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EP2649719A1 - Capteur solaire photovoltaïque et thermique concentré - Google Patents

Capteur solaire photovoltaïque et thermique concentré

Info

Publication number
EP2649719A1
EP2649719A1 EP10860411.7A EP10860411A EP2649719A1 EP 2649719 A1 EP2649719 A1 EP 2649719A1 EP 10860411 A EP10860411 A EP 10860411A EP 2649719 A1 EP2649719 A1 EP 2649719A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
solar
solar energy
collector
reflector
energy system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP10860411.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2649719A4 (fr
Inventor
David Correia
Jim Braig
Arthur M. Shulenberger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Electrotherm Solar Corp
Original Assignee
Electrotherm Solar Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US12/962,650 external-priority patent/US8455755B2/en
Application filed by Electrotherm Solar Corp filed Critical Electrotherm Solar Corp
Publication of EP2649719A1 publication Critical patent/EP2649719A1/fr
Publication of EP2649719A4 publication Critical patent/EP2649719A4/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/052—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells
    • H01L31/0521—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells using a gaseous or a liquid coolant, e.g. air flow ventilation, water circulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/40—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors
    • F24S10/45—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors the enclosure being cylindrical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/74—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with trough-shaped or cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/45—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with two rotation axes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
    • H02S20/30—Supporting structures being movable or adjustable, e.g. for angle adjustment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/40—Thermal components
    • H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
    • Y02P80/15—On-site combined power, heat or cool generation or distribution, e.g. combined heat and power [CHP] supply

Definitions

  • a typical flat panel photovoltaic (PV) panel converts only 15-20% of the incident radiant energy into electricity, while a typical flat panel thermal energy collector converts approximately 50% of the incident radiant energy into heat. Because they do not concentrate the solar energy, flat panel thermal collectors are typically incapable of being used in applications where it is desired to heat a fluid to temperatures above 150°F. This results in a "low quality heat" as it is referred to in the industry.
  • PV photovoltaic
  • United States Patent No. 6,111,190 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a Fresnel lens solar concentrator made of light weight materials that can be used in space.
  • United States Patent No. 6,075,200 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a stretched Fresnel lens solar concentrator for use in space.
  • United States Patent No. 6,031,179 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a color-mixing lens for solar concentrator systems that increases power output by chromatically dispersing light.
  • the solar concentrator described herein converts incident solar energy into both heat and electricity. Summing both thermal and electrical energy outputs, the conversion efficiency of an embodiment of the present invention is approximately 80%. Furthermore, a preferred embodiment of the present invention uses only one-twentieth the area of silicon cells to produce the same amount of electrical energy as a conventional solar panel, greatly reducing the material cost. This is accomplished by concentrating approximately twenty square feet of incident energy onto an approximately one square foot photovoltaic cell using a parabolic trough reflector and combining the reflector's photovoltaic target and thermal target into one device.
  • the user gains a significant advantage in flexibility of mounting location and positioning options, which leads to increased efficiency in use due to the ability to optimize location.
  • the collectors herein are highly modular in nature, allowing for flexibility in design and utility in positioning, such as on a rooftop where space is available and obstructions are minimized. For example, a four unit concentrator may be designed to produce 1000 W output. If additional power output is preferred or there is a desire to supplement power output, additional units may be combined to meet the needs of the application.
  • the geometry is aerodynamic in design to limit wind resistance and minimize the need to use high strength materials to compensate for environmental stresses.
  • a receiver for example, encasing that device in a transparent tube, and evacuating the atmosphere from that tube, the photovoltaic target is isolated from moisture and other detrimental environmental elements, and thermal losses due to convection are reduced.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the solar collector system described herein;
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the solar collector system described herein;
  • FIG. 3 is a drawing of the covered tube assembly of the solar collector in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 4a is a cross-section of the solar collector along line A— A of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 4b is a cross-section of another embodiment of the solar collector along line A— A of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 5 depicts the solar collector in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 6 depicts part of the solar collector in Fig. 5;
  • Fig. 7 is a drawing of a roof mounting bracket for the solar collector embodiments exemplified herein.
  • Figs. 8a - 8i are cross-sectional views of stages of the manufacture of solar collector embodiments exemplified herein.
  • the embodiments herein preferably use a reflective or mirror surface formed in a parabolic trough, such that the reflective surface directs solar radiation from the sun to a receiver or set of receivers suspended above the reflective surface.
