EP2142297A1 - Porous organometallic framework materials loaded with catalyst metal components - Google Patents
Porous organometallic framework materials loaded with catalyst metal componentsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2142297A1 EP2142297A1 EP08736411A EP08736411A EP2142297A1 EP 2142297 A1 EP2142297 A1 EP 2142297A1 EP 08736411 A EP08736411 A EP 08736411A EP 08736411 A EP08736411 A EP 08736411A EP 2142297 A1 EP2142297 A1 EP 2142297A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst metal
- acid
- catalyst
- porous
- metal component
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000012621 metal-organic framework Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000000000 tetracarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006735 epoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007138 Deacon process reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005899 aromatization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006114 decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007038 hydrochlorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005649 metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 43
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 32
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- -1 succinic acid, benzenedicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 12
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000013132 MOF-5 Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000013122 aluminium-based metal-organic framework Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QMKYBPDZANOJGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QMKYBPDZANOJGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002266 Pluriol® Polymers 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 4
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- CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyromellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(C(O)=O)C=C1C(O)=O CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GJAWHXHKYYXBSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C(O)=O GJAWHXHKYYXBSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/1691—Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/42—Platinum
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/30—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds
- C07C209/32—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups
- C07C209/36—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups by reduction of nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings in presence of hydrogen-containing gases and a catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
- B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
- B01J2235/30—Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J33/00—Protection of catalysts, e.g. by coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/617—500-1000 m2/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/618—Surface area more than 1000 m2/g
Definitions
- the present invention relates to porous organometallic frameworks and porous metal oxides formed therefrom which are loaded with catalyst metal components, and to their preparation and use.
- catalysts often consist of a carrier material and a catalytically active species, such as elemental metal or a metal oxide.
- Suitable support materials are, for example, activated carbon, metal oxides, zeolites and porous organometallic frameworks.
- MOF-5 zinc terephthalate, one of the best-known organometallic frameworks.
- PVD or CVD physical and chemical vacuum deposition
- WO-A 03/101975 a catalyst is proposed for the epoxidation in which MOF-5 is impregnated with a metal salt, wherein the metal is Ag + .
- conversion of the metal is not required for the reaction.
- the object is achieved by a method for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component comprising the steps
- the object is further achieved by a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component.
- porous organometallic framework material can be converted into a porous metal oxide.
- the object is therefore likewise achieved by a method for producing a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component comprising the steps
- the object is achieved by a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from the process according to the invention for the preparation of a catalyst metal component loaded with a porous metal oxide.
- the organometallic framework can be transferred in the present invention in the charged state into the corresponding metal oxide by the catalyst metal-laden with the metal-organometallic porous material is heated above its complete decomposition temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- step (a) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component an organometallic framework material comprising at least one of at least one metal ion - A -
- the at least one metal ion and the catalyst metal ion derived from different metals and the at least one metal ion is selected from the group of metals consisting of groups 2, 3, 4, 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements and the lanthanides.
- the organometallic frameworks according to the present invention contain pores, in particular micropores and / or mesopores.
- Micropores are defined as those having a diameter of 2 nm or smaller and mesopores are defined by a diameter in the range of 2 to 50 nm, each according to the definition as described in Pure & Applied Chem. 57 (1985), 603-619 , in particular on page 606.
- the presence of micro- and / or mesopores can be checked by means of sorption measurements, these measurements determining the uptake capacity of the organometallic frameworks for nitrogen at 77 Kelvin according to DIN 66131 and / or DIN 66134.
- the specific surface area - calculated according to the Langmuir model (DIN 66131, 66134) for an organometallic framework in powder form is more than 5 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 10 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 50 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 500 m 2 / g, even more preferably more than 1000 m 2 / g and particularly preferably more than 1500 m 2 / g.
- Moldings of organometallic frameworks may have a lower specific surface area; but preferably more than 10 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 50 m 2 / g, even more preferably more than 500 m 2 / g.
- the metal component in the framework of the present invention is selected from Groups 2, 3, 4, 13 and the lanthanides. Accordingly, suitable metals are Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf, Al, Ga, In, Tl and Ln, where Ln is lanthanide.
- Lanthanides are La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb.
- At least bidentate organic compound refers to an organic compound containing at least one functional group capable of having at least two coordinative bonds to a given metal ion, and / or to two or more, preferably two, metal atoms each having a coordinative bond train.
- Examples of functional groups which can be used to form the abovementioned coordinative bonds are, for example, the following functional groups: -CO 2 H, -CS 2 H, -NO 2 , -B (OH) 2 , -SO 3 H, - Si (OH) 3, -Ge (OH) 3, -Sn (OH) 3, -Si (SH) 4, - Ge (SH) 4, -Sn (SH) 3, -PO 3 H, 3 H -AsO , -AsO 4 H, -P (SH) 3 , -As (SH) 3 , -CH (RSH) 2 , -C (RSH) 3 -CH (RNH 2 ), -C (RNH 2 ) 3 , -CH (ROH) 2 , -C (ROH) 3 , -CH (RCN) 2 , -C (RCN) 3 where, for example, R preferably represents an alkylene group having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms
- functional groups are to be mentioned in which the abovementioned radical R is absent.
- R is absent.
- functional groups are, inter alia, -CH (SH) 2, -C (SH) 3, -CH (NH 2) 2, - C (NH 2) 3, -CH (OH) 2, -C (OH) 3, -CH (CN) 2 or -C (CN) 3 TO call.
- the at least two functional groups can in principle be bound to any suitable organic compound as long as it is ensured that the organic compound having these functional groups is capable of forming the coordinative bond and the preparation of the framework.
- the organic compounds containing the at least two functional groups derived from a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compound o- of an aromatic compound or an aliphatic as well as aromatic compound are preferred.
- the aliphatic compound or the aliphatic portion of the both aliphatic and aromatic compound may be linear and / or branched and / or cyclic, wherein also several cycles per compound are possible. More preferably, the aliphatic or the aliphatic portion of the aliphatic as well as aromatic compound 1 to 15, more preferably 1 to 14, more preferably 1 to 13, further preferably 1 to 12, further preferably 1 to 1 1 and especially preferably 1 to 10 C atoms such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms. Methane, adamantane, acetylene, ethylene or butadiene are particularly preferred in this case.
- the aromatic compound or the aromatic part of both the aromatic and the aliphatic compound may have one or more nuclei, for example two, three, four or five nuclei, wherein the nuclei may be present in separate and / or at least two nuclei in condensed form , Most preferably, the aromatic compound or the aromatic moiety of the both aliphatic and aromatic compounds has one, two or three nuclei, with one or two nuclei being particularly preferred. Independently of each other, furthermore, each nucleus of the named compound may contain at least one heteroatom, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Al, preferably N, O and / or S.
- the aromatic compound or the aromatic part of the both aromatic and aliphatic compounds contains one or two C ⁇ cores, the two being present either separately or in condensed form.
- benzene, naphthalene and / or biphenyl and / or bipyridyl and / or pyridyl may be mentioned as aromatic compounds.
- the at least bidentate organic compound is particularly preferably derived from a di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acid.
- the term "derived" in the context of the present invention means that the at least bidentate organic compound can be present in the framework material in partially deprotonated or completely deprotonated form or as sulfur analogues. Furthermore, the at least bidentate organic compound may contain further substituents such as -OH, -NH 2 , -OCH 3 , -CH 3 , -NH (CH 3 ), -N (CH 3 ) 2 , -CN and halides.
- dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid, 4-oxo-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, 1,8-heptadecanedicarboxylic acid bonic acid, 1,9-heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1, 3 Butadiene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, p-benzenedicarboxylic acid, imidazole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2-methyl-quinoline-3,4-dicar
- Tricarboxylic acids such as
- each of the cores can contain at least one heteroatom, where two or more nuclei have identical or different heteroatoms may contain.
- monocarboxylic dicarboxylic acids preference is given to monocarboxylic dicarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, dicerate dicarboxylic acids, dicercaric tricarboxylic acids, dicercaric tetracarboxylic acids, tricyclic dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, tetracyclic dicarboxylic acids, tetracyclic tricarboxylic acids and / or tetracyclic acids.
- nary tetracarboxylic acids preference is given to monocarboxylic dicarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, dicerate dicarboxylic acids, dicercaric tricarboxylic acids, dicercaric te
- Suitable heteroatoms are, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Al, preferred heteroatoms here are N, S and / or O.
- a suitable substituent in this regard is, inter alia, -OH, a nitro group, an amino group or an alkyl or To name alkoxy group.
- the at least bidentate organic compound is one of the above exemplified tetracarboxylic acids as such.
- Preferred heterocycles as at least bidentate organic compounds in which a coordinate bond via the ring heteroatoms takes place are the following substituted or unsubstituted ring systems:
- Suitable heteroatoms are, for example, N, O, S, B, P. Preferred heteroatoms here are N, S and / or O.
- a suitable substituent in this regard is, inter alia, -OH, a nitro group, an amino group or an alkyl or alkoxy group ,
- Particularly preferred at least bidentate organic compounds are imidazolates, such as 2-methylimidazolate, acetylenedicarboxylic acid (ADC), campherdicarboxylic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, benzenedicarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid (BDC), aminoterephthalic acid, triethylenediamine (TEDA), naphthalenedicarboxylic acids ( NDC), biphenyldicarboxylic acids such as 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (BPDC), pyrazine dicarboxylic acids such as 2,5-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, bipyridine dicarboxylic acids such as 2,2'-bipyridine dicarboxylic acids such as 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, Benzene tricarboxylic acids such as 1,3,3,1,2,4-benzenetricar
- the organometallic framework material may also comprise one or more monodentate ligands and / or one or more at least bidentate ligands which are not derived from a di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acid.
- the conventional method for producing the organometallic frameworks as described for example in US 5,648,508, they can also be prepared by electrochemical means.
- DE-A 103 55 087 as referred to WO-A 2005/049892.
- the organometallic frameworks prepared in this way have particularly good properties in connection with the adsorption and desorption of chemical substances, in particular of gases.
- inventively loaded as well as the non-loaded organometallic framework material are present in powdered or crystalline form. This can be used as such. This is preferably done as bulk material, in particular in a fixed bed.
- the loaded organometallic framework material can be converted into a shaped body.
- Preferred methods here are the extrusion or tableting.
- other materials such as binders, lubricants or other additives may be added to the organometallic framework.
- pellets such as disc-shaped pellets, pills, spheres, granules, extrudates such as strands, honeycomb, mesh or hollow body may be mentioned.
- the framework material can then be further processed according to the method described above to give a shaped body.
- Kneading and molding may be done according to any suitable method as described, for example, in Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 4th Edition, Volume 2, pp. 313 et seq. (1972), the contents of which are incorporated by reference in the context of the present application in its entirety ,
- kneading and / or shaping by means of a piston press, roller press in the presence or absence of at least one binder material, compounding, pelleting, tableting, extrusion, coextrusion, foaming, spinning, coating, granulation, preferably spray granulation, spraying, spray drying may be preferred or a combination of two or more of these methods.
- pellets and / or tablets are produced.
- Kneading and / or shaping may be carried out at elevated temperatures, for example in the range from room temperature to 300 ° C. and / or at elevated pressure, for example in the range from atmospheric pressure to several hundred bar and / or in a protective gas atmosphere such as in the presence of at least one Noble gas, nitrogen or a mixture of two or more thereof.
- binders may be both viscosity-increasing and viscosity-reducing compounds.
- Preferred binders include, for example, alumina or alumina-containing binders such as those described in WO 94/29408, silica such as described in EP 0 592 050 A1, mixtures of silica and alumina, such as those described in U.S.
- clay minerals as described for example in JP 03-037156 A, for example montmorillonite, kaolin, bentonite, halloysite, Dickit, Nacrit and anauxite, alkoxysilanes, as described for example in EP 0 102 544 B1
- tetraalkoxysilanes such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, or trialkoxysilanes such as trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, tripropoxysilane, tributoxysilane
- alkoxy titanates for example tetraalkoxytitanates such as tetramethoxy titanate, tetraethoxy titanate, tetrapropoxy poxytitanat, tetrabutoxytitanate, or, for example, trialkoxyt
- an organic compound and / or a hydrophilic polymer such as cellulose or a cellulose derivative such as methyl cellulose and / or a polyacrylate and / or a polymethacrylate and / or a polyvinyl - Alcohol and / or a polyvinylpyrrolidone and / or a polyisobutene and / or a polytetrahydrofuran are used.
- a pasting agent inter alia, preferably water or at least one alcohol such as a monoalcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1 propanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol or a mixture of water and at least one of said alcohols or a polyhydric alcohol such as a glycol, preferably a water-miscible polyhydric alcohol, alone or as a mixture with water and / or at least one of said monohydric alcohols be used.
- a monoalcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1 propanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol or a mixture of water and at least one of said alcohols or a polyhydric alcohol such as a glycol, preferably
- the order of the additives such as template compound, binder, pasting agent, viscosity-increasing substance in the molding and kneading is basically not critical.
- the molding obtained according to kneading and / or molding is subjected to at least one drying, which generally takes place at a temperature in the range from 25 to 300 ° C., preferably in the range from 50 to 300 ° C. and more preferably in the range from 100 to 300 0 C is performed.
- at least one drying which generally takes place at a temperature in the range from 25 to 300 ° C., preferably in the range from 50 to 300 ° C. and more preferably in the range from 100 to 300 0 C is performed.
- At least one of the compounds added as additives is at least partially removed from the shaped body.
- step (a) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous metal organic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component it is brought into contact with an aqueous solution containing a catalyst metal ion corresponding to the catalyst metal component.
- the aqueous solution contains, in addition to the cation, another anion.
- Preferred anions are nitrates, carbonates, chlorides, acetylacetonates, acetates, formates or oxalates.
- Such salts can also be used in their hydrate form.
- rhenium come perrhenic acid, ammonium perrhenate or methyltrioxorhenium in question.
- the aqueous solution preferably has a pH of less than 9, more preferably less than 7, in particular less than 4.
- the bringing into contact is usually carried out by impregnation.
- the porous organometallic framework material is impregnated with the aqueous solution, this being a dip or a dry impregnation.
- the amount of the aqueous solution is smaller than or equal to the liquid receiving volume of the organometallic skeleton.
- the aqueous solution is used in particular significant excess.
- the dry impregnation is preferred.
- the impregnation can be repeated, wherein a drying and / or calcination can take place between the individual impregnation processes. Due to the different impregnation processes, different metal ions can also be introduced.
- An aqueous solution may also contain multiple catalyst metal ions. To simplify matters, the term metal ion in the singular is also used here.
- step (b) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component a chemical conversion of the catalyst metal ion into the catalyst metal component takes place.
- this step may be preceded by a separation step and a drying step.
- the catalyst metal component is preferably elemental metal, ie metal in the oxidation state 0 or a metal oxide. Accordingly, the metal ion is subjected to reduction, oxidation or chemical conversion to obtain the oxidation state. Preference is given to reduction and oxidation. In particular, the reduction is preferred.
- the chemical conversion is conveniently carried out by exposing the organometallic framework, which has been brought into contact with the aqueous solution, to a reducing or oxygen-providing atmosphere.
- a typical reducing atmosphere would be a hydrogen atmosphere.
- a typical oxygen-providing atmosphere would be pure oxygen or preferably an oxygen-containing gas, in particular air.
- the metal of the catalyst metal component is preferably selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Re, Fe, Co and Ni. More preferred are Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Co and Ni.
- step (b) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component is preferably carried out at elevated temperature.
- the temperature is in the range of 100 0 C to 400 0 C. More preferred is a range from 120 0 C to 300 0 C, in particular 125 0 C to 200 0 C.
- a passivation step may optionally be followed to make the porous organometallic framework loaded with a catalyst metal component storable and transportable.
- the passivation is activated shortly before the material is used, for example in catalysis, by reversing the passivation reaction.
- a typical passivation, especially in the case of an activation step by reduction, is gentle oxidation. In this case, for example, also air can be used.
- comparatively low temperatures are chosen here.
- the temperature is at the Passivation less than 100 0 C, but above room temperature (25 0 C), more preferably less than 50 0 C.
- porous organometallic framework is loaded with a catalyst metal component, it can be converted to the corresponding porous metal oxide. This presupposes that the framework material is converted into the corresponding porous metal oxide over its complete decomposition temperature in an oxygen-supplying atmosphere.
- the framework material loaded with the catalyst metal ion may also be directly, i. without generating the catalyst metal component, are converted to a metal oxide.
- a step (a 1 ) the process according to the invention for producing a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component provides for heating the charged porous organometallic framework material.
- the material may be present in a dispersion or as a dry solid.
- the organometallic framework material can be present as a powder or as a shaped body or both.
- the heating is carried out with a porous organometallic framework in the form of a powder.
- the heating can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the heating is carried out in a suitable furnace, such as a muffle furnace or rotary kiln.
- a suitable furnace such as a muffle furnace or rotary kiln.
- a suitable atmosphere such as a gas or gas mixture
- a supply for a corresponding gas or gas mixture may be mounted in or on the furnace, so that the furnace chamber containing the porous organometallic framework material can be flooded with the appropriate gas or gas mixture.
- the porous organometallic framework is heated as necessary to convert the organometallic framework to the corresponding metal oxide. Here- is therefore heated over the complete decomposition temperature of the organometallic framework.
- complete decomposition temperature is meant the temperature at which the porous organometallic framework material begins to convert into the corresponding metal oxide.
- organometallic framework material is converted via intermediates to the metal oxide.
- a carbonate could have been formed prior to formation of the metal oxide.
- the "complete decomposition temperature” is to be understood as the temperature which is necessary to convert the last intermediate in each case to the metal oxide.
- the determination of the complete decomposition temperature can be carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art. For example, this temperature can be determined by thermogravimetry, whereby detection of the formation of the corresponding metal oxide can likewise be carried out by accompanying analysis.
- the complete decomposition temperature required to produce the corresponding metal oxide from a porous organometallic framework material is typically in the range from 350 ° C. to 1000 ° C. Further preferably, the complete decomposition temperature is in the range from 400 ° C. to 800 ° C. Preferably, the complete decomposition temperature is in the range of 500 ° C. to 750 ° C.
- the thermally higher-level modification (s) may be obtained from the organometallic framework by applying the appropriate temperature step, or at first the lower-level modification (s) (s) and then in a further step, the conversion can be carried out in the desired modification.
- the heating of the porous organometallic framework material can take place in a suitable atmosphere.
- the porous organometallic framework contains at least one at least bidentate organic compound which itself has sufficient oxygen, it is not absolutely necessary to provide an oxygen-providing substance from outside in order to convert the porous organometallic framework into a metal oxide.
- at least bidentate organic compounds containing oxygen are carboxylic acids, Alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters and phenols.
- the heating of the porous organometallic framework material could take place in a vacuum. Conveniently, however, the heating is carried out under atmospheric conditions.
- the heating of the porous organometallic framework could take place in the presence of an inert atmosphere.
- atmospheres could be formed by gases such as nitrogen, noble gases such as helium or argon, and mixtures thereof. However, this is an exception.
- heating of the porous organometallic framework material therefore takes place in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere with an oxygen donating component.
- an oxidizing atmosphere with an oxygen donating component.
- oxygen donating component an oxygen donating component.
- Such oxidizing atmospheres can be obtained by corresponding oxygen-supplying gases or gas mixtures.
- the simplest and preferred gas mixture is air, which normally contains a sufficiently high proportion of molecular oxygen.
- the air can be used enriched with additional oxygen.
- pure oxygen is used as the oxidizing atmosphere.
- gases or gas mixtures can be used, which are enriched, for example, with molecular oxygen.
- inert gases would be preferred.
- suitable gas mixtures can be used to produce an oxidizing atmosphere upon heating of the porous organometallic framework helium, argon, nitrogen, or mixtures thereof, each oxygenated.
- the porous organometallic framework may be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere such that the atmosphere is not altered during heating.
- the gas or gas mixture surrounding the porous organometallic framework material is thus not exchanged, so that the oxygen-supplying constituent of the atmosphere decreases during the heating.
- the atmosphere during heating relatively constant with respect to its oxygen supplying component by tracking at least this component. It is preferred, however, that the oxygen-providing component be increased during heating. This can serve to control the temperature of the exothermic reaction.
- the atmosphere is replaced by a gas or gas mixture with a higher proportion of oxygen supplying component. In particular, this can be done by supplying oxygen to the atmosphere after the start of heating, until finally a certain oxygen atmosphere is present. The increase can be gradual or continuous.
- the porous organometallic framework for the method of producing a metal oxide according to the invention must contain the metal ion corresponding to the metal of the metal oxide.
- the porous metal organic framework may also contain multiple metal ions independent of the catalyst metal component. In this case, a corresponding metal oxide, which is likewise composed of several metals, is formed.
- the organometallic framework In the event that multiple metal ions are present in the organometallic framework, at least one of these metal ions must be capable of coordinating the at least one at least bidentate organic compound to yield the corresponding porous organometallic framework. If, in addition, one or more metals are present in ionic form, this or these can likewise be present by co-ordination of the at least one at least bidentate organic compounds or further at least bidentate organic compounds on the structure of the organometallic framework. In addition, however, it is also possible that this is not the case. Finally, in the presence of several metal ions, the ratio of the ions may be in a stoichiometric ratio. In addition, a non-stoichiometric ratio may also be present.
- doping porous organometallic framework material a so-called doping porous organometallic framework material.
- doped frameworks are described, for example, in DE-A 10 2005 053 430 of the Applicant.
- Such doped porous organometallic frameworks are characterized in that the distribution of the doping metal is random.
- two metal ions of one and the same metal of different oxidation state are considered as two different metal ions.
