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EP2004233A1 - Concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as medicine - Google Patents

Concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as medicine

Info

Publication number
EP2004233A1
EP2004233A1 EP07731239A EP07731239A EP2004233A1 EP 2004233 A1 EP2004233 A1 EP 2004233A1 EP 07731239 A EP07731239 A EP 07731239A EP 07731239 A EP07731239 A EP 07731239A EP 2004233 A1 EP2004233 A1 EP 2004233A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concentrate
concentrate according
chikungunya
igg
igm
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07731239A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Roland Schmitthaeusler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LFB SA
Original Assignee
LFB SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by LFB SA filed Critical LFB SA
Publication of EP2004233A1 publication Critical patent/EP2004233A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/42Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum viral
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/06Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies from serum
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • A61P31/14Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/08Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
    • C07K16/10Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from RNA viruses
    • C07K16/1081Togaviridae, e.g. flavivirus, rubella virus, hog cholera virus
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a novel medicament for the treatment of chikungunya, namely a concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as well as a process for their preparation.
  • Chikungunya (abbreviated CHIK), is a tropical infectious disease, caused by an arbovirus (alphavirus family Togaviridae), transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes.
  • arbovirus alphavirus family Togaviridae
  • the name is of Bantu origin and means: who bends, who curls up, or curved man's disease because it causes very strong articular pains associated with stiffness, which gives the infected patients a very characteristic curved attitude.
  • the viruses that involve in their cycle arthropod vectors are grouped under the general term of arbovirus.
  • Arboviruses are defined by WHO as viruses that persist in nature essentially or largely through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking arthropods; they multiply and cause viremia in vertebrates, proliferate in arthropod tissues and are transmitted to a new vertebrate by biting arthropod after an extrinsic incubation period.
  • Virus transmission from a viremic host to a female adult mosquito occurs through the blood sucked in during the bite. The virus multiplies in the mosquito, it crosses the stomach border of the animal and is found in its salivary glands. Contamination of a healthy man is achieved by the anti-coagulant saliva of released mosquito just before the sting in a blood vessel.
  • the window during which a person is a viremic host before becoming ill is only a few days old.
  • many of them are likely to transmit chikungunya, but only Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictu ⁇ have so far been identified as epidemic vectors, because of their adaptation to areas of human habitat.
  • These same species are also involved in the transmission of other arboviruses: dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), yellow fever, etc.
  • the incubation of the disease lasts from four to seven days on average.
  • the viremia that is to say the period of presence of the virus in the blood and therefore of possible transmission, is spread over about five days.
  • the antibodies are then declared. They stay in the blood. Immunity is therefore normally acquired for life or at least one year (see below the Phase II trial).
  • Phase I and Phase II were conducted in the United States for an anti-chikungunya vaccine by the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases.
  • Phase II (Edelman R et al., "Phase II Safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine” TSI-GSD-218, June 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 62: 681-5) randomized, double-blind, versus placebo, consisted of studying the safety and immunogenicity of a plaque - purified live chikungunya (CHIK) vaccine in 73 healthy adult volunteers. 59 volunteers were immunized once subcutaneously with CHIK vaccine and 14 were immunized with placebo. Fifty-eight (98%) of the 58 vaccinated patients developed anti-CHIK neutralizing antibodies at day 28, and 85% of those vaccinated were HIV-positive one year later.
  • CHIK plaque - purified live chikungunya
  • the Applicant sought to propose a new treatment against chikungunya.
  • the Applicant has surprisingly shown that the administration of a chikungunya specific immunoglobulin concentrate makes it possible to solve this technical problem.
  • concentrate means a product obtained by elimination of certain constituents.
  • An immunoglobulin concentrate is obtained by removing certain constituents of the plasma to a plasma fraction enriched in immunoglobulins.
  • Immunoglobulin is a natural globulin present mainly in the plasma, having antibody functions and used for curative or preventive purposes.
  • Immunoglobulins are heterodimers consisting of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, linked together by disulfide bridges. Each chain consists, in "position N-terminal, a variable region or domain (encoded by rearranged V-J genes for the light chain and the heavy chain VDJ) specific for the antigen against which the antibody is directed, and in the C-terminal position, of a constant region consisting of a single CL domain for the light chain or of 3 domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3) for the heavy chain.
  • the heavy and light chains CHi and CL domains form the Fab parts, which are connected to the Fc region by a very flexible hinge region allowing each Fab to bind to its antigenic target while the Fc region mediates the effector properties of the antibody remains accessible to effector molecules such as Fc ⁇ R receptors and CIq.
  • IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin
  • immunoglobulins G cross the placenta and, as a result, cause passive immunity in the fetus.
  • IgA is found mainly in secretions such as saliva, intestinal juice, sweat and breast milk.
  • the essential role of IgA is to prevent pathogens bind to the cell and more specifically to recovery of cells constituting the mucosal and I 1 epidemic.
  • IgM are immunoglobulins secreted during the first contact of the body with an antigen. This is the first class of immunoglobulin released by plasma cells. The presence of IgM in the blood indicates an ongoing infection.
  • fragment Fab fragment Antigen Binding
  • Fc fragment Antigen Binding
  • the Fc fragment is the support of the effector functions of immunoglobulins.
  • pepsin proteolysis an F (ab ') 2 fragment is generated, where the two Fab fragments remain linked by two disulfide bridges, and the Fc fragment is cleaved into several peptides.
  • the F (ab ') 2 fragment is formed of two Fab' fragments (an Fab 'fragment consisting of an Fab and a hinge region), linked by interchain disulfide bridges to form an F (ab') 2.
  • chromatography A method of separating the constituents of a mixture based on their selective adsorption by a suitable support is called "chromatography".
  • the invention relates to a concentrate of immunoglobulins specific for chikungunya virus as a medicament.
  • the concentrate according to the invention consists of a concentrate of immunoglobulins A, G, and M, or a concentrate of immunoglobulin G exclusively, or a concentrate of immunoglobulin M exclusively, specific to the virus. chikungunya, as a medicine.
  • the concentrate according to the invention contains at least 50% of IgG type immunoglobulins and 90 to 98% of proteins reacting with antibodies specifically directed against human immunoglobulins.
  • the concentrate according to the invention may contain, in addition to complete immunoglobulins specific for chikungunya virus, fragments F (ab) '2 and / or Fab specific to chikungunya virus, in particular 5 to 50% F (ab) '2 and / or Fab, in particular at least 50 to 60 g / L Ig and fragments for a pharmaceutical preparation.
  • Such F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments which contain the binding site of the antibody, may have lost a number of properties of the whole antibody from which they are derived, such as the ability to bind Fcgamma receptors.
  • the concentrate according to the invention may contain, in addition to complete immunoglobulins specific for the chikungunya virus, F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments specific for the chikungunya virus derived exclusively from IgG and IgM.
  • the concentrate according to the invention may be supplemented with 1 to 10 mmol of magnesium and / or zinc.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of a concentrate according to the invention, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of chikungunya.
  • This treatment is prophylactic and / or curative. It can either transfer passive immunity to people who have not yet been affected in an epidemic region, or treat patients already affected by the virus.
  • the drug is administered topically, subcutaneously, orally, mucosally, intramuscularly or intravenously.
  • the invention also relates to a method for preparing a concentrate according to the invention.
  • the l st step of this process comprises the formation of a batch of at least 1000 plasma donations, each donation having a sufficient titer of anti-Ig chikungunya.
  • a serum having a sufficient titre corresponds, for example, to a serum remaining positive for the detection anti-Chikungunya antibody, after being diluted to 1/1000 , when the titre is measured by an Elisa-type method.
  • These donations come from people who have been in contact with the disease, or even from patients who have developed the disease.
  • the titration can be performed according to the protocol described in C. van de Water et al., Journal of Immunological Methods, 166 (1993), 157-164.
  • the other constituents of the plasma called "lipid and protein contaminants" are precipitated in a single step.
  • This one-step precipitation purification can be carried out by diluting the plasma under Steinbuch precipitation conditions (Steinbuch M., Archiv Biochem Biophys., 134, 279-284) and adding caprylic acid thereto. .
