes a method for producing the quaternary CZTS compound semiconductor.
- the elements Cu, Zn and Sn are deposited by co-sputtering and then reacted by heat treatment in an S-containing atmosphere to the compound semiconductor.
- the object of the present invention consists in processes known in the art for preparing a compound semiconductor from pentane-type kestritite / stannite of the type Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 or CZTSSe and to develop speaking compound semiconductors in an advantageous manner.
- a process for producing a compound semiconductor of pentane kesterite / stannite of the Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 type is shown, which is preferably part of a process for producing a thin-film solar cell or a thin-film solar module .
- the connection ⁇ semiconductor contains the metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn) and the chalcogens of sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).
- the term "thin-film solar cell” here and hereinafter refers to photovoltaic layer systems with thicknesses of only a few micrometers. Such coating systems Benö ⁇ term carrier substrates to provide a sufficient mechanical strength.
- Carriers known substrates for thin film solar cells include inorganic glass, polymers, or metal alloys, and may be designed in function of the layer thickness and material properties than rigid Plat ⁇ th or flexible films.
- the method according to the invention comprises the following
- the metals Kup ⁇ fer in two Stu ⁇ fen by depositing the metals Kup ⁇ fer in two Stu ⁇ fen, wherein the first precursor layer is produced in a first stage (Cu), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn) on a body and in a second stage, the second precursor layer Herge ⁇ provides is selected by depositing at least one chalcogen, sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) on the first precursor layer.
- the second precursor layer made by precipitating sulfur or alternatively by precipitating selenium or alternatively by precipitating sulfur and selenium in combination.
- the notation "Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4" means that the chalcogens sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) are contained in combination in the connection ⁇ semiconductors.
- the heat treatment of the at least one precursor layer stack takes place in a process gas atmosphere which, at least temporarily, at least one chalcogen, namely
- S Sulfur
- Se selenium
- chalcogen-containing compound in which sulfur and / or
- Selenium is contained in bound form contains.
- one or more process gases containing min ⁇ (least an elemental chalcogen selected from sulfur and selenium, and / or at least one chalcogen restroom compound in which sulfur and / or selenium is in bound form, for example, sulfur hydrogen H 2 S ) or Se ⁇ lenwasserstoff (H 2 Se) or other sulfur- or selenhal- term gases, at least temporarily cavities supplied to the process during the heat treatment of at least one precursor layer stack.
- chalcogen selected from pivoting ⁇ fel and selenium, (ie, sulfur, or alternatively, selenium), in the process gas, the other one chalcogen and / or the other of Chalcogen containing compound is included, or alternatively, if in the second precursor layer, the two chalcogens sulfur and selenium in Combination contained in the process gas sulfur and / or selenium and / or a sulfur-containing compound
- the invention shows a novel method for the manufacture of the lung ⁇ pentanary compound semiconductor Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4, where in a (two-stage) the first step, the metals are copper, zinc and tin, and then the chalcogens
- Sulfur and / or selenium are deposited.
- the thermal processing takes place in a chalcogen-containing environment for the conversion of the precursor layers into the pentanic compound semiconductor.
- a definable or defined sulfur depth profile (based on the total content of selenium and sulfur) in the pentane compound semiconductor Cu 2 ZnSn (Se, S) 4 are formed.
- sulfur contained in the process gas in the second precursor layer displaces selenium, so that the sulfur content decreases with increasing depth and the selenium content increases in a complementary manner.
- Sulfur contained can slide cheumble ⁇ by selenium in the process gas in the compound semiconductors in the second precursor layer are displaced, so that the sulfur content with increasing depth increases and decreases in a complementary manner, the selenium content. It is therefore not introduced by the chalcogen (sulfur or selenium) in the process gas in the reacted compound semiconductors, so the composition of the compound semiconductor influenced, but also by the displacement of the other chalcogen (selenium or sulfur), in the second precursor is holding layer ent ⁇ , the sulfur depth profile, based on the total content of sulfur and selenium, specifically set ⁇ to. Due to the chalcogen in the process gas can thus the
- a sulfur depth profile can be set with a maximum value of the ratio S / (Se + S) at the absorber surface and decreasing value of the ratio S / (Se + S) to the absorber interior.
- the resulting increased band gap at the absorber surface leads in the thin-film solar cell to an increase in the open-circuit voltage.
