EP2286936B1 - Pressing tool - Google Patents
Pressing tool Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2286936B1 EP2286936B1 EP20090405134 EP09405134A EP2286936B1 EP 2286936 B1 EP2286936 B1 EP 2286936B1 EP 20090405134 EP20090405134 EP 20090405134 EP 09405134 A EP09405134 A EP 09405134A EP 2286936 B1 EP2286936 B1 EP 2286936B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pressing
- pressing tool
- force
- tool according
- clamping
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 title claims description 91
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D39/00—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders
- B21D39/04—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders of tubes with tubes; of tubes with rods
- B21D39/046—Connecting tubes to tube-like fittings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B27/00—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for
- B25B27/02—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for connecting objects by press fit or detaching same
- B25B27/10—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for connecting objects by press fit or detaching same inserting fittings into hoses
Definitions
- the invention relates to a pressing tool with two oppositely mounted on a bearing part two-armed pressing levers, each having a jaw with an engagement portion for processing an article and a press to be connected to a pressing device pressing arm, wherein the Sp Sonarm has an inlet curve for a roll of the pressing device, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such pressing tools have long been used in particular for the manufacture of pipe joints, in particular joints of composite pipes with fittings.
- the pressing tool is coupled with a pressing device, which can be designed as a hydraulic drive.
- a hand-operated pressing device is also conceivable.
- such a pressing tool for example, from CH-A-687 368 have become known to the applicant.
- the US 6,035,775 discloses a pressing tool having two spreading arms, each having an inlet curve for a roll of a pressing device.
- the inlet curves converge in the direction of the pressing jaws and each ends with an inward bending.
- the bends at the ends of the inlet curves are positioned so far back that the rollers can not be reached without undesirable deformation of the spreader arms and the jaws. Until these bends were reached only approximately, the spreader arms would be further spread after closing the jaws and would be overburdened.
- the document therefore offers the expert no indication of the solution to the problem of how the life could be extended and the safety of such a device could be improved.
- the power of the baking drive is controlled such that the pressing jaws at least towards the pressing end have a lower kinetic energy than without power control.
- the jaw drive is switched off at the latest when reaching the final press position.
- a pickup is provided, which is arranged in the region of the opposite end faces of two adjacent pressing jaws.
- Such controls are relatively expensive.
- the spreading arms are formed as usual.
- the EP-B-1 397 231 discloses an electrically operated pressing tool having a spindle driven by an electric motor, which is in operative connection with a clamping pliers. On a housing, a force or pressure sensor is arranged, which emits a switching signal to the control of the motor upon reaching a predetermined desired value of the clamping force. Spreader arms and rollers for closing the jaws are not provided in this press tool.
- the DE-U-20 2008 006 851 discloses a pressing apparatus having actuating rollers for closing pressing jaws. It is provided a mark on which is visually determined whether the final press position is reached or not. A visual check of the final press position is indeed easy to implement, but requires the reliable attention of the operator.
- the cams have a portion with mutually parallel surfaces in which no force is transmitted to the actuating legs by the tensile force of the spreader rollers, whereby the spread remains constant when the spreader rollers run along these parallel surfaces.
- the invention is based on the object to provide a pressing tool of the type mentioned, which is safer and also has a longer life.
- the clamping force is thus limited.
- This limitation causes after the closing of the jaws, the spreading arms can not be spread substantially. This avoids breakage on the jaws. Since the jaws are not overloaded excessively, the service life can be significantly extended.
- the clamping force limiting means is designed as a stop on which the corresponding roller is present after passing through the inlet curve. It may be such a stop on a pressing lever or it can be arranged on each of the two pressing lever such a stop. Preferably, these stops are arranged symmetrically to a center line of the pressing tool. After closing the pressing tool both rollers of the pressing device are each at a stop. The spreading arms are then essentially not spread further. However, the force of the plunger on the pressing tool is increased even further until the shut-off force is reached. The pressing device is automatically switched off after reaching this shutdown force.
- the clamping force limiting means are arranged substantially at the end of the inlet curve.
- the pressing tool can thus be closed with the pressing device as usual. After closing is prevented by the clamping force limiting means that the cheek plates are increasingly loaded.
- the clamping force limiting means is designed as a cam.
- This cam forms a Stop for a roll.