- a corresponding metal oxide can be obtained in which the metal is present in different oxidation states.
- such a metal will be present as metal oxide exclusively in the highest stable oxidation state.
- the porous organometallic framework material exclusively comprises a metal ion of a metal, in particular an oxidation stage.
- the loaded porous organometallic framework material is to be converted into a porous metal oxide, particular preference is given to the metals from groups 2, 3, 4 and 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
- Particularly suitable metals of group 2 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium.
- Particularly suitable metals of the 3rd group of the Periodic Table of the Elements are scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the lanthanides.
- Particularly suitable metals of Group 4 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are titanium, zirconium and hafnium.
- Particularly suitable metals of the 13th group of the Periodic Table of the Elements are aluminum, gallium and indium.
- metals magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zirconium and aluminum are particularly preferred.
- metal ion or the metal ions from the group of metals consisting of aluminum, magnesium and zirconium.
- aluminates of the formula M 1 AIO 2 or M 11 Al 2 O 4 can be obtained, wherein M 1 represents a monovalent metal ion and M "is a divalent metal ion.
- spinels can be obtained.
- titanates in particular ilmenite (FeTiOs), but also MgTiO 3 , MnTiO 3 , FeTiO 3 , CoTiO 3 , NiTiO 3 , CaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BaTiO 3 , Mg 2 TiO 4 , Zn 2 TiO 4 and Mn 2 TiO 4 .
- ilmenite FeTiOs
- MgTiO 3 MnTiO 3
- FeTiO 3 FeTiO 3
- CoTiO 3 NiTiO 3
- CaTiO 3 SrTiO 3
- BaTiO 3 BaTiO 3
- zirconium in the organometallic framework material and moreover at least one further metal ion corresponding zirconates can be obtained.
- step (b) of this process In addition to the scaffold material obtained from the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component, it is also possible to use that scaffold material used in step (b) of this process. As a result, the conversion of the catalyst metal ion and the organometallic porous framework material occurs simultaneously.
- a step (b 1 ) of the process according to the invention for the preparation of a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component a chemical re-conversion to the desired catalyst metal component takes place if appropriate.
- step (b) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component analogously.
- passivation of the catalyst metal component may optionally take place in a step (c 1 ).
- step (c) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component it is preferred that the passivation is carried out at a temperature of at most 100 0 C and also preferably takes place in an air atmosphere.
- novel metal-organic skeleton material loaded with a catalyst metal component and the metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component according to the invention are particularly suitable as catalysts for chemical reactions. In addition, however, these can also be used in gas storage or separation.
- an object of the present invention relates to the use of an organometallic framework according to the invention as described above or of a metal oxide for gas storage or separation according to the invention as described above.
- porous metal organic framework material of the invention or metal oxides are used for storage, this is preferably carried out in a temperature range from -200 0 C to +80 0 C. More preferred is a temperature range of -40 0 C to +80 0 C.
- gas and liquid are used in a simplified manner, but here too gas mixtures and liquid mixtures or liquid solutions are to be understood by the term “gas” or "liquid”.
- Preferred gases are hydrogen, natural gas, town gas, hydrocarbons, in particular methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, n-butane and also i-butane, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
- dioxide nitrogen oxides, oxygen, sulfur oxides, halogens, halide hydrocarbons, NF 3 , SF 6 , ammonia, boranes, phosphines, hydrogen sulfide, amines, formaldehyde, noble gases, in particular helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon.
- the separation of CO and nitrogen oxides is preferred.
- the gas is also carbon dioxide which is separated from a gas mixture containing carbon dioxide.
- the gas mixture in addition to carbon dioxide at least H 2 , CH 4 or carbon monoxide.
- the gas mixture has carbon monoxide in addition to carbon dioxide.
- mixtures which contain at least 10 and at most 45% by volume of carbon dioxide and at least 30 and at most 90% by volume of carbon monoxide.
- a preferred embodiment is the pressure swing adsorption with a plurality of parallel adsorber reactors, wherein the adsorbent bed entirely or partially consists of the inventive material.
- the adsorption phase takes place for the CO 2 / CO-T separation preferably at a CO 2 partial pressure of 0.6 to 3 bar and temperature of at least 20, but at most 70 0 C instead.
- the total pressure in the relevant adsorber reactor is usually lowered to values between 100 mbar and 1 bar.
- the framework material or metal oxide according to the invention for storing a gas at a minimum pressure of 100 bar (absolute). More preferably, the minimum pressure is 200 bar (absolute), in particular 300 bar (absolute).
- the gas is particularly preferably hydrogen or methane, in particular hydrogen.
- the at least one substance may also be a liquid.
- a liquid examples of such a liquid are disinfectants, inorganic or organic solvents, fuels - especially gasoline or diesel -, hydraulic, radiator, brake fluid or an oil, especially machine oil.
- the liquid may be halogenated aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof.
- the at least one substance may be an odorant.
- the odorant is a volatile organic or inorganic compound containing at least one of nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine or an unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbon or a saturated or unsaturated aldehyde or a ketone is. More preferred elements are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, bromine; especially preferred are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
- the odorant is ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, cyclic or acyclic amines, thiols, thioethers and aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, acids or alcohols.
- ammonia hydrogen sulphide
- organic acids preferably acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, lauric acid, pelargonic acid
- cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbons which contain nitrogen or sulfur and saturated or unsaturated Aldehydes, such as hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, octenal or nonenal, and in particular volatile aldehydes such as butyraldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, and furthermore fuels such as gasoline, diesel (ingredients).
- the odorous substances may also be fragrances which are used, for example, for the production of perfumes.
- fragrances or oils which release such fragrances include essential oils, basil oil, geranium oil, mint oil, cananga oil, cardamom oil, lavender oil, peppermint oil, nutmeg oil, camomile oil, eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, lemon oil, lime oil, orange oil, bergamot oil, muscatel sage oil, Coriander oil, cypress oil, 1, 1-dimethoxy-2-pherylethane, 2,4-dimethyl-4-phenyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyltetrahydrobenzaldehyde, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octene-2-ol, 1, 2-diethoxy-3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadiene, phenylacetaldehyde, rose oxide, ethyl 2-methylpentanoate, 1- (2,6,6-trimethyl-1,
- a volatile odorant preferably has a boiling point or boiling point range of less than 300 ° C. More preferably, the odorant is a volatile compound or mixture. Particularly preferably, the odorant has a boiling point or boiling range of less than 250 0 C, more preferably less than 230 0 C, particularly preferably less than 200 0 C.
- odors which have a high volatility.
- volatility of the vapor pressure can be used.
- a volatile odorant preferably has a vapor pressure of more than
- the odorant is a volatile compound or mixture. More preferably, the odorant has a vapor pressure of greater than 0.01 kPa (20 ° C.), more preferably a vapor pressure greater than 0.05 kPa (20 ° C.). Particularly preferably, the odors have a vapor pressure of more than 0.1 kPa (20 0 C).
- Another object is the use of a loaded organometallic framework according to the invention or a loaded metal oxide according to the invention as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
- the chemical reaction is preferably a hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydration, isomerization, nitrile hydrogenation, aromatization, decarboxylation, oxidation, epoxidation, amination, H 2 C> 2 synthesis, preparation of carbonate, preparation of CI 2 Deacon process, hydrodesulfurization, hydrochlorination, metathesis, alkylation, acylation, ammoxidation, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol reforming, exhaust gas catalysis (SCR), reduction, especially of nitrogen oxides, carbonylations, CC coupling reaction, CO coupling reaction, CB Coupling reaction, CN coupling reaction, hydroformylation or rearrangement.
- SCR exhaust gas catalysis
- the finished product has a Pt content of 0.91%.
- the elemental analysis (12.7% AI, 43.3% C) and the X-ray diffractogram (XRD) show that the MOF framework was preserved after occupancy / reduction / passivation.
- TM Transmission Electron Microscopy
- the finished product has a Pd content of 0.94%.
- the elemental analysis 13.0% AI, 43.4% C
- the XRD check show that the MOF framework is preserved.
- 2-5 nm Pt particles are detected.
- the N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 1240 m 2 / g.
- Al-Terepthalklare MOF is still precalcined for 72 h at 360 0 C in a muffle furnace.
- the finished product has a Pt content of 0.95%. Elemental analysis (12.6% AI, 45.3% C) and XRD verification confirm that the MOF framework is preserved has remained. In TEM images, 1 to 2 nm Pt particles are detected. The N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 911 m 2 / g.
- the surface areas are 736 and 676 m 2 / g.
- the 17.75 g of a mixed sample of Zr-MOFs are uniformly wetted in a dish with 1.63 g of a 11. 03% Pd (II) nitrate solution, diluted with water to a total of 12.4 ml.
- the pH of the impregnation solution is less than 1.
- the loaded with the precursor MOF is first dried at 120 0 C in a vacuum oven within 16 h. Subsequently, the material is heated in a rotary kiln at 100 L / h N 2 to 180 0 C, the gas mixture to 50 L / h N 2 + 50 L / h H 2 and continuously increased during the reduction of H 2 content, until finally a pure H 2 atmosphere is reached. After no more water is detected in the exhaust gas, it is cooled to room temperature under N 2 . Small amounts of air are added for passivation so that the temperature rise is less than 15K. The proportion of air is thus gradually increased to a pure air atmosphere.
- the finished product has a Pd content of 0.94%. Elemental analysis (29.0% Zr, 36.3% C) suggests that the MOF framework has been conserved.
- Elemental analysis 29.0% Zr, 36.3% C
- Pd particles are detected. Occasionally larger Pd agglomerates of more than 5 nm are to be detected.
- the N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 584 m 2 / g.
- the finished product has a Pt content of 0.98%.
- the elemental analysis (10.8% AI, 43.3% C) and an XRD analysis show that the MOF framework has been preserved.
- TEM images 1-5 nm Pt particles are detected.
- the N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 327 m 2 / g.
- the dry product has only one N 2 surface area of 21 m 2 / g (Langmuir).
- the XRD has a completely different structure than the MOF-5 used ( Figure 2). From this it can be concluded that the impregnation resulted in a transformation of the porous MOF-5 structure into another, dense structure.
- FIG. 2 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the modified material which no longer has a MOF-5 structure.
- the intensity I (Ln (counts)) is shown as a function of the 2-theta scale (2 ⁇ ).
- the autoclave are decompressed to ambient pressure, heated to 30 ° C., 80 bar of H 2 are pressed in and the stirrer is started. Switching on the stirrer is the actual start time of the experiment. As soon as the total pressure drops below 60 bar due to the consumption of hydrogen, the original pressure of 80 bar is restored by re-pressurizing hydrogen. The experiment is terminated after 4 hours.
- the hydrogenation activity of the catalyst tested is determined by the H 2 consumption rate during the first half hour of the experiment.
- the evaluation was carried out according to the following formula:
- AKT stands for the hydrogenation activity of the investigated catalyst
- An (H 2 ) for the amount of hydrogen consumed in the relevant time interval of the experiment (0.5 h), ⁇ t for the relevant time interval (0.5 h) and m Ka t for the catalyst used ,
- CONV stands for the conversion of nitrobenzene (to aniline)
- n (H 2 ) for the total H 2 consumption
- n (C 6 H 5 NO 2 ) for the amount of nirobenzene used. Turnover above 100% indicates hydrogenation of the aromatic nucleus.
- Example 2 A Pd from Example 2 and an Al-MOF loaded with Pt from Example 5 are tested for hydrogenation activity. Table 1 gives the experimental results for these catalysts. Both prove to be hydrogenating and can convert all nitrobenzene to aniline during the experiment. In direct comparison, the Pd-loaded Al-MOF is more active than the Pt-loaded Al-MOF.
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Abstract
The present invention relates to methods for the production of an organometallic framework material loaded with catalyst metal components comprising the following steps: (a) bringing the organometallic framework material, containing at least one at least bidentate organic compound in a dative bond with at least one metal ion, into contact with an aqueous solution containing a catalyst metal ion corresponding to the catalyst metal component, wherein the at least one metal ion and the catalyst metal ion originate from different metals and the at least one metal ion is selected from groups 2, 3, 4, 13 of the periodic table of elements and the lanthanides; (b) chemical conversion of the catalyst metal ion into the catalyst metal component and (c) optionally, passivation of the catalyst metal component. The invention further relates to the conversion of loaded porous organometallic framework materials into porous metal oxides, porous materials thus obtained, and the use thereof, particularly in the catalytic chemical reaction.
Description
Mit Katalysator-Metallkomponenten beladene poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterialien Porous organometallic frameworks loaded with catalyst metal components
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterialien sowie daraus gebildete poröse Metalloxide, die mit Katalysator-Metallkomponenten beladen sind, sowie deren Herstellung und Verwendung.The present invention relates to porous organometallic frameworks and porous metal oxides formed therefrom which are loaded with catalyst metal components, and to their preparation and use.
Zahlreiche chemische Reaktionen finden in Gegenwart von Katalysatoren statt. Solche Katalysatoren bestehen häufig aus einem Trägermaterial und einer katalytisch aktiven Spezies, wie beispielsweise elementarem Metall oder einem Metalloxid.Numerous chemical reactions take place in the presence of catalysts. Such catalysts often consist of a carrier material and a catalytically active species, such as elemental metal or a metal oxide.
Als Trägermaterial kommen beispielsweise Aktivkohle, Metalloxide, Zeolithe sowie poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterialien in Frage.Suitable support materials are, for example, activated carbon, metal oxides, zeolites and porous organometallic frameworks.
Metallkatalysierte Reaktionen, bei denen als Träger poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterialien eingesetzt werden, sind im Stand der Technik bekannt.Metal-catalyzed reactions employing porous organometallic frameworks as carriers are known in the art.
So beschreibt beispielsweise S. Hermes et al., Angew. Chem. 117 (2005), 6394 - 6497 die Vakuumabscheidung von Metallkomplexen an MOF-5. Hierbei weisen die als Katalysator aktiven Metalle die Oxidationsstufe 0 auf. Bei MOF-5 handelt es sich um Zinkterephthalat, einem der bekanntesten metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien. Die physikalische und chemische Vakuumabscheidung (PVD oder CVD) ist jedoch ein sehr kompliziertes Verfahren, das einen hohen apparativen Aufwand verlangt. Darüber hinaus sind die eingesetzten Ausgangsverbindungen kostspielig oder müssen speziell hergestellt werden. Daher eignet sich diese Methode insbesondere nicht für die Herstellung von Katalysatoren im technischen und industriellen Maßstab.For example, S. Hermes et al., Angew. Chem. 117 (2005), 6394-6497, the vacuum deposition of metal complexes to MOF-5. In this case, the metals active as catalyst have the oxidation state 0. MOF-5 is zinc terephthalate, one of the best-known organometallic frameworks. The physical and chemical vacuum deposition (PVD or CVD), however, is a very complicated process that requires a lot of equipment. In addition, the starting compounds used are expensive or must be specially prepared. Therefore, this method is particularly not suitable for the production of catalysts on a technical and industrial scale.
In WO-A 03/101975 wird für die Epoxidation ein Katalysator vorgeschlagen, bei dem MOF- 5 mit einem Metallsalz imprägniert wird, wobei es sich bei dem Metall um Ag+ handelt. Eine Umwandlung des Metalls ist jedoch für die Reaktion nicht erforderlich.In WO-A 03/101975 a catalyst is proposed for the epoxidation in which MOF-5 is impregnated with a metal salt, wherein the metal is Ag + . However, conversion of the metal is not required for the reaction.
In US-A 2004/08161 1 wird für die Herstellung von Wasserstoffperoxid ebenfalls das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial MOF-5 mit einem Palladiumsalz imprägniert und das Metall im Wasserstoffstrom reduziert, um die katalytisch aktive Komponente zu erhalten.In US-A 2004/08161 1 for the production of hydrogen peroxide also the organometallic framework MOF-5 is impregnated with a palladium salt and the metal is reduced in the hydrogen stream to obtain the catalytically active component.
Bei der Herstellung dieser mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien ist jedoch nachteilig, dass eine wasserfreie Umsetzung erfolgt.
Dementsprechend müssen organische Lösemittel eingesetzt werden, so dass die beschriebenen Verfahren zum einen kostspielig und zum anderen den Umgang mit aus gefahren- und umwelttechnischer Sicht bedenklichen organischen Lösemitteln erfordert.However, in the production of these organometallic framework materials loaded with a catalyst metal component, it is disadvantageous that an anhydrous reaction takes place. Accordingly, organic solvents must be used, so that the described method on the one hand costly and on the other hand dealing with hazardous from an environmental and environmental point of view, organic solvents required.
Es besteht daher ein Bedarf an alternativen Herstellverfahren und Trägermaterialien, die die oben beschriebenen Nachteile nicht aufweisen.There is therefore a need for alternative production methods and carrier materials which do not have the disadvantages described above.
Eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt somit darin, solche Verfahren und Materialien, welche mit Katalysator-Metallkomponenten beladen sind, bereitzustellen.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide such processes and materials loaded with catalyst metal components.
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator- Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials die Schritte enthaltendThe object is achieved by a method for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component comprising the steps
(a) In Kontakt bringen des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials, enthaltend mindestens eine an mindestens ein Metallion koordinativ gebundene, mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung, mit einer wässrigen Lösung enthaltend ein der Katalysator- Metallkomponente entsprechendes Katalysatormetallion, wobei das mindestens eine Metallion und das Katalysatormetallion von unterschiedlichen Metallen stammen und das mindestens eine Metallion ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe der Metalle bestehend aus den Gruppen 2, 3, 4, 13 des Periodensystems der Elemente und den Lanthan- iden;(A) bringing into contact the organometallic framework material containing at least one coordinated at least one metal ion at least bidentate organic compound with an aqueous solution containing a metal catalyst component corresponding catalyst metal ion, said at least one metal ion and the catalyst metal ion derived from different metals and the at least one metal ion is selected from the group of metals consisting of groups 2, 3, 4, 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements and the lanthanides;
(b) Chemische Umwandlung des Katalysatormetallions in die Katalysator- Metallkomponente und(b) chemical conversion of the catalyst metal ion into the catalyst metal component and
(c) gegebenenfalls Passivierung der Katalysator-Metallkomponente.(c) optionally passivation of the catalyst metal component.
Die Aufgabe wird weiterhin gelöst durch ein poröses metallorganisches Gerüstmaterial be- laden mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente erhältlich aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials.The object is further achieved by a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component.
Darüber hinaus kann das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial in ein poröses Metall- oxid überführt werden.
Die Aufgabe wird daher ebenfalls gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen Metalloxides die Schritte enthaltendIn addition, the porous organometallic framework material can be converted into a porous metal oxide. The object is therefore likewise achieved by a method for producing a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component comprising the steps
(a') Erhitzen eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallor- ganischen Gerüstmaterials erhältlich aus dem obigen Verfahren oder eines Gerüstmaterials, welches in Schritt (b) des obigen Verfahrens eingesetzt wird, über dessen vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur in Sauerstoff liefernder Atmosphäre;(a ') heating a porous metal organic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from the above process or a framework used in step (b) of the above process above its complete decomposition temperature in an oxygen-providing atmosphere;
(b') gegebenenfalls chemische Rückumwandlung in die Katalysator-Metallkomponente und(b ') optionally chemical re-conversion into the catalyst metal component and
(c') gegebenenfalls Passivierung der Katalysatorkomponente.(c ') optionally passivation of the catalyst component.
Darüber hinaus wird die Aufgabe gelöst durch ein poröses Metalloxid beladen mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente erhältlich aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen Metalloxides.In addition, the object is achieved by a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from the process according to the invention for the preparation of a catalyst metal component loaded with a porous metal oxide.
Es wurde nämlich gefunden, dass speziell die Metalle der Gruppen 2, 3, 4 und 13 des Periodensystems der Elemente sowie poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterialien basierend auf Lanthaniden im Hinblick auf die Beladung mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente im Gegensatz zu Zink-basierten metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien wie MOF-5 derart stabil sind, dass zum einen das entsprechende Metallion der Katalysator-Metallkomponente mit Hilfe einer wässrigen Lösung mit dem metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial in Kontakt gebracht werden kann und dass dieses Katalysatormetallion ebenfalls einer chemischen Umwandlung zugeführt werden kann. Darüber hinaus hat sich herausgestellt, dass das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung in beladenem Zustand in das entsprechende Metalloxid überführt werden kann, indem das mit der Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladene poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial über dessen vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur in oxidierender Atmosphäre erhitzt wird.It has in fact been found that especially the metals of groups 2, 3, 4 and 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements and porous organometallic frameworks based on lanthanides with regard to the loading with a catalyst metal component in contrast to zinc-based organometallic frameworks such as MOF 5 are so stable that, on the one hand, the corresponding metal ion of the catalyst metal component can be brought into contact with the organometallic framework by means of an aqueous solution and that this catalyst metal ion can likewise be supplied to a chemical conversion. In addition, it has been found that the organometallic framework can be transferred in the present invention in the charged state into the corresponding metal oxide by the catalyst metal-laden with the metal-organometallic porous material is heated above its complete decomposition temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere.
Hierbei ist aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt, dass hoch oberflächige metallorganische Gerüstmaterialien in ebenso hoch oberflächige Metalloxide überführt werden können. Dies ist beispielsweise in WO-A 2007/118843 beschrieben.It is known from the prior art that highly superficial organometallic framework materials can be converted into equally superficial metal oxides. This is described, for example, in WO-A 2007/118843.