  • the supernatant resulting from the precipitation may constitute the immunoglobulin concentrate according to the invention. It then contains a mixture of IgG, A and M. This supernatant is recovered, for example by centrifugation or filtration, optionally by adding at least one filter aid.
  • the supernatant resulting from the centrifugation or filtration can then undergo a viral inactivation treatment, for example a conventional viral inactivation treatment, solvent / detergent (Triton X100). If the precipitation made was a "caprylic" precipitation as described above, the caprylic acid residues in the supernatant are removed by PO4 calcium.
  • a viral inactivation treatment for example a conventional viral inactivation treatment, solvent / detergent (Triton X100). If the precipitation made was a "caprylic" precipitation as described above, the caprylic acid residues in the supernatant are removed by PO4 calcium.
  • patent EP1385886 can be applied, in particular the protocols relating to the adjustment of the pH, to the adsorption on a pre-equilibrated column, to the adsorption of the supernatant containing immunoglobulins and accompanying proteins on the column, column washing and sequential elution of the different classes of immunoglobulins, for example IgG, A or M.
  • the supernatant then undergoes an additional purification step by chromatography on an anion exchanger performed at alkaline pH.
  • the pH of the supernatant is adjusted beforehand to a pH of from pH "8.9 to pH 9.1 and the column is equilibrated with a buffer having a pH ranging from pH 8,9 to 9,1.
  • Step chromatography allows the adsorption of immunoglobulins on the column and the passage of unadsorbed proteins in the effluent
  • the chromatography can be carried out, for example, on a crosslinked polysaccharide gel or on a vinyl polymer, on which groups have been grafted. DEAE, TMAE or QAE.
  • the immunoglobulins G are eluted with phosphate buffer at a pH ranging from pH 4 to 7, preferably at pH 6.2.
  • Immunoglobulins thus eluted and collected can be concentrated by ultrafiltration and subjected, e.g., to conventional sterilizing filtration and then to filtration through nanometric filters of decreasing porosity of from 100 to 15 nanometers.
  • the concentrated and filtered immunoglobulin solution is added with a pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizing agent such as those described in application WO 2004/091656, and then this solution is
  • an immunoglobulin concentrate (1) ie a mixture of Ig A, G and M, or a mixture of IgG and M, or exclusively IgG, or exclusively Ig M, is prepared as described above, then in a second step, a portion of the Ig concentrate obtained is proteolyzed to obtain fragments F (ab) '2 or Fab (2). Finally, in a third step the concentrates (1) and (2) are mixed.
  • the proteolysis is carried out at pH 4.0, at 35 ° C., with 1% of pepsin, the percentage corresponding to the weight of pepsin relative to the total weight of proteins of the concentrate.
  • the proteolysis is carried out with 1% papain, the percentage corresponding to the weight of papain relative to the total weight of proteins of the concentrate.
  • the proteolysis of immunoglobulins G, A and / or M can also be carried out using plasmin and / or trypsin, proteases whose mode of implementation is well known to those skilled in the art.
  • One liter of plasma rich in anti-Chikungunya antibodies is collected from volunteer donors recently infected with Chikungunya virus and cured symptoms of the disease.
  • the antibody titer is determined by an Elisa method of attaching virus antigens to a microtiter plate and then revealing specific antibodies using a horseradish peroxidase labeled anti-immunoglobulin reagent.
  • the samples which have displayed a positive test at a dilution of at least 1 / 1000th in the context of a "specific" type Elisa method are retained.
  • the plasma pool resulting from step 1.1 is cooled to -3 ° C. and added during the cooling of a volume of ethanol sufficient to obtain a final concentration of ethanol of 8%.
  • the precipitate formed is removed.
  • the pH of the supernatant is then adjusted to pH 5.9 by adding acetate buffer, for example, cooled to -5 ° C. and supplemented with sufficient ethanol to give a final ethanol concentration of 19%.
  • the precipitate formed is collected by centrifugation, for example, and redissolved in an acetate buffer, for example, so as to obtain a pH value of 4.7 to 4.9.
  • Octanoic acid is then added at 20 ° C., with vigorous stirring, until a final octanoic acid concentration of 20 g / l is obtained.
  • the precipitate formed is separated by centrifugation or alluvial filtration and removed. Tricalcium phosphate or activated charcoal is added to the supernatant, and the mixture is clarified by deep filtration.
  • the supernatant resulting from the clarification and containing the immunoglobulins is adjusted to pH 9 by the addition of a NaOH / glycine buffer, for example, and applied on an anion exchange column (Fractogel TMAE, for example) equilibrated at pH 9 with glycine / NaCl buffer at pH 9.
  • a NaOH / glycine buffer for example
  • an anion exchange column Frazier TMAE, for example
  • a balancing buffer wash is carried out until a 280 nm OD at the column outlet close to the OD 280 measured during the establishment of the baseline.
  • the IgG elution is then carried out via a first Sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.2.
  • a second elution is carried out with a phosphate buffer supplemented with 300 mM NaCl.
  • the corresponding eluate contains a portion of the Ig G4, Ig A and Ig M.
  • the detailed procedure for this purification is found in EP 1385886.
  • This mixture of immunoglobulin is concentrated to 50 g / l by membrane ultrafiltration with a cut-off threshold of 30 kD or less.
  • the pH of the concentrated mixture is adjusted by diafiltration against a citrate buffer at pH 3.8 to 4.2, to reach an acid pH included in this range.
  • the solution is then supplemented with pepsin (10,000 FlP / mg) so that the amount of pepsin is 1% of the total amount of the proteins contained in the concentrated mixture.
  • pepsin 10,000 FlP / mg
  • This solution is then sterilely filtered to 0.2 ⁇ m and incubated at 37 ° C. for 20 h.
  • the proteolysate is neutralized, for example by the addition of sodium hydroxide, at pH 6.2 +/- 0.2. Diafiltration of the neutralized proteolysate is performed against a glycine buffer at pH 6.2 +/- 0.2, until an OD280 of about 0.005 is obtained, the OD280 being measured on the filtrate line of the cut-off membrane. less than or equal to 30 kD.
  • Peptides resulting from pepsin proteolysis and having a size less than or equal to 30 kD are removed during passage over the cut-off membrane.
  • the proteolysate obtained therefore contains Fab fragments, F (ab) ' 2 type fragments, but proves to be devoid of Fc type fragments.
  • the resulting proteolysate is then mixed with the remaining 75% of the first IgG-containing eluate.
  • the mixture is subsequently concentrated by ultrafiltration to reach a final concentration ranging from 50 to 160 g / l, depending on the selected mode of administration.
  • the concentrate is titrated according to the method described in Edelman, R. et al. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 62 (6), 2000, pp. 681-685).
  • the anti-Chikungunya specific antibody titre of the concentrate thus obtained is at least 3 to 10 times higher than that of the starting plasma.
  • the concentrate resulting from step 1.3 is stabilized by mixing with a formulation comprising pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as, for example, glycine at a final concentration of 0.22M, or such as those described in WO 200 / 091,656.
  • a formulation comprising pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as, for example, glycine at a final concentration of 0.22M, or such as those described in WO 200 / 091,656.
  • the pH of the formulation added to the concentrate is compatible with obtaining a liquid mixture having a pH ranging from 4.2 to 5.6.
  • the administration of the resulting liquid mixture can be carried out, for example, intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly, depending on the phlebological state of the recipient.
  • the dose administered is 0.2 to 0.8 ml / kg and may, in the event of an epidemic, be administered preventively every 3 weeks to particularly exposed persons, for example the elderly, pregnant women or newborns. .

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Abstract

The invention concerns a novel medicine for treating chikungunya, namely a concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as well as a method for preparing same.

Description

Concentré d'immunoglobulines spécifiques du chikungunya en tant que médicamentChikungunya specific immunoglobulin concentrate as a medicine
L'invention concerne un nouveau médicament destiné au traitement du chikungunya, à savoir un concentré d'immunoglobulines spécifiques du chikungunya ainsi que son procédé de préparation.The invention relates to a novel medicament for the treatment of chikungunya, namely a concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as well as a process for their preparation.