  • the embodiments herein are designed to produce both electricity and thermal energy.
  • the receiver or receivers have solar cells, preferably on the underside, such that the solar cells or photovoltaics produce electricity. Solar cells operate more efficiently when cooled.
  • a cooling fluid flows through the back of the solar cells to extract heat from the solar cells and regulate their internal cell temperature. The cooling fluid removes heat in the form of heated fluid to facilitate a simultaneous dual output: electricity and hot fluid.
  • the solar energy is focused to a point, a focal point where the solar energy is concentrated.
  • One advantage is that the silicon that makes up the solar cells is relatively expensive while the mirrored surface material is relatively less expensive, such that if the mirrored surface is maximized and the silicon is minimized, the cost per unit of output power is minimized.
  • the solar cells used in the preferred embodiments operate at a concentration of from about 10 to about 100 times, more preferably from about 20 to about 50 times, more preferably from about 25 to about 35 times.
  • the system operates under substantially direct sunlight. Because the trough focuses the light to a point it is preferred to track the sun as the sun moves across the sky. It is also preferred to adjust the vertical orientation based on the season to maximize solar input.
  • the tracking system uses a microprocessor which has an algorithm that knows exactly where the sun is at any time of any day of the year and determines the most effective positioning of the solar concentrator.
  • An example of one embodiment is a solar energy generating system that has a solar energy collector.
  • the solar energy collector optionally has a cover in a preferred embodiment that provides protection from the elements and insulates from heat loss.
  • the solar energy collector is constructed using one or more concentrating reflectors, one or more photovoltaic cells, one or more ribs to provide structural integrity, and a photovoltaic cell mounting structure, preferably in contact with a heat receiving and conveying medium.
  • the conveying medium is a working fluid, such as a mixture of water and antifreeze.
  • the heat receiving medium may preferably be a phase changing material at the preferred temperature, such as a wax or the like.
  • An example of such a solid is wax with a melt temperature from about 115°F to about 185°F, depending upon the preferred application.
  • a lower temperature range of about 115°F to about 140°F may be used.
  • a higher temperature range of about 170°F to about 185°F may be preferred.
  • an intermediate temperature of from about 140°F to about 170°F is more easily regulated and a greater amount of heat may be absorbed, making such a material the preferred heat receiving medium.
  • the cover is translucent or transparent to solar radiation.
  • the concentrating reflector directs concentrated solar radiation onto the one or more photovoltaic cells, which convert part of said concentrated solar radiation into electrical energy and, in a preferred embodiment, a larger part of said concentrated solar radiation into thermal energy.
  • the one or more photovoltaic cells conduct the thermal energy to the photovoltaic cell mounting structure and the cell mounting structure conducts said thermal energy into the heat absorbing material, such as a working fluid which can transfer the absorbed heat to a number of mediums, such as a phase changing solid or other heat absorbing means.
  • the cover, reflector, and structural ribs are integrally connected together such that they support said solar energy collector.
  • the reflector surface can be made of a number of materials that act as mirrored surfaces.
  • the structural ribs may be translucent, transparent or reflective in some embodiments. In other embodiments the structural ribs are formed in a perimeter with no material in the middle portion to allow sunlight to directly contact a maximum surface area of the reflector and reflect a maximum amount of the sunlight to the receiver.
  • the solar energy system is mounted with a tilt mechanism that provides the ability to tilt said solar energy collector on a vertical plane. This compensates for the incident angle of sunlight during different times of year based on the trajectory of the sun.
  • a preferred embodiment has a rotating mechanism to provide the ability to rotate the solar energy collector to increase, optimize or maximize the incident light throughout the course of the day.
  • the solar energy system uses a control module in communication with the tilt mechanism wherein the control module directs the tilt mechanism to tilt said solar energy collector to a specified tilt angle.
  • the control module preferably determines the specified tilt angle using a latitude and longitude associated with the solar energy collector, and a date and time said solar energy collector is to be tilted.
  • the control module of the solar energy system receives environmental data and determines when to place said solar energy collector in a protected orientation based on the environmental data.
  • the environmental data may be vibrational data. Excessive vibration may be caused by buffeting of the collector in high winds of a storm. In such a case, vibration data could cause the control module to turn the collector face down to protect it from wind born debris, for example.
  • the environmental data may also be a measure of solar radiation incident on the solar collector.
  • the control module receives operating data from the solar collector and adjusts said specified direction based on that operating data.