- the height of the short- circuit current is determined by the minimum of the band gap in the absorber interior.
- the sulfur depth profile in the pentagonal compound semiconductor can be adjusted in a targeted manner with regard to the band gap and the crystal quality.
- the sulfur depth profile may be formed from a surface of the compound semiconductor toward an interface with the body such that
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a maximum value, decreases toward the body interface, and has a minimum value at the body interface;
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a minimum value, increases towards the body interface, and has a maximum value at the body interface;
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a first maximum value, decreases toward the body interface down to a minimum value, and then increases again, and has a second maximum value at the body interface;
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a first minimum value, increases toward the body interface up to a maximum value, and then decreases again, and has a second minimum value at the body interface.
- the sulfur depth profile is preferably designed such that a relative change in the sulfur content at least over a partial region of the depth profile, ie over at least a partial region of the layer thickness of the compound semiconductor, in particular of the semiconductor semiconductor.
- area is to body interface, at least 10%, Wenig ⁇ least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% or at least 80%.
- Particularly preferred is the relative change of
- Sulfur content at least 20%.
- the at least one process gas can be continuously fed to the process space during a first time interval of the heat treatment or else only during one or more second time intervals, which are shorter than the first time interval.
- the at least one process gas can be fed into the process space in an earlier and / or a later phase of the heat treatment.
- the body during deposition of the second precursor layer advantageously has a temperature of less than 150 ° C, Staer ⁇ ker preferably less than 100 ° C, whereby an unintentional (part) already be reliably prevented reaction during deposition of the precursor materials can.
- Both the deposition of the metals copper, zinc and tin as well as the deposition of the at least one chalcogen, one or more dopants (eg sodium) can be deposited.
- a layer stack of individual layers of the metals copper, zinc and tin each individual layer consists of a single metal
- a layer stack of individual layers of chalcogens sulfur and selenium is deposited several times in succession.
- the first precursor layer can generally be formed such that - the copper content is less than the summary Ge ⁇ halt of zinc and tin, or
- the copper content is equal to the total content of zinc and tin, or
- the copper content is greater than the total content of zinc and tin.
- the first precursor layer can in principle be formed such that
- the zinc content is less than the tin content, or - the zinc content is equal to the tin content, or
- the zinc content is greater than the tin content.
- the first precursor layer is formed so that the copper content is less than the sum marische content of zinc and tin, and at the same time the Zinkge ⁇ is just greater than the tin content, wherein it is assumed that by this measure a favorable influence on the crystal quality and the efficiency of the thin-film solar cell ⁇ can be achieved.
- the two precursor layers are formed such that the ratio of the total content of chalcogens to the total content of metals is greater than or equal to 1 for the preparation of the pentanic compound semiconductor CZTSSe. Also by this measure, a favorable influence on the crystal quality and the effect ⁇ degree of thin-film solar cell can be achieved.
- the invention further extends to a thin film solar cell having a compound semiconductor formed from ⁇ absorber pentanärem kesterite / Stannit type Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 on a body, wherein the absorber of a semiconductor surface to a body interface through a definable or defined sulfur depth profile (based on a total content of selenium and sulfur).
- the sulfur depth profile is designed so that
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a maximum value, decreases toward the body interface, and has a minimum value at the body interface;
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a minimum value, increases towards the body interface, and has a maximum value at the body interface;
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a first maximum value, decreases toward the body interface down to a minimum value, and then increases again, and has a second maximum value at the body interface;
- the sulfur content at the semiconductor surface has a first minimum value, increases toward the body interface up to a maximum value, and then decreases again, and has a second minimum value at the body interface.
- the sulfur depth profile is formed such that a relative change in the sulfur content at least over a partial region of the depth profile, ie over at least a portion of the layer thickness of the compound ⁇ semiconductors, in particular from the semiconductor surface to the body interface, at least 10%, at least 20 %, we ⁇ iquess 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% or at least 80%. Most preferably, the relative change in sulfur content is at least 20%.
- the invention extends to the use of the above-described method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor from pentanärem kesterite / Stannit type Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 for the production of the semiconductor layer (absorber BER) of a thin film solar cell or a Dünn GmbHo ⁇ larmoduls.
