EP2553317A1 - Dispositif d'éclairage à modules led - Google Patents
Dispositif d'éclairage à modules ledInfo
- Publication number
- EP2553317A1 EP2553317A1 EP11711040A EP11711040A EP2553317A1 EP 2553317 A1 EP2553317 A1 EP 2553317A1 EP 11711040 A EP11711040 A EP 11711040A EP 11711040 A EP11711040 A EP 11711040A EP 2553317 A1 EP2553317 A1 EP 2553317A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- led
- plane
- leds
- maxima
- light
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
- F21S8/08—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V13/00—Producing particular characteristics or distribution of the light emitted by means of a combination of elements specified in two or more of main groups F21V1/00 - F21V11/00
- F21V13/02—Combinations of only two kinds of elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
- F21V7/04—Optical design
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
- F21V7/04—Optical design
- F21V7/05—Optical design plane
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
- F21W2131/103—Outdoor lighting of streets or roads
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2105/00—Planar light sources
- F21Y2105/10—Planar light sources comprising a two-dimensional array of point-like light-generating elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2107/00—Light sources with three-dimensionally disposed light-generating elements
- F21Y2107/50—Light sources with three-dimensionally disposed light-generating elements on planar substrates or supports, but arranged in different planes or with differing orientation, e.g. on plate-shaped supports with steps on which light-generating elements are mounted
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
Definitions
- the invention relates to lights, in particular street or path lights for outdoor use, which have a plurality of LED modules.
- LEDs as light sources
- a plurality of LEDs is provided, which must be arranged to achieve a desired light distribution in the luminaire and optionally provided with reflectors.
- a street lamp which comprises LEDs as light sources, is known from the document WO 2006/060905 AI.
- the LEDs are arranged in several sub-levels, which can be adjusted against each other in order to produce different light distributions can.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a modular LED luminaire, in particular for outdoor use, which enables the production of light distributions, which are particularly suitable for street and path lights, with simply designed LED modules.
- a lamp in particular outdoor lamp, with a light-emitting medium carrier surface, on which a plurality of LED modules are arranged, wherein the LED modules in each case a matrix of a plurality of LEDs ("light emitting diodes", which are also to be understood as “organic light-emitting diodes” (OLEDs)), which are arranged in a plane and have a reflector strip which adjoins an edge of the plane and opposite to the Level is angled, wherein the LEDs each have an integrated optics, which generates in a cross section through the LED perpendicular to the plane two maxima of the light intensity distribution of the respective individual LED, which are laterally deflected relative to the surface normal on the plane by the LED, wherein the Light radiation of the LED is reflected in one of the two maxima of the reflector strip.
- LEDs in each case a matrix of a plurality of LEDs (“light emitting diodes”, which are also to be understood as “organic light-emitting diodes” (OLEDs
- the luminaire according to the invention comprises a luminous means carrier surface, on which LED modules with a comparatively simple construction can be arranged.
- the LEDs on the modules have an integrated optic which generates two maxima in the light intensity distribution in a vertical cross section through the LED.
- Such LEDs with optics are also known as "side-emitting LED.”
- these LEDs have the disadvantage for the applications in street lamps that they each produce a completely symmetrical light distribution, so that the combination of several such LEDs not to form asymmetric
- the solution according to the invention provides modules which have a reflector strip arranged laterally to an LED matrix in a plane which has the emission characteristics Istik the individual modules asymmetrically transformed. Due to the asymmetrically radiating LED modules and the possibility of freely arranging the LED modules on a light source carrier surface within the luminaire, a large variation of suitable total light distributions can be produced. Particularly noteworthy is that the LED modules have a simple design. Complicated reflector structures are not necessary in the invention.
- the integrated optics provide for a deflection of the maxima of the luminous intensity distribution curve of the individual LED in the cross section perpendicular through the LED relative to the surface normal on the plane through the LED by at least 10 °, preferably at least 20 ° or 30 °.
- This lateral deflection relative to the surface normal in conjunction with the laterally arranged reflector strip already sufficient to provide an LED module, which has a significant asymmetry in the light emission, so that by the arrangement of the LED modules a desired (asymmetric) overall light distribution of the lamp can be achieved.
- the individual LEDs with integrated optics have an oval or circular emission characteristic relative to the surface normal of the plane through the LEDs.
- This radiation characteristic can be generated by a relatively simple optics directly to the LED.