  • the operating data may be voltage data from the photovoltaic cell and said specified tilt angle and rotation may be chosen to maximize the voltage data.
  • the operating data may also be temperature data from the solar collector and the specified tilt angle may be selected to optimize said temperature or reduce the temperature data if the system is overheating.
  • the operating data may also be a fluid flow rate and the specified tilt angle is chosen to position the solar collector in a protected orientation.
  • One embodiment of the solar energy systems herein uses a switch that causes the control module to position the solar collector in a protected orientation.
  • the solar energy system uses a transparent or translucent covered tube and two end caps positioned around the cell mounting structure and the one or more photovoltaic cells.
  • the transparent covered tube, end caps, and cell mounting structure create an airtight volume about said photovoltaic cell.
  • the solar energy system uses a cooling system that contains a heat absorbing media, such as wax, and a working fluid, such as a fluid mixture of water and glycol to move the heat which can be stored in said heat absorbing media, which is preferentially a phase changing media to regulate temperature and maximize heat storage.
  • a heat absorbing media such as wax
  • a working fluid such as a fluid mixture of water and glycol
  • the solar energy system the covered tube is airtight and is evacuated of air to decrease the convection of thermal energy away from the cell mounting structure and the one or more photovoltaic cells.
  • the solar energy system may also use a reflective coating applied to an inner portion of the transparent covered tube, such that the reflective coating reflects the concentrated solar radiation toward the cell mounting structure.
  • the solar energy system also may contain a plurality of cell mounting structures and a plurality of photovoltaic cells, wherein the plurality of cell mounting structures are positioned linearly and the structures may also contain bores axially aligned with one or more fluid tubes running through the bore for the length of the aligned plurality of cell mounting structures.
  • a phase changing medium is used in place of the fluid.
  • the fluid tubes are in contact with the mounting structures to cool the photovoltaic cells or to absorb and collect heat from the collector.
  • the solar energy system embodiments preferably uses a reflector that
  • the plurality of photovoltaic cells comprise single junction silicon solar cells, with spacings of less than 100 microns between the P+ and N+ regions in said single junction silicon solar cells, to allow linear operation of the single junction solar cells at about a 20X to 3 OX concentration of solar radiation. Operation at concentration ranges above about 10X requires such small spacing.
  • the solar energy system may have a plurality of photovoltaic cells that comprise single junction silicon solar cells with nano-structures, such as nano-tube structures, between the P+ and N+ regions to allow linear operation of said single junction solar cells at the particular concentrations of solar radiation.
  • the plurality of photovoltaic cells comprises multi- junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) photovoltaic cells, such as those available from Spectrolab, Inc Though they are more expensive, GaAs cells have efficiencies that can exceed 40%, significantly higher than the single junction silicon solar cell.
  • GaAs cells employs photocells with gallium indium phosphide (GalnP). GalnP photovoltaic cells have efficiencies higher than silicon cells, such as boron-doped Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers or floating zone (FZ) doped wafers.
  • CZ Czochralski
  • FZ floating zone
  • Ga:CZ gallium-doped CZ
  • MZ magnetically grown CZ
  • B:FZ boron-doped FZ silicon
  • a preferred embodiment herein includes a method of manufacturing a solar energy collector for later assembly.
  • the manufacturing includes creating a cover, a reflector, a plurality of ribs, and a covered tube assembly.
  • the parts may be assembled before or after shipping. If, for example, the parts are assembled after shipping, the reflector may be positioned about said ribs to form a concentrating reflector.
  • the ribs may be positioned about the covered tube assembly to place the covered tube assembly at a focal point of the concentrating reflector, and said cover may be positioned about the covered tube assembly at a position determined by the concentrating reflector.
  • FIG. 1-6 show preferred embodiments of a
  • a block diagram shows solar collector 1 held by frame 33 and oriented to receive solar radiation.
  • Cool fluid supply 2 is connected to solar collector 1 to direct fluid through covered tube assembly 3.
  • Reflector 4 directs solar radiation onto covered tube assembly 3.
  • Reflector 4 particularly directs solar radiation onto photovoltaic cell 5 (see Fig. 3), an element of covered tube fluid assembly 3.
  • Covered tube assembly 3 absorbs and transfers part of the energy from the solar radiation into the fluid supplied by cool fluid supply 2.
  • Warm fluid return 6 directs warmed fluid to devices (not shown) utilizing warm fluid, such as radiators, storage tanks, or other devices known to those of skill in the art.