- Fig. 1 is a sectional view illustrating the general process for producing an absorber of a thin-film solar cell composed of the compound semiconductor CZTSSe;
- Fig. 2-4 are sectional views illustrating specific procedures for producing the pentanic compound semiconductor
- Thin-film solar module is illustrated. It is understood that the layer structure 1 can serve to produce a multiplicity of thin-film solar cells which are connected in series in a monolithically integrated manner in a large-area arrangement.
- the layer structure 1 has a substrate configuration in which a layer structure 7 consisting of a plurality of thin layers is applied to a (support) substrate 3.
- the substrate 3 is made here, for example of inorganic glass, with other isolie ⁇ yield materials with sufficient strength, as well as inert behavior towards the carried out in the production of thin film solar cell process steps can be used equally, for example, plastics, insbeson ⁇ particular polymers or metals, particularly metal ⁇ alloy prof gene. depending on the layer thickness and the specific material properties of the substrate 3 can be configured as a rigid board or flexible sheet.
- ⁇ from the layer thickness of the substrate is for example 1 to 5 mm.
- the pressure applied to the substrate 3 layer structure 7 comprises a back electrode layer 4, which is arranged on a lichteinstory- surface of the substrate 3 and play, consists of an opaque metal in ⁇ . It can be, for example, by vapor deposition or sputtering magnet feldun- ter realizede on the substrate 3 to ⁇ eliminated.
- the back electrode layer 4 is in ⁇ play, molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti) or of a multilayer system with such a metal, for example molybdenum (Mo).
- the layer thickness of the back electrode layer 4 is less than 1 ⁇ here, preferably in the range of 300 nm to 600 nm and is for example about 500 nm.
- the back electrode ⁇ layer 4 serves as back contact or back electrode the thin-film solar cell.
- an alkali barrier can be angeord ⁇ net, which consists for example of Si 3 N 4 , SiON or SICN. This is not shown in detail in Fig. 1.
- the back electrode layer 4 On the back electrode layer 4 is an ers ⁇ te precursor or precursor layer 5 and a second pre ⁇ Läufer- or precursor layer 6 are successively disposed.
- the two precursor layers 5, 6 can be reactively reacted by a heat treatment indicated by arrow 8 in the photovoltaically active absorber 2.
- the layer thickness of the absorber 2 is, for example, in the range of 1-5 ⁇ and is in particular about 2 ⁇ .
- the layer structure 1 shown in FIG. 1 represents an intermediate product in the production of the thin-film solar cell. The further processing of the layer structure 1 is not necessary for the understanding of the invention, so that it need not be discussed in more detail.
- a front electrode layer which serves as Vordersei ⁇ tentitle or front electrode and is transparent to radiation in the visible spectral range (“window layer”).
- a doped metal oxide (TCO Transparent Conductive Oxi ⁇ en) is used for the front electrode layer used, for example, n-type, aluminum (Al) - doped zinc oxide (ZnO), boron (B) -doped zinc oxide (ZnO), or gallium (Ga) -doped zinc oxide (ZnO).
- a thin buffer layer is disposed in the rule which, for example, CdS, In x S y, (In, Ga, Al) x (S, Se) y, ZnS, Zn (0, S), Zn (Mg, O), optionally in combination with intrinsic i-ZnO, be ⁇ stands.
- CdS, In x S y, (In, Ga, Al) x (S, Se) y, ZnS, Zn (0, S), Zn (Mg, O), optionally in combination with intrinsic i-ZnO be ⁇ stands.
- the front electrode layer to the absorber 2 can be lent with regard lattice constant and band profile can be achieved.
- Front electrode, buffer, absorber and back electrode layers together form a heterojunction, ie one Sequence of layers of opposite conductivity type.
- the layer thickness of the front electrode layer is ⁇ example, about 300 to 1500 nm, the buffer layer ⁇ example, about 50 nm.
- ⁇ existing plastic layer encapsulating
- a polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or DNP for example, a polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or DNP.
- a transparent cover plate for sunlight comprising at ⁇ play, from extra-white glass (front glass) with a low iron content and may have a thickness of for example 1 to 4 mm, be provided.
- the structure described a thin film solar cell or a thin-film solar module to the expert beispielswei ⁇ se from commercially available thin film solar cells and thin film solar modules well known and has also been extensively described in numerous publications in the patent literature (eg DE 19956735 B4).