- the oval radiation characteristic also has the advantage that the LEDs with the longer axis of the oval can be arranged transversely to the reflector strip. As a result, a maximum, which has a larger deflection angle to the surface normal through the LEDs on the plane, is directed toward the reflection on the reflector strip, resulting overall in a greater asymmetry of the light distribution of the individual module.
- the LEDs may also be preferable to arrange the LEDs with an oval light distribution such that the main axis of the oval has an angle of ⁇ 5 ° with respect to the cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the reflector strip.
- the light distribution which is generated by an LED module, something uniform.
- the reflector strips enclose with the plane in which the LED matrix is arranged an angle between 65 ° and 15 °, preferably between 80 ° and 100 °, particularly preferably about 90 ° ,
- An approximately rectangular arrangement of the reflector strip to the plane of the LED matrix has the advantage that the light distribution of an LED having in a cross section perpendicular to the plane and perpendicular to the reflector strip two maxima inclined ⁇ ⁇ from the surface normal after reflection on the reflector strip is deflected to one side.
- the maximum of the luminous intensity distribution curve which points in the direction of the reflector strip, after reflection on the reflector strip in the same direction (offset only parallel), such as the symmetrical maximum on the opposite side the LED.
- both maxima of the light distribution add up and produce a particularly strongly asymmetrical light distribution.
- the planes of the LED modules form an angle different from 0 ° to the illuminant carrier surface, preferably an angle between ⁇ 5 ° to + 40 °. This tendency can be exploited to align the LED modules, for example, in different rows or columns, different from each other, thereby achieving a desired overall light distribution of the lamp.
- the LED modules are arranged in parallel within rows on the illuminant carrier surface.
- a row on the illuminant carrier surface generates a maximum of the total luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire in the direction transverse to the longitudinal extent of the row.
- two such rows of LED modules can be arranged in mirror symmetry, resulting in a total light intensity distribution having two opposite symmetrical maxima.
- Such a light distribution is suitable for illuminating a longitudinally extending surface, such as e.g. a section of a path or a section of a road over which the luminaire is arranged.
- At least some of the LED modules are arranged such that the edges at which the reflector strips adjoin the plane are not aligned parallel to one another.
- a light band buckling means that two maxima of the light distribution do not run on a common axis in a horizontal section through the luminaire, but have an angle other than 180 °, e.g. an angle between 140 ° or 170 °, to each other.
- Such a light distribution is particularly suitable for illuminating a street with a lamp, which is arranged laterally next to the road.
- the spacing of the LEDs in the planes of the modules is at least 20 mm, preferably between 25 mm and 50 mm. Falling below the distance of less than 20 mm leads to thermal problems, since the used high-power LEDs give off a significant amount of heat.
- the plane of the LED modules can be arranged on a plate of thermally conductive material, for example on an aluminum body. However, if the distance is greater than 50 mm between the LEDs, the luminance that the module can produce decreases. In this case, the modules to achieve a given total light intensity would be too large to be useful in outdoor lighting can be used.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to the single LED module as previously described. These modules can be manufactured and distributed as individual parts to be used as a replacement element for lamps of the aforementioned embodiments.
- FIG. 1 to 4 show various embodiments of the invention
- Luminaires wherein housing and cover elements are omitted for simplicity.
- Figure 5 shows a section of a lamp according to one of the embodiments of Figures 1 to 4, wherein only one LED module is shown.
- Figure 6 shows the light intensity measured in four cone-sheath curves
- Figure 7 shows a luminous intensity distribution curve in three different vertical
- the cover may be a clear or light-scattering cover, which is preferably flat.
- an anti-reflection coating can be provided on the cover plate. The antireflection coating may also be designed to provide light scattering by itself.
- the embodiments of the luminaire comprise a luminous means carrier surface 10, which is planar according to the illustrated embodiments. On the support surface 10, a number of LED modules 20 is arranged.
- the LED module 20 has a plane 24, e.g. is formed of a continuous board.
- a metal plate is arranged, preferably of aluminum, to serve as a stable support and to provide heat dissipation.
- a matrix of LEDs 22 is arranged.
- the LEDs are arranged in a rectangular matrix.
- a matrix is also understood to mean another regular arrangement of LEDs.
- the LEDs can be arranged in different rows or columns of the matrix offset from one another.
- the LED module has a lateral reflector strip 26 which connects at right angles to an edge of the plane 24.
- the reflector strip 26 is formed on the side facing the LEDs high gloss reflective or matt reflective.