  • Covered tube assembly 3, by way of photovoltaic cell 5, also converts part of the solar radiation into electrical energy.
  • Covered tube assembly 3 outputs DC electrical power via power leads 7.
  • power leads 7 are connected to DC - AC inverter 8, which outputs AC electrical power.
  • Rotation actuator and sensor 9 connects solar collector 1 to base 12 in a manner allowing rotation actuator and sensor 9 to rotate solar collector 1 about an axis parallel to that of covered tube assembly 3.
  • Tilt actuator and sensor 11 connect solar collector 1 to base 12 in a manner allowing tilt actuator and sensor 11 to pivot solar collector 1 about an axis perpendicular to that of covered tube assembly 3. This pivoting allows tilt actuator and sensor 11 to position solar collector 1 for seasonal tracking of the sun.
  • Cool fluid supply 2 is equipped with input temperature sensor 14 and fluid flow sensor 15.
  • Warm fluid return 6 is equipped with output temperature sensor 16.
  • Power leads 7 are equipped with DC voltage sensor 17 and DC current sensor 18. Tilt actuator and sensor 11, rotation actuator and sensor 9, input temperature sensor 14, fluid flow sensor 15, output temperature sensor 16, DC voltage sensor 17, and DC current sensor 18 are placed in
  • Control and interface module 13 regulates fluid flow to maintain fluid temperature in a design range of 150°F - 175°F.
  • control and interface module 13 is in communciation with personal computer 19 via USB cable 20.
  • One of skill in the art would understand that the communications between the sensors and control and interface module 13, and between interface module 13 and computer 19, could be performed wirelessly.
  • Fig. 3 depicts one end of covered tube assembly 3 and the side that receives solar radiation from reflector 4.
  • An electrically insulating heat conducting elastomeric material may be used to mount the PV to the heat sink.
  • Photovoltaic cell 5 is mounted onto cell mounting structure 21.
  • Core fluid tube 22 passes through end cap 23 via bore 28 (see Fig. 4a).
  • a thermal connection between core fluid tube 22 and cell mounting structure 21 is made by minimizing the space between the two, and filling what space remains with thermally conductive grease (not shown) or an electrically insulating heat conducting elastomer material (not shown).
  • Cover tube 24 is transparent to solar radiation and surrounds photovoltaic cell 5, cell mounting structure 21, and core fluid tube 22. Cover tube 24 slides into and seals against end cap 23.
  • Covered tube assembly 3 has an end cap 23 at each end. End caps 23 are made of aluminum and join cover tube 24 and core fluid tube 22 to create an air tight seal. Though other materials, including molded plastic, can be used for end cap 3 care must be taken to match the chosen material's thermal expansion coefficients with those of cover tube 24 and core fluid tube 22. In the preferred embodiment, matching and sealing is done using "O" rings (not shown) made of ethylene propylene diene rubber (epdm) or ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPR).
  • O ethylene propylene diene rubber
  • EPR ethylene-propylene rubbers
  • the sealing may be accomplished by metalizing a portion of cover tube 24 and soldering end cap 23 to it, or by using a melted glass frit for the bond.
  • one end cap 23 can be removable while the other is permanently bonded. This allows disassembly of covered tube assembly 3 for maintenance or upgrade.
  • One end cap 23 provides lead spout 25, for power leads 7 (see Fig. 1).
  • lead spout 25 is sealed after power leads 7 are routed through it.
  • One end cap 23 provides a tube and valve (not shown) for evacuation. Alternatively the tube and valve could be replaced by a copper tube that can be cold welded post-evacuation, as is commonly used in refrigeration systems.
  • Fig. 4a is a cross-section of solar collector 1 along lines A - A of Fig. 1.
  • Covered tube assembly 3 is positioned with photovoltaic cell 5 near the focal point of reflector 4 and held in place by reflector ribs 26 (see Fig. 5).
  • Front cover 27 is transparent to solar radiation and is connected to reflector 4, with covered tube assembly 3 contained in the created space.
  • Incident solar radiation passes through front cover 27. Part of that incident radiation also passes through cover tube 24 to strike cell mounting structure 21.
  • Cell mounting structure 21 absorbs and transforms much of this radiation into thermal energy. The thermal energy is conducted throughout cell mounting structure 21 to core fluid tube 22, which is in thermal contact with cell mounting structure 21, and contributes to warming fluid from cool fluid supply 2 (Fig. 1).