- the back electrode layer 4 adjoins the substrate 3.
- the layered structure 1 may equally have a superstrate configuration, in which the substrate 3 transparent, and the front electrode layer on istwanden ei ⁇ ner the light incident side surface of the sub ⁇ strats 3 is arranged.
- the layer structure 1 can serve for the production of integrated series-connected thin-film solar cells, the layer structure 1 being known per se by different structuring lines ("PI" for back electrode, "P2" for contact front electrode / back electrode and "P3" for separation the front electrode) is structured.
- PI for back electrode
- P2 for contact front electrode / back electrode
- P3 for separation the front electrode
- a structure of the front-electrode and grid thin-film solar cells may be provided.
- the method serves for the manufacture ⁇ development of a light-absorbing thin-film semiconductor layer or from the absorber 2 or Kesterit- Stannit type, wherein the absorber 2 is composed of CZTSSe.
- the first precursor layer 5 consists of the metals Cu, Zn and Sn and is deposited from purely metallic sources on the back electrode layer 4 or a (multilayer) body 12 consisting of substrate 3 and back electrode layer 4 (and optionally further layers) ,
- a deposition of the metals Cu, Zn, Sn on the body 12 can be realized, in particular, by the methods mentioned below, wherein optionally one or more dopants (eg Na) can be supplied.
- the element targets each have a clean ⁇ ness of> 4N, more preferably> 5N on.
- ⁇ th alloy target
- the alloy targets each a clean ⁇ ness of> 4N, more preferably> 5N on.
- the element sources each have a purity of> 4N, more preferably> 5N.
- the alloy sources each have a purity of> 4N, more preferably> 5N.
- the first precursor layer 5 comprises a plurality of individual metallic layers, each single layer consisting of Cu, Zn or Sn.
- the individual layers can be deposited in the layer sequence Cu / Zn / Sn, but other layer sequences are also possible.
- a layer sequence consisting of individual layers of the metals Cu, Zn, Sn, beispiels-, Cu / Zn / Sn, several times in succession is deposited, so that the first precursor layer 5 made of a stack of n moving ⁇ chen or different Layer sequences (eg nx Cu / Zn / Sn) exists.
- the metals Cu, Zn, Sn means Legie ⁇ approximately targets or alloy sources comprising the first pre ⁇ cursor layer 5 one or several metallic individual layers which elements of a binary or ternary alloy ele- Cu, Zn and / or Sn , If it is additionally deposited from Ele ⁇ ment targets or element sources, the individual layers can also elemental Cu, Zn and / or Sn.
- the metallic individual layers can be defined in a ten layer sequence are deposited.
- a layer sequence consisting of Einzella ⁇ conditions of binary or ternary alloys of the metals Cu, Zn and / or Sn (and optionally elemental Cu, Zn and / or Sn) is deposited several times in succession, so that the first precursor layer 5 consists of a stack of n moving ⁇ chen or different position sequences.
- the first precursor layer 5 consists of a stack of n moving ⁇ chen or different position sequences.
- the first precursor layer 5 can be formed so that its composition
- the first precursor layer 5 be formed in the layer structure 1 that their interaction ⁇ reduction
- the zinc content is less than the tin content (Zn / Sn ⁇ 1), or alternatively
- zinc rich meaning that zinc content is greater than the tin content (Zn / Sn> 1).
- the first precursor layer 5 is formed so that its composition is low in copper (Cu / (Zn + Sn) ⁇ 1) and at the same time rich in zinc (Zn / Sn> 1).
- the second precursor layer 6 is deposited on the first precursor layer 5.
- the second precur sor ⁇ layer 6 is composed of at least one chalcogen, namely lent S and / or Se.
- the at least one chalcogen is deposited without metallic components or binary metal-chalcogen compounds.
- the temperature of the substrate 3 during deposition of the at least one chalcogen is lower than 150 ° C, more preferably lower than 100 ° C, thereby advantageously already starting partial reaction of the metals of the first precursor layer 5 with the at least one chalcogen of the second Precursor layer 6 can be prevented.