In Schritt (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials wird ein metallorganisches Gerüstmaterial, enthaltend mindestens eine an mindestens ein Metallion
- A -In step (a) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component, an organometallic framework material comprising at least one of at least one metal ion - A -
koordinativ gebundene, mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung, mit einer wässri- gen Lösung enthaltend ein der Katalysator-Metallkomponente entsprechendes Katalysatormetallion in Kontakt gebracht, wobei das mindestens eine Metallion und das Katalysatormetallion von unterschiedlichen Metallen stammen und das mindestens eine Metallion ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe der Metalle bestehend aus den Gruppen 2, 3, 4, 13 des Periodensystems der Elemente und den Lanthaniden.coordinatively bound, at least bidentate organic compound, brought into contact with an aqueous solution containing a catalyst metal component corresponding catalyst metal, wherein the at least one metal ion and the catalyst metal ion derived from different metals and the at least one metal ion is selected from the group of metals consisting of groups 2, 3, 4, 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements and the lanthanides.
Die metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung enthalten Poren, insbesondere Mikro- und/oder Mesoporen. Mikroporen sind definiert als solche mit einem Durchmesser von 2 nm oder kleiner und Mesoporen sind definiert durch einen Durchmesser im Bereich von 2 bis 50 nm, jeweils entsprechend nach der Definition, wie sie in Pure & Applied Chem. 57 (1985), 603 - 619, insbesondere auf Seite 606 angegeben ist. Die Anwesenheit von Mikro- und/oder Mesoporen kann mit Hilfe von Sorptionsmessungen überprüft werden, wobei diese Messungen die Aufnahmekapazität der metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien für Stickstoff bei 77 Kelvin gemäß DIN 66131 und/oder DIN 66134 bestimmt.The organometallic frameworks according to the present invention contain pores, in particular micropores and / or mesopores. Micropores are defined as those having a diameter of 2 nm or smaller and mesopores are defined by a diameter in the range of 2 to 50 nm, each according to the definition as described in Pure & Applied Chem. 57 (1985), 603-619 , in particular on page 606. The presence of micro- and / or mesopores can be checked by means of sorption measurements, these measurements determining the uptake capacity of the organometallic frameworks for nitrogen at 77 Kelvin according to DIN 66131 and / or DIN 66134.
Vorzugsweise beträgt die spezifische Oberfläche - berechnet nach dem Langmuir-Modell (DIN 66131 , 66134) für ein metallorganisches Gerüstmaterial in Pulverform bei mehr als 5 m2/g, mehr bevorzugt über 10 m2/g, mehr bevorzugt mehr als 50 m2/g, weiter mehr bevorzugt mehr als 500 m2/g, weiter mehr bevorzugt mehr als 1000 m2/g und besonders bevorzugt mehr als 1500 m2/g.Preferably, the specific surface area - calculated according to the Langmuir model (DIN 66131, 66134) for an organometallic framework in powder form is more than 5 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 10 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 50 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 500 m 2 / g, even more preferably more than 1000 m 2 / g and particularly preferably more than 1500 m 2 / g.
Formkörper aus metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien können eine niedrigere spezifische Oberfläche besitzen; vorzugsweise jedoch mehr als 10 m2/g, mehr bevorzugt mehr als 50 m2/g, weiter mehr bevorzugt mehr als 500 m2/g.Moldings of organometallic frameworks may have a lower specific surface area; but preferably more than 10 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 50 m 2 / g, even more preferably more than 500 m 2 / g.
Die Metallkomponente im Gerüstmaterial nach der vorliegenden Erfindung ist ausgewählt aus den Gruppen 2, 3, 4, 13 sowie den Lanthaniden. Demgemäß sind geeignete Metalle Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf, AI, Ga, In, Tl und Ln, wobei Ln für Lanthanide steht.The metal component in the framework of the present invention is selected from Groups 2, 3, 4, 13 and the lanthanides. Accordingly, suitable metals are Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf, Al, Ga, In, Tl and Ln, where Ln is lanthanide.
Lanthanide sind La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm und Yb.Lanthanides are La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb.
Besonders bevorzugt sind Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, AI, Ga, In, La und Ce. Mehr bevorzugt sind Mg, AI, Ti, Zr, La, Y, Ce. Weiter mehr bevorzugt sind AI und Zr, insbesondere AI.
In Bezug auf die Ionen dieser Elemente sind besonders zu erwähnen Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Sc3+, Y3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, und Ln3+.Particularly preferred are Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Al, Ga, In, La and Ce. More preferred are Mg, Al, Ti, Zr, La, Y, Ce. Further more preferred are Al and Zr, in particular Al. With regard to the ions of these elements, mention should particularly be made of Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Sc 3+ , Y 3+ , Ti 4+ , Zr 4+ , Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , In 3+ , and Ln 3+ .
Der Begriff "mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung" bezeichnet eine organische Verbindung, die mindestens eine funktionelle Gruppe enthält, die in der Lage ist, zu einem gegebenen Metallion mindestens zwei koordinative Bindungen, und/oder zu zwei oder mehr, bevorzugt zwei Metallatomen jeweils eine koordinative Bindung auszubilden.The term "at least bidentate organic compound" refers to an organic compound containing at least one functional group capable of having at least two coordinative bonds to a given metal ion, and / or to two or more, preferably two, metal atoms each having a coordinative bond train.
Als funktionelle Gruppen, über die die genannten koordinativen Bindungen ausgebildet werden kann, sind insbesondere beispielsweise folgende funktionellen Gruppen zu nennen: -CO2H, -CS2H, -NO2, -B(OH)2, -SO3H, -Si(OH)3, -Ge(OH)3, -Sn(OH)3, -Si(SH)4, - Ge(SH)4, -Sn(SH)3, -PO3H, -AsO3H, -AsO4H, -P(SH)3, -As(SH)3, -CH(RSH)2, -C(RSH)3 -CH(RNH2), -C(RNH2)3, -CH(ROH)2, -C(ROH)3, -CH(RCN)2, -C(RCN)3 wobei R beispielsweise bevorzugt eine Alkylengruppe mit 1 , 2, 3, 4 oder 5 Kohlenstoffatomen wie beispielsweise eine Methylen-, Ethylen-, n-Propylen-, i-Propylen, n-Butylen-, i-Butylen-, tert-Butylen- oder n-Pentylengruppe, oder eine Arylgruppe, enthaltend 1 oder 2 aromatische Kerne wie beispielsweise 2 Cβ-Ringe, die gegebenenfalls kondensiert sein können und unabhängig voneinander mit mindestes jeweils einem Substituenten geeignet substituiert sein können, und/oder die unabhängig voneinander jeweils mindestens ein Heteroatom wie beispielsweise N, O und/oder S enthalten können. Gemäß ebenfalls bevorzugter Ausführungsformen sind funktionelle Gruppen zu nennen, bei denen der oben genannte Rest R nicht vorhanden ist. Diesbezüglich sind unter anderem -CH(SH)2, -C(SH)3, -CH(NH2)2, - C(NH2)3, -CH(OH)2, -C(OH)3, -CH(CN)2 oder -C(CN)3ZU nennen.Examples of functional groups which can be used to form the abovementioned coordinative bonds are, for example, the following functional groups: -CO 2 H, -CS 2 H, -NO 2 , -B (OH) 2 , -SO 3 H, - Si (OH) 3, -Ge (OH) 3, -Sn (OH) 3, -Si (SH) 4, - Ge (SH) 4, -Sn (SH) 3, -PO 3 H, 3 H -AsO , -AsO 4 H, -P (SH) 3 , -As (SH) 3 , -CH (RSH) 2 , -C (RSH) 3 -CH (RNH 2 ), -C (RNH 2 ) 3 , -CH (ROH) 2 , -C (ROH) 3 , -CH (RCN) 2 , -C (RCN) 3 where, for example, R preferably represents an alkylene group having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms, for example a methylene, ethylene , n-propylene, i-propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, tert-butylene or n-pentylene group, or an aryl group containing 1 or 2 aromatic nuclei such as 2 Cβ rings, which may be condensed and independently of one another can be suitably substituted by at least one substituent each, and / or independently of one another in each case at least one heteroatom such as N, O and / or S may contain. According to likewise preferred embodiments, functional groups are to be mentioned in which the abovementioned radical R is absent. In this regard are, inter alia, -CH (SH) 2, -C (SH) 3, -CH (NH 2) 2, - C (NH 2) 3, -CH (OH) 2, -C (OH) 3, -CH (CN) 2 or -C (CN) 3 TO call.
Die mindestens zwei funktionellen Gruppen können grundsätzlich an jede geeignete organische Verbindung gebunden sein, solange gewährleistet ist, dass die diese funktionellen Gruppen aufweisende organische Verbindung zur Ausbildung der koordinativen Bindung und zur Herstellung des Gerüstmaterials befähigt ist.The at least two functional groups can in principle be bound to any suitable organic compound as long as it is ensured that the organic compound having these functional groups is capable of forming the coordinative bond and the preparation of the framework.
Bevorzugt leiten sich die organischen Verbindungen, die die mindestens zwei funktionellen Gruppen enthalten, von einer gesättigten oder ungesättigten aliphatischen Verbindung o- der einer aromatischen Verbindung oder einer sowohl aliphatischen als auch aromatischen Verbindung ab.Preferably, the organic compounds containing the at least two functional groups derived from a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compound o- of an aromatic compound or an aliphatic as well as aromatic compound.
Die aliphatische Verbindung oder der aliphatische Teil der sowohl aliphatischen als auch aromatischen Verbindung kann linear und/oder verzweigt und/oder cyclisch sein, wobei auch mehrere Cyclen pro Verbindung möglich sind. Weiter bevorzugt enthält die aliphati-
sche Verbindung oder der aliphatische Teil der sowohl aliphatischen als auch aromatischen Verbindung 1 bis 15, weiter bevorzugt 1 bis 14, weiter bevorzugt 1 bis 13, weiter bevorzugt 1 bis 12, weiter bevorzugt 1 bis 1 1 und insbesondere bevorzugt 1 bis 10 C- Atome wie beispielsweise 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 oder 10 C-Atome. Insbesondere bevorzugt sind hierbei unter anderem Methan, Adamantan, Acetylen, Ethylen oder Butadien.The aliphatic compound or the aliphatic portion of the both aliphatic and aromatic compound may be linear and / or branched and / or cyclic, wherein also several cycles per compound are possible. More preferably, the aliphatic or the aliphatic portion of the aliphatic as well as aromatic compound 1 to 15, more preferably 1 to 14, more preferably 1 to 13, further preferably 1 to 12, further preferably 1 to 1 1 and especially preferably 1 to 10 C atoms such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms. Methane, adamantane, acetylene, ethylene or butadiene are particularly preferred in this case.
Die aromatische Verbindung oder der aromatische Teil der sowohl aromatischen als auch aliphatischen Verbindung kann einen oder auch mehrere Kerne wie beispielsweise zwei, drei, vier oder fünf Kerne aufweisen, wobei die Kerne getrennt voneinander und/oder min- destens zwei Kerne in kondensierter Form vorliegen können. Besonders bevorzugt weist die aromatische Verbindung oder der aromatische Teil der sowohl aliphatischen als auch aromatischen Verbindung einen, zwei oder drei Kerne auf, wobei einer oder zwei Kerne besonders bevorzugt sind. Unabhängig voneinander kann weiter jeder Kern der genannten Verbindung mindestens ein Heteroatom wie beispielsweise N, O, S, B, P, Si, AI, bevorzugt N, O und/oder S enthalten. Weiter bevorzugt enthält die aromatische Verbindung oder der aromatische Teil der sowohl aromatischen als auch aliphatischen Verbindung einen oder zwei Cβ-Kerne, wobei die zwei entweder getrennt voneinander oder in kondensierter Form vorliegen. Insbesondere sind als aromatische Verbindungen Benzol, Naphthalin und/oder Biphenyl und/oder Bipyridyl und/oder Pyridyl zu nennen.The aromatic compound or the aromatic part of both the aromatic and the aliphatic compound may have one or more nuclei, for example two, three, four or five nuclei, wherein the nuclei may be present in separate and / or at least two nuclei in condensed form , Most preferably, the aromatic compound or the aromatic moiety of the both aliphatic and aromatic compounds has one, two or three nuclei, with one or two nuclei being particularly preferred. Independently of each other, furthermore, each nucleus of the named compound may contain at least one heteroatom, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Al, preferably N, O and / or S. More preferably, the aromatic compound or the aromatic part of the both aromatic and aliphatic compounds contains one or two Cβ cores, the two being present either separately or in condensed form. In particular, benzene, naphthalene and / or biphenyl and / or bipyridyl and / or pyridyl may be mentioned as aromatic compounds.
Besonders bevorzugt leitet sich die mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung von einer Di-, Tri-, oder Tetracarbonsäure ab.The at least bidentate organic compound is particularly preferably derived from a di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acid.
Der Begriff "ableiten" bedeutet im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung, dass die mindes- tens zweizähnige organische Verbindung im Gerüstmaterial in teilweise deprotonierter oder vollständig deprotonierter Form oder als Schwefelanalogen vorliegen kann. Weiterhin kann die mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung weitere Substituenten enthalten, wie beispielsweise -OH, -NH2, -OCH3, -CH3, -NH(CH3), -N(CH3)2, -CN sowie Halogenide. Schwefelanaloga sind die funktionellen Gruppen -C(=O)SH sowie dessen Tautomer und C(=S)SH, die anstelle einer oder mehrerer Carbonsäuregruppen eingesetzt werden können.The term "derived" in the context of the present invention means that the at least bidentate organic compound can be present in the framework material in partially deprotonated or completely deprotonated form or as sulfur analogues. Furthermore, the at least bidentate organic compound may contain further substituents such as -OH, -NH 2 , -OCH 3 , -CH 3 , -NH (CH 3 ), -N (CH 3 ) 2 , -CN and halides. Sulfur analogues are the functional groups -C (= O) SH and its tautomer and C (= S) SH, which can be used instead of one or more carboxylic acid groups.
Beispielsweise sind im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung Dicarbonsäuren wie etwa Oxalsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Weinsäure, 1 ,4-Butandicarbonsäure, 4-Oxo-Pyran-2,6-di- carbonsäure, 1 ,6-Hexandicarbonsäure, Decandicarbonsäure, 1 ,8-Heptadecandicar- bonsäure, 1 ,9-Heptadecandicarbonsäure, Heptadecandicarbonsäure, Acetylendicarbon- säure, 1 ,2-Benzoldicarbonsäure, 2,3-Pyridindicarbonsäure, Pyridin-2,3-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,3-
Butadien-1 ,4-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,4-Benzoldicarbonsäure, p-Benzoldicarbonsäure, Imidazol- 2,4-dicarbonsäure, 2-Methyl-chinolin-3,4-dicarbonsäure, Chinolin-2,4-dicarbonsäure, Chi- noxalin-2,3-dicarbonsäure, 6-Chlorchinoxalin-2,3-dicarbonsäure, 4,4'-Diaminphenylmethan- 3,3'-dicarbonsäure, Chinolin-3,4-dicarbonsäure, 7-Chlor-4-hydroxychinolin-2,8- dicarbonsäure, Diimiddicarbonsäure, Pyridin-2,6-dicarbonsäure, 2-Methylimidazol-4,5- dicarbonsäure, Thiophen-3,4-dicarbonsäure, 2-lsopropylimidazol-4,5-dicarbonsäure, Tetra- hydropyran-4,4-dicarbonsäure, Perylen-3,9-dicarbonsäure, Perylendicarbonsäure, Pluriol E 200-dicarbonsäure, 3,6-Dioxaoctandicarbonsäure, 3,5-Cyclohexadien-1 ,2-dicarbonsäure, Octadicarbonsäure, Pentan-3,3-dicarbonsäure, 4,4'-Diamino-1 ,1 '-diphenyl-3,3'-dicarbon- säure, 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl-3,3'-dicarbonsäure, Benzidin-3,3'-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,4-bis- (Phenylamino)-benzol-2,5-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,1 '-Dinaphthyl-5,5'-dicarbonsäure, 7-Chlor-8- methylchinolin-2,3-dicarbonsäure, 1 -Anilinoanthrachinon-2,4'-dicarbonsäure, PoIy- tetrahydrofuran-250-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,4-bis-(Carboxymethyl)-piperazin-2,3-dicarbon-säure, 7-Chlorchinolin-3,8-dicarbonsäure, 1-(4-Carboxy)-phenyl-3-(4-chlor)-phenylpyrazolin- 4,5-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,4,5,6,7,7,-Hexachlor-5-norbornen-2,3-dicarbonsäure, Phenylindandi- carbonsäure, 1 ,3-Dibenzyl-2-oxo-imidazolidin-4,5-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,4-For example, in the context of the present invention, dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid, 4-oxo-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, 1,8-heptadecanedicarboxylic acid bonic acid, 1,9-heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1, 3 Butadiene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, p-benzenedicarboxylic acid, imidazole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2-methyl-quinoline-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, quinoxaline 2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 6-chloroquinoxaline-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diaminophenylmethane-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid, quinoline-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-2,8- dicarboxylic acid, diimide dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 2-methylimidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, thiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2-isopropylimidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, tetrahydropyran-4,4-dicarboxylic acid, Perylene-3,9-dicarboxylic acid, perylenedicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 200-dicarboxylic acid, 3,6-dioxaoctanedicarboxylic acid, 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, octadicarboxylic acid, pentane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diamino 1, 1'-diphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid, benzidine-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis (phenylamino) - benzene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1,1'-dinaphthyl-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-8-methylquinol in 2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1-anilinoanthraquinone-2,4'-dicarboxylic acid, polytetrahydrofuran-250-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis (carboxymethyl) -piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloroquinoline -3,8-dicarboxylic acid, 1- (4-carboxy) -phenyl-3- (4-chloro) -phenyl-pyrazoline-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1, 4,5,6,7,7, -hexachlor-5- norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, phenylindane-di-carboxylic acid, 1, 3-dibenzyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1, 4-
Cyclohexandicarbonsäure, Naphthalin-1 ,8-dicarbonsäure, 2-Benzoylbenzol-1 ,3- dicarbonsäure, 1 ,3-Dibenzyl-2-oxoimidazolidin-4,5-cis-dicarbonsäure, 2,2'-Bichinolin-4,4'- dicarbonsäure, Pyridin-3,4-dicarbonsäure, 3,6,9-Trioxaundecandicarbonsäure, O- Hydroxybenzophenondicarbonsäure, Pluriol E 300-dicarbonsäure, Pluriol E 400- dicarbonsäure, Pluriol E 600-dicarbonsäure, Pyrazol-3,4-dicarbonsäure, 2,3- Pyrazindicarbonsäure, 5,6-Dimethyl-2,3-pyrazindicarbonsäure, 4,4'-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-1, 8-dicarboxylic acid, 2-benzoylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-dibenzyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4,5-cis-dicarboxylic acid, 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'- dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 3,6,9-trioxaundecanedicarboxylic acid, O-hydroxybenzophenone dicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 300 dicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 400 dicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 600 dicarboxylic acid, pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2, 3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, 5,6-dimethyl-2,3-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-
Diaminodiphenyletherdiimiddicarbonsäure, 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethandiimiddicar- bonsäure, 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylsulfondiimiddicarbonsäure, 2,6-Naphthalindicarbonsäure, 1 ,3-Adamantandicarbonsäure, 1 ,8-Naphthalindicarbonsäure, 2,3-Naphthalindicarbonsäure, 8-Methoxy-2,3-naphthalindicarbonsäure, 8-Nitro-2,3-naphthalindicarbonsäure, 8-Sulfo-2,3- naphthalindicarbonsäure, Anthracen-2,3-dicarbonsäure, 2',3'-Diphenyl-p-terphenyl-4,4"- dicarbonsäure, Diphenylether-4,4'-dicarbonsäure, lmidazol-4,5-dicarbonsäure, 4(1 H)- Oxothiochromen-2,8-dicarbonsäure, 5-tert-Butyl -1 ,3-benzoldicarbonsäure, 7,8- Chinolindicarbonsäure, 4,5-lmidazoldicarbonsäure, 4-Cyclohexen-1 ,2-dicarbonsäure, He- xatriacontandicarbonsäure, Tetradecandicarbonsäure, 1 ,7-Heptadicarbonsäure, 5- Hydroxy-1 ,3-Benzoldicarbonsäure, Pyrazin-2,3-dicarbonsäure, Furan-2,5-dicarbonsäure, 1- Nonen-6,9-dicarbonsäure, Eicosendicarbonsäure, 4,4'-Dihydroxydiphenylmethan-3,3'- dicarbonsäure, 1-Amino-4-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2,3-dicarbonsäure, 2,5-Pyridindicarbonsäure, Cyclohexen-2,3-dicarbonsäure,2,9-Dichlorfluorubin-4,11- dicarbonsäure, 7-Chlor-3-mtehylchinolin-6,8-dicarbon
säure, 2,4-Dichlorbenzophenon-2',5'-dicarbonsäure, 1 ,3-benzoldicarbonsäure, 2,6-Pyri- dindicarbonsäure, 1-Methylpyrrol-3,4-dicarbonsäure, 1-Benzyl-1 H-pyrrol-3,4-dicarbon- säure, Anthrachinon-1 ,5-dicarbonsäure, 3,5-Pyrazoldicarbonsäure, 2-Nitrobenzol-1 ,4- dicarbonsäure, Heptan-1 ,7-dicarbonsäure, Cyclobutan-I J-dicarbonsäure 1 ,14-Tetra- decandicarbonsäure, 5,6-Dehydronorbornan-2,3-dicarbonsäure oder 5-Ethyl-2,3- Pyridindicarbonsäure,Diaminodiphenyl ether diimide dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethanediimide dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfonediimide dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1, 3-adamantanedicarboxylic acid, 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 8-methoxy-2,3- naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 8-nitro-2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 8-sulfo-2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, anthracene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2 ', 3'-diphenyl-p-terphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4 (1 H) -oxothiochromene-2,8-dicarboxylic acid, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 7,8-quinolinedicarboxylic acid, 4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid, 4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, hexatriacontanedicarboxylic acid, tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,7-heptadicarboxylic acid, 5-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, furan-2,5- dicarboxylic acid, 1-nonene-6,9-dicarboxylic acid, eicosendicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid, 1-amino-4-methyl-9,10-dio xo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2,9-dichlorofluorubin-4,11-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-3-methylquinoline-6, 8-dicarboxylic acid, 2,4-dichlorobenzophenone-2 ', 5'-dicarboxylic acid, 1, 3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1-methylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 1-benzyl-1H-pyrrol-3 , 4-dicarboxylic acid, anthraquinone-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyrazoldicarboxylic acid, 2-nitrobenzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, heptane-1, 7-dicarboxylic acid, cyclobutane-1-J-dicarboxylic acid 1, 14-tetra decanedicarboxylic acid, 5,6-dehydronorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid or 5-ethyl-2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid,
Tricarbonsäuren wie etwaTricarboxylic acids such as
2-Hydroxy-1 ,2,3-propantricarbonsäure, 7-Chlor-2,3,8-chinolintricarbonsäure, 1 ,2,4- Benzoltricarbonsäure, 1 ,2,4-Butantricarbonsäure, 2-Phosphono-1 ,2,4-butantricarbon- säure, 1 ,3,5-Benzoltricarbonsäure, 1-Hydroxy-1 ,2,3-Propantricarbonsäure, 4,5-Di-hydro- 4,5-dioxo-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-F]chinolin-2,7,9-tricarbonsäure, 5-Acetyl-3-amino-6-me- thylbenzol-1 ,2,4-tricarbonsäure, 3-Amino-5-benzoyl-6-methylbenzol-1 ,2,4-tricarbon-säure, 1 ,2,3-Propantricarbonsäure oder Aurintricarbonsäure,2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-2,3,8-quinolinetricarboxylic acid, 1, 2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1, 2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-1, 2,4- butanetricarboxylic acid, 1, 3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo [2,3-F] quinoline -2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid, 5-acetyl-3-amino-6-methylbenzene-1, 2,4-tricarboxylic acid, 3-amino-5-benzoyl-6-methylbenzene-1, 2,4-tricarbon acid, 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid or aurintricarboxylic acid,
oder Tetracarbonsäuren wie etwaor tetracarboxylic acids such as
1 ,1-Dioxidperylo[1 ,12-BCD]thiophen-3,4,9,10-tetracarbonsäure, Perylentetracarbon-säuren wie Perylen-3,4,9,10-tetracarbonsäure oder Perylen-1 ,12-sulfon-3,4,9,10-tetracarbonsäure, Butantetracarbonsäuren wie 1 ,2,3,4-Butantetracarbonsäure oder Meso-1 ,2,3,4- Butantetracarbonsäure, Decan-2,4,6,8-tetracarbonsäure, 1 ,4,7,10,13,16-1, 1-Dioxidperylo [1, 12-BCD] thiophene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, perylenetetracarboxylic acids such as perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid or perylene-1,12-sulfone-3, 4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, butanetetracarboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or meso-1,3,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, decane-2,4,6,8-tetracarboxylic acid, 1, 4, 7, 10,13,16-
Hexaoxacyclooctadecan-2,3,11 ,12-tetracarbonsäure, 1 ,2,4,5-Benzoltetracarbonsäure,Hexaoxacyclooctadecane-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylic acid,
1 ,2,11 ,12-Dodecantetracarbonsäure, 1 ,2,5,6-Hexantetracarbonsäure, 1 ,2,7,8-Octan- tetracarbonsäure, 1 ,4,5,8-Naphthalintetracarbonsäure, 1 ,2,9,10-Decantetracarbon-säure, Benzophenontetracarbonsäure, 3,3',4,4'-Benzophenontetracarbonsäure, Tetrahydrofuran- tetracarbonsäure oder Cyclopentantetracarbonsäuren wie Cyclopentan-1 , 2,3,4- tetracarbonsäure zu nennen.1, 2, 11, 12-dodecantetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,5,6-hexanetetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,7,8-octanecarboxylic acid, 1, 4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,9,10- Decantetracarboxylic acid, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ', 4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, tetrahydrofuran-tetracarboxylic acid or cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acids, such as cyclopentane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid.