  • Photovoltaic cell 5 converts the solar radiation into electrical energy according to its efficiency, absorbs much of the remaining solar radiation as thermal energy, and conducts it to cell mounting structure 21, core fluid tube 22, and the fluid inside.
  • core fluid tube 22 is a single copper tube
  • cell mounting structure 21 is an aluminum extrusion with bore 28 through it. Core fluid tube 22 is slid inside bore 28 to provide a thermal path between cell mounting structure 21 and the working fluid from cool fluid supply 2, which is water and anti-freeze fluid in a preferred embodiment. Cell mounting structure 21 provides a flat mounting surface for photovoltaic cell 5.
  • cell mounting structure 21 In this embodiment, some solar radiation is converted into electricity. Much more is captured as heat and transferred to the working fluid. Transferring heat to the fluid generates heat output from collector assembly 1. Removing heat from cell mounting structure 21 lowers the temperature experienced by photovoltaic cell 5, which makes it more efficient.
  • the thermal connection between cell mounting structure 21 and core fluid tube 22 is augmented by thermal conductive grease or paste (not shown).
  • cell mounting structure 21 could be press fit or crimped onto the core fluid tube 22.
  • other metals such as copper or any good heat conductor could be used.
  • structure 21 could be molded using a good thermal conductivity plastic.
  • covered tube assembly 3 eliminates core fluid tube 22. Fluid from cool fluid supply 2 flows to warm fluid return 6 through bore 28 in cell mounting structure 21.
  • One feature of the present invention is that the working fluid is heated by concentrated solar radiation from reflector 4. Some radiation is converted into electricity while much more is captured as heat and transferred to the working fluid. This allows the working fluid to reach and be maintained at 150-175 F. This high temperature is referred to in the industry as a "high quality" heat. Such temperatures are not achievable in thermal collectors that do not concentrate the solar rays, such as that disclosed by Cullis. Solar concentration at or above 20X is required to achieve fluid temperatures considered to have "high quality".
  • Concentration above 10X requires modifications to the PV solar cells such as smaller junction spacing as discussed above. Concentration above about 50X requires even further and more costly modification of the PV solar cells. Thus, concentration of optimally 20X provides significantly high enough fluid temperature for the collected thermal energy to be considered "high quality" and can be accommodated by only minor modifications to the PV solar cell, keeping costs of generating electrical energy low.
  • the preferred embodiment uses eight cell mounting structures 21, each 1 foot long, in solar collector 1. This facilitates mounting photovoltaic cells 5.
  • Cell mounting structure 21 needs to have good heat transfer properties. It should also allow for the differing thermal expansion properties of photovoltaic cell 5 and the material comprising cell mounting structure 21. In the preferred embodiment, this is achieved using a flexible high temperature conductive adhesive. Alternate bonding process could involve press fitting or bendable tabs to secure the photovoltaic cells. Matching the thermal expansion of the photovoltaic cell 5 and the material comprising cell mounting structure 21 could also be done - allowing the use of a rigid bond between the two.
  • Reflector 4 is a thin piece of polished stainless steel sheet metal bent and held in a parabolic shape focusing the incident radiation onto covered tube assembly 3 and photovoltaic cells 5 and cell mounting structure 21 housed within. Reflector 4 can also be made of other materials such as aluminum or plastics.
  • the preferred embodiment incorporates reflector film 30 bonded to the reflector using pressure sensitive adhesive to produce a highly reflective surface at low cost. This is preferable to polishing the surface of reflector 4 itself.
  • the particular film used in the preferred embodiment is: ReflecTech Mirror FilmTM.
  • cover tube 24 is clear all the way around.
  • Concentrated radiant energy from reflector 4 enters from approximately the half of cover tube 24 nearest reflector 4.
  • a reflective coating 29 or physical reflector is added to the half of cover tube 24 that is opposite from reflector 4.
  • Reflective coating 29 reflects concentrated solar radiation back onto cell mounting structure 21.
  • assembly of the preferred embodiment involves sliding cell mounting structures 21, eight of them with photovoltaic cells 5 attached, over core fluid tube 22.
  • Cell mounting structures 21 are secured in place with set screws and good thermal contact is insured with a conductive paste or grease (not shown).
  • a conductive paste or grease (not shown).
  • Core fluid tube 22 is used as the conductor returning the connection from one end photovoltaic cell 5 to the opposite end's end cap 23, so that both electrical contacts can be made from the same side of covered tube assembly 3.