- the cam is preferably formed to project from an inner side of the pressing lever toward a center line.
- the cam can be made comparatively short, so that the maximum opening angle of the pressing jaws is not significantly reduced.
- the pressing tool is preferably provided for producing pipe connections.
- the jaws preferably each have a mouth-like recess which is suitable for receiving a pipe end or a press fitting.
- the pressing tool according to the invention could, for example, also be designed so that a cutting process or a clamping process can be carried out with it.
- the clamping force limiting means may alternatively also be arranged on an intermediate jaw.
- pressing tool 1 has two pressing lever 2, which are arranged symmetrically with respect to a center line 6 and pivotally mounted on a bearing part 7.
- the pressing levers 2 each have two jaws 3 at a front end and two spreading arms 10 at a rear end.
- the pressing levers 2 can be pivoted in opposite directions about a pivot axis 8, respectively.
- the pivoting is done with a known per se pressing device, of which only two rollers 11 are shown here, on a attached to the front end of a pestle.
- Such pressing devices are known and this is to the above-mentioned CH-A-687 368 directed.
- the bearing part 7 is connected to pin 9 fixed to the housing of the pressing device.
- the two rollers 11 are thus moved between the two spreading arms 10 and these are thereby spread.
- the two rollers 11 slide in this case on the inside of the Spreizarmen 10 arranged inlet curves 12 along.
- the two jaws 3 are thereby approximated to each other accordingly.
- This also applies to two surfaces on the inside of the jaws 3 and recesses 4. If, for example, a fitting or pipe end is arranged between the two jaws 3, then the fitting or the pipe end is pressed by the closing jaws 3.
- the recesses 4 are provided here with corresponding contours.
- the arrows 14 indicate the forces with which the object to be pressed acts on the jaws 3. The pressing process is complete as soon as the two surfaces 5 arranged on the front side touch each other.
- the Fig. 2 shows the pressing tool 1 in the closed state. If the two surfaces 5 abut each other, so have the two rollers 11 in Fig. 2 reached shown positions. In these positions, the two rollers 11 are each at a clamping force limiting means 13, which forms a stop for the rollers 11 respectively.
- These small force limiting means 13 are here designed as cams, which are arranged in each case essentially at the end of the inlet curve 12 and which extend inwards towards the center line 6.
- the inlet curve 12 may be different depending on the pressing tool and is particularly dependent on opening respectively. Closing angle.
- the cams or clamping force limiting means 13 can be designed to be comparatively inwardly low, so that they do not essentially limit the opening angle of the pressing tool 1.
- rollers 11 reaches the respective clamping force limiting means 13, they each act with a force according to the arrow 19 on the corresponding Sp Drard 10. These forces result from a respective force according to arrow 17 and a force according to arrow 18.
- the parallel to the center line 6 acting Force according to arrow 17 is in each case greater than the spreading causing force according to arrow 18.
- the curve A ' shows the course of the force on the jaw 3 of the right and inventive press lever 2 according Fig. 3 .
- the force rises steeply here when reaching the point P1 ', but the increase is comparatively short and then ends.
- the corresponding force on the jaw 3' initially increases comparatively slightly beyond the point P1 '.
- the pressing force increases sharply.
- the increase in the pressing force is significantly greater than in the case of the pressing jaw 3, since no clamping force limiting means is effective here. Due to the steep rise according to the curve B 'is correspondingly the jaw 3' heavily loaded.
- the load affects not only the jaw 3 ', but also the bearing part 7 and in particular the pivot axis 8 and the corresponding bearing.
- the two rollers 11 and 11 ' are driven separately for the measurement of these curves.
- the two rollers 11 and 11 ' are attached to the same plunger.