Ganz besonders bevorzugt werden gegebenenfalls mindestens einfach substituierte mono- , di-, tri-, tetra- oder höherkernige aromatische Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren eingesetzt, wobei jeder der Kerne mindestens ein Heteroatom enthalten kann, wobei zwei oder mehr Kerne gleiche oder unterschiedliche Heteroatome enthalten kann. Beispielsweise bevorzugt werden monokernige Dicarbonsäuren, monokernige Tricarbonsäuren, monokernige Tetracarbonsäuren, dikernige Dicarbonsäuren, dikernige Tricarbonsäuren, dikernige Tetracarbonsäuren, trikernige Dicarbonsäuren, trikernige Tricarbonsäuren, trikernige Tetracarbonsäuren, tetrakernige Dicarbonsäuren, tetrakernige Tricarbonsäuren und/oder tetraker-
nige Tetracarbonsäuren. Geeignete Heteroatome sind beispielsweise N, O, S, B, P, Si, AI, bevorzugte Heteroatome sind hierbei N, S und/oder O. Als geeigneter Substituent ist diesbezüglich unter anderem -OH, eine Nitrogruppe, eine Aminogruppe oder eine Alkyl- oder Alkoxygruppe zu nennen.Very particular preference is given to using at least mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or higher-nuclear aromatic di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids, where each of the cores can contain at least one heteroatom, where two or more nuclei have identical or different heteroatoms may contain. For example, preference is given to monocarboxylic dicarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, dicerate dicarboxylic acids, dicercaric tricarboxylic acids, dicercaric tetracarboxylic acids, tricyclic dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, tetracyclic dicarboxylic acids, tetracyclic tricarboxylic acids and / or tetracyclic acids. nary tetracarboxylic acids. Suitable heteroatoms are, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Al, preferred heteroatoms here are N, S and / or O. A suitable substituent in this regard is, inter alia, -OH, a nitro group, an amino group or an alkyl or To name alkoxy group.
Weiterhin mehr bevorzugt handelt es sich bei der mindestens zweizähnigen organischen Verbindung um eine der oben beispielhaft genannten Tetracarbonsäuren als solche.More preferably, the at least bidentate organic compound is one of the above exemplified tetracarboxylic acids as such.
Bevorzugte Heterocyclen als mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindungen, bei de- nen eine koordinative Bindung über die Ringheteroatome erfolgt, sind die folgenden substituierten oder unsubstituierten Ringsysteme:Preferred heterocycles as at least bidentate organic compounds in which a coordinate bond via the ring heteroatoms takes place are the following substituted or unsubstituted ring systems:
Ganz besonders bevorzugt werden gegebenenfalls mindestens einfach substituierte mono- , di-, tri-, tetra- oder höherkernige aromatische Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren eingesetzt, wobei jeder der Kerne mindestens ein Heteroatom enthalten kann, wobei zwei oder mehr
Kerne gleiche oder unterschiedliche Heteroatome enthalten kann. Beispielsweise bevorzugt werden monokernige Dicarbonsäuren, monokernige Tricarbonsäuren, monokernige Tetracarbonsäuren, dikernige Dicarbonsäuren, dikernige Tricarbonsäuren, dikernige Tetracarbonsäuren, trikernige Dicarbonsäuren, trikernige Tricarbonsäuren, trikernige Tetracar- bonsäuren, tetrakernige Dicarbonsäuren, tetrakernige Tricarbonsäuren und/oder tetrakernige Tetracarbonsäuren. Geeignete Heteroatome sind beispielsweise N, O, S, B, P bevorzugte Heteroatome sind hierbei N, S und/oder O. Als geeigneter Substituent ist diesbezüglich unter anderem -OH, eine Nitrogruppe, eine Aminogruppe oder eine Alkyl- oder Alko- xygruppe zu nennen.Very particular preference is given to using at least mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or higher-nuclear aromatic di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids, where each of the cores may contain at least one heteroatom, where two or more Cores may contain identical or different heteroatoms. For example, preference is given to monocarboxylic dicarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, monocarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, dicercaric dicarboxylic acids, dicercaric tricarboxylic acids, dicerous tetracarboxylic acids, tricyclic dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic tricarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic tetracarboxylic acids, tetracyclic dicarboxylic acids, tetracyclic tricarboxylic acids and / or tetracyclic tetracarboxylic acids. Suitable heteroatoms are, for example, N, O, S, B, P. Preferred heteroatoms here are N, S and / or O. A suitable substituent in this regard is, inter alia, -OH, a nitro group, an amino group or an alkyl or alkoxy group ,
Insbesondere bevorzugt werden als mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindungen Imidazolate, wie 2-Methylimidazolat, Acetylendicarbonsäure (ADC), Campherdicarbonsäu- re, Fumarsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Benzoldicarbonsäuren wie Phthalsäure, Isophthalsäure, Terephthalsäure (BDC), Aminoterephthaläure, Triethylendiamin (TEDA), Naphthalindicar- bonsäuren (NDC), Biphenyldicarbonsäuren wie beispielsweise 4,4'-Biphenyldicarbonsäure (BPDC), Pyrazindicarbonsäuren, wie 2,5-Pyrazindicarbonsäure, Bipyridindicarbonsäuren wie beispielsweise 2,2'-Bipyridindicarbonsäuren wie beispielsweise 2,2'-Bipyridin-5,5'- dicarbonsäure, Benzoltricarbonsäuren wie beispielsweise 1 ,2,3-, 1 ,2,4- Benzoltricarbonsäure oder 1 ,3,5-Benzoltricarbonsäure (BTC), Benzoltetracarbonsäure, Adamantantetracarbonsäure (ATC), Adamantandibenzoat (ADB) Benzoltribenzoat (BTB), Methantetrabenzoat (MTB), Adamantantetrabenzoat oder Dihydroxyterephthalsäuren wie beispielsweise 2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalsäure (DHBDC) eingesetzt.Particularly preferred at least bidentate organic compounds are imidazolates, such as 2-methylimidazolate, acetylenedicarboxylic acid (ADC), campherdicarboxylic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, benzenedicarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid (BDC), aminoterephthalic acid, triethylenediamine (TEDA), naphthalenedicarboxylic acids ( NDC), biphenyldicarboxylic acids such as 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (BPDC), pyrazine dicarboxylic acids such as 2,5-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, bipyridine dicarboxylic acids such as 2,2'-bipyridine dicarboxylic acids such as 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, Benzene tricarboxylic acids such as 1,3,3,1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid or 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC), benzene tetracarboxylic acid, adamantane tetracarboxylic acid (ATC), adamantane dibenzoate (ADB) benzene tribenzoate (BTB), methanetetrabenzoate (MTB), Adamantane tetrabenzoate or dihydroxyterephthalic acids such as 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (DHBDC) ei ngesetzt.
Ganz besonders bevorzugt werden unter anderem 2-Methylimidazol, 2-Ethylimidazol, Phthalsäure, Isophthalsäure, Terephthalsäure, 2,6-Naphthalindicarbonsäure, 1 ,4- Naphthalindicarbonsäure, 1 ,5-Naphthalindicarbonsäure, 1 ,2,3-Benzoltricarbonsäure, 1 ,2,4- Benzoltricarbonsäure, 1 ,3,5-Benzoltricarbonsäure, 1 ,2,4,5-Benzoltetracarbonsäure, Ami- noBDC, TEDA, Fumarsäure, Biphenyldicarboxylat, 1 ,5- und 2,6-Naphthalindicarbonsäure, tert.-Butylisophthalsäure, Dihydroxybenzoesäure.Amongst others, 2-methylimidazole, 2-ethylimidazole, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1, 4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1, 5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1, 2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1, 2, 4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, aminobDC, TEDA, fumaric acid, biphenyldicarboxylate, 1,5- and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, tert-butylisophthalic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid.
Neben diesen mindestens zweizähnigen organischen Verbindungen kann das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial auch einen oder mehrere einzähnige Liganden und/oder einen oder mehrere mindestens zweizähnige Liganden, die sich nicht von einer Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäure ableiten, umfassen. Neben der konventionellen Methode zur Herstellung der metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien, wie sie beispielsweise in US 5,648,508 beschrieben ist, können diese auch auf elektrochemischem Wege hergestellt werden. Diesbezüglich wird auf die DE-A 103 55 087 so-
wie WO-A 2005/049892 verwiesen. Die auf diesem Weg hergestellten metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien weisen besonders gute Eigenschaften in Zusammenhang mit der Adsorption und Desorption von chemischen Stoffen, insbesondere von Gasen.In addition to these at least bidentate organic compounds, the organometallic framework material may also comprise one or more monodentate ligands and / or one or more at least bidentate ligands which are not derived from a di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acid. In addition to the conventional method for producing the organometallic frameworks, as described for example in US 5,648,508, they can also be prepared by electrochemical means. In this regard, DE-A 103 55 087 as referred to WO-A 2005/049892. The organometallic frameworks prepared in this way have particularly good properties in connection with the adsorption and desorption of chemical substances, in particular of gases.
Das erfindungsgemäß beladene sowie das nicht beladene metallorganische Gerüstmaterial liegen in pulverförmiger bzw. kristalliner Form vor. Dieses kann als solches eingesetzt werden. Vorzugsweise geschieht dies als Schüttgut, insbesondere in einem Festbett.The inventively loaded as well as the non-loaded organometallic framework material are present in powdered or crystalline form. This can be used as such. This is preferably done as bulk material, in particular in a fixed bed.
Weiterhin kann das beladene metallorganische Gerüstmaterial in einen Formkörper umge- wandelt werden. Bevorzugte Verfahren sind hierbei die Verstrangung oder Tablettierung. Bei der Formkörperherstellung können zum metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial weitere Materialien, wie beispielsweise Binder, Gleitmittel oder andere Additive hinzugesetzt werden.Furthermore, the loaded organometallic framework material can be converted into a shaped body. Preferred methods here are the extrusion or tableting. In the molding production, other materials such as binders, lubricants or other additives may be added to the organometallic framework.
Hinsichtlich der möglichen Geometrien dieser Formkörper existieren im Wesentlichen kei- ne Beschränkungen. Beispielsweise sind unter anderem Pellets wie beispielsweise scheibenförmige Pellets, Pillen, Kugeln, Granulat, Extrudate wie beispielsweise Stränge, Waben, Gitter oder Hohlkörper zu nennen.With regard to the possible geometries of these shaped bodies, there are essentially no restrictions. For example, pellets such as disc-shaped pellets, pills, spheres, granules, extrudates such as strands, honeycomb, mesh or hollow body may be mentioned.
Analoges gilt für die beladenen Metalloxide.The same applies to the loaded metal oxides.
Zur Herstellung dieser Formkörper sind grundsätzlich sämtliche geeigneten Verfahren möglich. Es sind insbesondere folgende Verfahrensführungen bevorzugt:In principle, all suitable processes are possible for producing these shaped bodies. In particular, the following procedures are preferred:
Kneten des Gerüstmaterials allein oder zusammen mit mindestens einem Bindemittel und/oder mindestens einem Anteigungsmittel und/oder mindestens einer Templat- verbindung unter Erhalt eines Gemisches; Verformen des erhaltenen Gemisches mittels mindestens einer geeigneten Methode wie beispielsweise Extrudieren; optional Waschen und/oder Trocknen und/oder Calcinieren des Extrudates; optional Konfektionieren.Kneading the framework material alone or together with at least one binder and / or at least one pasting agent and / or at least one template compound to obtain a mixture; Shaping the resulting mixture by at least one suitable method such as extrusion; optionally washing and / or drying and / or calcining the extrudate; optional assembly.
Aufbringen des Gerüstmaterials auf mindestens ein gegebenenfalls poröses Trägermaterial. Das erhaltene Material kann dann gemäß der vorstehend beschriebenen Methode zu einem Formkörper weiterverarbeitet werden.Applying the framework material to at least one optionally porous support material. The material obtained can then be further processed according to the method described above to give a shaped body.
Aufbringen des Gerüstmaterials auf mindestens ein gegebenenfalls poröses Sub- strat.
Kneten und Verformen kann gemäß jedes geeigneten Verfahrens erfolgen, wie beispielsweise in Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie, 4. Auflage, Band 2, S. 313 ff. (1972) beschrieben, deren diesbezüglicher Inhalt durch Bezugnahme in den Kontext der vorliegenden Anmeldung vollumfänglich einbezogen wird.Applying the framework material to at least one optionally porous substrate. Kneading and molding may be done according to any suitable method as described, for example, in Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 4th Edition, Volume 2, pp. 313 et seq. (1972), the contents of which are incorporated by reference in the context of the present application in its entirety ,
Beispielsweise bevorzugt kann das Kneten und/oder Verformen mittels einer Kolbenpresse, Walzenpresse in Anwesenheit oder Abwesenheit mindestens eines Bindermaterials, Compoundieren, Pelletieren, Tablettieren, Extrudieren, Co-Extrudieren, Verschäumen, Verspinnen, Beschichten, Granulieren, bevorzugt Sprühgranulieren, Versprühen, Sprüh- trocknen oder einer Kombination aus zwei oder mehr dieser Methoden erfolgen.For example, kneading and / or shaping by means of a piston press, roller press in the presence or absence of at least one binder material, compounding, pelleting, tableting, extrusion, coextrusion, foaming, spinning, coating, granulation, preferably spray granulation, spraying, spray drying may be preferred or a combination of two or more of these methods.
Ganz besonders werden Pellets und/oder Tabletten hergestellt.In particular, pellets and / or tablets are produced.
Das Kneten und/oder Verformen kann bei erhöhten Temperaturen wie beispielsweise im Bereich von Raumtemperatur bis 300 0C und/oder bei erhöhtem Druck wie beispielsweise im Bereich von Normaldruck bis hin zu einigen hundert bar und/oder in einer Schutzgasatmosphäre wie beispielsweise in Anwesenheit mindestens eines Edelgases, Stickstoff oder einem Gemisch aus zwei oder mehr davon erfolgen.Kneading and / or shaping may be carried out at elevated temperatures, for example in the range from room temperature to 300 ° C. and / or at elevated pressure, for example in the range from atmospheric pressure to several hundred bar and / or in a protective gas atmosphere such as in the presence of at least one Noble gas, nitrogen or a mixture of two or more thereof.
Das Kneten und/oder Verformen wird gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform unter Zugabe mindestens eines Bindemittels durchgeführt, wobei als Bindemittel grundsätzlich jede chemische Verbindung eingesetzt werden kann, die die zum Kneten und/oder Verformen gewünschte Viskosität der zu verknetenden und/oder verformenden Masse gewährleistet. Demgemäß können Bindemittel im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung sowohl Viskositätser- höhende als auch Viskositätserniedrigende Verbindungen sein.The kneading and / or shaping is carried out according to a further embodiment with the addition of at least one binder, wherein as a binder in principle any chemical compound can be used which ensures the kneading and / or deformation desired viscosity of the kneading and / or deforming mass. Accordingly, for the purposes of the present invention, binders may be both viscosity-increasing and viscosity-reducing compounds.
Als unter anderem bevorzugte Bindemittel sind beispielsweise Aluminiumoxid oder Aluminiumoxid enthaltende Binder, wie sie beispielsweise in der WO 94/29408 beschrieben sind, Siliciumdioxid, wie es beispielsweise in der EP 0 592 050 A1 beschrieben ist, Mischungen ais Siliciumdioxid und Aluminiumoxid, wie sie beispielsweise in der WO 94/13584 beschrieben sind, Tonminerale, wie sie beispielsweise in der JP 03-037156 A beschrieben sind, beispielsweise Montmorillonit, Kaolin, Bentonit, Hallosit, Dickit, Nacrit und Anauxit, Alkoxysilane, wie sie beispielsweise in der EP 0 102 544 B1 beschrieben sind, beispielsweise Tetraalkoxysilane wie beispielsweise Tetramethoxysilan, Tetraethoxysilan, Tetrapro- poxysilan, Tetrabutoxysilan, oder beispielsweise Trialkoxysilane wie beispielsweise Tri- methoxysilan, Triethoxysilan, Tripropoxysilan, Tributoxysilan, Alkoxytitanate, beispielsweise Tetraalkoxytitanate wie beispielsweise Tetramethoxytitanat, Tetraethoxytitanat, Tetrapro-
poxytitanat, Tetrabutoxytitanat, oder beispielsweise Trialkoxytitanate wie beispielsweise Trimethoxytitanat, Triethoxytitanat, Tripropoxytitanat, Tributoxytitanat, Alkoxyzirkonate, beispielsweise Tetraalkoxyzirkonate wie beispielsweise Tetramethoxyzirkonat, Tetraethoxyzir- konat, Tetrapropoxyzirkonat, Tetrabutoxyzirkonat, oder beispielsweise Trialkoxyzirkonate wie beispielsweise Trimethoxyzirkonat, Triethoxyzirkonat, Tripropoxyzirkonat, Tributoxyzir- konat, Silikasole, amphiphile Substanzen und/oder Graphite zu nennen. Insbesondere bevorzugt ist Graphit.Preferred binders include, for example, alumina or alumina-containing binders such as those described in WO 94/29408, silica such as described in EP 0 592 050 A1, mixtures of silica and alumina, such as those described in U.S. Pat WO 94/13584, clay minerals, as described for example in JP 03-037156 A, for example montmorillonite, kaolin, bentonite, halloysite, Dickit, Nacrit and anauxite, alkoxysilanes, as described for example in EP 0 102 544 B1 For example, tetraalkoxysilanes such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, or trialkoxysilanes such as trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, tripropoxysilane, tributoxysilane, alkoxy titanates, for example tetraalkoxytitanates such as tetramethoxy titanate, tetraethoxy titanate, tetrapropoxy poxytitanat, tetrabutoxytitanate, or, for example, trialkoxytitanates such as trimethoxytitanate, triethoxytitanate, tripropoxytitanate, tributoxytitanate, alkoxyzirconates, for example tetraalkoxyzirconates such as tetramethoxyzirconate, Tetraethoxyzir- Konat, tetrapropoxyzirconate, tetrabutoxyzirconate, for example, trialkoxyzirconates such as trimethoxyzirconate, triethoxyzirconate, tripropoxyzirconate, Tributoxyzir- Konat, silica sols, to name amphiphilic substances and / or graphites. Particularly preferred is graphite.