  • Multiple solar collectors 1 can be connected in a system, preferably with each supplied with a DC-AC inverter 8 (see Fig. 2, alternatively this could be a DC-DC converter). This eliminates the risk of shaded collectors 1 shunting current from fully illuminated units. In an embodiment, such inverters are added to each individual cell mounting structure 21 to improve performance.
  • Photovoltaic cell 5 is the element that converts incident radiation into electricity.
  • photovoltaic cell 5 is operating with a 20x or higher concentration of the incident radiation. In the industry this is referred to as a medium concentration. High concentrations are on the order of 100 - 1000X.
  • photovoltaic cell 5 is a single junction silicon solar cells because they are the most cost effective. Other technology cells can be used, such as GaAs, Ga-doped silicon or other materials discussed herein or multi junction technologies, each having a particular cost - performance trade off.
  • Typical single junction silicon solar cells made of medium resistivity material do not operate well at a 20X concentration - they work better up to approximately 5X. Above 5X they are said to become non-linear. Their output current drops as the incident energy
  • the physical limitations are traceable in part to the rise of the minority carrier recombination in the PN junction and the physical resistance of the electrical contacts.
  • FIG. 5 Still regarding Fig. 5, in the preferred embodiment photovoltaic cells 5, cell mounting structures 21 (see Fig. 4a), and core fluid tube 22 all contained within cover tube 24.
  • Cover tube 24 is made of BoroSilicate Glass, which is transmissive of the terrestrial solar spectra, sustains high temperatures, and is strong.
  • Aluminum adapter plates (not shown) are placed between the cell mounting structures 21 (see Fig. 4a) and around core fluid tube 22 to maintain the position of core fluid tube 22 within the cover tube 24.
  • the aluminum adapter plates could be of another material, but care must be taken in selecting the material for the elements that are within cover tube 24 because they are also in the 20X intensified beam of incident energy and will get hot. Alternately the function of the adapter plate could be incorporated into cell mounting structure 21, eliminating the need for these adapter plates.
  • the air space inside covered tube assembly 3 is evacuated. This minimizes convective losses and maximizes the heat flowing into the fluid in core fluid tube 22.
  • the evacuation is carried out to "roughing pump” levels, typically 10 "3 mmHg absolute pressure. Alternately higher vacuum levels could be achieved using high vacuum pumps or getters or a combination of both. Higher vacuum will lead to even less convective heat loss.
  • covered tube assembly 3 is filled with a gas having a lower thermal conductivity than air, which increases the thermal efficiency without the need for creating and maintaining a high vacuum.
  • Ribs 31 and end ribs 32 form a mounting structure for reflector 4 that holds it in the proper parabolic shape.
  • Each rib 31 and end rib 32 is fabricated from aluminum sheet, approximately 1/8" thick and incorporates features for securely attaching to reflector 4 and to front cover 27. Slot 35 is created in ribs 31 to receive cover tube 34 (see Fig. 5).
  • end rib 32 includes features for securing to each end cap 23 and this holds covered tube assembly 3.
  • End ribs 32 provide features for mounting the entire collector in a frame 33. End ribs 32 also provide mounting for the rotation bearings (not shown) of the system. Alternate manufacturing techniques could be employed such as a molded or extruded metal or plastic assembly incorporating the reflector and rib structures.
  • ribs 31, end ribs 32, reflector 4, and front cover 27 integrate to form the supporting structure of solar collector 1.
  • the aluminum used for ribs 31 and end ribs 32 is formed to be a 95% reflection.
  • the preferred embodiment uses poprivets at points 33 to fasten reflector 4 to ribs 31 or end ribs 32, and grommet screws to fasten front cover 27 to ribs 31 or end ribs 32.
  • Alternate fastening means include welding, crimping, or adhesives.
  • the structural integrity achieved by integrating together ribs 31 and end ribs 32, reflector 4, and front cover 27 allows solar collector 1 to be fabricated in a manner that minimizes its weight and bulk. This greatly expands its mounting options, particularly making it available for non-industrial installations.
  • solar collector 1 Assembled, the preferred embodiment of solar collector 1 is 30 inches wide and 94 inches long, with a collection area of 2,820 square inches and a focal distance of one foot. In the orientation shown in Fig. 5, the combined height of frame 33 and solar collector 1 is 24". And solar collector 1 employs 32 photovoltaic cells 5, each 1.3" wide, on the eight cell mounting structures 21.