IntroductionIntroduction
Le chikungunya (en abrégé CHIK) , est une maladie infectieuse tropicale, due à un arbovirus (alphavirus de la famille des Togaviridae) , transmise par des moustiques du genre Aedes. Le nom est d'origine bantoue et signifie : qui se recourbe, qui se recroqueville, ou maladie de 1 'homme courbé car elle occasionne de très fortes douleurs articulaires associées à une raideur, ce qui donne aux patients infectés une attitude courbée très caractéristique. Les virus faisant intervenir dans leur cycle des arthropodes vecteurs sont regroupés sous le terme général d' arbovirus. Les arbovirus sont définis par l'OMS comme des virus qui subsistent dans la nature essentiellement ou en grande partie grâce à la transmission biologique entre hôtes vertébrés sensibles par des arthropodes hématophages ; ils se multiplient et provoquent une virémie chez le vertébré, prolifèrent dans les tissus de l'arthropode et sont transmis à un nouveau vertébré par l'arthropode piqueur après une période d'incubation extrinsèque . La transmission du virus d'un hôte virémique à un moustique adulte femelle se fait par le sang aspiré lors de la piqûre. Le virus se multiplie dans le moustique, il traverse la frontière stomacale de l'animal et se retrouve dans ses glandes salivaires . La contamination d'un homme sain est réalisée par la salive anti-coagulante de moustique libérée juste avant la piqûre dans un vaisseau sanguin. La fenêtre pendant laquelle une personne est un hôte virémique avant de devenir malade n'est que de quelques jours. Parmi plus de 950 espèces de moustiques, plusieurs d'entre elles sont susceptibles de transmettre le chikungunya, mais seules Aedes aegypti et Aedes albopictuε ont été à ce jour identifiées comme vecteurs épidémiques, à cause de leur adaptation aux zones d'habitat humain. Ces mêmes espèces sont également impliquées dans la transmission d'autres arbovirus : dengue, fièvre dengue hémorragique (DHF) , fièvre jaune, etc.Chikungunya (abbreviated CHIK), is a tropical infectious disease, caused by an arbovirus (alphavirus family Togaviridae), transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. The name is of Bantu origin and means: who bends, who curls up, or curved man's disease because it causes very strong articular pains associated with stiffness, which gives the infected patients a very characteristic curved attitude. The viruses that involve in their cycle arthropod vectors are grouped under the general term of arbovirus. Arboviruses are defined by WHO as viruses that persist in nature essentially or largely through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking arthropods; they multiply and cause viremia in vertebrates, proliferate in arthropod tissues and are transmitted to a new vertebrate by biting arthropod after an extrinsic incubation period. Virus transmission from a viremic host to a female adult mosquito occurs through the blood sucked in during the bite. The virus multiplies in the mosquito, it crosses the stomach border of the animal and is found in its salivary glands. Contamination of a healthy man is achieved by the anti-coagulant saliva of released mosquito just before the sting in a blood vessel. The window during which a person is a viremic host before becoming ill is only a few days old. Among more than 950 species of mosquitoes, many of them are likely to transmit chikungunya, but only Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictuε have so far been identified as epidemic vectors, because of their adaptation to areas of human habitat. These same species are also involved in the transmission of other arboviruses: dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), yellow fever, etc.
Le tableau clinique est dominé par une fièvre élevée comme celle de la dengue (dengue et chikungunya ont souvent été confondues) associée- à des douleurs articulaires invalidantes et parfois une éruption cutanée. Mais il y a des formes sévères ignorées jusque-là : des hépatites fulminantes, des attaques du muscle cardiaque, des méningo-encéphalites ... De nombreux autres arbovirus du genre alphavirus (capside d'environ 3OkD et ARN polyadénylé en 3') comme Ross River, 0 ' nyong-nyong, et Mayaro ont été associés à des symptômes similaires.The clinical picture is dominated by high fever such as dengue fever (dengue and chikungunya have often been confused) associated with disabling joint pain and sometimes rash. But there are severe forms previously ignored: fulminant hepatitis, attacks of the heart muscle, meningoencephalitis ... Many other alphavirus arboviruses (capsid about 30kD and 3 'polyadenylated RNA) like Ross River, 0 'nyong-nyong, and Mayaro have been associated with similar symptoms.
L'incubation de la maladie dure de quatre à sept jours en moyenne. La virémie, c'est-à-dire la période de présence du virus dans le sang et donc de transmission possible, s'étale sur environ cinq jours. Les anticorps se déclarent ensuite. Ils restent dans le sang. L'immunité est donc normalement acquise à vie ou tout au moins un an (cf. ci-dessous l'essai phase II) .The incubation of the disease lasts from four to seven days on average. The viremia, that is to say the period of presence of the virus in the blood and therefore of possible transmission, is spread over about five days. The antibodies are then declared. They stay in the blood. Immunity is therefore normally acquired for life or at least one year (see below the Phase II trial).
Art antérieurPrior art
II n'existe pour l'instant aucun traitement virucide et aucun vaccin ayant reçu une autorisation de mise sur le marché. Le traitement est purement symptomatique pour faire tomber la fièvre et réduire la douleur.There is currently no virucidal treatment and no vaccine that has been approved for marketing. The treatment is purely symptomatic to bring down fever and reduce pain.
Une phase I et une phase II ont été menées aux Etats- Unis pour un vaccin anti-chikungunya par le United States Army Médical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases .Phase I and Phase II were conducted in the United States for an anti-chikungunya vaccine by the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases.
La phase II (Edelman R et al. "Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine" TSI-GSD-218. Juin 2000; Am J Trop Med Hyg, 62:681-5) randomisée, en double-aveugle, versus placebo, consistait en l'étude de la sécurité et de l ' immunogénicité d'un vaccin de chikungunya (CHIK) vivant purifié sur plaque chez 73 volontaires adultes en bonne santé. 59 volontaires ont été immunises une fois en sous-cutané avec le vaccin CHIK et 14 ont été immunisés avec le placebo. 57 (98%) des 58 vaccinés ont développé des anticorps neutralisants anti-CHIK au jour 28, et 85% des vaccinés étaient séropositifs un an après .Phase II (Edelman R et al., "Phase II Safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine" TSI-GSD-218, June 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 62: 681-5) randomized, double-blind, versus placebo, consisted of studying the safety and immunogenicity of a plaque - purified live chikungunya (CHIK) vaccine in 73 healthy adult volunteers. 59 volunteers were immunized once subcutaneously with CHIK vaccine and 14 were immunized with placebo. Fifty-eight (98%) of the 58 vaccinated patients developed anti-CHIK neutralizing antibodies at day 28, and 85% of those vaccinated were HIV-positive one year later.
L'association de deux antiviraux, la ribavirine et l ' interféron alpha, a également été testée sur le chikungunya (Briolant S et al., "In vitro inhibition of Chikungunya and Semliki Forest viruses replication by antiviral compounds : synergistic effect of interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination" , Antiviral Res., 2004 Feb ; 61(2):lll-7. Cette combinaison de IFN-alpha2b et de ribavirine présente un effet antiviral synergique sur le chikungunya, suffisamment prometteur pour l'envisager en thérapie. Cependant, un tel traitement serait extrêmement coûteux, répétitif et présenterait les nombreux effets secondaires connus de l' interféron.The combination of two antivirals, ribavirin and interferon alpha, has also been tested on chikungunya (Briolant S et al., "In vitro inhibition of Chikungunya and Semliki Forest virus replication by antiviral compounds: synergistic effect of interferon-alpha This combination of IFN-alpha2b and ribavirin has a synergistic antiviral effect on chikungunya, which is promising enough to be considered in therapy. such a treatment would be extremely expensive, repetitive and would have the many known side effects of interferon.
Résumé de l ' inventionSummary of the invention
Devant une telle absence de traitement établi, un vaccin qui se fait attendre et de lourds traitements antiviraux, le Demandeur a cherché à proposer un nouveau traitement contre le chikungunya. Le Demandeur a montré de façon surprenante que l'administration d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines spécifiques du chikungunya permet de résoudre ce problème technique.In the absence of such treatment, a long-awaited vaccine and heavy antiviral treatments, the Applicant sought to propose a new treatment against chikungunya. The Applicant has surprisingly shown that the administration of a chikungunya specific immunoglobulin concentrate makes it possible to solve this technical problem.