Als viskositätssteigernde Verbindung kann beispielsweise auch, gegebenenfalls zusätzlich zu den oben genannten Verbindungen, eine organische Verbindung und/oder ein hydrophiles Polymer wie beispielsweise Cellulose oder ein Cellulosederivat wie beispielsweise Me- thylcellulose und/oder ein Polyacrylat und/oder ein Polymethacrylat und/oder ein Polyvinyl- alkohol und/oder ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon und/oder ein Polyisobuten und/oder ein Polytetra- hydrofuran eingesetzt werden.As a viscosity-increasing compound, for example, in addition to the compounds mentioned above, an organic compound and / or a hydrophilic polymer such as cellulose or a cellulose derivative such as methyl cellulose and / or a polyacrylate and / or a polymethacrylate and / or a polyvinyl - Alcohol and / or a polyvinylpyrrolidone and / or a polyisobutene and / or a polytetrahydrofuran are used.
Als Anteigungsmittel kann unter anderem bevorzugt Wasser oder mindestens ein Alkohol wie beispielsweise ein Monoalkohol mit 1 bis 4 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise Methanol, Ethanol, n-Propanol, iso-Propanol, 1-Butanol, 2-Butanol, 2-Methyl-1-propanol oder 2- Methyl-2-propanol oder ein Gemisch aus Wasser und mindestens einem der genannten Alkohole oder ein mehrwertiger Alkohol wie beispielsweise ein Glykol, bevorzugt ein wassermischbarer mehrwertiger Alkohol, allein oder als Gemisch mit Wasser und/oder mindestens einem der genannten einwertigen Alkohole eingesetzt werden.As a pasting agent, inter alia, preferably water or at least one alcohol such as a monoalcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1 propanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol or a mixture of water and at least one of said alcohols or a polyhydric alcohol such as a glycol, preferably a water-miscible polyhydric alcohol, alone or as a mixture with water and / or at least one of said monohydric alcohols be used.
Weitere Additive, die zum Kneten und/oder Verformen eingesetzt werden können, sind un- ter anderem Amine oder Aminderivate wie beispielsweise Tetraalkylammonium- Verbindungen oder Aminoalkohole und Carbonat enthaltende Verbindungen wie etwa Calciumcarbonat. Solche weiteren Additive sind etwa in der EP 0 389 041 A1 , der EP 0 200 260 A1 oder der WO 95/19222 beschrieben.Other additives that can be used for kneading and / or shaping include amines or amine derivatives such as tetraalkylammonium compounds or amino alcohols and carbonate-containing compounds such as calcium carbonate. Such further additives are described for example in EP 0 389 041 A1, EP 0 200 260 A1 or WO 95/19222.
Die Reihenfolge der Additive wie Templatverbindung, Binder, Anteigungsmittel, viskositätssteigernde Substanz beim Verformen und Kneten ist grundsätzlich nicht kritisch.The order of the additives such as template compound, binder, pasting agent, viscosity-increasing substance in the molding and kneading is basically not critical.
Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird der gemäß Kneten und/oder Verformen erhaltene Formkörper mindestens einer Trocknung unterzogen, die im Allgemeinen bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 25 bis 300 0C, bevorzugt im Bereich von 50 bis 300 0C und besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 100 bis 300 0C durchgeführt wird. Ebenso
ist es möglich, im Vakuum oder unter Schutzgasatmosphäre oder durch Sprühtrocknung zu trocknen.According to a further preferred embodiment, the molding obtained according to kneading and / or molding is subjected to at least one drying, which generally takes place at a temperature in the range from 25 to 300 ° C., preferably in the range from 50 to 300 ° C. and more preferably in the range from 100 to 300 0 C is performed. As well it is possible to dry in vacuo or under a protective gas atmosphere or by spray drying.
Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird im Rahmen dieses Trock- nungsvorgangs mindestens eine der als Additive zugesetzten Verbindungen zumindest teilweise aus dem Formkörper entfernt.According to a particularly preferred embodiment, as part of this drying process, at least one of the compounds added as additives is at least partially removed from the shaped body.
In Schritt (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials wird dieses mit einer wässrigen Lösung enthaltend ein der Katalysator-Metallkomponente entsprechendes Katalysatormetallion in Kontakt gebracht.In step (a) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous metal organic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component, it is brought into contact with an aqueous solution containing a catalyst metal ion corresponding to the catalyst metal component.
Die wässrige Lösung enthält selbstverständlich neben dem Kation ein weiteres Anion. Bevorzugte Anionen sind Nitrate, Carbonate, Chloride, Acetylacetonate, Acetate, Formiate oder Oxalate. Es können solche Salze auch in ihrer Hydratform eingesetzt werden. Speziell für Rhenium kommen Perrheniumsäure, Ammoniumperrhenat oder Methyltrioxorhenium in Frage.Of course, the aqueous solution contains, in addition to the cation, another anion. Preferred anions are nitrates, carbonates, chlorides, acetylacetonates, acetates, formates or oxalates. Such salts can also be used in their hydrate form. Especially for rhenium come perrhenic acid, ammonium perrhenate or methyltrioxorhenium in question.
Die wässrige Lösung weist vorzugsweise einen pH-Wert von weniger als 9, weiter bevor- zugt weniger als 7, insbesondere weniger als 4 auf.The aqueous solution preferably has a pH of less than 9, more preferably less than 7, in particular less than 4.
Das in Kontakt bringen erfolgt üblicherweise durch Tränkung. Hierbei wird das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial mit der wässrigen Lösung getränkt, wobei es sich hierbei um eine Tauch- oder eine Trockentränkung handelt. Bei der Trockentränkung ist die Menge der wässrigen Lösung kleiner als das Flüssigkeitsaufnahmevolumen des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials oder diesem gleich. Bei der Tauchtränkung wird die wässrige Lösung im insbesondere deutlichen Überschuss eingesetzt. Bevorzugt ist die Trockentränkung. Die Tränkung kann wiederholt werden, wobei zwischen den einzelnen Tränkvorgängen eine Trocknung und/oder Calcinierung erfolgen kann. Durch die unterschiedlichen Tränkvorgänge können auch unterschiedliche Metallionen eingebracht werden. Eine wässrige Lösung kann auch mehrere Katalysatormetallionen enthalten. Vereinfachend wird auch hier der Begriff Metallion im Singular angewandt.The bringing into contact is usually carried out by impregnation. In this case, the porous organometallic framework material is impregnated with the aqueous solution, this being a dip or a dry impregnation. In the dry impregnation, the amount of the aqueous solution is smaller than or equal to the liquid receiving volume of the organometallic skeleton. In the immersion impregnation, the aqueous solution is used in particular significant excess. The dry impregnation is preferred. The impregnation can be repeated, wherein a drying and / or calcination can take place between the individual impregnation processes. Due to the different impregnation processes, different metal ions can also be introduced. An aqueous solution may also contain multiple catalyst metal ions. To simplify matters, the term metal ion in the singular is also used here.
In Schritt (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysa- tor-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials erfolgt eine chemische Umwandlung des Katalysatormetallions in die Katalysator-Metallkomponente.
Diesem Schritt können gegebenenfalls ein Abtrennschritt sowie ein Trocknungsschritt vorausgehen. Insbesondere bei der Tauchtränkung ist es zweckmäßig, das getränkte metallorganische Gerüstmaterial von der Tränklösung abzutrennen. Hier bietet sich ebenfalls eine Vortrocknung an, bevor die chemische Umwandlung in Schritt (b) erfolgt.In step (b) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component, a chemical conversion of the catalyst metal ion into the catalyst metal component takes place. Optionally, this step may be preceded by a separation step and a drying step. In particular, in the immersion impregnation, it is expedient to separate the impregnated organometallic framework material from the impregnation solution. Predrying is also suitable here before the chemical conversion in step (b) takes place.
Bei der Katalysator-Metallkomponente handelt es sich vorzugsweise um elementares Metall, also um Metall in der Oxidationsstufe 0 oder um ein Metalloxid. Dementsprechend wird das Metallion einer Reduktion, Oxidation oder chemischen Umwandlung unter Erhalt der Oxidationsstufe unterworfen. Bevorzugt werden Reduktion und Oxidation. Insbesondere wird die Reduktion bevorzugt.The catalyst metal component is preferably elemental metal, ie metal in the oxidation state 0 or a metal oxide. Accordingly, the metal ion is subjected to reduction, oxidation or chemical conversion to obtain the oxidation state. Preference is given to reduction and oxidation. In particular, the reduction is preferred.
Die chemische Umwandlung erfolgt zweckmäßigerweise dadurch, dass das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial, welches in Kontakt mit der wässrigen Lösung gebracht wurde, einer reduzierenden oder Sauerstoff liefernden Atmosphäre ausgesetzt wird. Eine typische redu- zierende Atmosphäre wäre eine Wasserstoffatmosphäre. Eine typische Sauerstoff liefernde Atmosphäre wäre reiner Sauerstoff oder vorzugsweise ein Sauerstoff enthaltendes Gas, insbesondere Luft.The chemical conversion is conveniently carried out by exposing the organometallic framework, which has been brought into contact with the aqueous solution, to a reducing or oxygen-providing atmosphere. A typical reducing atmosphere would be a hydrogen atmosphere. A typical oxygen-providing atmosphere would be pure oxygen or preferably an oxygen-containing gas, in particular air.
Das Metall der Katalysator-Metallkomponente ist vorzugsweise ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Re, Fe, Co und Ni. Mehr bevorzugt sind Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Co und Ni.The metal of the catalyst metal component is preferably selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Re, Fe, Co and Ni. More preferred are Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Co and Ni.
Die chemische Umsetzung in Schritt (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials erfolgt vorzugsweise bei erhöhter Temperatur. Hierbei ist insbesondere bevorzugt, dass die Temperatur im Bereich von 100 0C bis 400 0C liegt. Mehr bevorzugt ist ein Bereich von 120 0C bis 300 0C, insbesondere 125 0C bis 200 0C.The chemical reaction in step (b) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component is preferably carried out at elevated temperature. In this case, it is particularly preferred that the temperature is in the range of 100 0 C to 400 0 C. More preferred is a range from 120 0 C to 300 0 C, in particular 125 0 C to 200 0 C.
Da die chemische Umsetzung die Katalysator-Metallkomponente liefert, welche bei kataly- tischen Reaktionen aktiv ist, kann sich gegebenenfalls ein Passivierungsschritt anschließen, um das mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladene poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial lager- und transportfähig zu machen. Typischerweise wird die Passivierung kurz vor Einsatz des Materials beispielsweise in der Katalyse aktiviert, indem die Passivie- rungsreaktion rückgängig gemacht wird. Eine typische Passivierung, insbesondere bei ei- nem Aktivierungsschritt durch Reduktion, ist die schonende Oxidation. Hierbei kann beispielsweise ebenfalls Luft eingesetzt werden. Vorzugsweise werden hier jedoch vergleichsweise geringe Temperaturen gewählt. Vorzugsweise beträgt die Temperatur bei der
Passivierung weniger als 100 0C, jedoch über Raumtemperatur (25 0C), mehr bevorzugt weniger als 50 0C.Since the chemical reaction provides the catalyst metal component which is active in catalytic reactions, a passivation step may optionally be followed to make the porous organometallic framework loaded with a catalyst metal component storable and transportable. Typically, the passivation is activated shortly before the material is used, for example in catalysis, by reversing the passivation reaction. A typical passivation, especially in the case of an activation step by reduction, is gentle oxidation. In this case, for example, also air can be used. Preferably, however, comparatively low temperatures are chosen here. Preferably, the temperature is at the Passivation less than 100 0 C, but above room temperature (25 0 C), more preferably less than 50 0 C.
Es hat sich weiterhin gezeigt, dass obwohl das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladen ist, dieses in das entsprechende poröse Metalloxid überführt werden kann. Dies setzt voraus, dass das Gerüstmaterial über dessen vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur in Sauerstoff liefernder Atmosphäre in das entsprechende poröse Metalloxid umgesetzt wird.It has also been found that although the porous organometallic framework is loaded with a catalyst metal component, it can be converted to the corresponding porous metal oxide. This presupposes that the framework material is converted into the corresponding porous metal oxide over its complete decomposition temperature in an oxygen-supplying atmosphere.
Darüber hinaus kann auch das mit dem Katalysatormetallion beladene Gerüstmaterial direkt, d.h. ohne Erzeugung der Katalysator-Metallkomponente, in ein Metalloxid umgewandelt werden.In addition, the framework material loaded with the catalyst metal ion may also be directly, i. without generating the catalyst metal component, are converted to a metal oxide.
Diese Überführung, welche hoch oberflächige poröse Metalloxide liefert, ist grundsätzlich im Stand der Technik beschrieben. Hierbei sei insbesondere auf WO-A 2007/1 18843 verwiesen.This transfer, which yields highly superficial porous metal oxides, is basically described in the prior art. Reference should be made in particular to WO-A 2007/1 18843.
Demzufolge sieht das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen Metalloxides in einem Schritt (a1) vor, dass das beladene poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial erhitzt wird.Accordingly, in a step (a 1 ), the process according to the invention for producing a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component provides for heating the charged porous organometallic framework material.
Hierbei kann das Material in einer Dispersion oder als trockener Feststoff vorliegen. Weiterhin kann das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial als Pulver oder als Formkörper oder beides vorliegen. Vorzugsweise erfolgt das Erhitzen mit einem porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial in Form eines Pulvers.Here, the material may be present in a dispersion or as a dry solid. Furthermore, the organometallic framework material can be present as a powder or as a shaped body or both. Preferably, the heating is carried out with a porous organometallic framework in the form of a powder.
Das Erhitzen kann durch für den Fachmann bekannte Methoden erfolgen. Typischerweise erfolgt das Erhitzen in einem dazu geeigneten Ofen, wie beispielsweise einem Muffelofen oder Drehrohrofen. Bei Verwendung eines Ofens ist es weiterhin zweckdienlich, dass Mög- lichkeiten vorhanden sind, das Erhitzen in Gegenwart einer geeigneten Atmosphäre durchführen zu können. Hierzu kann entsprechend eine Zuführung für ein entsprechendes Gas oder Gasgemisch derart im oder am Ofen angebracht sein, damit der das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial enthaltende Ofenraum mit dem entsprechenden Gas oder Gasgemisch geflutet werden kann.The heating can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. Typically, the heating is carried out in a suitable furnace, such as a muffle furnace or rotary kiln. When using a furnace, it is further appropriate that there are possibilities to perform the heating in the presence of a suitable atmosphere. For this purpose, according to a supply for a corresponding gas or gas mixture may be mounted in or on the furnace, so that the furnace chamber containing the porous organometallic framework material can be flooded with the appropriate gas or gas mixture.
Das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial wird soweit erhitzt, wie es erforderlich ist, um das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial in das entsprechende Metalloxid umzuwandeln. Hier-
bei wird daher über die vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials erhitzt.The porous organometallic framework is heated as necessary to convert the organometallic framework to the corresponding metal oxide. Here- is therefore heated over the complete decomposition temperature of the organometallic framework.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung ist unter "vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur" die- jenige Temperatur zu verstehen, bei der das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial beginnt, sich in das entsprechende Metalloxid umzuwandeln. Es ist jedoch ebenfalls möglich, dass das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial über Zwischenstufen zum Metalloxid umgewandelt wird. Beispielsweise könnte vor Bildung des Metalloxids ein Carbonat gebildet worden sein. In einem solchen Fall ist unter der "vollständigen Zersetzungstemperatur" diejenige Temperatur zu verstehen, die erforderlich ist, die jeweils letzte Zwischenstufe zum Metalloxid zu überführen.In the context of the present invention, by "complete decomposition temperature" is meant the temperature at which the porous organometallic framework material begins to convert into the corresponding metal oxide. However, it is also possible that the organometallic framework material is converted via intermediates to the metal oxide. For example, a carbonate could have been formed prior to formation of the metal oxide. In such a case, the "complete decomposition temperature" is to be understood as the temperature which is necessary to convert the last intermediate in each case to the metal oxide.
Die Bestimmung der vollständigen Zersetzungstemperatur kann anhand der vom Fachmann bekannten Methoden durchgeführt werden. Beispielsweise kann durch Thermogra- vimetrie diese Temperatur bestimmt werden, wobei durch begleitende Analytik ebenfalls der Nachweis der Bildung des entsprechenden Metalloxids geführt werden kann.The determination of the complete decomposition temperature can be carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art. For example, this temperature can be determined by thermogravimetry, whereby detection of the formation of the corresponding metal oxide can likewise be carried out by accompanying analysis.
Die vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur, die erforderlich ist, aus einem porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial das entsprechende Metalloxid herzustellen, liegt typischerweise im Bereich von 350 0C bis 1000 0C. Weiterhin bevorzugt liegt die vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur in einem Bereich von 400 0C bis 800 0C. Insbesondere bevorzugt liegt die vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur im Bereich von 500 0C bis 750 0C.The complete decomposition temperature required to produce the corresponding metal oxide from a porous organometallic framework material is typically in the range from 350 ° C. to 1000 ° C. Further preferably, the complete decomposition temperature is in the range from 400 ° C. to 800 ° C. Preferably, the complete decomposition temperature is in the range of 500 ° C. to 750 ° C.
Liegt das Metalloxid in verschiedenen Modifikationen vor, die durch Temperaturbehandlung erhalten werden können, kann die thermisch höherstufige(n) Modifikation(en) aus dem metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial durch Anlegen der entsprechenden Temperaturstufe erhalten werden oder es wird zunächst das/die tieferstuf ige(n) Modifikation(en) erhalten und in einem weiteren Schritt kann dann die Umwandlung in die gewünschte Modifikation erfolgen.If the metal oxide is present in various modifications that can be obtained by thermal treatment, the thermally higher-level modification (s) may be obtained from the organometallic framework by applying the appropriate temperature step, or at first the lower-level modification (s) (s) and then in a further step, the conversion can be carried out in the desired modification.
Wie bereits oben erwähnt wurde, kann das Erhitzen des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials in einer geeigneten Atmosphäre stattfinden. Sofern das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial mindestens eine mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung enthält, die selbst genügend Sauerstoff aufweist, ist es nicht zwingend erforderlich, dass von außen eine Sauerstoff liefernde Substanz zur Verfügung gestellt wird, um das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial in ein Metalloxid umzuwandeln. Beispiele solcher mindestens zweizähniger organischer Verbindungen, die Sauerstoff enthalten, sind Carbonsäuren,
Alkohole, Ketone, Aldehyde, Ether, Ester und Phenole. Insofern könnte das Erhitzen des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials im Vakuum erfolgen. Zweckdienlicherweise wird jedoch das Erhitzen unter Atmosphärenbedingungen durchgeführt. In einem solchen Falle könnte also auch das Erhitzen des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials in Gegenwart einer inerten Atmosphäre stattfinden. Solche Atmosphären könnten gebildet sein durch Gase wie Stickstoff, Edelgase wie Helium oder Argon und Gemische hiervon. Dies stellt jedoch eine Ausnahme dar.As already mentioned above, the heating of the porous organometallic framework material can take place in a suitable atmosphere. If the porous organometallic framework contains at least one at least bidentate organic compound which itself has sufficient oxygen, it is not absolutely necessary to provide an oxygen-providing substance from outside in order to convert the porous organometallic framework into a metal oxide. Examples of such at least bidentate organic compounds containing oxygen are carboxylic acids, Alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters and phenols. In this respect, the heating of the porous organometallic framework material could take place in a vacuum. Conveniently, however, the heating is carried out under atmospheric conditions. In such a case, therefore, the heating of the porous organometallic framework could take place in the presence of an inert atmosphere. Such atmospheres could be formed by gases such as nitrogen, noble gases such as helium or argon, and mixtures thereof. However, this is an exception.