  • front cover 27 is clear and without lens features. Front cover 27 protects covered tube assembly 3 and reflector 4 from dust, rain, and damage. Front cover 27 is structurally attached to both ribs 31 and end ribs 32, and reflector 4, and is made of clear polycarbonate approximately 1/8" thick. Polycarbonate is a ultra-violet ("UV") stabilized material. Care must be taken in material selection because of the long term UV exposure and structural aspects. Typically UV stabilized polycarbonate has an "in sun" lifetime of 10-15 years. Photovoltaic cells 5 and other system components may last 15-25 years. Front cover 27 may be replaceable to allow solar collector 1 a longer service life. And to maintain the efficient transmission of solar radiation, front cover 27 may be regularly cleaned or equipped with a disposable transparent sheet (not shown).
  • UV ultra-violet
  • tilt actuator and sensor 11 may use a worm gear drive mechanism (not shown) with large driven gear (not shown) attached to end rib 32 (see Fig. 5).
  • the small worm gear (not shown) is mounted tangent to the large driven gear.
  • a large reduction ratio is used allowing a small 12v DC electric motor (not shown) to effect the motion.
  • the large reduction ratio also provides resistance to wind pressures and prevents the panel form moving
  • the rotation range is much wider than that required for simply tracking the sun.
  • the rotation range is great enough to allow solar collector 1 to be positioned with front cover 27 facing "down,” and protected by reflector 4 from the elements. This might allow the system to survive storms, or prevent over-heating that could damage front cover 27 or covered tube assembly 3, or simply extend system life by protecting front cover 27 at night.
  • such a "down" or safe position is made to further protect solar collector 1 by adding a parking structure (not shown) to frame 33 and "nesting" solar collector 1 into the parking structure.
  • Tilt tracking provides optimal solar collector 1 alignment throughout the year.
  • the range of tilt is less than the range of rotation.
  • Tilt tracking is sometimes referred to as second axis tracking.
  • the tilt actuator and sensor 11 (Fig. 2) uses a rack and pinion drive (not shown).
  • a linear drive mechanism could be used.
  • control and interface module 13 One function of control and interface module 13 is to maintain a desired solar collector 1 alignment using the rotation actuator and sensor 9 and tilt actuator and sensor 11. Once solar collector 1 has been installed, the proper tilt and rotation for a given time and place can be computed. No feedback is required. Based on the date and time of day control and interface module 13 adjusts the tilt and rotation for optimal alignment of solar collector 1 with the sun's rays. Local features may shade solar collector 1 and in an embodiment a feedback loop based on "peaking" the power output is employed to position solar collector 1 at the tilt and rotation that provides the peak power output.
  • control and interface module 13 Another function of control and interface module 13 is to protect solar collector 1. Solar collector 1 may be damaged if photovoltaic cells 5 are overheated. This could occur if the fluid flow within core fluid tube 22 were interrupted. With input from fluid flow sensor 15 indicating reduced flow, control and interface module 13 can adjust the tilt or rotation to move solar collector 1 away from optimal alignment with the sun's rays, thus protecting photovoltaic cells 5 from damage.
  • temperature sensors (not shown) are incorporated in or on cell mounting structure 21 that input to control and interface module 13, which determines the operating temperature of photovoltaic cells 5 and adjusts tilt and rotation of solar collector 1 as needed. Control and interface module 13 is also programmed with sunrise and sunset
  • a switch (not shown) allows an operator to cause control and interface module 13 to tilt the solar collector 1 "down."
  • a motion sensor such as a multi-axis accelerometer can be fixed to solar collector 1 to indicate vibrations, such as those caused by high winds. In such a situation, should the vibrations exceed a set threshold, control and interface module 13 could automatically park the Solar Collector in the "down" position.
  • Fig. 6 shows part of the solar collector of Fig. 5, featuring fastening points 34 and frame 33.
  • Fig. 7 shows a roof mounting bracket useful with the solar collector embodiments described herein and particularly useful for mounting efficiently on a surface to permit full range of motion both in the rotational axis and the tilt axis.
  • 750 is the mount pipe
  • 751 is the bracket plate
  • 752 holes in pipe and plate 753 holes in plate
  • 754 is the seal boot.
  • the collector frame can be mounted by using a pipe of standard diameter size flattened on one end and drilled with several holes so it can be fastened to the roof joist under the roof. The round end of the pipe will protrude thru the roof and act as a mount point for a tilt pivot elbow for the collector frame assembly.