DéfinitionsDefinitions
On appelle « concentré » un produit obtenu par élimination de certains constituants . Un concentré d' immunoglobulines est obtenu par élimination de certains constituants du plasma pour aller vers une fraction plasmatique enrichie en immunoglobulines .The term "concentrate" means a product obtained by elimination of certain constituents. An immunoglobulin concentrate is obtained by removing certain constituents of the plasma to a plasma fraction enriched in immunoglobulins.
On appelle « immunoglobuline » une globuline naturelle présente surtout dans le plasma, ayant des fonctions d'anticorps et utilisable à titre curatif ou préventif . Les immunoglobulines sont des hétérodimères constitués de 2 cha.înes lourdes et de 2 chaînes légères, liées entre elles par des ponts disulfures. Chaque chaîne est constituée, en" position N-terminale, d'une région ou domaine variable (codée par les gènes réarrangés V- J pour la chaîne légère et V-D-J pour la chaîne lourde) spécifique de l'antigène contre lequel l'anticorps est dirigé, et en position C-terminale, d'une région constante, constituée d'un seul domaine CL pour la chaîne légère ou de 3 domaines (CHl, CH2 et CH3) pour la chaîne lourde. .L'association des domaines variables et des domaines CHi et CL des chaînes lourdes et légères forme les parties Fab, qui sont connectées à la région Fc par une région charnière très flexible permettant à chaque Fab de se fixer à sa cible antigénique tandis que la région Fc, médiatrice des propriétés effectrices de l'anticorps, reste accessible aux molécules effectrices telles que les récepteurs FcγR et le CIq.The term "immunoglobulin" is a natural globulin present mainly in the plasma, having antibody functions and used for curative or preventive purposes. Immunoglobulins are heterodimers consisting of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, linked together by disulfide bridges. Each chain consists, in "position N-terminal, a variable region or domain (encoded by rearranged V-J genes for the light chain and the heavy chain VDJ) specific for the antigen against which the antibody is directed, and in the C-terminal position, of a constant region consisting of a single CL domain for the light chain or of 3 domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3) for the heavy chain. the heavy and light chains CHi and CL domains form the Fab parts, which are connected to the Fc region by a very flexible hinge region allowing each Fab to bind to its antigenic target while the Fc region mediates the effector properties of the antibody remains accessible to effector molecules such as FcγR receptors and CIq.
Les IgG sont les immunoglobulines les plus abondantesIgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin
(75 à 80 % des anticorps circulants) . Elles protègent l'organisme contre les bactéries, les virus, et les toxines qui circulent dans le sang et la lymphe.(75 to 80% of circulating antibodies). They protect the body against bacteria, viruses, and toxins circulating in the blood and lymph.
D'autre part, elles fixent rapidement le complémentOn the other hand, they quickly fix the complement
(un des constituants du système immunitaire) . Elles participent également à la réponse mémoire, base de l'immunité sur laquelle repose le mécanisme de la vaccination. Enfin, les immunoglobulines G traversent le placenta et, de ce fait, entraînent une immunité passive chez le fœtus.(one of the constituents of the immune system). They also participate in the memory response, the basis of the immunity on which the mechanism of vaccination is based. Finally, immunoglobulins G cross the placenta and, as a result, cause passive immunity in the fetus.
Les IgA se trouvent essentiellement dans les sécrétions comme la salive, le suc intestinal, la sueur et le lait maternel. Le rôle essentiel des immunoglobulines A est d'empêcher les agents pathogènes de se lier à la cellule et plus spécifiquement aux cellules de recouvrement constituant les muqueuses et I1 épidémie.IgA is found mainly in secretions such as saliva, intestinal juice, sweat and breast milk. The essential role of IgA is to prevent pathogens bind to the cell and more specifically to recovery of cells constituting the mucosal and I 1 epidemic.
Les IgM sont des immunoglobulines sécrétées lors du premier contact de l'organisme avec un antigène. C'est la première classe d' immunoglobulines libérée par les plasmocytes . La présence d'IgM dans le sang indique une infection en cours .IgM are immunoglobulins secreted during the first contact of the body with an antigen. This is the first class of immunoglobulin released by plasma cells. The presence of IgM in the blood indicates an ongoing infection.
La protéolyse enzymatique des immunoglobulines par la papaïne génère 2 fragments identiques, qu'on appelle « fragment Fab » (Fragment Antigen Binding) , et un fragment Fc (fraction cristallisable) . Le fragment Fc est le support des fonctions effectrices des immunoglobulines . Par protéolyse à la pepsine, un fragment F(ab')2 est généré, où les deux fragments Fab restent liés par deux ponts disulfure, et le fragment Fc est scindé en plusieurs peptides . Le fragment F(ab')2 est formé de deux fragments Fab' (un fragment Fab' consistant en un Fab et une région charnière) , liés par des ponts disulfure intercaténaires pour former un F(ab')2.The enzymatic proteolysis of immunoglobulins by papain generates 2 identical fragments, called "fragment Fab" (Fragment Antigen Binding), and a fragment Fc (crystallizable fraction). The Fc fragment is the support of the effector functions of immunoglobulins. By pepsin proteolysis, an F (ab ') 2 fragment is generated, where the two Fab fragments remain linked by two disulfide bridges, and the Fc fragment is cleaved into several peptides. The F (ab ') 2 fragment is formed of two Fab' fragments (an Fab 'fragment consisting of an Fab and a hinge region), linked by interchain disulfide bridges to form an F (ab') 2.
On appelle « chromâtographie » une méthode de séparation des constituants d'un mélange fondée sur leur adsorption sélective par un support approprié.A method of separating the constituents of a mixture based on their selective adsorption by a suitable support is called "chromatography".
Description détaillée de l'inventionDetailed description of the invention
En premier lieu, l'invention concerne un concentré d' immunoglobulines spécifiques du virus chikungunya en tant que médicament.In the first place, the invention relates to a concentrate of immunoglobulins specific for chikungunya virus as a medicament.
L'utilisation de fractions de plasma humain enrichies en immunoglobulines pour le traitement de diverses infections ou déficiences congénitales est connue depuis la mise au point du procédé de précipitation à l'éthanol par Cohn (Cohn et al. 1946, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 459 ; Oncley et al. 1949, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 541) . En particulier, le concentré selon l'invention est constitué d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines A, G, et M, ou d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines G exclusivement, ou d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines M exclusivement, spécifiques du virus chikungunya, en tant que médicament . De manière particulièrement préférée, le concentré selon l'invention contient au moins 50% d' immunoglobulines de type Ig G, et de 90 à 98% de protéines réagissant avec des anticorps spécifiquement dirigés contre les immunoglobulines humaines . Le concentré selon l'invention peut contenir, en plus des immunoglobulines complètes spécifiques du virus chikungunya, des fragments F(ab)'2 et/ou Fab spécifiques du virus chikungunya, en particulier de 5 à 50% de F(ab)'2 et/ou Fab, en particulier au moins 50 à 60 g/L d'Ig et de fragments pour une préparation pharmaceutique. De tels fragments F(ab)'2 ou Fab, qui contiennent le site de liaison de l'anticorps, peuvent avoir perdu un certain nombre de propriétés de l'anticorps entier duquel ils sont issus, comme la capacité de lier les récepteurs Fcgamma. Le concentré selon l'invention peut contenir, en plus des immunoglobulines complètes spécifiques du virus chikungunya, des fragments F(ab)'2 ou Fab spécifiques du virus chikungunya provenant exclusivement d'IgG et d'IgM. Le concentré selon l'invention peut être additionné de 1 à 10 mmol de magnésium et/ou de zinc.The use of immunoglobulin enriched human plasma fractions for the treatment of various infections or congenital deficiencies has been known since the development of the Cohn ethanol precipitation method (Cohn et al., 1946, J. Am. Soc., 68, 459, Oncley et al., 1949, J. Am Chem Soc 71, 541). In particular, the concentrate according to the invention consists of a concentrate of immunoglobulins A, G, and M, or a concentrate of immunoglobulin G exclusively, or a concentrate of immunoglobulin M exclusively, specific to the virus. chikungunya, as a medicine. In a particularly preferred manner, the concentrate according to the invention contains at least 50% of IgG type immunoglobulins and 90 to 98% of proteins reacting with antibodies specifically directed against human immunoglobulins. The concentrate according to the invention may contain, in addition to complete immunoglobulins specific for chikungunya virus, fragments F (ab) '2 and / or Fab specific to chikungunya virus, in particular 5 to 50% F (ab) '2 and / or Fab, in particular at least 50 to 60 g / L Ig and fragments for a pharmaceutical preparation. Such F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments, which contain the binding site of the antibody, may have lost a number of properties of the whole antibody from which they are derived, such as the ability to bind Fcgamma receptors. The concentrate according to the invention may contain, in addition to complete immunoglobulins specific for the chikungunya virus, F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments specific for the chikungunya virus derived exclusively from IgG and IgM. The concentrate according to the invention may be supplemented with 1 to 10 mmol of magnesium and / or zinc.