Vorzugsweise findet daher jedoch das Erhitzen des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstma- terials in Gegenwart einer oxidierenden Atmosphäre mit einem Sauerstoff liefernden Bestandteil statt. Hierdurch kann gewährleistet werden, dass für die Umwandlung des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials in das entsprechende Metalloxid ausreichend Sauerstoff zur Verfügung steht. Dies kann insbesondere auch dazu beitragen, dass die oben erwähnten Zwischenstufen "übersprungen" werden. Solche oxidierenden Atmosphären können durch entsprechend Sauerstoff liefernde Gase oder Gasgemische erhalten werden. Als einfachstes und bevorzugtes Gasgemisch ist hierbei Luft zu nennen, das normalerweise einen ausreichend hohen Anteil an molekularem Sauerstoff enthält. Gegebenenfalls kann die Luft mit weiterem Sauerstoff angereichert eingesetzt werden. Schließlich ist es selbstverständlich ebenso möglich, dass reiner Sauerstoff als oxidierende Atmosphäre verwendet wird. Darüber hinaus können auch andere Gase oder Gasgemische verwendet werden, die beispielsweise mit molekularem Sauerstoff angereichert sind. Hierbei wären insbesondere Inertgase bevorzugt. So können geeignete Gasgemische zur Erzeugung einer oxidierenden Atmosphäre bei Erhitzen des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials Helium, Argon, Stickstoff oder Gemische hiervon jeweils mit Sauerstoff angereichert eingesetzt werden.Preferably, however, heating of the porous organometallic framework material therefore takes place in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere with an oxygen donating component. In this way it can be ensured that sufficient oxygen is available for the conversion of the porous organometallic framework material into the corresponding metal oxide. This can in particular also contribute to the fact that the intermediates mentioned above are "skipped". Such oxidizing atmospheres can be obtained by corresponding oxygen-supplying gases or gas mixtures. The simplest and preferred gas mixture is air, which normally contains a sufficiently high proportion of molecular oxygen. Optionally, the air can be used enriched with additional oxygen. Finally, it is of course also possible that pure oxygen is used as the oxidizing atmosphere. In addition, other gases or gas mixtures can be used, which are enriched, for example, with molecular oxygen. In this case, in particular inert gases would be preferred. Thus, suitable gas mixtures can be used to produce an oxidizing atmosphere upon heating of the porous organometallic framework helium, argon, nitrogen, or mixtures thereof, each oxygenated.
Das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial kann einer oxidierenden Atmosphäre derart ausgesetzt sein, dass während des Erhitzens die Atmosphäre nicht verändert wird. Das das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial umgebende Gas oder Gasgemisch wird somit nicht ausgetauscht, so dass der Sauerstoff liefernde Bestandteil der Atmosphäre während des Erhitzens abnimmt.The porous organometallic framework may be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere such that the atmosphere is not altered during heating. The gas or gas mixture surrounding the porous organometallic framework material is thus not exchanged, so that the oxygen-supplying constituent of the atmosphere decreases during the heating.
Darüber hinaus ist es möglich, die Atmosphäre während des Erhitzens in Bezug auf deren Sauerstoff liefernden Bestandteil durch Nachführen zumindest dieses Bestandteils in etwa konstant zu halten.
Bevorzugt ist jedoch, dass der Sauerstoff liefernde Bestandteil während des Erhitzens erhöht wird. Dies kann zur Temperatursteuerung der exothermen Reaktion dienen. Eine mögliche Ausführungsform ist, dass die Atmosphäre durch ein Gas oder Gasgemisch mit höherem Anteil an Sauerstoff lieferndem Bestandteil ausgetauscht wird. Dies kann insbe- sondere derart erfolgen, dass der Atmosphäre nach dem Beginn des Erhitzens Sauerstoff zugeführt wird, bis schließlich eine bestimmte Sauerstoffatmosphäre vorliegt. Die Erhöhung kann schrittweise oder kontinuierlich erfolgen.In addition, it is possible to keep the atmosphere during heating relatively constant with respect to its oxygen supplying component by tracking at least this component. It is preferred, however, that the oxygen-providing component be increased during heating. This can serve to control the temperature of the exothermic reaction. A possible embodiment is that the atmosphere is replaced by a gas or gas mixture with a higher proportion of oxygen supplying component. In particular, this can be done by supplying oxygen to the atmosphere after the start of heating, until finally a certain oxygen atmosphere is present. The increase can be gradual or continuous.
Das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Metalloxids muss das dem Metall des Metalloxids entsprechende Metallion enthalten. Das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial kann jedoch auch mehrere Metallionen unabhängig von der Katalysatormetallkomponente enthalten. Hierbei entsteht dann entsprechend ein Metalloxid, das ebenfalls aus mehreren Metallen aufgebaut ist.The porous organometallic framework for the method of producing a metal oxide according to the invention must contain the metal ion corresponding to the metal of the metal oxide. However, the porous metal organic framework may also contain multiple metal ions independent of the catalyst metal component. In this case, a corresponding metal oxide, which is likewise composed of several metals, is formed.
Für den Fall, dass mehrere Metallionen im metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial vorhanden sind, muss mindestens eines dieser Metallionen fähig sein, die mindestens eine mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung koordinativ zu binden, um das entsprechende poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial zu erhalten. Sind darüber hinaus ein oder mehrere Metalle in ionischer Form vorhanden, kann dieses oder können diese ebenfalls durch Ko- Ordination der mindestens einen mindestens zweizähnigen organischen Verbindungen o- der weiterer mindestens zweizähniger organischer Verbindungen am Aufbau des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials vorhanden sein. Darüber hinaus ist es jedoch ebenso möglich, dass dies nicht der Fall ist. Schließlich kann bei Vorhandensein mehrerer Metallionen das Verhältnis der Ionen in einem stöchiometrischen Verhältnis gegeben sein. Darüber hinaus kann auch ein nicht stöchiometrisches Verhältnis vorliegen. In diesem Zusammenhang kann dann auch von einem sogenannten dotieren porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial ausgegangen werden. Solche dotierten Gerüstmaterialien sind beispielsweise in DE-A 10 2005 053 430 der Anmelderin beschrieben. Solche dotierten porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass die Verteilung des Dotierungsmetalls zufällig erfolgt.In the event that multiple metal ions are present in the organometallic framework, at least one of these metal ions must be capable of coordinating the at least one at least bidentate organic compound to yield the corresponding porous organometallic framework. If, in addition, one or more metals are present in ionic form, this or these can likewise be present by co-ordination of the at least one at least bidentate organic compounds or further at least bidentate organic compounds on the structure of the organometallic framework. In addition, however, it is also possible that this is not the case. Finally, in the presence of several metal ions, the ratio of the ions may be in a stoichiometric ratio. In addition, a non-stoichiometric ratio may also be present. In this context, it can then be assumed that a so-called doping porous organometallic framework material. Such doped frameworks are described, for example, in DE-A 10 2005 053 430 of the Applicant. Such doped porous organometallic frameworks are characterized in that the distribution of the doping metal is random.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung gelten zwei Metallionen ein und desselben Metalls unterschiedlicher Oxidationsstufe als zwei unterschiedliche Metallionen. Hierbei kann also ein entsprechendes Metalloxid erhalten werden, bei dem das Metall in unterschiedlichen Oxidationsstufen vorliegt. Vorzugsweise wird jedoch insbesondere in Gegenwart einer oxi- dierenden Atmosphäre ein solches Metall ausschließlich in der höchsten stabilen Oxidationsstufe als Metalloxid vorliegen.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es bevorzugt, wenn das poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial ausschließlich ein Metallion eines Metalls, insbesondere einer Oxida- tionsstufe, aufweist.In the context of the present invention, two metal ions of one and the same metal of different oxidation state are considered as two different metal ions. In this case, therefore, a corresponding metal oxide can be obtained in which the metal is present in different oxidation states. Preferably, however, especially in the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere, such a metal will be present as metal oxide exclusively in the highest stable oxidation state. In the context of the present invention, it is preferred if the porous organometallic framework material exclusively comprises a metal ion of a metal, in particular an oxidation stage.
Sofern das beladene poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial in ein poröses Metalloxid überführt werden soll, sind insbesondere bevorzugt die Metalle aus den Gruppen 2, 3, 4 und 13 des Periodensystems der Elemente.If the loaded porous organometallic framework material is to be converted into a porous metal oxide, particular preference is given to the metals from groups 2, 3, 4 and 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
Insbesondere geeignete Metalle der Gruppe 2. des Periodensystems der Elemente sind Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium sowie Barium.Particularly suitable metals of group 2 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium.
Insbesondere geeignete Metalle der 3. Gruppe des Periodensystems der Elemente sind Scandium, Ytrium, Lanthan sowie die Lanthanide.Particularly suitable metals of the 3rd group of the Periodic Table of the Elements are scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the lanthanides.
Insbesonders geeignete Metalle der 4. Gruppe des Periodensystems der Elemente sind Titan, Zirkonium sowie Hafnium.Particularly suitable metals of Group 4 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are titanium, zirconium and hafnium.
Insbesondere geeignete Metalle der 13. Gruppe des Periodensystems der Elemente sind Aluminium, Gallium sowie Indium.Particularly suitable metals of the 13th group of the Periodic Table of the Elements are aluminum, gallium and indium.
Weiterhin bevorzugt sind die Metalle Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Zirkonium sowie Aluminium.Further preferred are the metals magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zirconium and aluminum.
Ganz besonders bevorzugt ist das Metallion beziehungsweise die Metallionen aus der Gruppe der Metalle bestehend aus Aluminium, Magnesium und Zirkonium.Very particular preference is given to the metal ion or the metal ions from the group of metals consisting of aluminum, magnesium and zirconium.
Für den Fall, dass mehr als ein Metallion in porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien vorhanden ist, können insbesondere Aluminate der Formel M1AIO2 oder M11AI2O4 erhalten werden, wobei M1 ein einwertiges Metallion darstellt und M" ein zweiwertiges Metallion ist. Insbesondere können Spinelle erhalten werden.In the event that more than one metal ion is present in porous organometallic frameworks, in particular aluminates of the formula M 1 AIO 2 or M 11 Al 2 O 4 can be obtained, wherein M 1 represents a monovalent metal ion and M "is a divalent metal ion. In particular, spinels can be obtained.
Für den Fall, dass das metallorganische Gerüstmaterial neben Titan weitere Metalle enthält, ist es möglich, Titanate, insbesondere Ilmenit (FeTiOs), aber auch MgTiO3, MnTiO3, FeTiO3, CoTiO3, NiTiO3, CaTiO3, SrTiO3, BaTiO3, Mg2TiO4, Zn2TiO4 sowie Mn2TiO4 zu er- halten.
Bei Verwendung von Zirkon im metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial und darüber hinaus wenigstens einem weiteren Metallion können entsprechende Zirkonate erhalten werden.In the event that the organometallic framework contains other metals in addition to titanium, it is possible titanates, in particular ilmenite (FeTiOs), but also MgTiO 3 , MnTiO 3 , FeTiO 3 , CoTiO 3 , NiTiO 3 , CaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BaTiO 3 , Mg 2 TiO 4 , Zn 2 TiO 4 and Mn 2 TiO 4 . When using zirconium in the organometallic framework material and moreover at least one further metal ion, corresponding zirconates can be obtained.
Neben dem aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Kata- lysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials erhaltenen Gerüstmaterials kann auch dasjenige eingesetzt werden, welches in Schritt (b) dieses Verfahrens eingesetzte Gerüstmaterial verwendet wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Umwandlung des Katalysatormetallions und des porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials gleichzeitig geschieht.In addition to the scaffold material obtained from the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component, it is also possible to use that scaffold material used in step (b) of this process. As a result, the conversion of the catalyst metal ion and the organometallic porous framework material occurs simultaneously.
In beiden Fällen kann dabei gegebenenfalls nicht direkt die Katalysator-Metallkomponente erhalten werden. Insofern erfolgt in einem Schritt (b1) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen Metalloxides gegebenenfalls eine chemische Rückumwandlung in die gewünschte Katalysator- Metallkomponente.In both cases, it may not be possible to directly obtain the catalyst metal component. In this respect, in a step (b 1 ) of the process according to the invention for the preparation of a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component, a chemical re-conversion to the desired catalyst metal component takes place if appropriate.
Dies ist beispielsweise dann erforderlich, wenn Gerüstmaterial und Katalysatormetallion gleichzeitig oxidiert werden und die Katalysator-Metallkomponente jedoch elementares Metall ist. Dann müsste sich nach Umwandlung des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials in das Metalloxid noch eine Reduktion in die aktive Katalysator-Metallkomponente stattfinden. Das gleiche gilt, wenn bereits von einem mit der Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterial ausgegangen wird und die Umwandlung in das Metalloxid eine Veränderung der Katalysator-Metallkomponente zur Folge hat, so dass ebenfalls in Schritt (b1) eine chemische Umwandlung erfolgen muss. Bei der chemischen Rückumwandlung handelt es sich vorzugsweise ebenfalls um eine Reduktionsreaktion. Hierbei gilt das für Schritt (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials analog.This is required, for example, when skeleton material and catalyst metal ion are simultaneously oxidized and the catalyst metal component, however, is elemental metal. Then, after conversion of the organometallic framework material into the metal oxide, a reduction into the active catalyst metal component would have to take place. The same applies if it is already assumed that a loaded with the catalyst metal component porous organometallic framework material and the conversion into the metal oxide has a change in the catalyst metal component result, so that also in step (b 1 ) must be a chemical conversion. The chemical re-conversion is preferably also a reduction reaction. In this case, the same applies to step (b) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component analogously.
Auch in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator- Metallkomponente beladenen porösen Metalloxids kann in einem Schritt (c1) gegebenenfalls eine Passivierung der Katalysator-Metallkomponente stattfinden. Hierbei gilt das für Schritt (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator- Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials ausgeführte analog.
So ist es bevorzugt, dass die Passivierung bei einer Temperatur von höchstens 100 0C erfolgt und ebenfalls bevorzugt in einer Luftatmosphäre stattfindet.Also in the process according to the invention for producing a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component, passivation of the catalyst metal component may optionally take place in a step (c 1 ). This applies analogously to step (c) of the process according to the invention for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component. Thus, it is preferred that the passivation is carried out at a temperature of at most 100 0 C and also preferably takes place in an air atmosphere.
Das erfindungsgemäße, mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladene metallorgani- sehe Gerüstmaterial sowie das erfindungsgemäße mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladene Metalloxid eignen sich insbesondere als Katalysatoren für chemische Reaktionen. Darüber hinaus können diese jedoch auch bei der Gasspeicherung oder -trennung eingesetzt werden.The novel metal-organic skeleton material loaded with a catalyst metal component and the metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component according to the invention are particularly suitable as catalysts for chemical reactions. In addition, however, these can also be used in gas storage or separation.
Dementsprechend betrifft ein Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung die Verwendung eines wie oben beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials oder eines wie oben beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen Metalloxids zur Gasspeicherung oder -trennung.Accordingly, an object of the present invention relates to the use of an organometallic framework according to the invention as described above or of a metal oxide for gas storage or separation according to the invention as described above.
Verfahren zur Speicherung mit Hilfe von metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien im Allgemeinen sind in WO-A 2005/003622, WO-A 2003/064030, WO-A 2005/049484, WO-A 2006/089908 sowie DE-A 10 2005 012 087 beschrieben. Die dort beschriebenen Verfahren können auch für das erfindungsgemäße metallorganische Gerüstmaterial eingesetzt werden.Methods of storage with the aid of organometallic frameworks in general are described in WO-A 2005/003622, WO-A 2003/064030, WO-A 2005/049484, WO-A 2006/089908 and DE-A 10 2005 012 087. The processes described there can also be used for the organometallic framework according to the invention.
Verfahren zur Trennung beziehungsweise Reinigung mit Hilfe von metallorganischen Gerüstmaterialien im Allgemeinen sind in der EP-A 1 674 555, DE-A 10 2005 000938 und in der deutschen Patentanmeldung mit der Anmeldenummer DE-A 10 2005 022 844 beschrieben. Die dort beschriebenen Verfahren können auch für das erfindungsgemäße me- tallorganische Gerüstmaterial eingesetzt werden.Methods for the separation or purification with the aid of organometallic framework materials in general are described in EP-A 1 674 555, DE-A 10 2005 000938 and in the German patent application with the application number DE-A 10 2005 022 844. The processes described therein can also be used for the organometallic framework according to the invention.
Sofern das erfindungsgemäße poröse metallorganische Gerüstmaterial bzw. Metalloxide zur Speicherung eingesetzt werden, erfolgt dies vorzugsweise in einem Temperaturbereich von -200 0C bis +80 0C. Mehr bevorzugt ist ein Temperaturbereich von -40 0C bis +80 0C.Provided porous metal organic framework material of the invention or metal oxides are used for storage, this is preferably carried out in a temperature range from -200 0 C to +80 0 C. More preferred is a temperature range of -40 0 C to +80 0 C.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung werden vereinfachend die Begriffe „Gas" und „Flüssigkeit" verwendet, wobei hier jedoch ebenso Gasgemische sowie Flüssigkeitsgemische beziehungsweise flüssige Lösungen unter dem Begriff „Gas" beziehungsweise „Flüssigkeit" zu verstehen sind.For the purposes of the present invention, the terms "gas" and "liquid" are used in a simplified manner, but here too gas mixtures and liquid mixtures or liquid solutions are to be understood by the term "gas" or "liquid".
Bevorzugte Gase sind Wasserstoff, Erdgas, Stadtgas, Kohlenwasserstoffe, insbesondere Methan, Ethan, Ethen, Acetylen, Propan, n-Butan sowie i-Butan, Kohlenmonoxid, Kohlen-
dioxid, Stickoxide, Sauerstoff, Schwefeloxide, Halogene, halogenide Kohlenwasserstoffe, NF3, SF6, Ammoniak, Borane, Phosphane, Schwefelwasserstoff, Amine, Formaldehyd, Edelgase, insbesondere Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton sowie Xenon. Insbesondere ist die Abtrennung von CO und Stickoxiden bevorzugt.Preferred gases are hydrogen, natural gas, town gas, hydrocarbons, in particular methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, n-butane and also i-butane, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxygen, sulfur oxides, halogens, halide hydrocarbons, NF 3 , SF 6 , ammonia, boranes, phosphines, hydrogen sulfide, amines, formaldehyde, noble gases, in particular helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon. In particular, the separation of CO and nitrogen oxides is preferred.
Besonders bevorzugt handelt es sich bei dem Gas auch um Kohlendioxid, das aus einem Kohlendioxid enthaltenden Gasgemisch abgetrennt wird. Bevorzugt weist dabei das Gasgemisch neben Kohlendioxid wenigstens H2, CH4 oder Kohlenmonoxid auf. Insbesondere weist dabei das Gasgemisch neben Kohlendioxid Kohlenmonoxid auf. Ganz_besonders bevorzugt sind Gemische, die wenigstens 10 und höchsten 45 Vol.-% Kohlendioxid und wenigstens 30 und höchstens 90 Vol.-% Kohlenmonoxid enthalten.Particularly preferably, the gas is also carbon dioxide which is separated from a gas mixture containing carbon dioxide. Preferably, the gas mixture in addition to carbon dioxide at least H 2 , CH 4 or carbon monoxide. In particular, the gas mixture has carbon monoxide in addition to carbon dioxide. Very particular preference is given to mixtures which contain at least 10 and at most 45% by volume of carbon dioxide and at least 30 and at most 90% by volume of carbon monoxide.
Eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform ist die Druckwechseladsorption mit mehreren parallelen Adsorberreaktoren, wobei die Adsorbensschüttung ganz oder teilweise aus dem erfin- dungsgemäßen Material besteht. Die Adsorptionsphase findet für die CO2/CO-T rennung bevorzugt bei einem CO2-Partialdruck von 0,6 bis 3 bar und Temperatur von wenigstens 20, jedoch höchstens 70 0C statt. Zur Desorption des adsorbierten Kohlendioxids wird der Gesamtdruck in dem betreffenden Adsorberreaktor üblicherweise abgesenkt auf Werte zwischen 100 mbar und 1 bar.A preferred embodiment is the pressure swing adsorption with a plurality of parallel adsorber reactors, wherein the adsorbent bed entirely or partially consists of the inventive material. The adsorption phase takes place for the CO 2 / CO-T separation preferably at a CO 2 partial pressure of 0.6 to 3 bar and temperature of at least 20, but at most 70 0 C instead. For desorption of the adsorbed carbon dioxide, the total pressure in the relevant adsorber reactor is usually lowered to values between 100 mbar and 1 bar.
Weiterhin bevorzugt ist die Verwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Gerüstmaterials oder Metalloxides zum Speichern eines Gases bei einem Mindestdruck von 100 bar (absolut). Mehr bevorzugt beträgt der Mindestdruck 200 bar (absolut), insbesondere 300 bar (absolut). Hierbei handelt es sich besonders bevorzugt bei dem Gas um Wasserstoff oder Me- than, insbesondere Wasserstoff.Further preferred is the use of the framework material or metal oxide according to the invention for storing a gas at a minimum pressure of 100 bar (absolute). More preferably, the minimum pressure is 200 bar (absolute), in particular 300 bar (absolute). In this case, the gas is particularly preferably hydrogen or methane, in particular hydrogen.