- a fastening strip 27 is arranged, which has an angle a, preferably between 5 ° and 40 ° with respect to the plane 24.
- the fastening strip 27 is fastened flat on the illuminant carrier surface 10, so that the plane 24 is inclined relative to the illuminant carrier surface 10 by the angle ⁇ .
- Each LED 22 has an integrated optics (not visible in the figures), which ensures that each LED in a cross section perpendicular to the plane 24 has at least two maxima in the light distribution, with respect to the surface normal 28 through the LED and on the Level 24 are inclined.
- FIGS. 6 and 7, show measurements of light intensities of the LED modules without reflector strips 26.
- FIG. 7 shows, in a polar representation, the light intensity distribution of the LED matrix in three different vertical sectional planes through the LED matrix. It can be seen that two symmetrical maxima are formed in each of the three sectional planes. The strongest maxima are in the 0 ° -180 ° plane at about ⁇ 55 °. In the plane perpendicular thereto, ie the plane 90 ° -270 °, the maxima are less pronounced and are about ⁇ 35 °.
- the light intensities are plotted in a cone-sheath curve, i. they show a measurement of the light intensity along the edge of a cone sheath around the surface normal 28 of the LED matrix.
- the LEDs of the illustrated embodiment have an oval luminous intensity distribution. Accordingly, the light intensities are distorted in the cone angle curves oval or even have a constriction along the shorter axis.
- the LEDs 22 or the integrated optics are arranged in the LED module such that the extended maxima (ie the maxima at ⁇ 55 ° in the 0 ° -180 ° plane according to FIG. 7 or the 0 ° -180 ° 6) in the direction transverse to the reflector strip 26 are aligned.
- the directions of the maxima are represented by two light beams. These have a deflection of ⁇ ⁇ relative to the surface normal 28 by the LED 22 in accordance with the position of the maxima in FIG. The right of the two maxima leaves without reflection the LED module with the angle ⁇ relative to the surface normal 28. The left of the two maxima is emitted in the direction of the reflector strips 26 and reflected once.
- the LED modules 22 generate a strongly asymmetrical light distribution which leaves the LED module at an angle of ⁇ + ⁇ with respect to the normal to the illuminant carrier surface 10.
- the LED modules 22 can be arranged in two rows, within which each LED modules are arranged in parallel, and the two rows are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other.
- either the backs of the reflector strips 26 can face one another (see FIG. 1) or the LED modules can be arranged with the reflective sides of the reflector strips facing toward the LEDs 26 (see FIG. 2). Both embodiments produce about the same light distribution.
- These luminaires are particularly suitable as a path or street lamp located above the path or street section to be illuminated, because the total light distribution produced is an elongated area, i. parallel to the road or to the path, can illuminate evenly.
- Figures 3 and 4 show alternative embodiments intended to produce a light band buckling. This is to be understood as meaning that the total light distribution of the luminaire produced does not have two maxima lying opposite each other by 180 ° (as in FIG. 6), but that the maxima are inclined relative to an axis (corresponding to the 0 ° -180 ° axis in FIG. 6). Such lights are particularly suitable for illuminating streets by lights that are arranged laterally next to the road.
- the light band buckling is generated by reflector modules whose longitudinal edges, ie the edge between the plane 24 and the reflector strip 26, extend along a curved curve.
- the front six LED modules 22 for the Lichtbandknickung provide in Figures 3 and 4.
- the two rear LED modules mainly illuminate the area under the luminaire. Further modifications of the previously described embodiments are possible within the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims.
- the invention provides that the LED modules can be arranged as desired on the illuminant carrier surface in order to produce desired light distributions.