- a clamping force limitation is then also achieved when only one of the two pressing lever 2 has a clamping force limiting means 13 and a corresponding stop.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Presswerkzeug mit zwei gegenläufig an einem Lagerteil angebrachten zweiarmigen Presshebeln, die jeweils eine Backe mit einem Eingriffsbereich zum Bearbeiten eines Gegenstandes und einen an ein Pressgerät anzuschliessenden Pressarm aufweisen, wobei der Spreizarm eine Einlaufkurve für eine Rolle des Pressgerätes aufweist, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a pressing tool with two oppositely mounted on a bearing part two-armed pressing levers, each having a jaw with an engagement portion for processing an article and a press to be connected to a pressing device pressing arm, wherein the Spreizarm has an inlet curve for a roll of the pressing device, according to the preamble of
Solche Presswerkzeuge werden insbesondere zum Herstellen von Rohrverbindungen, insbesondere Verbindungen von Verbundrohren mit Fittings seit langem verwendet. Zum Verschwenken der beiden Presshebel wird das Presswerkzeug mit einem Pressgerät gekoppelt, das als hydraulischer Antrieb ausgebildet sein kann. Denkbar ist grundsätzlich auch ein handbetriebenes Pressgerät. Im Stand der Technik ist ein solches Presswerkzeug beispielsweise aus der
Bei einem solchen Presswerkzeug ist es in der Regel notwendig, dass die Pressbacken vergleichsweise schlank ausgebildet sind, damit auch an schlecht zugänglichen Stellen verpresst werden kann. Dies hat jedoch zur Folge, dass die Lebensdauer eines solchen Werkzeuges vergleichsweise kurz ist. Zudem besteht das Problem, dass im Bereich der Backen es zu einem gefährlichen Bruch kommen kann. Dies besonders dann, wenn das Presswerkzeug für nicht vorgesehene Zwecke missbraucht wird. Um im Fall eines Bruches einer Pressbacke die Gefahr einer Verletzung der Bedienungsperson zu vermeiden, wird gemäss der
Die
Beim Presswerkzeug nach der gattungsbildenden
Die
Die
Die Vorrichtung nach der
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein Presswerkzeug der genannten Art zu schaffen, das sicherer ist und zudem eine längere Lebensdauer aufweist.The invention is based on the object to provide a pressing tool of the type mentioned, which is safer and also has a longer life.
Die Aufgabe ist bei einem gattungsgemässen Presswerkzeug durch die Merkmale des Kennzeichens des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Mit diesem Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel wird erreicht, dass die Kraft auf die Backen nach dem Verpressen nicht weiter ansteigt.The object is achieved in a generic pressing tool by the features of the characterizing part of
Beim erfindungsgemässen Presswerkzeug ist die Klemmkraft somit begrenzt. Diese Begrenzung bewirkt, dass nach dem Schliessen der Backen die Spreizarme im Wesentlichen nicht weiter gespreizt werden können. Dadurch wird ein Bruch an den Backen vermieden. Da die Backen nicht übermässig belastet werden, kann zudem die Lebensdauer wesentlich verlängert werden.When pressing tool according to the invention, the clamping force is thus limited. This limitation causes after the closing of the jaws, the spreading arms can not be spread substantially. This avoids breakage on the jaws. Since the jaws are not overloaded excessively, the service life can be significantly extended.
Das Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel ist als Anschlag ausgebildet, an dem die entsprechende Rolle nach einem Durchlaufen der Einlaufkurve ansteht. Es kann ein solcher Anschlag an einem Presshebel oder es kann an jedem der beiden Presshebel ein solcher Anschlag angeordnet sein. Vorzugsweise sind diese Anschläge symmetrisch zu einer Mittellinie des Presswerkzeuges angeordnet. Nach dem Schliessen des Presswerkzeuges stehen beide Rollen des Pressgerätes jeweils an einem Anschlag an. Die Spreizarme werden dann im Wesentlichen nicht weiter gespreizt. Die Kraft des Stössels auf das Presswerkzeug wird aber noch weiter erhöht, bis die Abschaltkraft erreicht ist. Das Pressgerät wird nach dem Erreichen dieser Abschaltkraft selbsttätig abgeschaltet.The clamping force limiting means is designed as a stop on which the corresponding roller is present after passing through the inlet curve. It may be such a stop on a pressing lever or it can be arranged on each of the two pressing lever such a stop. Preferably, these stops are arranged symmetrically to a center line of the pressing tool. After closing the pressing tool both rollers of the pressing device are each at a stop. The spreading arms are then essentially not spread further. However, the force of the plunger on the pressing tool is increased even further until the shut-off force is reached. The pressing device is automatically switched off after reaching this shutdown force.