Bei dem mindestens einen Stoff kann es sich jedoch auch um eine Flüssigkeit handeln. Beispiele für eine solche Flüssigkeit sind Desinfektionsmittel, anorganische oder organische Lösemittel, Treibstoffe - insbesondere Benzin oder Diesel -, Hydraulik-, Kühler-, Bremsflüssigkeit oder ein Öl, insbesondere Maschinenöl. Weiterhin kann es sich bei der Flüssigkeit um halogenierte aliphatische oder aromatische, cyclische oder acyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Mischungen davon handeln. Insbesondere kann die Flüssigkeit Aceton, Acetonitril, Anilin, Anisol, Benzol, Benzonitril, Brombenzol, Butanol, tert.-Butanol, Chi- nolin, Chlorbenzol, Chloroform, Cyclohexan, Diethylenglykol, Diethylether, Dimethylaceta- mid, Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxid, Dioxan, Eisessig, Essigsäureanhydrid, Essigsäu- reethylester, Ethanol, Ethylencarbonat, Ethylendichlorid, Ethylenglykol, Ethylenglykoldime- thylether, Formamid, Hexan, Isopropanol, Methanol, Methoxypropanol, 3-Methyl-1 -butanol,
Methylenchlorid, Methylethylketon, N-Methylformamid, N-Methylpyrrolidon, Nitrobenzol, Nitromethan, Piperidin, Propanol, Propylencarbonat, Pyrridin, Schwefelkohlenstoff, Sulfo- lan, Tetrachlorethen, Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, Tetra hydrofu ran, Toluol, 1 ,1 ,1-Trichlorethan, Trichlorethylen, Triethylamin, Triethylenglykol, Triglyme, Wasser oder Mischungen hiervon handeln.However, the at least one substance may also be a liquid. Examples of such a liquid are disinfectants, inorganic or organic solvents, fuels - especially gasoline or diesel -, hydraulic, radiator, brake fluid or an oil, especially machine oil. Furthermore, the liquid may be halogenated aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof. In particular, the liquid acetone, acetonitrile, aniline, anisole, benzene, benzonitrile, bromobenzene, butanol, tert-butanol, quinoline, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, diethylene glycol, diethyl ether, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, glacial acetic acid , Acetic anhydride, acetic acid ethyl ester, ethanol, ethylene carbonate, ethylene dichloride, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, formamide, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methoxypropanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, Methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, N-methylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, piperidine, propanol, propylene carbonate, pyrridine, carbon disulfide, sulfonane, tetrachloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichlorethylene, Triethylamine, triethylene glycol, triglyme, water or mixtures thereof.
Weiterhin kann der mindestens eine Stoff ein Geruchsstoff sein.Furthermore, the at least one substance may be an odorant.
Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei dem Geruchsstoff um eine flüchtige organische oder an- organische Verbindung, die mindestens eines der Elemente Stickstoff, Phosphor, Sauerstoff, Schwefel, Fluor, Chlor, Brom oder lod enthält oder ein ungesättigter oder aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoff oder ein gesättigter oder ungesättigter Aldehyd oder ein Keton ist. Mehr bevorzugte Elemente sind Stickstoff, Sauerstoff, Phosphor, Schwefel, Chlor, Brom; insbesondere bevorzugt sind Stickstoff, Sauerstoff, Phosphor und Schwefel.Preferably, the odorant is a volatile organic or inorganic compound containing at least one of nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine or an unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbon or a saturated or unsaturated aldehyde or a ketone is. More preferred elements are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, bromine; especially preferred are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
Insbesondere handelt es sich bei dem Geruchsstoff um Ammoniak, Schwefelwasserstoff, Schwefeloxide, Stickoxide, Ozon, cyclische oder acyclische Amine, Thiole, Thioether sowie Aldehyde, Ketone, Ester, Ether, Säuren oder Alkohole. Besonders bevorzugt sind Ammoniak, Schwefelwasserstoff, organische Säuren (bevorzugt Essigsäure, Propionsäure, But- tersäure, Isobuttersäure, Valeriansäure, Isovaleriansäure, Capronsäure, Heptylsäure, Lau- rinsäure, Pelargonsäure) sowie cyclische oder acyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe, die Stickstoff oder Schwefel enthalten sowie gesättigte oder ungesättigte Aldehyde, wie Hexanal, Heptanal, Oktanal, Nonanal, Decanal, Octenal oder Nonenal und insbesondere flüchtige Aldehyde wie Butyraldehyd, Propionaldehyd, Acetaldehyd und Formaldehyd und weiterhin Treibstoffe wie Benzin, Diesel (Inhaltsstoffe).In particular, the odorant is ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, cyclic or acyclic amines, thiols, thioethers and aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, acids or alcohols. Particular preference is given to ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, organic acids (preferably acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, lauric acid, pelargonic acid) and also cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbons which contain nitrogen or sulfur and saturated or unsaturated Aldehydes, such as hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, octenal or nonenal, and in particular volatile aldehydes such as butyraldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, and furthermore fuels such as gasoline, diesel (ingredients).
Bei den Geruchsstoffen kann es sich auch um Riechstoffe, die beispielsweise zur Herstellung von Parfümen verwendet werden, handeln. Beispielhaft seien als Riechstoffe oder Öle, die solche Riechstoffe freisetzen zu nennen: ätherische Öle, Basilikumöl, Geranienöl, Minzöl, Canangabaumöl, Kardamomöl, Lavendelöl, Pfefferminzöl, Muskatöl, Kamillenöl, Eukalyptusöl, Rosmarinöl, Zitronenöl, Limettenöl, Orangenöl, Bergamottenöl, Muskateller Salbeiöl, Korianderöl, Zypressenöl, 1 ,1-Dimethoxy-2-pherylethan, 2,4-Dimethyl-4- phenyltetrahydrofuran, Dimethyltetrahydrobenzaldehyd, 2,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol, 1 ,2- Diethoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien, Phenylacetaldehyd, Rosenoxid, Ethyl-2- methylpentanoat, 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1 ,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-on, Ethylvanillin, 2,6-Dimethyl-2-octenol, 3,7-Dimethyl-2-octenol, tert-Butylcyclohexylacetat, Anisylacetate, Allylcyclohexyloxyacetat, Ethyllinalool, Eugenol, Cumarin, Ethylacetacetat, 4-Phenyl-2,4,6-
trimethyl-1 ,3-dioxan, 4-Methylen-3,5,6,6-tetramethyl-2-heptanon, Ethyltetrahydrosafranat, Geranylnitril, cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, cis-3-Hexenylacetat, cis-3-Hexenylmethylcarbonate, 2,6- Dimethyl-5-hepten-1-al, 4-(Tricyclo[5.2.1.0]decylidene)-8-butanal, 5-(2,2,3-Trimethyl-3- cyclopentenyl)-3-methylpentan-2-ol, p-tert-Butyl- alpha-methylhydrozimtaldehyd, E- thyl[5.2.1.0]tricyclodecancarboxylat, Geraniol, Citronellol, Citral, Linalool, Linalylacetat, Jo- none, Phenylethanol oder Mischungen hiervon.The odorous substances may also be fragrances which are used, for example, for the production of perfumes. Examples which may be mentioned as fragrances or oils which release such fragrances: essential oils, basil oil, geranium oil, mint oil, cananga oil, cardamom oil, lavender oil, peppermint oil, nutmeg oil, camomile oil, eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, lemon oil, lime oil, orange oil, bergamot oil, muscatel sage oil, Coriander oil, cypress oil, 1, 1-dimethoxy-2-pherylethane, 2,4-dimethyl-4-phenyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyltetrahydrobenzaldehyde, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octene-2-ol, 1, 2-diethoxy-3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadiene, phenylacetaldehyde, rose oxide, ethyl 2-methylpentanoate, 1- (2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl) -2-buten-1-one, ethylvanillin, 2,6-dimethyl-2-octenol, 3,7-dimethyl-2-octenol, tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, anisylacetates, allylcyclohexyloxyacetate, ethyllinalool, eugenol, coumarin, ethylacetacetate, 4-phenyl-2,4,6- trimethyl-1,3-dioxane, 4-methylene-3,5,6,6-tetramethyl-2-heptanone, ethyltetrahydrosafranate, geranylnitrile, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenylacetate, cis-3- Hexenylmethylcarbonates, 2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-1-al, 4- (tricyclo [5.2.1.0] decylidene) -8-butanal, 5- (2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopentenyl) -3- methylpentan-2-ol, p-tert-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamaldehyde, ethyl [5.2.1.0] tricyclodecanecarboxylate, geraniol, citronellol, citral, linalool, linalyl acetate, ionone, phenylethanol or mixtures thereof.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung weist ein flüchtiger Geruchsstoff vorzugsweise einen Siedepunkt oder Siedepunktsbereich von weniger als 300 0C auf. Mehr bevorzugt ist der Geruchsstoff eine leicht flüchtige Verbindung oder Gemisch. Insbesondere bevorzugt weist der Geruchsstoff einen Siedepunkt oder Siedebereich von weniger als 250 0C, mehr bevorzugt weniger als 230 0C, insbesondere bevorzugt weniger als 200 0C auf.In the context of the present invention, a volatile odorant preferably has a boiling point or boiling point range of less than 300 ° C. More preferably, the odorant is a volatile compound or mixture. Particularly preferably, the odorant has a boiling point or boiling range of less than 250 0 C, more preferably less than 230 0 C, particularly preferably less than 200 0 C.
Bevorzugt sind ebenfalls Geruchsstoffe, die eine hohe Flüchtigkeit aufweisen. Als Maß für die Flüchtigkeit kann der Dampfdruck herangezogen werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegendenAlso preferred are odors which have a high volatility. As a measure of the volatility of the vapor pressure can be used. In the context of the present
Erfindung weist ein flüchtiger Geruchsstoff vorzugsweise einen Dampfdruck von mehr alsInvention, a volatile odorant preferably has a vapor pressure of more than
0,001 kPa (20 0C) auf. Mehr bevorzugt ist der Geruchsstoff eine leicht flüchtige Verbindung oder Gemisch. Insbesondere bevorzugt weist der Geruchsstoff einen Dampfdruck von mehr als 0,01 kPa (20 0C) auf, mehr bevorzugt einen Dampfdruck von mehr als 0,05 kPa (20 0C) auf. Besonders bevorzugt weisen die Geruchsstoffe einen Dampfdruck von mehr als 0,1 kPa (20 0C) auf.0.001 kPa (20 ° C.). More preferably, the odorant is a volatile compound or mixture. More preferably, the odorant has a vapor pressure of greater than 0.01 kPa (20 ° C.), more preferably a vapor pressure greater than 0.05 kPa (20 ° C.). Particularly preferably, the odors have a vapor pressure of more than 0.1 kPa (20 0 C).
Ein weiterer Gegenstand ist die Verwendung eines beladenen erfindungsgemäßen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials oder eines beladenen erfindungsgemäßen Metalloxids als Katalysator für chemische Reaktionen.Another object is the use of a loaded organometallic framework according to the invention or a loaded metal oxide according to the invention as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Bei der chemischen Reaktion handelt es sich bevorzugt um eine Hydrierung, Dehydrierung, Hydratisierung, Dehydratisierung, Isomerisierung, Nitrilhydrierung, Aromatisierung, Decarboxylierung, Oxidation, Epoxidation, Aminierung, H2C>2-Synthese, Carbonatherstel- lung, CI2-Herstellung nach dem Deacon-Verfahren, Hydrodesulfurierung, Hydrochlorierung, Metathese, Alkylierung, Acylierung, Ammoxidation, Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese, Methanol- Reformierung, Abgaskatalyse (SCR), Reduktion, insbesondere von Stickoxiden, Carbony- lierungen, C-C-Kupplungsreaktion, C-O-Kupplungsreaktion, C-B-Kupplungsreaktion, C-N- Kupplungsreaktion, Hydroformylierungen oder eine Umlagerung.The chemical reaction is preferably a hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydration, isomerization, nitrile hydrogenation, aromatization, decarboxylation, oxidation, epoxidation, amination, H 2 C> 2 synthesis, preparation of carbonate, preparation of CI 2 Deacon process, hydrodesulfurization, hydrochlorination, metathesis, alkylation, acylation, ammoxidation, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol reforming, exhaust gas catalysis (SCR), reduction, especially of nitrogen oxides, carbonylations, CC coupling reaction, CO coupling reaction, CB Coupling reaction, CN coupling reaction, hydroformylation or rearrangement.
Beispiele
Beispiel 1 Herstellung von mit Pt beladenem metallorganischem Gerüstmaterial („MOF") aus AI und TerephthalsäureExamples Example 1 Preparation of Pt loaded organometallic framework ("MOF") of Al and terephthalic acid
292,2 g Aluminiumsulfat*18H2O und 250,1 g Terephthalsäure werden in einem Rührkolben in 1257 g DMF suspendiert und für 24 h auf 130 0C erwärmt. Nach der Filtration und Waschen mit DMF wird der Filterkuchen zunächst 2 h bei 120 0C vorgetrocknet und anschließend in einem Muffelofen 24 h bei 320 0C kalziniert. Der AI-Terepthalsäure-MOF weist mit N2 eine Langmuir-Oberfläche von 1440 m2/g auf.292.2 g of aluminum sulfate * 18H 2 O and 250.1 g of terephthalic acid are suspended in a stirred flask in 1257 g of DMF and heated for 24 h at 130 0 C. After filtration and washing with DMF, the filter cake is first predried at 120 ° C. for 2 hours and then calcined in a muffle furnace at 320 ° C. for 24 hours. The Al-terephthalic acid MOF has a Langmuir surface area of 1440 m 2 / g with N 2 .
173 mg Pt(ll)Nitrat werden in 10 ml Wasser gelöst. Der pH-Wert der Tränklösung liegt bei ca. 1 ,7. 10,2 g des AI-MOFs werden in einer Schale vorgelegt und gleichmäßig mit der Pt- Lösung benetzt. Der mit dem Precursor beladene MOF wird zunächst bei 120 0C in einem Vakuumtrockenschrank binnen 18 h getrocknet. Anschließend wird das Material in einem Drehkugelofen unter 100 L/h N2 auf 300 0C aufgeheizt, das Gasgemisch auf 50 L/h N2 + 50 L/h H2 umgestellt und während der Reduktion der H2-Anteil kontinuierlich erhöht, bis zuletzt eine reine H2-Atmosphäre erreicht ist. Nachdem im Abgas kein Wasser mehr detektiert wird, wird unter N2 auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt. Es werden zur Passivierung geringe Mengen Luft zugegeben, so dass der Temperaturanstieg geringer als 15 K ausfällt. Der Luftanteil wird so graduell bis zu einer reinen Luftatmosphäre erhöht.173 mg of Pt (II) nitrate are dissolved in 10 ml of water. The pH of the impregnation solution is about 1, 7. 10.2 g of the Al-MOF are placed in a dish and wetted evenly with the Pt solution. The loaded with the precursor MOF is first dried at 120 0 C in a vacuum oven within 18 h. Subsequently, the material is heated in a rotary ball furnace under 100 L / h N 2 to 300 0 C, the gas mixture to 50 L / h N 2 + 50 L / h H 2 and continuously increased during the reduction of H 2 content, until finally a pure H 2 atmosphere is reached. After no more water is detected in the exhaust gas, it is cooled to room temperature under N 2 . Small amounts of air are added for passivation so that the temperature rise is less than 15K. The proportion of air is thus gradually increased to a pure air atmosphere.
Das fertige Produkt weist einen Pt-Gehalt von 0,91 % auf. Die Elementaranalyse (12,7 % AI, 43,3 % C) sowie das Röntgendiffraktogramm (XRD) belegen, dass das MOF-Gerüst nach Belegung/Reduktion/Passivierung erhalten geblieben ist.The finished product has a Pt content of 0.91%. The elemental analysis (12.7% AI, 43.3% C) and the X-ray diffractogram (XRD) show that the MOF framework was preserved after occupancy / reduction / passivation.
Fig. 1 zeigt das Röntgendiffraktogramm des erfindungsgemäßen Aluminiumterephthalsäre- MOF. Hierbei ist die Intensität l(Ln(Counts)) als Funktion der 2-Theta-Skala (2Θ) dargestellt.1 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the aluminum terephthalic MOF according to the invention. Here, the intensity I (Ln (counts)) is shown as a function of the 2-theta scale (2Θ).
Die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TM) ergibt 1-2 nm, stellenweise bis 4 nm, große Pt-Partikel. Die N2-Oberfläche (Langmuir) wird zu 1280 m2/g bestimmt.Transmission Electron Microscopy (TM) yields 1-2 nm, in places up to 4 nm, large Pt particles. The N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 1280 m 2 / g.
Beispiel 2 Herstellung von mit Pd beladenem MOF aus AI und TerephthalsäureExample 2 Preparation of Pd-loaded MOF from Al and terephthalic acid
250 mg Pd(ll)Nitrat werden in 10 ml Wasser gelöst. 10,2 g des AI-MOFs aus Bsp. 1 werden in einer Schale vorgelegt und gleichmäßig mit der Pd-Lösung benetzt. Der pH-Wert der Tränklösung liegt bei ca. 1 ,2. Der mit dem Precursor beladene MOF wird zunächst bei 120
0C in einem Vakuumtrockenschrank binnen 18 h getrocknet. Anschließend wird das Material in einem Drehkugelofen unter 100 L/h N2 auf 300 0C aufgeheizt, das Gasgemisch auf 50 L/h N2 + 50 L/h H2 umgestellt und während der Reduktion der H2-Anteil kontinuierlich erhöht, bis zuletzt eine reine H2-Atmosphäre erreicht ist. Nachdem im Abgas kein Wasser mehr detektiert wird, wird unter N2 auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt. Es werden zur Passivie- rung geringe Mengen Luft zugegeben, so dass der Temperaturanstieg geringer als 15 K ausfällt. Der Luftanteil wird so graduell bis zu einer reinen Luftatmosphäre erhöht.250 mg of Pd (ll) nitrate are dissolved in 10 ml of water. 10.2 g of the Al-MOFs from Ex. 1 are placed in a dish and evenly wetted with the Pd solution. The pH of the impregnation solution is about 1, 2. The loaded with the precursor MOF is initially at 120 0 C dried in a vacuum oven within 18 h. Subsequently, the material is heated in a rotary ball furnace under 100 L / h N 2 to 300 0 C, the gas mixture to 50 L / h N 2 + 50 L / h H 2 and continuously increased during the reduction of H 2 content, until finally a pure H 2 atmosphere is reached. After no more water is detected in the exhaust gas, it is cooled to room temperature under N 2 . For passivation, small amounts of air are added so that the temperature increase is less than 15K. The proportion of air is thus gradually increased to a pure air atmosphere.
Das fertige Produkt weist einen Pd-Gehalt von 0,94 % auf. Die Elementaranalyse (13,0 % AI, 43,4 % C) sowie die Überprüfung des XRD belegen, dass das MOF-Gerüst erhalten bleibt. In TEM-Bildern werden 2 - 5 nm große Pt-Partikel nachgewiesen. Die N2-Oberfläche (Langmuir) wird zu 1240 m2/g bestimmt.The finished product has a Pd content of 0.94%. The elemental analysis (13.0% AI, 43.4% C) and the XRD check show that the MOF framework is preserved. In TEM images, 2-5 nm Pt particles are detected. The N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 1240 m 2 / g.
Beispiel 3 Herstellung von mit Pt beladenem MOF aus AI und TerephthalsäureExample 3 Preparation of Pt loaded MOF from Al and terephthalic acid
23,9 kg Terephthalsäure und 28,0 kg Aluminiumsulfat*18H2O werden in 150 kg DMF suspendiert und 24 h bei 130 0C gerührt. Nach Filtration wird der Filterkuchen mit 3 x 40 kg Aceton gewaschen. Anschließend werden 30 kg des Rohprodukts in 200 I Methanol bei 65 0C 24 h nachbehandelt, abfiltriert und mit N2 trockengeblasen.23.9 kg of terephthalic acid and 28.0 kg of aluminum sulfate * 18H 2 O are suspended in 150 kg of DMF and stirred at 130 0 C for 24 h. After filtration, the filter cake is washed with 3 x 40 kg of acetone. Subsequently, 30 kg of the crude product in 200 l of methanol at 65 0 C after-treatment for 24 h, filtered off and blown dry with N 2 .
Vor der Weiterverarbeitung wird der AI-Terepthalsäure-MOF noch 72 h bei 3600C in einem Muffelofen vorkalziniert.Before further processing, the Al-Terepthalsäure MOF is still precalcined for 72 h at 360 0 C in a muffle furnace.
880 mg Pt(ll)Nitrat werden in 20 ml Wasser gelöst. Der pH-Wert wird mit Ammoniakwasser auf ca. 3.5 eingestellt. 49,5 g des AI-MOFs werden in einer Schale vorgelegt und gleichmäßig mit der Pt-Lösung benetzt. Der mit dem Precursor beladene MOF wird zunächst bei 120 0C in einem Vakuumtrockenschrank binnen 16 h getrocknet. Anschließend wird das Material in einem Drehkugelofen unter 100 L/h N2 auf 180 0C aufgeheizt, das Gasgemisch auf 50 L/h N2 + 50 L/h H2 umgestellt und während der Reduktion der H2-Anteil kontinuierlich erhöht, bis zuletzt eine reine H2-Atmosphäre erreicht ist. Nachdem im Abgas kein Wasser mehr detektiert wird, wird unter N2 auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt. Es werden zur Pas- sivierung geringe Mengen Luft zugegeben, so dass der Temperaturanstieg geringer als 15 K ausfällt. Der Luftanteil wird so graduell bis zu einer reinen Luftatmosphäre erhöht.880 mg of Pt (II) nitrate are dissolved in 20 ml of water. The pH is adjusted to about 3.5 with ammonia water. 49.5 g of the Al-MOF are placed in a dish and wetted evenly with the Pt solution. The loaded with the precursor MOF is first dried at 120 0 C in a vacuum oven within 16 h. Subsequently, the material is heated in a rotary kiln at 100 L / h N 2 to 180 0 C, the gas mixture to 50 L / h N 2 + 50 L / h H 2 and continuously increased during the reduction of H 2 content, until finally a pure H 2 atmosphere is reached. After no more water is detected in the exhaust gas, it is cooled to room temperature under N 2 . Small amounts of air are added for passivation so that the temperature increase is less than 15K. The proportion of air is thus gradually increased to a pure air atmosphere.