- the deposition of S and / or Se can be realized, for example, by the methods mentioned below, wherein one or more dopants (eg Na) can be optionally fed in all processes: Thermal evaporation (PVD) of S and / or Se (sequential or simultaneously) sources of one or two evaporation ⁇ , optional (with Dotierstoffzugäbe eg Na) by evaporation of the dopant or a dotierstoffhalti- gen compound.
- PVD Thermal evaporation
- the two precursor layers 5, 6 together form a precursor layer stack 11.
- the precursor layer stack 11 is deposited several times in succession (multiple sequence). This measure may be particularly advantageous for the formation of crystals and / or adjustment of a desired depth profile of sulfur (based on the Automatchalcogenmenge) of pentanary Ver ⁇ bond semiconductor CZTSSe.
- the two precursor layers 5, 6 are subjected to a heat treatment in the form of a rapid thermal processing (commonly known as "Rapid Thermal Processing” (RTP)), whereby a reactive transformation of the metals Cu, Zn, Sn and S and / or Se to the pentanic compound semiconductor CZTSSe is effected.
- RTP Rapid Thermal Processing
- the heat treatment of the two precursor layers 5, 6 is carried out, at least temporarily, in a chalcogen-containing atmosphere within a process space 13 containing the layer structure 1, one or more process gases (sulfur and / or selenium and / or hydrogen sulphide) depending on the compound semiconductor to be produced (H 2 S) and / or Selenwas ⁇ hydrogen (H 2 Se) or combinations thereof) in a controlled manner the process chamber 13 are supplied.
- Each process gas is supplied in the heat treatment during at least one (predetermined) time ⁇ interval, wherein the time interval is shorter than the period of the entire heat treatment or corresponds to the period of the entire heat treatment.
- the amount of each process gas supplied per unit time may be unchanged or varied during the addition.
- the composition of the chalcogen-containing atmosphere during the heat treatment may be unchanged or vary.
- the heat treatment requires:
- Controlled process gas supply eg H 2 , N 2 , Ar, S gas, Se gas, H 2 S, H 2 Se and combinations thereof, with ge ⁇ suitable gas temperature-time profiles.
- the heat treatment of the two precursor layers 5, 6 may e.g. using a process box accommodating the layer structure 1 in a tunnel or within a process hood surrounding the layer structure 1.
- a process box accommodating the layer structure 1 in a tunnel or within a process hood surrounding the layer structure 1.
- Layer structures 1 with parallel substrates 3 are arranged side by side or one above the other (dual-substrate or multi-level process).
- the heat treatment of the two precursor layers 5, 6 is preferably carried out using a controlled temperature-process gas profile, so that the ratio S / (Se + S), i. the sulfur content related to the total content of S and Se, and the absorber 2 has a defined depth profile.
- (sulfur) depth profile the sulfur content or course of the value of the quotient S / (Se + S) in the absorber 2 along a linear dimension of the absorber 2, starting from an (absorber) surface 9 facing away from the substrate 3 an interface 10 facing the substrate 3 a direction perpendicular to the stacking sequence of the layer structure 7 or in the direction of the layer thickness.
- the heat treatment is carried out so that the depth profile over the layer thickness has a decreasing course, i. the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) is maximum at the surface 9 and decreases from the surface 9 toward the interface 10, so that the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) at the interface 10 is minimum.
- the heat treatment is performed such that the depth profile over the layer thickness has an increasing course, ie the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) is minimal at the surface 9 and decreases from the surface 9 toward the interface 10, so that the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) at the interface 10 is maximum.
- the heat treatment is carried out in such a way that the depth profile initially has a decreasing course over the layer thickness and then an increasing course, ie the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) has on the surface 9 a first maximum value, decreases from the surface 9 towards the interface 10 first, and increases between the surface and interfacial 9, 10 a (single) minimum value, and then increases again so that the value of behaves ⁇ Nisses S / (Se + S) assumes a second maximum value at the boundary surface 10, wherein the second maximum value to the first
- the heat treatment is carried out in such a way that the depth profile initially has an increasing course over the layer thickness and then a decreasing course, ie the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) has on the surface 9 a first minimum value increases initially from the surface 9 to the interface 10 and assumes a (single) maximum value between the upper and the interface 9, 10, and then decreases again, so that the value of the ratio S / (Se + S) assumes a second mini ⁇ malwert at the interface 10, the second minimum value for the first minimum value may be equal, but in general is different.