Un autre objet de l'invention est l'utilisation d'un concentré selon l'invention, pour la fabrication d'un médicament destiné au traitement du chikungunya. Ce traitement est prophylactique et/ou curatif. Il permet soit de transférer une immunité passive aux personnes non encore touchées dans une région épidémique, soit de soigner les patients déjà touchés par le virus . Le médicament en question est administré par voie topique, sous-cutanée, orale, mucosale, intramusculaire ou intraveineuse.Another object of the invention is the use of a concentrate according to the invention, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of chikungunya. This treatment is prophylactic and / or curative. It can either transfer passive immunity to people who have not yet been affected in an epidemic region, or treat patients already affected by the virus. The drug is administered topically, subcutaneously, orally, mucosally, intramuscularly or intravenously.
Son efficacité perdure plusieurs dizaines de jours, environ 21 jours, période au-delà de laquelle l'administration doit être répétée si l'épidémie ou les symptômes persistent.Its effectiveness lasts several tens of days, about 21 days, period beyond which the administration must be repeated if the epidemic or the symptoms persist.
L'invention concerne également un procédé de préparation d'un concentré selon l'invention. La lere étape de ce procédé comprend la constitution d'un lot d'au moins 1000 dons de plasma, chaque don présentant un titre suffisant en Ig anti-chikungunya. Un sérum possédant un titre suffisant correspond, par exemple, à un sérum restant positif pour la détection d'anticorps anti-Chikungunya, après avoir été dilué au l/1000eme, lorsque le titre est mesuré par une méthode de type Elisa. Ces dons proviennent de personnes ayant été en contact avec la maladie, voire de patients ayant développé la maladie.The invention also relates to a method for preparing a concentrate according to the invention. The l st step of this process comprises the formation of a batch of at least 1000 plasma donations, each donation having a sufficient titer of anti-Ig chikungunya. A serum having a sufficient titre corresponds, for example, to a serum remaining positive for the detection anti-Chikungunya antibody, after being diluted to 1/1000 , when the titre is measured by an Elisa-type method. These donations come from people who have been in contact with the disease, or even from patients who have developed the disease.
Le titrage peut être effectué selon le protocole décrit dans C. van de Water et al., Journal of Immunological Methods, 166(1993), 157-164. Afin d'enrichir ce lot de plasma en immunoglobulines, les autres constituants du plasma, appelés « contaminants lipidiques et protéiques » sont précipités en une seule étape. Cette purification par précipitation en une seule étape peut avoir lieu en diluant le plasma dans les conditions de la précipitation selon Steinbuch (Steinbuch M., Archiv. Biochem. Biophys . , 134, 279-284) et en y ajoutant de l'acide caprylique. Elle peut également être obtenue par l'ajout d'agents de précipitation tels que le Rivanol, le chlorure d'Aluminium, le chlorure de cétylpyridinium, l'acide octanoïque, les polyphosphates et en présence d'agents d'adsorption tels que, par exemple, le phosphate tricalcique, la bentonite. Le surnageant résultant de la précipitation peut constituer le concentré d' immunoglobulines selon l'invention. Il contient alors un mélange d'IgG, A et M. Ce surnageant est récupéré, par exemple par centrifugation ou filtration, éventuellement en ajoutant au moins un adjuvant de filtration. Le surnageant résultant de la centrifugation ou de la filtration peut alors subir un traitement d'inactivation virale, par exemple un traitement d'inactivation virale classique, par solvant/détergent (Triton XlOO) . Si la précipitation réalisée était une précipitation de type « caprylique » telle que décrite ci-dessus, les résidus d'acide caprylique dans le surnageant sont éliminés par PO4 calcium. Afin d'obtenir un concentré d'IgG ou d'IgA ou d'IgM, l'enseignement du brevet EP1385886 peut être appliqué, en particulier les protocoles relatifs à l'ajustement du pH, à l'adsorption sur colonne prééquilibrée, à l'adsorption du surnageant contenant les immunoglobulines et .les protéines accompagnantes sur la colonne, au lavage de la colonne et à l'élution séquentielle des différentes catégories d' immunoglobulines, par exemple les Ig G, A ou M.The titration can be performed according to the protocol described in C. van de Water et al., Journal of Immunological Methods, 166 (1993), 157-164. In order to enrich this batch of immunoglobulin plasma, the other constituents of the plasma, called "lipid and protein contaminants" are precipitated in a single step. This one-step precipitation purification can be carried out by diluting the plasma under Steinbuch precipitation conditions (Steinbuch M., Archiv Biochem Biophys., 134, 279-284) and adding caprylic acid thereto. . It can also be obtained by the addition of precipitation agents such as Rivanol, aluminum chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, octanoic acid, polyphosphates and in the presence of adsorption agents such as, for example, for example, tricalcium phosphate, bentonite. The supernatant resulting from the precipitation may constitute the immunoglobulin concentrate according to the invention. It then contains a mixture of IgG, A and M. This supernatant is recovered, for example by centrifugation or filtration, optionally by adding at least one filter aid. The supernatant resulting from the centrifugation or filtration can then undergo a viral inactivation treatment, for example a conventional viral inactivation treatment, solvent / detergent (Triton X100). If the precipitation made was a "caprylic" precipitation as described above, the caprylic acid residues in the supernatant are removed by PO4 calcium. In order to obtain an IgG or IgA or IgM concentrate, the teaching of patent EP1385886 can be applied, in particular the protocols relating to the adjustment of the pH, to the adsorption on a pre-equilibrated column, to the adsorption of the supernatant containing immunoglobulins and accompanying proteins on the column, column washing and sequential elution of the different classes of immunoglobulins, for example IgG, A or M.
Après l'étape - d' inactivation virale, le surnageant subit alors une étape supplémentaire de purification par chromatographie sur un échangeur d'anions effectuée à pH alcalin. En particulier, le pH du surnageant est préalablement ajusté à un pH allant de pH" 8,9 à pH 9,1 et la colonne est équilibrée avec un tampon ayant un pH allant de pH 8,9 à 9,1. L'étape de chromatographie permet l ' adsorption des immunoglobulines sur la colonne et le passage des protéines non adsorbées dans l ' effluent . La chromatographie peut être effectuée, par exemple, sur un gel de polysaccharide réticulé ou de polymère vinylique, sur lequel ont été greffés des groupements DEAE, TMAE ou QAE.After the viral inactivation step, the supernatant then undergoes an additional purification step by chromatography on an anion exchanger performed at alkaline pH. In particular, the pH of the supernatant is adjusted beforehand to a pH of from pH "8.9 to pH 9.1 and the column is equilibrated with a buffer having a pH ranging from pH 8,9 to 9,1. Step chromatography allows the adsorption of immunoglobulins on the column and the passage of unadsorbed proteins in the effluent The chromatography can be carried out, for example, on a crosslinked polysaccharide gel or on a vinyl polymer, on which groups have been grafted. DEAE, TMAE or QAE.
Après un lavage de la colonne avec le même tampon que le tampon d'équilibrage pour éliminer les protéines non adsorbées, les immunoglobulines G sont éluées par du tampon phosphate à pH allant de pH 4 à 7 , de préférence à pH 6,2.After washing the column with the same buffer as the equilibration buffer to remove unadsorbed proteins, the immunoglobulins G are eluted with phosphate buffer at a pH ranging from pH 4 to 7, preferably at pH 6.2.