Das fertige Produkt weist einen Pt-Gehalt von 0,95 % auf. Die Elementaranalyse (12,6 % AI, 45,3 % C) sowie die Überprüfung des XRD belegen, dass das MOF-Gerüst erhalten
geblieben ist. In TEM-Bildern werden 1 - 2 nm große Pt-Partikel nachgewiesen. Die N2- Oberfläche (Langmuir) wird zu 911 m2/g bestimmt.The finished product has a Pt content of 0.95%. Elemental analysis (12.6% AI, 45.3% C) and XRD verification confirm that the MOF framework is preserved has remained. In TEM images, 1 to 2 nm Pt particles are detected. The N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 911 m 2 / g.
Beispiel 4 Herstellung von mit Pd beladenem MOF aus Zr und TerephthalsäureExample 4 Preparation of Pd loaded MOF from Zr and terephthalic acid
16,2 g ZrOCI2 *8H2O und 18,7 g Terephthalsäure werden in 0,6 I DMF suspendiert und 17 h bei 130 0C gerührt. Nach Filtration wird der Filterkuchen 3x mit DMF und 4x mit Methanol gewaschen. Anschließend wird das Produkt 16 h bei 1 100C im Vakuumtrockenschrank vorgetrocknet und abschließend 48 h bei 275 0C im Muffelofen kalziniert. Die Oberfläche (N2, Langmuir) des Materials liegt bei 785 m2/g.16.2 g of ZrOCl 2 * 8 H 2 O and 18.7 g of terephthalic acid are suspended in 0.6 I of DMF and stirred for 17 h at 130 0 C. After filtration, the filter cake is washed 3x with DMF and 4x with methanol. Then the product is 16 predried h at 1 10 0 C in a vacuum oven and finally calcined 48 hours at 275 0 C in a muffle furnace. The surface (N 2 , Langmuir) of the material is 785 m 2 / g.
Es werden zwei weitere Batches hergestellt. Die Oberflächen liegen bei 736 bzw. 676 m2/g.There are two more batches made. The surface areas are 736 and 676 m 2 / g.
Die 17,75 g einer Mischprobe der Zr-MOFs werden mit 1 ,63 g einer 11 ,03 %igen Pd(ll)nitrat-Lösung, verdünnt mit Wasser auf insgesamt 12,4 ml, in einer Schale gleichmäßig benetzt. Der pH-Wert der Tränklösung liegt bei weniger als 1. Der mit dem Precursor beladene MOF wird zunächst bei 120 0C in einem Vakuumtrockenschrank binnen 16 h getrocknet. Anschließend wird das Material in einem Drehkugelofen unter 100 L/h N2 auf 180 0C aufgeheizt, das Gasgemisch auf 50 L/h N2 + 50 L/h H2 umgestellt und während der Reduktion der H2-Anteil kontinuierlich erhöht, bis zuletzt eine reine H2-Atmosphäre erreicht ist. Nachdem im Abgas kein Wasser mehr detektiert wird, wird unter N2 auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt. Es werden zur Passivierung geringe Mengen Luft zugegeben, so dass der Temperaturanstieg geringer als 15 K ausfällt. Der Luftanteil wird so graduell bis zu einer reinen Luftatmosphäre erhöht.The 17.75 g of a mixed sample of Zr-MOFs are uniformly wetted in a dish with 1.63 g of a 11. 03% Pd (II) nitrate solution, diluted with water to a total of 12.4 ml. The pH of the impregnation solution is less than 1. The loaded with the precursor MOF is first dried at 120 0 C in a vacuum oven within 16 h. Subsequently, the material is heated in a rotary kiln at 100 L / h N 2 to 180 0 C, the gas mixture to 50 L / h N 2 + 50 L / h H 2 and continuously increased during the reduction of H 2 content, until finally a pure H 2 atmosphere is reached. After no more water is detected in the exhaust gas, it is cooled to room temperature under N 2 . Small amounts of air are added for passivation so that the temperature rise is less than 15K. The proportion of air is thus gradually increased to a pure air atmosphere.
Das fertige Produkt weist einen Pd-Gehalt von 0,94 % auf. Die Elementaranalyse (29,0 % Zr, 36,3 % C) legt nahe, dass das MOF-Gerüst erhalten geblieben ist. In TEM-Bildern werden neben einer hochdispersen Pd-Phase (Nachweis mittels EDX-Analyse) bis 2 nm groß, Pd-Partikel nachgewiesen. Vereinzelt sind auch größere Pd-Agglomerate von mehr als 5 nm nachzuweisen. Die N2-Oberfläche (Langmuir) wird zu 584 m2/g bestimmt.The finished product has a Pd content of 0.94%. Elemental analysis (29.0% Zr, 36.3% C) suggests that the MOF framework has been conserved. In TEM images, in addition to a highly dispersed Pd phase (detection by means of EDX analysis) up to 2 nm in size, Pd particles are detected. Occasionally larger Pd agglomerates of more than 5 nm are to be detected. The N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 584 m 2 / g.
Beispiel 5 Herstellung von mit Pt beladenem MOF aus AI und TerephthalsäureExample 5 Preparation of Pt loaded MOF from Al and terephthalic acid
23,9 kg Terephthalsäure und 28,0 kg Aluminiumsulfat*18H2O werden in 150 kg DMF suspendiert und 24 h bei 130 0C gerührt. Nach Filtration wird der Filterkuchen mit 3 x 40 kg
Aceton gewaschen. Anschließend werden 30 kg des Rohprodukts in 200 I Methanol bei 65 0C 24 h nachbehandelt, abfiltriert und mit N2 trockengeblasen.23.9 kg of terephthalic acid and 28.0 kg of aluminum sulfate * 18H 2 O are suspended in 150 kg of DMF and stirred at 130 0 C for 24 h. After filtration, the filter cake with 3 x 40 kg Washed acetone. Subsequently, 30 kg of the crude product in 200 l of methanol at 65 0 C after-treatment for 24 h, filtered off and blown dry with N 2 .
473 mg Pt(ll)Nitrat werden in 20 ml Wasser gelöst. 31 ,5 g des AI-MOFs werden in einer Schale vorgelegt und gleichmäßig mit der Pt-Lösung benetzt. Der mit dem Precursor bela- dene MOF wird zunächst bei 120 0C in einem Vakuumtrockenschrank binnen 16 h getrocknet. Anschließend wird das Material in einem Drehkugelofen unter 100 L/h N2 auf 180 0C aufgeheizt, das Gasgemisch auf 50 L/h N2 + 50 L/h H2 umgestellt und während der Reduktion der H2-Anteil kontinuierlich erhöht, bis zuletzt eine reine H2-Atmosphäre erreicht ist. Nachdem im Abgas kein Wasser mehr detektiert wird, wird unter N2 auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt. Es werden zur Passivierung geringe Mengen Luft zugegeben, so dass der Temperaturanstieg geringer als 15 K ausfällt. Der Luftanteil wird so graduell bis zu einer reinen Luftatmosphäre erhöht.473 mg of Pt (II) nitrate are dissolved in 20 ml of water. 31.5 g of the Al-MOF are placed in a dish and wetted evenly with the Pt solution. The bela- dene with the precursor MOF is h first dried at 120 0 C in a vacuum drying cabinet within sixteenth Subsequently, the material is heated in a rotary kiln at 100 L / h N 2 to 180 0 C, the gas mixture to 50 L / h N 2 + 50 L / h H 2 and continuously increased during the reduction of H 2 content, until finally a pure H 2 atmosphere is reached. After no more water is detected in the exhaust gas, it is cooled to room temperature under N 2 . Small amounts of air are added for passivation so that the temperature rise is less than 15K. The proportion of air is thus gradually increased to a pure air atmosphere.
Das fertige Produkt weist einen Pt-Gehalt von 0,98 % auf. Die Elementaranalyse (10,8 % AI, 43,3 % C) sowie eine XRD-Analyse belegen, dass das MOF-Gerüst die erhalten geblieben ist. In TEM-Bildern werden 1 - 5 nm große Pt-Partikel nachgewiesen. Die N2- Oberfläche (Langmuir) wird zu 327 m2/g bestimmt.The finished product has a Pt content of 0.98%. The elemental analysis (10.8% AI, 43.3% C) and an XRD analysis show that the MOF framework has been preserved. In TEM images, 1-5 nm Pt particles are detected. The N 2 surface (Langmuir) is determined to be 327 m 2 / g.
Vergleichsbeispiel 6 Tränkung von MOF-5 mit einer Pt-Nitrat-LösungComparative Example 6 Impregnation of MOF-5 with a Pt Nitrate Solution
0,089 g Pt-Nitrat werden in 4 g Wasser gelöst und auf 5 g MOF-5 (hergestellt gemäß WO- A 2007/090864, Bsp. 1 ; N2-Oberfläche 2811 nf7g nach Langmuir) wie in den vorherigen Beispielen aufgebracht. Das Produkt wird 16 h im Vakuumtrockenschrank getrocknet.0.089 g of Pt nitrate are dissolved in 4 g of water and applied to 5 g of MOF-5 (prepared according to WO-A 2007/090864, Ex. 1; N2 surface 2811 nf7g according to Langmuir) as in the previous examples. The product is dried for 16 h in a vacuum oven.
Das trockene Produkt weist nur noch eine N2-Oberfläche von 21 m2/g (Langmuir) auf. Das XRD weist eine völlig andere Struktur als bei dem eingesetzten MOF-5 auf (Fig. 2). Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass durch die Tränkung eine Umwandlung der porösen MOF-5 Struktur in eine andere, dichte Struktur erfolgt ist.The dry product has only one N 2 surface area of 21 m 2 / g (Langmuir). The XRD has a completely different structure than the MOF-5 used (Figure 2). From this it can be concluded that the impregnation resulted in a transformation of the porous MOF-5 structure into another, dense structure.
Fig. 2 zeigt das Röntgendiffraktogramm des veränderten Materials, welches keine MOF-5 Struktur mehr aufweist. Hierbei ist die Intensität l(Ln(Counts)) als Funktion der 2-Theta- Skala (2Θ) dargestellt.
Beispiel 7 HydrierungFIG. 2 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the modified material which no longer has a MOF-5 structure. Here, the intensity I (Ln (counts)) is shown as a function of the 2-theta scale (2Θ). Example 7 Hydrogenation
50 mg des Katalysators werden in einem Autoklaven (Volumen 15ml) zusammen mit 6 ml THF und 3 mmol Nitrobenzol vorgelegt und mit N2 inertisiert. Daran anschließend wird in einem Test sichergestellt, dass ein Druckabfall während des eigentlichen Versuchs nicht durch Undichtigkeiten, sondern nur durch den Verbrauch von H2 verursacht werden kann. Dafür wird der Autoklav mit N2 auf 100 bar gebracht und der Duckverlauf über 4 Stunden aufgezeichnet. Ein Hydrierversuch wird nur dann durchgeführt, falls der festgestellte Druckverlust pro Stunde weniger als 1 % des Gesamtdrucks betragen hat.50 mg of the catalyst are placed in an autoclave (volume 15 ml) together with 6 ml of THF and 3 mmol of nitrobenzene and inertized with N 2 . Subsequently, it is ensured in a test that a pressure drop during the actual test can not be caused by leaks, but only by the consumption of H 2 . For this, the autoclave is brought to 100 bar with N 2 and recorded the Duckverlauf over 4 hours. A hydrogenation test is only carried out if the determined pressure loss per hour has been less than 1% of the total pressure.
Für den eigentlichen Versuch werden der Autoklav auf Umgebungsdruck entspannt, auf 30 0C temperiert, 80 bar H2 aufgepresst und der Rührer gestartet. Das Einschalten des Rührers gilt als eigentlicher Startzeitpunkt des Experiments. Sobald durch den Wasserstoffverbrauch der Gesamtdruck unter 60 bar gefallen ist, wird der ursprüngliche Druck von 80 bar durch Nachpressen von Wasserstoff wieder hergestellt. Der Versuch wird nach 4 h beendet.For the actual test, the autoclave are decompressed to ambient pressure, heated to 30 ° C., 80 bar of H 2 are pressed in and the stirrer is started. Switching on the stirrer is the actual start time of the experiment. As soon as the total pressure drops below 60 bar due to the consumption of hydrogen, the original pressure of 80 bar is restored by re-pressurizing hydrogen. The experiment is terminated after 4 hours.
Die Hydrieraktivität des untersuchten Katalysators wird über die H2-Verbrauchsrate während der ersten halben Stunde des Versuchs bestimmt. Die Auswertung erfolgte nach fol- gender Formel:The hydrogenation activity of the catalyst tested is determined by the H 2 consumption rate during the first half hour of the experiment. The evaluation was carried out according to the following formula:
^AT = l/3 * -Δ/l(^) ^ AT = l / 3 * - Δ / l ( ^ )
At ' m KatAt the cat
wobei AKT für die Hydrieraktivität des untersuchten Katalysators, An(H2) für die verbrauch- te Wasserstoffmenge im relevanten Zeitintervalls des Versuchs (0,5 h), Δt für das relevante Zeitintervall (0.5 h) und mKat für die eingesetzte Katalysatormasse steht.where AKT stands for the hydrogenation activity of the investigated catalyst, An (H 2 ) for the amount of hydrogen consumed in the relevant time interval of the experiment (0.5 h), Δt for the relevant time interval (0.5 h) and m Ka t for the catalyst used ,
Nach Versuchende wird der gesamte Wasserstoffverbrauch mit der eingewogenen Nitro- benzolmenge verglichen. Der Gesamtumsatz an Nitrobenzol (zu Anilin) wird über die fol- gende Formel bestimmt:After the end of the experiment, the total hydrogen consumption is compared with the amount of nitrobenzene weighed in. The total conversion of nitrobenzene (to aniline) is determined by the following formula:
CONV = 1/3 * - n<"Hl ) CONV = 1/3 * - n < " Hl)
H(C6H5NO2)
wobei CONV für den Umsatz von Nitrobenzol (zu Anilin), n(H2) für den gesamten H2- Verbrauch und n(C6H5NO2) für die eingesetzte Nirobenzolmenge steht. Umsätze über 100 % weisen dabei auf eine Hydrierung des aromatischen Kerns hin.H (C 6 H 5 NO 2 ) where CONV stands for the conversion of nitrobenzene (to aniline), n (H 2 ) for the total H 2 consumption and n (C 6 H 5 NO 2 ) for the amount of nirobenzene used. Turnover above 100% indicates hydrogenation of the aromatic nucleus.
Es werden ein mit Pd aus Beispiel 2, als auch ein mit Pt aus Beispiel 5 beladener AI-MOF auf Hydrieraktivität untersucht. Tabelle 1 gibt die Versuchsergebnisse für diese Katalysatoren wieder. Beide erweisen sich als hydrieraktiv und können während der Versuchszeit das gesamte Nitrobenzol in Anilin konvertieren. Im direkten Vergleich ist der Pd beladene Al- MOF aktiver als der Pt beladene AI-MOF.A Pd from Example 2 and an Al-MOF loaded with Pt from Example 5 are tested for hydrogenation activity. Table 1 gives the experimental results for these catalysts. Both prove to be hydrogenating and can convert all nitrobenzene to aniline during the experiment. In direct comparison, the Pd-loaded Al-MOF is more active than the Pt-loaded Al-MOF.
Tabelle 1
Table 1
Claims
Patentansprücheclaims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials die Schritte enthaltendA process for producing a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component comprising the steps
(a) In Kontakt bringen des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials, enthaltend mindestens eine an mindestens ein Metallion koordinativ gebundene, mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung, mit einer wässrigen Lösung enthaltend ein der Katalysator-Metallkomponente entsprechendes Katalysatormetallion, wobei das mindestens eine Metallion und das Katalysatormetallion von unterschiedlichen Metallen stammen und das mindestens eine Metallion ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe der Metalle bestehend aus den Gruppen 2, 3, 4, 13 des Periodensystems der Elemente und den Lanthaniden;(A) bringing into contact the organometallic framework material, containing at least one coordinated at least one metal ion at least bidentate organic compound, with an aqueous solution containing the catalyst metal component corresponding catalyst metal ion, said at least one metal ion and the catalyst metal ion derived from different metals and the at least one metal ion is selected from the group of metals consisting of groups 2, 3, 4, 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements and the lanthanides;
(b) Chemische Umwandlung des Katalysatormetallions in die Katalysator-(b) Chemical conversion of the catalyst metal ion into the catalyst
Metallkomponente undMetal component and
(c) gegebenenfalls Passivierung der Katalysator-Metallkomponente.(c) optionally passivation of the catalyst metal component.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das mindestens eine Metallion ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe der Metalle bestehend aus Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, AI, Ga, In, Zr, Ti, Sc, Y, La und Ce.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one metal ion is selected from the group of metals consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Zr, Ti, Sc, Y, La and Ce.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sich die mindes- tens eine mindestens zweizähnige organische Verbindung von einer Di-, Tri- oder3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one at least bidentate organic compound of a di-, tri- or
Tetracarbonsäure ableitet.Derived tetracarboxylic acid.
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Katalysator-Metallkomponente elementares Metall oder ein Metalloxid ist.4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the catalyst metal component is elemental metal or a metal oxide.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Katalysator-Metallkomponente ein Metall ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Re, Fe, Co und Ni ist.5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the catalyst metal component is a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Re, Fe, Co and Ni is.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das In Kontakt bringen durch Tränken des metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials mit der wässrigen Lösung erfolgt.
6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that bringing into contact by impregnation of the organometallic framework material with the aqueous solution.
7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die wässrige Lösung eine pH-Wert von weniger als 9 aufweist.7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the aqueous solution has a pH of less than 9.
8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die chemische Umsetzung eine Oxidation oder Reduktion umfasst.8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the chemical reaction comprises an oxidation or reduction.
9. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die chemische Umsetzung bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 100 0C bis 400 0C erfolgt.9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the chemical reaction takes place at a temperature in the range of 100 0 C to 400 0 C.
10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Passivierung bei einer Temperatur von höchstens 100 0C erfolgt.10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the passivation takes place at a temperature of at most 100 0 C.
1 1. Poröses metallorganisches Gerüstmaterial beladen mit einer Katalysator- Metallkomponente erhältlich aus einem Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis1 1. Porous metal organic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from a process according to any one of claims 1 to
10.10th
12. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen Metalloxides die Schritte enthaltend12. A process for producing a porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component comprising the steps
(a') Erhitzen eines mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente beladenen porösen metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials nach Anspruch 1 1 oder eines Gerüstmaterials, welches in Schritt (b) des Verfahrens gemäß Anspruch 1 eingesetzt wird, über dessen vollständige Zersetzungstemperatur in Sauerstoff liefernder Atmosphä- re;(a ') heating a porous organometallic framework material loaded with a catalyst metal component according to claim 11 or a framework material used in step (b) of the process according to claim 1 over its complete decomposition temperature in oxygen-providing atmosphere;
(b') gegebenenfalls chemische Rückumwandlung in die Katalysator-Metallkomponente und(b ') optionally chemical re-conversion into the catalyst metal component and
(c') gegebenenfalls Passivierung der Katalysatorkomponente.(c ') optionally passivation of the catalyst component.
13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Erhitzen bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 350 0C bis 1000 0C erfolgt.13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the heating takes place at a temperature in the range of 350 0 C to 1000 0 C.
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12 oder 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die chemische Rückumwandlung durch Reduktion erfolgt.
14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the chemical reconversion takes place by reduction.
15. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Passivierung bei einer Temperatur von höchstens 100 0C erfolgt.15. The method according to any one of claims 12 to 14, characterized in that the passivation takes place at a temperature of at most 100 0 C.
16. Poröses Metalloxid beladen mit einer Katalysator-Metallkomponente erhältlich aus einem Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 15.16. Porous metal oxide loaded with a catalyst metal component obtainable from a process according to any one of claims 12 to 15.
17. Verwendung eines metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials nach Anspruch 11 oder eines Metalloxides nach Anspruch 16 zur Gasspeicherung oder -trennung.17. Use of a metal-organic framework material according to claim 11 or a metal oxide according to claim 16 for gas storage or separation.
18. Verwendung eines metallorganischen Gerüstmaterials nach Anspruch 1 1 oder eines Metalloxides nach Anspruch 16 als Katalysator für chemische Reaktionen.18. Use of an organometallic framework according to claim 11 or a metal oxide according to claim 16 as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
19. Verwendung nach Anspruch 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die chemische Reaktion eine Hydrierung, Dehydrierung, Hydratisierung, Dehydratisierung, Isomerisie- rung, Nitrilhydrierung, Aromatisierung, Decarboxylierung, Oxidation, Epoxidation, A- minierung, H2O2-Synthese, Carbonatherstellung, CI2-Herstellung nach dem Deacon- Verfahren, Hydrodesulfurierung, Hydrochlorierung, Metathese, Alkylierung, Acylie- rung, Ammoxidation, Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese, Methanol-Reformierung, Abgaskatalyse (SCR), Reduktion, Carbonylierungen, C-C-Kupplungsreaktion, C-O- Kupplungsreaktion, C-B-Kupplungsreaktion, C-N-Kupplungsreaktion, Hydroformylie- rungen oder eine Umlagerung ist.
19. Use according to claim 18, characterized in that the chemical reaction comprises hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydration, isomerization, nitrile hydrogenation, aromatization, decarboxylation, oxidation, epoxidation, amineization, H 2 O 2 synthesis, carbonate production, CI 2 preparation by the Deacon process, hydrodesulfurization, hydrochlorination, metathesis, alkylation, acylation, ammoxidation, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol reforming, exhaust gas catalysis (SCR), reduction, carbonylation, CC coupling reaction, CO coupling reaction , CB coupling reaction, CN coupling reaction, hydroformylation or rearrangement.
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