- etching is optional, for example, provided with KCN to remove particularly in kup ⁇ ferreicher processing (Cu / (Zn + Sn)> 1) Kupferselenide and / or copper sulfides.
- kup ⁇ ferreicher processing Cu / (Zn + Sn)> 1
- Kupferselenide and / or copper sulfides are presented of Fig. 1 indicated.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a first procedure for producing the absorber 2 consisting of the pentane compound semiconductor CZTSSe.
- the first precursor layer 5 is deposited on the back ⁇ electrode layer 4, for example, by sputtering of the elements Cu, Zn, Sn of three elemental targets consisting of Cu, Zn and Sn, where appropriate, an additional dopant deposition ⁇ takes place.
- the individual layers of the metals Cu, Zn, Sn are deposited, for example, in the layer sequence Cu / Zn / Sn, but other layer sequences are also possible.
- a certain position sequence for example Cu / Zn / Sn, is deposited several times (preferably 2-20 times) in succession, wherein the position sequences may be the same or different from one another.
- the Chalcogen Selenium is made second precursor layer 6 deposited on the first precursor layer 5, which can be done for example by thermal evaporation Ver ⁇ (PVD).
- the layer structure 7 accordingly comprises the precursor elements or precursor phases Cu-Zn-Sn / Se, hereinafter referred to as "Cu-Zn-Sn / Se precursor".
- the Cu-Zn-Sn / Se precursor is subjected to rapid thermal processing (RTP processing) in a sulfur-containing atmosphere.
- RTP processing rapid thermal processing
- S-gas and / or H 2 S gas is supplied to the process space 13 containing the layer structure 1.
- the temperature in the heat treatment is preferably higher than 400 ° C, particularly preferably higher than 500 ° C.
- the heat treatment causes a reactive conversion of the Cu-Zn-Sn / Se precursor to the pentane compound semiconductor Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 , which forms the absorber 2.
- the processing of the selenium-containing Cu-Zn-Sn / Se precursor in a sulfur-containing atmosphere allows an exchange process of selenium and sulfur between the second precursor layer 6 and the process atmosphere. This allows the sulfur content and thus the band gap of the formed
- Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4-compound semiconductor can be specifically influenced during the layer ⁇ education process.
- a time- and / or concentration-dependent variation of the sulfur content in the reaction gas atmosphere during thermal processing in the desired manner a defined concentration profile (depth profile) along the
- Layer thickness of the formed Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 -Veritatis- semiconductors are generated. Due to the generated band gap ⁇ profile of the absorber 4, an improvement of the effect ⁇ degree of thin-film solar cell can be achieved.
- an inert process gas eg nitrogen (N 2 ) or argon (Ar)
- S gas and / or H 2 S Gas or other S-containing gas
- S-gas and / or H 2 S-gas could be supplied to the heat treatment only in a second half of the time interval, whereby the time interval of the supply line may last until the end of the heat treatment or may end sooner.
- a sulfur profile is produced by incorporation of S and subsequent diffusion processes so that the ratio S / (Se + S) at the surface 9 is maximum and decreases towards the interface 10 ,
- the increased band gap of the surface 9 (maximum ratio S / (Se + S)) into the thin-film solar cell to a raised stabili ⁇ hung the open circuit voltage.
- the height of the short-circuit current is determined by the minimum of the band gap in the interior of the absorber 2.
- Inert gas is added to influence the sulfur depth profile in a targeted manner.
- Fig. 3 is another method for producing the pentane compound semiconductor CZTSSe existing
- deposition of the chalcogen S is provided instead of deposition of Se for the production of the second precursor layer 6, so that the layer structure 7 contains the precursor elements Cu-Zn-Sn / S (Cu-Zn-Sn / S precursor).
- the Cu-Zn-Sn / S precursor undergoes rapid thermal processing in a Se-containing atmosphere.
- Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas is supplied to the process space 13 containing the layer structure 1.
- a reactive Encrypt ⁇ development of the Cu ZnSn / S precursor to pentanary compound semiconductor ⁇ ZnSn Cu 2 (S, Se) is caused to 4, which forms the absorber. 2
- the processing of the S-containing Cu-Zn-Sn / S precursor in Se-containing atmosphere allows an exchange process of S and Se between the second precursor layer 6 and the gas phase.