Une élution subséquente éventuelle par le même tampon phosphate additionné de NaCl 100 à 175 mM, de préférence 150 mM, à un pH allant de pH 6 à 6,3, permet de recueillir les IgA. Une élution subséquente éventuelle par le même tampon ajusté à un pH allant de pH 6 à 7 et additionné de NaCl 250 à 350 mM, de préférence 300 mM permet d'éluer les IgM. Tout type de mélange entre les IgA, les IgG et les IgM peut être envisagé en mélangeant les concentrés tels que décrits ci-dessus .Subsequent elution with the same phosphate buffer supplemented with 100 to 175 mM NaCl, preferably 150 mM, at a pH ranging from pH 6 to 6.3, makes it possible to collect the IgA. Subsequent elution with the same buffer adjusted to a pH ranging from pH 6 to 7 and added with NaCl 250 at 350 mM, preferably 300 mM makes it possible to elute the IgMs. Any type of mixture between IgA, IgG and IgM can be envisioned by mixing the concentrates as described above.
Les immunoglobulines ainsi éluées et récoltées peuvent être concentrées par ultrafiltration et soumises, par exemple, à une filtration stérilisante conventionnelle puis à une' filtration au travers de filtres nanométriques de porosité décroissante de 100 à 15 nanomètres . La solution d' immunoglobulines concentrée et filtrée est additionnée d'un agent stabilisant pharmaceutiquement acceptable tel que ceux décrits dans la demande WO 2004/091656 puis cette solution estImmunoglobulins thus eluted and collected can be concentrated by ultrafiltration and subjected, e.g., to conventional sterilizing filtration and then to filtration through nanometric filters of decreasing porosity of from 100 to 15 nanometers. The concentrated and filtered immunoglobulin solution is added with a pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizing agent such as those described in application WO 2004/091656, and then this solution is
' conditionnée à l'état de solution stérile et éventuellement congelée et/ou lyophilisée. 'Packaged as a sterile solution and optionally frozen and / or lyophilized.
L'application d'une nanofiltration permet d'éliminer des virus résistants au traitement d' inactivation virale par solvant/détergent. Afin de préparer un concentré d'Ig et de fragments F(ab) '2 ou Fab spécifiques du virus chikungunya, un concentré d' immunoglobulines (1) , c'est-à-dire un mélange d'Ig A, G et M ou bien un mélange d'Ig G et M, ou bien exclusivement des Ig G, ou bien exclusivement des Ig M, est préparé tel que décrit précédemment, puis dans une deuxième étape, une partie du concentré d'Ig obtenu est protéolysé pour obtenir des fragments F(ab) '2 ou Fab (2) . Enfin, dans une troisième étape les concentrés (1) et (2) sont mélangés. Pour obtenir des fragments F(ab)'2, la protéolysé est réalisée à pH 4,0, à 350C, avec 1% de pepsine, le pourcentage correspondant au poids de pepsine par rapport au poids total de protéines du concentréThe application of nanofiltration makes it possible to eliminate viruses that are resistant to viral inactivation treatment by solvent / detergent. In order to prepare an Ig concentrate and F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments specific for chikungunya virus, an immunoglobulin concentrate (1), ie a mixture of Ig A, G and M, or a mixture of IgG and M, or exclusively IgG, or exclusively Ig M, is prepared as described above, then in a second step, a portion of the Ig concentrate obtained is proteolyzed to obtain fragments F (ab) '2 or Fab (2). Finally, in a third step the concentrates (1) and (2) are mixed. To obtain F (ab) '2 fragments, the proteolysis is carried out at pH 4.0, at 35 ° C., with 1% of pepsin, the percentage corresponding to the weight of pepsin relative to the total weight of proteins of the concentrate.
(protocole IGLOO) .(IGLOO protocol).
Pour obtenir des fragments Fab, la protéolysé est réalisée avec 1% de papaïne, le pourcentage correspondant au poids de papaïne par rapport au poids total de protéines du concentré . La protéolysé des immunoglobulines G, A et/ou M peut également être réalisée en utilisant la plasmine et/ou la trypsine, des protéases dont le mode de mise en œuvre est bien connu de l'homme du métier.To obtain Fab fragments, the proteolysis is carried out with 1% papain, the percentage corresponding to the weight of papain relative to the total weight of proteins of the concentrate. The proteolysis of immunoglobulins G, A and / or M can also be carried out using plasmin and / or trypsin, proteases whose mode of implementation is well known to those skilled in the art.
L'exemple présenté ci-dessous décrit un mode particulier de mise en œuvre de l'invention mais ne saurait en aucune manière être considéré comme limitant la portée de la présente invention.The example presented below describes a particular mode of implementation of the invention but can in no way be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Exemple 1 : Préparation d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines anti-ChikungunyaExample 1 Preparation of an Anti-Chikungunya Immune Globulin Concentrate
1.1 Constitution d'un pool de plasma1.1 Establishment of a plasma pool
Un litre de plasma riche en anticorps anti-Chikungunya est recueilli à partir de donneurs volontaires récemment infectés par le virus du Chikungunya et guéris des symptômes de la maladie. Le titre des anticorps est déterminé par une méthode Elisa qui consiste à fixer des antigènes du virus sur une plaque de microtitration, puis à révéler les anticorps spécifiques au moyen d'un réactif anti- immunoglobulines marqué à la péroxydase de Raifort. On retient, pour la constitution du mélange de plasma les prélèvements ayant affiché un test positif à une dilution d'au moins l/1000eme dans le cadre d'une méthode Elisa de type « spécifique ».One liter of plasma rich in anti-Chikungunya antibodies is collected from volunteer donors recently infected with Chikungunya virus and cured symptoms of the disease. The antibody titer is determined by an Elisa method of attaching virus antigens to a microtiter plate and then revealing specific antibodies using a horseradish peroxidase labeled anti-immunoglobulin reagent. For the constitution of the plasma mixture, the samples which have displayed a positive test at a dilution of at least 1 / 1000th in the context of a "specific" type Elisa method are retained.
1.2 Préparation des immunoglobulines1.2 Preparation of immunoglobulins
Le pool de plasma résultant de l'étape 1.1 est refroidi à -30C et additionné pendant le refroidissement d'un volume d'éthanol suffisant pour obtenir une concentration finale en éthanol de 8%. Le précipité formé est éliminé.The plasma pool resulting from step 1.1 is cooled to -3 ° C. and added during the cooling of a volume of ethanol sufficient to obtain a final concentration of ethanol of 8%. The precipitate formed is removed.
Le pH du surnageant est ensuite ajusté à pH 5,9 par un ajout de tampon acétate, par exemple, refroidi à -50C, et complété par un volume d'éthanol suffisant pour obtenir une concentration finale en éthanol de 19%. Le précipité formé est recueilli par centrifugation, par exemple, et remis en solution dans un tampon acétate, par exemple, de façon à obtenir un pH finla de 4,7 à 4,9. De l'acide octanoïque est ensuite ajouté à 200C, sous agitation vigoureuse, jusqu'à obtenir une concentration finale en acide octanoïque de 20 g/1.The pH of the supernatant is then adjusted to pH 5.9 by adding acetate buffer, for example, cooled to -5 ° C. and supplemented with sufficient ethanol to give a final ethanol concentration of 19%. The precipitate formed is collected by centrifugation, for example, and redissolved in an acetate buffer, for example, so as to obtain a pH value of 4.7 to 4.9. Octanoic acid is then added at 20 ° C., with vigorous stirring, until a final octanoic acid concentration of 20 g / l is obtained.
Le précipité formé est séparé par centrifugation ou filtration alluviale et éliminé. Du phosphate tricalcique ou du charbon actif sont ajoutés au surnageant, puis le mélange est clarifié par filtration en profondeur.The precipitate formed is separated by centrifugation or alluvial filtration and removed. Tricalcium phosphate or activated charcoal is added to the supernatant, and the mixture is clarified by deep filtration.