Nach einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung sind die Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel im Wesentlichen am Ende der Einlaufkurve angeordnet. Das Presswerkzeug kann somit mit dem Pressgerät wie üblich geschlossen werden. Nach dem Schliessen wird durch die Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel verhindert, dass die Pressbacken zunehmend belastet werden.According to a development of the invention, the clamping force limiting means are arranged substantially at the end of the inlet curve. The pressing tool can thus be closed with the pressing device as usual. After closing is prevented by the clamping force limiting means that the cheek plates are increasingly loaded.
Nach einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass das Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel als Nocken ausgebildet ist. Dieser Nocken bildet einen Anschlag für eine Rolle. Der Nocken ist vorzugsweise ausgebildet, dass er von einer Innenseite des Presshebels zu einer Mittellinie hin vorsteht. Der Nocken kann vergleichsweise kurz ausgebildet werden, so dass der maximale Öffnungswinkel der Pressbacken nicht wesentlich verkleinert wird.According to a development of the invention it is provided that the clamping force limiting means is designed as a cam. This cam forms a Stop for a roll. The cam is preferably formed to project from an inner side of the pressing lever toward a center line. The cam can be made comparatively short, so that the maximum opening angle of the pressing jaws is not significantly reduced.
Das Presswerkzeug ist vorzugsweise zum Herstellen von Rohrverbindungen vorgesehen. Die Backen besitzen jeweils vorzugsweise eine maulartige Ausnehmung, die zur Aufnahme eines Rohrendes oder eines Pressfittings geeignet ist. Das erfindungsgemässe Presswerkzeug könnte jedoch beispielsweise auch so ausgebildet sein, dass mit diesem ein Schneidvorgang oder ein Klemmvorgang ausführbar ist. Die Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel können alternativ auch an einer Zwischenbacke angeordnet sein.The pressing tool is preferably provided for producing pipe connections. The jaws preferably each have a mouth-like recess which is suitable for receiving a pipe end or a press fitting. However, the pressing tool according to the invention could, for example, also be designed so that a cutting process or a clamping process can be carried out with it. The clamping force limiting means may alternatively also be arranged on an intermediate jaw.
Weitere vorteilhafte Merkmale ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Patentansprüchen, der nachfolgenden Beschreibung sowie der Zeichnung.Further advantageous features emerge from the dependent claims, the following description and the drawings.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- Schematisch eine Ansicht eines erfindungsgemässen Presswerkzeuges in geöffnetem Zustand, d.h. vor dem Verpressen,
- Fig. 2
- eine schematische Darstellung des Presswerkzeuges gemäss
Fig. 1 , jedoch in geschlossenem Zustand und - Fig. 3
- schematisch eine Ansicht eines Presswerkzeuges mit dem die in
Fig. 4 gezeigte Kurve aufgenommen wurde. - Fig. 4
- Kurven einer Testmessung, welche den Verlauf der Stösselkraft bzw. der Presskraft in Abhängigkeit des Stösselwegs zeigen.
- Fig. 1
- Schematically a view of an inventive pressing tool in the open state, ie before pressing,
- Fig. 2
- a schematic representation of the pressing tool according to
Fig. 1 , but in a closed state and - Fig. 3
- schematically a view of a pressing tool with the in
Fig. 4 shown curve was recorded. - Fig. 4
- Curves of a test measurement showing the progression of the ram force or the pressing force as a function of the ram travel.