- Stratification process can be influenced.
- an inert gas eg nitrogen (N 2 ) or argon (Ar)
- Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas could be heat-treated only in a second half of the time interval.
- Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas during a (earlier) first phase for example, but not necessarily, during the first half of the time interval
- ⁇ in a second phase of the process an inert gas is supplied ⁇ leads to affect the sulfur-depth profile in a controlled manner.
- two time intervals could where Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas is supplied into the supplied through a time interval, only inert gas may be underbro ⁇ chen. It would be conceivable, however, that also Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas is supplied during the complete heat treatment.
- FIG. 4 shows another method for producing the pentane compound semiconductor CZTSSe
- the layer structure 7 contains the precursor elements Cu-Zn-Sn / S-Se (Cu-Zn-Sn / S-Se precursor).
- the second precursor layer 6 may contain at least two individual layers of S and Se or Se and S.
- the second precursor layer 6 comprises a plurality n (n> 2) of layer sequences, each consisting of two individual layers S and Se or Se and S (nx S / Se or nx Se / S).
- the Cu-Zn-Sn / S-Se precursor undergoes rapid thermal processing in an S and / or Se-containing atmosphere.
- Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas (or other selenium-containing gas) and / or S gas and / or H 2 S gas (or other sulfur-containing gas) is added to the process space 13 containing the layer structure 1 fed. Due to the heat treatment becomes a reactive Conversion of the Cu-Zn-Sn / S-Se precursor to the pentane Ver ⁇ bonding semiconductor Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) 4 causes, which forms the absorber 2.
- the processing of the sulfur-containing and selenium-containing Cu-Zn-Sn / S-Se precursor in S and / or Se-containing atmosphere allows an exchange process of S and Se between the second precursor layer 6 and the gas phase.
- the sulfur content of the formed Cu 2 ZnSn (S, Se) are influenced during the layer forming process aims ge ⁇ 4 -Verbin- dung semiconductor.
- Se and S in the second precursor layer 6 it is possible to influence the reaction kinetics in the RTP process, in which case positive effects with regard to a process time minimization are probable (eg due to a preferred reaction of Cu with S).
- the process gas used may be Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas (or another selenium-containing gas) and / or S gas and / or H 2 S gas ( or other sulfur-containing gas) and in a second (later) Pro ⁇ zessphase an inert gas are supplied to the process chamber containing the layer structure 1. 13
- Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas and / or S gas and / or H 2 S gas it would be possible for Se gas and / or H 2 Se gas and / or S gas and / or H 2 S gas to be present in a (later) second phase and possibly in an earlier first phase Inert gas are supplied to the process chamber 13.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP12709818.4A EP2684212A1 (de) | 2011-03-10 | 2012-02-22 | Verfahren zur herstellung des pentanären verbindungshalbleiters cztsse, sowie dünnschichtsolarzelle |
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EP12709818.4A EP2684212A1 (de) | 2011-03-10 | 2012-02-22 | Verfahren zur herstellung des pentanären verbindungshalbleiters cztsse, sowie dünnschichtsolarzelle |
PCT/EP2012/052993 WO2012119857A1 (de) | 2011-03-10 | 2012-02-22 | Verfahren zur herstellung des pentanären verbindungshalbleiters cztsse, sowie dünnschichtsolarzelle |
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CN (1) | CN103403851A (de) |
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EP2842169A1 (de) * | 2012-04-27 | 2015-03-04 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Verfahren zur herstellung des natriumdotierten pentanären halbleiters cztsse |
CN103094422A (zh) * | 2013-01-29 | 2013-05-08 | 电子科技大学 | 铜锌锡硫硒薄膜制备中的掺杂工艺 |
JP6061765B2 (ja) * | 2013-04-16 | 2017-01-18 | ソーラーフロンティア株式会社 | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
EP2800146A1 (de) * | 2013-05-03 | 2014-11-05 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Rückseitenkontaktiertes Substrat für eine Photovoltaikzelle oder ein Photovoltaikmodul |