Le surnageant résultant de la clarification et contenant les immunoglobulines est ajusté à pH 9 par l'ajout d'un tampon NaOH/glycine, par exemple, et appliqué sur une colonne d'échange anionique (Fractogel TMAE, par exemple) équilibrée à pH 9 par un tampon glycine/NaCl à pH 9.The supernatant resulting from the clarification and containing the immunoglobulins is adjusted to pH 9 by the addition of a NaOH / glycine buffer, for example, and applied on an anion exchange column (Fractogel TMAE, for example) equilibrated at pH 9 with glycine / NaCl buffer at pH 9.
Un lavage en tampon d'équilibrage est effectué jusqu'à obtenir une DO à 280nm en sortie de colonne voisine de la DO280 mesurée lors de l'établissement de la ligne de base.A balancing buffer wash is carried out until a 280 nm OD at the column outlet close to the OD 280 measured during the establishment of the baseline.
L'élution des Ig G est ensuite réalisée par l'intermédiaire d'un premier tampon phosphate de Sodium à pH 6,2. Une seconde élution est réalisée, avec un tampon phosphate additionné de NaCl 300 mM. L'éluat correspondant contient une partie des Ig G4, les Ig A et les Ig M. Le mode opératoire détaillé de cette purification figure dans le brevet EP 1385886.The IgG elution is then carried out via a first Sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.2. A second elution is carried out with a phosphate buffer supplemented with 300 mM NaCl. The corresponding eluate contains a portion of the Ig G4, Ig A and Ig M. The detailed procedure for this purification is found in EP 1385886.
1.3 Préparation d'un concentré actif contre le Chikungunya1.3 Preparation of an active concentrate against Chikungunya
25% du premier éluat, contenant les Ig G, sont prélevés et ajoutés aux éluats contenant les Ig G4, Ig A et Ig M .25% of the first eluate, containing the Ig G, are removed and added to the eluates containing the Ig G4, Ig A and Ig M.
Ce mélange d' inmunoglobulin.es est concentré jusqu'à 50g/l par une ultrafiltration sur membrane à seuil de coupure inférieur ou égal à 30 kD.This mixture of immunoglobulin is concentrated to 50 g / l by membrane ultrafiltration with a cut-off threshold of 30 kD or less.
Le pH du mélange concentré est , ajusté par diafiltration contre un tampon citrate à pH 3,8 à 4,2, pour atteindre un pH acide compris dans cette gamme. La solution est alors additionnée de pepsine (10 000 FlP/mg) de sorte que la quantité de pepsine représentre 1% de la quantité totale des protéines contenues dans le mélange concentré. Cette solution est ensuite filtrée stérilement à 0,2 μm et mise à' incuber à 370C pendant 2Oh.The pH of the concentrated mixture is adjusted by diafiltration against a citrate buffer at pH 3.8 to 4.2, to reach an acid pH included in this range. The solution is then supplemented with pepsin (10,000 FlP / mg) so that the amount of pepsin is 1% of the total amount of the proteins contained in the concentrated mixture. This solution is then sterilely filtered to 0.2 μm and incubated at 37 ° C. for 20 h.
Après incubation, le protéolysat est neutralisé, par exemple par l'ajout de soude, à pH 6,2 +/- 0,2. Une diafiltration du protéolysat neutralisé est effectuée contre un tampon glycine à PH 6,2 +/- 0,2, jusqu'à obtenir une DO280 d'environ 0,005, la DO280 étant mesurée sur la ligne du filtrat de la membrane à seuil de coupure inférieur ou égal à 30 kD.After incubation, the proteolysate is neutralized, for example by the addition of sodium hydroxide, at pH 6.2 +/- 0.2. Diafiltration of the neutralized proteolysate is performed against a glycine buffer at pH 6.2 +/- 0.2, until an OD280 of about 0.005 is obtained, the OD280 being measured on the filtrate line of the cut-off membrane. less than or equal to 30 kD.
Les peptides résultant de la protéolyse par la pepsine et possédant une taille inférieure ou égale à 30 kD sont éliminés lors du passage sur la membrane à seuil de coupure. Le protéolysat obtenu contient par conséquent des fragments de type Fab, des fragments de type F(ab)'2 mais s'avère dépourvu de fragments de type Fc.Peptides resulting from pepsin proteolysis and having a size less than or equal to 30 kD are removed during passage over the cut-off membrane. The proteolysate obtained therefore contains Fab fragments, F (ab) ' 2 type fragments, but proves to be devoid of Fc type fragments.
Le protéolysat résultant est ensuite mélangé avec les 75% restants du premier éluat contenant les IgG. Le mélange est subséquemment concentré par ultrafiltration pour atteindre une concentration finale allant de 50 à 160 g/1, selon le mode d'administration sélectionné. Le concentré est titré selon la méthode décrite dans Edelman, R. et al. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiène, 62(6), 2000, pages 681-685). Le titre en anticorps spécifiques anti-Chikungunya du concentré ainsi obtenu est d'au moins 3 à 10 fois supérieur à celui du plasma de départ .The resulting proteolysate is then mixed with the remaining 75% of the first IgG-containing eluate. The mixture is subsequently concentrated by ultrafiltration to reach a final concentration ranging from 50 to 160 g / l, depending on the selected mode of administration. The concentrate is titrated according to the method described in Edelman, R. et al. (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 62 (6), 2000, pp. 681-685). The anti-Chikungunya specific antibody titre of the concentrate thus obtained is at least 3 to 10 times higher than that of the starting plasma.
1.4 Utilisation de la préparation1.4 Use of the preparation
Le concentré résultant de l'étape 1.3 est stabilisé par le mélange avec une formulation comprenant des excipients pharmaceutiquement acceptables, tels que, par exemple, la glycine à une concentration finale de 0,22M, ou tels que ceux décrits dans la demande WO 200/091656. Le pH de la formulation ajoutée au concentré est- compatible avec l'obtention d'un mélange liquide possédant un pH allant de 4,2 à 5,6. L'administration du mélange liquide résultant peut être réalisée, par exemple, par voie intraveineuse, sous-cutanée ou intramusculaire, selon l'état phlébologique du receveur.The concentrate resulting from step 1.3 is stabilized by mixing with a formulation comprising pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as, for example, glycine at a final concentration of 0.22M, or such as those described in WO 200 / 091,656. The pH of the formulation added to the concentrate is compatible with obtaining a liquid mixture having a pH ranging from 4.2 to 5.6. The administration of the resulting liquid mixture can be carried out, for example, intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly, depending on the phlebological state of the recipient.
La dose administrée correspond à 0,2 à 0,8 ml/kg et peut, en cas d'épidémie, être administrée préventivement toutes les 3 semaines aux sujets particulièrement exposés, par exemple aux personnes âgées, aux femmes enceintes ou aux nouveaux-nés. The dose administered is 0.2 to 0.8 ml / kg and may, in the event of an epidemic, be administered preventively every 3 weeks to particularly exposed persons, for example the elderly, pregnant women or newborns. .

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Concentré d' immunoglobulin.es spécifiques du virus chikungunya en tant que médicament .1. Concentrate of immunoglobulin.es specific to chikungunya virus as a drug.
2. Concentré selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'un concentré dΛ immunoglobulines A, G, et M.2. A concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a concentrate of Λ immunoglobulins A, G and M.
3. Concentré selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines G. 3. Concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of a concentrate of immunoglobulin G.
4. Concentré selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'un concentré d' immunoglobulines M.4. Concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of an immunoglobulin concentrate M.
5. Concentré selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient 90 à 98% d' immunoglobulines.5. Concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it contains 90 to 98% of immunoglobulins.
6. Concentré selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient en outre des fragments F(ab)'2 spécifiques du virus chikungunya. 6. Concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it further contains F (ab) '2 fragments specific for the chikungunya virus.
7. Concentré selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient en outre .des fragments Fab spécifiques du virus chikungunya.7. Concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it further contains. Fab fragments specific for chikungunya virus.
8. Concentré selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient 5 à 50% de F(ab)'2. et/ou de Fab.8. Concentrate according to claim 7, characterized in that it contains 5 to 50% of F (ab) '2. and / or Fab.