- the LED modules could also be arranged in a circle to form a street lamp illuminating a round place or a roundabout from the center. Other forms are also possible.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010013678 | 2010-04-01 | ||
DE102010021452A DE102010021452A1 (de) | 2010-04-01 | 2010-05-25 | Leuchte mit LED-Modulen |
PCT/EP2011/001452 WO2011120652A1 (fr) | 2010-04-01 | 2011-03-23 | Dispositif d'éclairage à modules led |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2553317A1 true EP2553317A1 (fr) | 2013-02-06 |
EP2553317B1 EP2553317B1 (fr) | 2019-05-08 |
Family
ID=44650196
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11711040.3A Active EP2553317B1 (fr) | 2010-04-01 | 2011-03-23 | Dispositif d'éclairage à modules led |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8814384B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2553317B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102869919A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE102010021452A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011120652A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5971542B2 (ja) * | 2011-10-31 | 2016-08-17 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | Led照明器具 |
CN103453389B (zh) * | 2012-05-30 | 2016-09-28 | 陈周庆 | Led路灯灯体结构 |
CN104180247B (zh) * | 2013-05-28 | 2017-08-15 | 海洋王(东莞)照明科技有限公司 | Led泛光灯具 |
US9797585B2 (en) | 2013-12-24 | 2017-10-24 | Amerlux Llc | Systems and methods for retrofitting existing lighting systems |
US9671083B2 (en) | 2014-12-16 | 2017-06-06 | GE Lighting Solutions, LLC | Light fixture with reflective optics |
CN105444049A (zh) * | 2015-11-16 | 2016-03-30 | 佛山市本电科技有限公司 | 一种新型大功率球场灯具 |
CN106195861A (zh) * | 2016-08-31 | 2016-12-07 | 南宁燎旺车灯股份有限公司 | 一种led日间行车灯 |
CN108488689B (zh) * | 2018-03-15 | 2021-04-16 | 东莞市闻誉实业有限公司 | 庙宇油挂灯 |
EP3882681A1 (fr) * | 2020-03-10 | 2021-09-22 | Leica Instruments (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Concept pour un système de microscope avec un système d'éclairage à base de del |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7578600B2 (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2009-08-25 | Federal Signal Corporation | LED light assembly with reflector having segmented curve section |
WO2006060905A1 (fr) | 2004-12-07 | 2006-06-15 | Elumen Lighting Networks Inc. | Ensemble de diodes électroluminescentes pour applications d’éclairage |
EP2383560B1 (fr) * | 2006-02-27 | 2018-08-29 | Illumination Management Solutions, Inc. | Dispositif DEL amélioré pour génération de faisceau large |
US7665862B2 (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2010-02-23 | Cree, Inc. | LED lighting fixture |
US7766508B2 (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2010-08-03 | Cree, Inc. | LED lighting fixture |
CN101657678B (zh) * | 2007-04-05 | 2014-02-26 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 光束成形器 |
CN100487301C (zh) * | 2007-05-23 | 2009-05-13 | 宁波燎原灯具股份有限公司 | 一种led路灯灯头 |
CN201103817Y (zh) | 2007-06-05 | 2008-08-20 | 江苏稳润光电有限公司 | 一种反光型led路灯 |
DE102007043904A1 (de) * | 2007-09-14 | 2009-03-19 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Leucht-Vorrichtung |
DE102007043903A1 (de) * | 2007-09-14 | 2009-03-26 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Leucht-Vorrichtung |
US7828456B2 (en) | 2007-10-17 | 2010-11-09 | Lsi Industries, Inc. | Roadway luminaire and methods of use |
DE102008007723A1 (de) | 2008-02-06 | 2009-08-20 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Beleuchtungsmodul, Leuchte und Verfahren zur Beleuchtung |
US9557033B2 (en) * | 2008-03-05 | 2017-01-31 | Cree, Inc. | Optical system for batwing distribution |
TWI381134B (zh) | 2008-06-02 | 2013-01-01 | 榮創能源科技股份有限公司 | 發光二極體光源模組 |
CN201228918Y (zh) | 2008-07-12 | 2009-04-29 | 鹤山丽得电子实业有限公司 | 一种led路灯配光透镜 |
CA2737060C (fr) | 2008-09-15 | 2016-11-08 | Led Roadway Lighting Ltd. | Systeme optique pour eclairage routier, a diodes electroluminescentes |
CN101446404A (zh) | 2008-12-29 | 2009-06-03 | 浙江晶日照明科技有限公司 | 一种led路灯及led路灯的照射光线调整方法 |
-
2010
- 2010-05-25 DE DE102010021452A patent/DE102010021452A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2011
- 2011-03-23 US US13/638,691 patent/US8814384B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-03-23 EP EP11711040.3A patent/EP2553317B1/fr active Active
- 2011-03-23 WO PCT/EP2011/001452 patent/WO2011120652A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2011-03-23 CN CN2011800180051A patent/CN102869919A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2553317B1 (fr) | 2019-05-08 |
DE102010021452A1 (de) | 2011-10-06 |
WO2011120652A1 (fr) | 2011-10-06 |
CN102869919A (zh) | 2013-01-09 |
US20130229803A1 (en) | 2013-09-05 |
US8814384B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
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