CN104701394B (zh) * | 2013-12-09 | 2017-02-15 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | 一种具有择优取向的Cu2ZnSn(S1‑xSex)4薄膜 |
US9240501B2 (en) * | 2014-02-12 | 2016-01-19 | Solar Frontier K.K. | Compound-based thin film solar cell |
EP2947682A1 (de) * | 2014-05-20 | 2015-11-25 | IMEC vzw | Verfahren zur herstellung von chalcogenidschichten |
KR101656842B1 (ko) * | 2014-08-18 | 2016-09-13 | 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 | 태양전지용 CZTS/CZTSe계 박막 및 제조방법 및 그 방법에 의해 제조된 CZTS/CZTSe계 박막 |
US9530908B2 (en) | 2014-11-13 | 2016-12-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Hybrid vapor phase-solution phase growth techniques for improved CZT(S,Se) photovoltaic device performance |
KR101733438B1 (ko) | 2015-02-11 | 2017-05-11 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 경사조성형 칼코제나이드 박막 및 그 제조방법 |
CN104979429B (zh) * | 2015-06-11 | 2016-10-05 | 岭南师范学院 | 一种微米级球形铜锌锡硫硒单晶颗粒的制备方法 |
KR102075633B1 (ko) | 2018-11-08 | 2020-02-10 | 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 | CZTSSe계 박막 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 박막 태양전지 제조방법 |
KR102284740B1 (ko) | 2018-11-23 | 2021-08-03 | 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 | CZTSSe계 광흡수층의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 태양전지의 제조방법 |
KR101978110B1 (ko) | 2019-02-01 | 2019-05-13 | 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 | 화합물 광흡수층의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 태양전지의 제조방법 |
CN112899652A (zh) * | 2019-11-19 | 2021-06-04 | 中国科学院微电子研究所 | 一种原子层沉积制备薄膜材料的装置和方法 |
KR102420408B1 (ko) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-07-13 | 전남대학교산학협력단 | 무기박막태양전지용 p형 화합물 반도체층 제조방법 및 상기 방법으로 제조된 p형 화합물 반도체층을 포함하는 무기박막태양전지 |
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WO2010138636A2 (en) * | 2009-05-26 | 2010-12-02 | Purdue Research Foundation | Synthesis of multinary chalcogenide nanoparticles comprising cu, zn, sn, s, and se |
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JP4394366B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-26 | 2010-01-06 | 時夫 中田 | 両面受光太陽電池 |
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US20070111367A1 (en) * | 2005-10-19 | 2007-05-17 | Basol Bulent M | Method and apparatus for converting precursor layers into photovoltaic absorbers |
EP2336394B1 (de) * | 2006-05-24 | 2015-07-01 | Atotech Deutschland GmbH | Metallplattierungszusammensetzung und Verfahren zur Ablagerung von Kupfer-Zink-Blech zur Herstellung einer Dünnfilm-Solarzelle |
US7854963B2 (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2010-12-21 | Solopower, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling composition profile of copper indium gallium chalcogenide layers |
WO2008085604A2 (en) * | 2006-11-10 | 2008-07-17 | Solopower, Inc. | Reel-to-reel reaction of precursor film to form solar cell absorber |
US8163090B2 (en) | 2007-12-10 | 2012-04-24 | Solopower, Inc. | Methods structures and apparatus to provide group VIA and IA materials for solar cell absorber formation |
KR20100073717A (ko) * | 2008-12-23 | 2010-07-01 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 태양전지 및 그 제조 방법 |
JP5185171B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-24 | 2013-04-17 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 薄膜太陽電池の光吸収層の形成方法 |
EP2474044A4 (de) * | 2009-09-02 | 2014-01-15 | Brent Bollman | Verfahren und vorrichtungen zur verarbeitung einer vorläuferschicht in einer gruppe mithilfe von deren umgebung |
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- 2012-02-22 WO PCT/EP2012/052993 patent/WO2012119857A1/de active Application Filing
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- 2012-02-22 EP EP12709818.4A patent/EP2684212A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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BR112013018999A2 (pt) | 2017-01-31 |
US9087954B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 |
ZA201305821B (en) | 2014-04-30 |
JP2014513413A (ja) | 2014-05-29 |
KR20130143109A (ko) | 2013-12-30 |
US20140053896A1 (en) | 2014-02-27 |
CN103403851A (zh) | 2013-11-20 |
KR101522128B1 (ko) | 2015-05-20 |
WO2012119857A1 (de) | 2012-09-13 |
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