9. Concentré selon la revendication 6 , 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que les fragments F(ab)'2 ou Fab sont des fragments F(ab)'2 ou Fab d'IgG et d'IgM. 9. Concentrate according to claim 6, 7 or 8, characterized in that the F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments are F (ab)' 2 or Fab fragments of IgG and IgM.
10. Concentré selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, additionné de 1 à 10 mmol de magnésium.10. Concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 9, added with 1 to 10 mmol of magnesium.
11. Concentré selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, additionné de 1 à 10 mmol de zinc.11. Concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 10, supplemented with 1 to 10 mmol of zinc.
12. Utilisation d'un concentré tel que défini dans l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, pour la fabrication d'un médicament destiné au traitement du chikungunya.12. Using a concentrate such as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of chikungunya.
13. Utilisation selon la revendication 12, pour la fabrication d'un médicament sous forme administrable par voie topique, sous-cutanée, orale, intramusculaire ou intraveineuse.13. Use according to claim 12, for the manufacture of a medicament in form administrable topically, subcutaneously, orally, intramuscularly or intravenously.
14. Procédé de préparation d'un concentré selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes : constitution d'un lot d'au moins 1000 dons de plasma, chaque don présentant un titre suffisant en14. Process for the preparation of a concentrate according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following steps: constituting a batch of at least 1000 plasma donations, each donation having a sufficient titre in
Ig anti-chikungunya précipitation des contaminants lipidiques et protéiques en une seule étapeIg anti-chikungunya precipitation of lipid and protein contaminants in one step
- récupération du concentré d'Ig dans le surnageant.recovery of the Ig concentrate in the supernatant.
15. Procédé de préparation d'un concentré selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes : - constitution d'un lot d'au moins 1000 dons de plasma, chaque don présentant un titre suffisant en IgG anti-chikungunya15. Process for the preparation of a concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by the following steps: - constitution of a batch of at least 1000 plasma donations, each donation having a sufficient anti-IgG titre -chikungunya
- précipitation des contaminants lipidiques et protéiques en une seule étape - chromatographie du surnageant sur un échangeur d'anions à pH alcalin- precipitation of lipid and protein contaminants in a single step - chromatography of the supernatant on an alkaline pH anion exchanger
- élution des IgG par du tampon phosphate à pH compris entre 4 et 7 , de préférence à pH 6,2elution of IgGs with phosphate buffer at pH of between 4 and 7, preferably at pH 6.2
- éventuellement élution subséquente des IgA par le même tampon phosphate additionné de NaCl 100 à 175 mM, et de préférence 150 mM, à un pH de 6 à 6,3optionally subsequent elution of IgA with the same phosphate buffer supplemented with NaCl 100 at 175 mM, and preferably 150 mM, at a pH of 6 to 6.3
- éventuellement élution subséquente des IgM par le même tampon phosphate à pH compris entre 6 et 7 additionné de NaCl 250 à 350 mM - éventuellement mélange des concentrés d'IgG, d'IgA et d'IgM.- optionally subsequent elution of IgM with the same phosphate buffer at pH between 6 and 7 supplemented with 250 to 350 mM NaCl - optionally mixture of IgG, IgA and IgM concentrates.
16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le pH du surnageant est ajusté entre 8,9 et 9,1 et la colonne de chromatographie est équilibrée en tampon à pH 8,9 à 9,1 préalablement à la chromatographie.16. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that the pH of the supernatant is adjusted between 8.9 and 9.1 and the chromatography column is equilibrated with buffer at pH 8.9 to 9.1 prior to chromatography.
17. Procédé de préparation d'un concentré selon la revendication 6, 7 ou 8, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes :Process for the preparation of a concentrate according to claim 6, 7 or 8, characterized by the following steps:
(1) préparation d'un concentré d'Ig selon la revendication 14 ou 15, ou d'IgG selon la revendication 15 ou 16, ou d'IgM selon la revendication 15 ou 16,(1) preparing an Ig concentrate according to claim 14 or 15, or IgG according to claim 15 or 16, or IgM according to claim 15 or 16,
(2) protéolyse d'une partie du concentré précédent pour obtenir des fragments F(ab)'2 ou Fab,(2) proteolysis of a portion of the above concentrate to obtain F (ab) '2 or Fab fragments,
(3) mélange des fractions (1) et (2) .(3) mixing fractions (1) and (2).
18. Procédé de préparation d'un concentré selon la revendication 9, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes :18. Process for preparing a concentrate according to claim 9, characterized by the following steps:
(1) préparation d'un concentré d'IgG selon la revendication 15 ou 16,(1) preparation of an IgG concentrate according to claim 15 or 16,
(2) préparation d'un concentré d'IgM selon la revendication 15 ou 16,(2) preparing an IgM concentrate according to claim 15 or 16,
(3) mélange des fractions (1) et (2),(3) mixing fractions (1) and (2),
(4) protéolyse d'une partie du mélange précédent pour obtenir des fragments F(ab)'2 ou des Fab d'IgG et d'IgM, (5) mélange de (3) et (4) .(4) proteolysis of part of the above mixture to obtain F (ab) '2 fragments or IgG and IgM Fabs, (5) mixture of (3) and (4).
19. Procédé selon la revendication 17 ou 18, caractérisé en ce que la protéolyse a lieu en pepsine 1% en poids de protéines à pH 4 et 350C pour obtenir des fragments F(ab)'2. 19. The method of claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the proteolysis takes place in pepsin 1% by weight of proteins at pH 4 and 35 0 C to obtain F (ab) '2 fragments.
20. Procédé selon la revendication 17 ou20. The method of claim 17 or
18, caractérisé en ce que la protéolyse pour obtenir des fragments Fab a lieu en papaïne.18, characterized in that the proteolysis to obtain Fab fragments takes place in papain.
21. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 14 à 20, caractérisé en ce que la précipitation est une précipitation caprylique et en ce que les résidus d'acide caprylique dans le surnageant sont éliminés par P04 calcium.21. Process according to any one of claims 14 to 20, characterized in that the precipitation is a caprylic precipitation and in that the caprylic acid residues in the supernatant are removed by P04 calcium.
22. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 14 à 21, caractérisé en ce que le précipité est séparé par filtration après ajout d'au moins un adjuvant de filtration.22. Process according to any one of Claims 14 to 21, characterized in that the precipitate is separated by filtration after addition of at least one filter aid.
23. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 14 à 22, caractérisé en ce que le surnageant est traité par solvant/détergent.23. Method according to any one of claims 14 to 22, characterized in that the supernatant is treated with solvent / detergent.
24. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 15 à 23, caractérisé en ce que les immunoglobulines éluées sont concentrées par ultrafiltration et soumises - à une filtration stérilisante conventionnelle puis à une filtration au travers de filtres nanométriques de porosité décroissante de 100 à 15 nanomètres .24. Method according to any one of claims 15 to 23, characterized in that the eluted immunoglobulins are concentrated by ultrafiltration and subjected to conventional sterilizing filtration and filtration through nanometric filters of decreasing porosity of 100 to 15 nanometers .
25. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 15 à 24, caractérisé en ce que la solution d' immunoglobulines concentrée et filtrée est additionnée d'un stabilisant pharmaceutiquement acceptable puis elle est conditionnée à l'état de solution stérile et éventuellement congelée et lyophilisée. 25. A method according to any one of claims 15 to 24, characterized in that the concentrated and filtered immunoglobulin solution is added with a pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizer and it is conditioned in the sterile solution state and optionally frozen and freeze-dried .
EP07731239A 2006-03-31 2007-04-02 Concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as medicine Withdrawn EP2004233A1 (en)

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FR0602802A FR2899111B1 (en) 2006-03-31 2006-03-31 CONCENTRATE OF CHIKUNGUNYA SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULINS AS A MEDICINAL PRODUCT.
PCT/FR2007/000561 WO2007118987A1 (en) 2006-03-31 2007-04-02 Concentrate of chikungunya-specific immunoglobulins as medicine

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US4814433A (en) * 1987-09-16 1989-03-21 Miles Inc. Method for obtaining a papain-free antibody fragment preparation
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