Das in den
Die
Haben die Rollen 11 das jeweilige Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel 13 erreicht, so wirken diese jeweils mit einer Kraft gemäss dem Pfeil 19 auf den entsprechenden Spreizarm 10. Diese Kräfte resultieren aus jeweils einer Kraft gemäss Pfeil 17 und einer Kraft gemäss Pfeil 18. Die parallel zur Mittellinie 6 wirkende Kraft gemäss Pfeil 17 ist jeweils grösser als die eine Spreizung bewirkende Kraft gemäss Pfeil 18. Haben die Rollen 11 jeweils ein Klemmkraftbegrenzungsmittel 13 erreicht, so wird die Spreizkraft wesentlich vermindert. Da die Rollen 11 in der Richtung gemäss Pfeil 17 jeweils nicht weiter bewegt werden können, steigt nun die Stösselkraft sehr stark an, während die Presskraft nur vergleichsweise geringfügig erhöht wird. Die Belastung der Backen 3 wird somit nur noch geringfügig erhöht, während gleichzeitig die Stösselkraft stark ansteigt, bis die am Pressgerät eingestellte Abschaltkraft erreicht ist.Have the
Anhand der
Die Kurve A' zeigt den Verlauf der Kraft auf die Backe 3 des rechten und erfindungsgemässen Presshebels 2 gemäss
Claims (9)
- Pressing tool with two two-armed pressing levers (2) which are attached to a bearing part (7) in a contradirectionally pivotable manner and which have in each case a jaw (3) with an engagement region (4) for processing an article and a spreading arm (10) to be connected to a pressing appliance, the spreading arm (10) having a run-in curve (12) for a roller (11) of the pressing appliance, there being arranged on at least one of the two pressing levers (2) a clamping-force limiting means (13) which has the effect that, after pressing, the force upon the jaws (3) rises no further and the spreading arms can be spread essentially no further, characterized in that the clamping-force limiting means (13) is a stop, against which the corresponding roller (11) stands after running through the run-in curve (12).
- Pressing tool according to Claim 1, characterized in that the clamping-force limiting means (13) is arranged essentially at the end of the run-in curve (12).
- Pressing tool according to either one of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the clamping-force limiting means (13) is formed as a cam.
- Pressing tool according to Claim 3, characterized in that the cam projects from the run-in curve (12) toward a centre line (6).
- Pressing tool according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a clamping-force limiting means (13) is arranged on each of the two pressing levers (2).
- Pressing tool according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it is provided for making pipe connections and the jaws (3) have in each case a mouth-like recess (4).
- Use of a pressing tool according to Claim 6 for the connection of composite pipes by means of a fitting.
- Use of a pressing tool according to one of Claims 1 to 6 for clamping or cutting.
- Use of a pressing tool according to one of Claims 1 to 6 as an intermediate jaw for a pressing ring.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP20090405134 EP2286936B1 (en) | 2009-08-11 | 2009-08-11 | Pressing tool |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP20090405134 EP2286936B1 (en) | 2009-08-11 | 2009-08-11 | Pressing tool |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2286936A1 EP2286936A1 (en) | 2011-02-23 |
EP2286936B1 true EP2286936B1 (en) | 2014-04-16 |
Family
ID=41429265
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20090405134 Active EP2286936B1 (en) | 2009-08-11 | 2009-08-11 | Pressing tool |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP2286936B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102489588A (en) * | 2011-12-08 | 2012-06-13 | 常州耐尔特精密工具有限公司 | Pressure processing machine for lateral surfaces of workpiece |
EP4385664A1 (en) * | 2022-12-12 | 2024-06-19 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Electric hand tool and method for operating an electric hand tool |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH687368A5 (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1996-11-29 | Geberit Ag | Jointing clamp for producing pipe connections, esp. compound tubes |
DE4321249C2 (en) | 1993-06-25 | 1996-05-30 | Kirchner Fraenk Rohr | Crimping pliers |
EP0824979B1 (en) | 1996-08-17 | 2001-10-24 | NOVOPRESS GMBH PRESSEN UND PRESSWERKZEUGE & CO. KG. | Process for connecting workpieces and pressing device therefore |
US6035775A (en) | 1997-02-21 | 2000-03-14 | Novopres Gmbh Pressen Und Presswerkzeuge & Co. Kg | Pressing device having a control device adapted to control the pressing device in accordance with a servocontrol system of the control device |
WO2002102555A1 (en) | 2001-06-19 | 2002-12-27 | Von Arx Ag | Press tool comprising a spindle for moulding coupling elements |
DE20213661U1 (en) | 2002-09-02 | 2002-10-24 | Novopress GmbH Pressen und Presswerkzeuge & Co KG, 41460 Neuss | Pressing tool for hand-held pressing devices |
DE202008006851U1 (en) | 2008-05-20 | 2008-08-07 | Schneider, Erwin | Clamping element with cone screw connection |
DE202008006831U1 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2009-06-25 | Novopress Gmbh Pressen Und Presswerkzeuge & Co. Kg | Hand-operated pressing device |
-
2009
- 2009-08-11 EP EP20090405134 patent/EP2286936B1/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2286936A1 (en) | 2011-02-23 |
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