  • vent pipe roof seal boot will be used to at all four protruding pipes to seal the pipe to the roof. These vent seal boots are the standard in the plumbing industry for pipe roof protrusions. The resulting mount pipes will also allow the electrical and plumbing for the collector to be passed thru under the roof where they will be protected from weathering and heat loss.
  • Figures 8a - 8i show cross-sectional layered structures of a solar receiver of an embodiment described herein.
  • Figure 8a depicts a wafer 899 with a ⁇ 111 ⁇ crystal orientation, about 100 to about 150 mm in diameter, about 2 to about 5 mm thick, boron doped about 0.2 to about 0.5 ohm-cm.
  • the silicon can be crystalline, polycrystalline, black
  • Figure 8a shows an oxide layer 898 on the top and bottom that is 5000 Angstroms thick with a silicon layer 897 between.
  • Figure 8b shows the top oxide layer removed. In this step, a pyramid shape may be etched in the top 5 microns deep. Other orientations may be used as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Figure 8c shows a doped silicon layer 896, which may be doped with phosphorus for example and may be 0.1 micron deep to a resistance of 0.01 ohm-cm2 for example.
  • Figure 8d shows a 600 Angstom thick nitride top textured surface 895.
  • Figure 8e shows a top coating of 10 microns thick photoresist 894 over the top of the nitride surface 895.
  • Figure 8f shows a wet etch of the top layer through the nitride surface.
  • Figure 8g shows a vapor deposition of titanium, palladium on the top and bottom with layers of about 200 to about 250 Angstroms.
  • Figure 8h shows the photoresist removed with an acetone ultrasonic clean.
  • Figure 8i shows an
  • the first graph below is a comparison of the same collector's performance on two separate days.
  • the first day is sunny and at full solar incidence on a collector trough.
  • the second day is hazy with high and low clouds in the sky.
  • a drop of about 7% is determined by considering the area under the two curves.
  • Collectors consistent with the embodiments herein hold nearly the same electrical output due, at least in part, to the wide angle of solar radiation acceptance.
  • a high concentration collector system demonstrates a dramatic power fall-off on hazy or cloudy days.
  • the second graph below shows two lines that represent the heat collection of a high concentration solar collector. As can be seen, the amount of power collected is lower on the hazy day by 25%. This difference in power output between sunny and hazy days is mostly attributed to reduced portions of the spectrum reflected and absorbed by the high clouds.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un capteur solaire convertissant le rayonnement solaire en énergie électrique et thermique. Plus particulièrement, cette invention concerne un capteur solaire à concentration doté d'une construction intégrée permettant de réduire au minimum le coût, le volume et le poids, tout en augmentant l'efficacité totale. Les capteurs solaires habituels sans concentration utilisent des piles photovoltaïques sur l'ensemble de leur surface. Ces photopiles sont la partie la plus onéreuse du capteur. La présente invention concerne l'utilisation d'un réflecteur pour concentrer le rayonnement incident sur des piles photovoltaïques avec un vingtième de la zone du réflecteur, et le transfert de l'énergie thermique coproduite dans un fluide de travail pompé à travers la structure de support de la pile.
EP10860411.7A 2010-12-07 2010-12-08 Capteur solaire photovoltaïque et thermique concentré Pending EP2649719A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US12/962,650 US8455755B2 (en) 2009-12-07 2010-12-07 Concentrated photovoltaic and thermal solar energy collector
PCT/US2010/059348 WO2012078146A1 (fr) 2010-12-07 2010-12-08 Capteur solaire photovoltaïque et thermique concentré

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EP2649719A1 true EP2649719A1 (fr) 2013-10-16
EP2649719A4 EP2649719A4 (fr) 2018-01-17

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CN (1) CN103460593A (fr)
AU (1) AU2010365050B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR112013014051A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2820527C (fr)
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CN107276519B (zh) * 2017-08-14 2019-01-08 张若玮 太阳能自控发电设施
CN109346559B (zh) * 2018-11-05 2023-10-10 罗博特科智能科技股份有限公司 一种电池片快速整理装置
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WO2012078146A1 (fr) 2012-06-14
AU2010365050A2 (en) 2013-08-01
BR112013014051A2 (pt) 2016-09-13
CA2820527C (fr) 2019-12-31
AU2010365050B2 (en) 2016-05-05
CN103460593A (zh) 2013-12-18
AU2010365050A1 (en) 2013-06-20
CA2820527A1 (fr) 2012-06-14
EP2649719A4 (fr) 2018-01-17

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