EP1930281B1 - Braking device and guide rail for an elevator with wedge-shaped braking surface - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an elevator installation, a guide rail of an elevator installation, a braking apparatus of an elevator installation and a method for guiding, holding and braking an elevator installation according to the preamble of the independent patent claims.

An elevator system essentially serves the vertical transport of goods or persons. The elevator installation includes for this purpose an elevator car for receiving the goods or persons, which elevator car can be moved along a guideway. As a rule, the elevator installation is installed in a building and the elevator car transports goods or persons from and to different floors of this building. In a common embodiment, the elevator system is installed in a shaft of the building and it contains next to the car suspension means which connect the car with a counterweight. By means of a drive which acts selectively on the support means, directly on the elevator car or on the counterweight, the elevator car is moved. The guideway for guiding the elevator car is often a guide rail, which is fixedly arranged in the building or in the shaft. Often, such an elevator system is also arranged outside a building, in which case the guideway may be part of a scaffold. Such elevator systems are equipped with brake systems which on the one hand hold the elevator car in a holding position and / or can decelerate and hold the elevator car in the event of a fault.

Out EP856485 is a suit system with a rail brake known, comprising a brake body, which acts via braking surfaces on a guide rail.

Out EP1213249 is an elevator system with a braking device is known, in which a holding and braking is achieved by a brake member in a positive Contact is brought to a fixed part. The braking part is pressed with little force to the fixed part. Here, the brake member is granted a defined sliding movement, which allows braking. The braking device requires in particular low brake actuation forces and thus also low brake release forces.

The problem of this solution is now to be seen in the fact that the braking device must include a sliding device to allow a slight stop the elevator car in case of deceleration. This requires, especially at higher speeds long slideways and associated braking force defining elements, such as springs. This requires a lot of space and is complex.

The invention has for its object to provide a braking device of an elevator system, which can hold a lift cage in an elevator system at a standstill with low actuation forces, but in an emergency is also able to decelerate the elevator car. It should also take up little space.

The invention defined in the characterizing features of the independent claims solves this problem.

The elevator system includes an elevator car and a brake device for braking and holding the elevator car. The braking device includes a brake pad, which cooperates with a braking surface for the purpose of holding and braking.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a guide rail of an elevator installation. The guide rail brakes and holds by means of braking device the elevator car. In this case, the guide rail on a brake area as a braking surface for interaction with the braking device.

Likewise, the invention relates to a method for guiding, holding and braking the corresponding elevator installation.

According to the invention, the braking surface has at least one longitudinal splined groove or wedge elevation aligned in the braking direction, to which the brake lining acts as required. This Längskeilrille or longitudinal wedges elevation may be a correspondingly wide groove or elevation, or it may be several V-grooves next to each other. The advantage of this embodiment is the fact that the V-groove shape causes a reinforcement of a normal force and thus that at low normal force, a high braking force can be achieved, with a Gleitmöglichkeit is still given.

The normal force F _N is the force that presses the brake pad in case of need to the flat braking surface. The planar braking surface is oriented perpendicularly (90 °) to the normal force F _N. This normal force F _N causes a braking force F _B , which is defined by the coefficient of friction μ between the brake pad and the braking surface. $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }\mathrm{\mu }$$

If the braking device is at a standstill with respect to the braking surface μ, a friction coefficient μ _{H is} to be used as the friction value μ, and a sliding friction coefficient μ _{G is} used for a relative movement between the braking device and the braking surface. Using a spline results in a brake boost according to a spline design. In the case of a wedging plane inclination corresponding to an angle α, wherein the angle α denotes the plane deviation of the wedging plane relative to the planar braking surface, the result is a brake force amplification of 1 / cos α. The resulting braking force F _BK of: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{BK}}\mathrm{=}\left(\mathrm{1}\mathrm{/}\cos \right)\mathrm{\times }{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }\mathrm{\mu }$$

By means of the longitudinal V-groove or wedge elevation thus a significant brake booster can be achieved. It is clear that they are wedge shape usually chosen symmetrically, so that lift side forces on each other.

Advantageously, the brake pad on a counterpart to the longitudinal spline or wedge elevation of the braking surface counter-mold. A wear of the brake pad can be kept low because wedge surfaces rest on each other or rub. Of course, it is ensured that at a wear of the brake pad can be depressed accordingly. It should be noted that today's braking devices are increasingly used to hold only an elevator car in a floor. This holding force F _H results for example from a maximum load difference between the car and counterweight. In reversal of the above formula for calculating the braking force, there is accordingly a required normal force F _NH for holding a car in a floor of: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{NH}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{H}}\mathrm{\times }\cos \mathrm{/}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{H}}$$

Similarly, there is a required normal force F _NB for decelerating a car: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{NB}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}\mathrm{\times }\cos \mathrm{/}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{G}}$$

Here, instead of the holding force F _H , the required braking force F _B and instead of the static friction coefficient μ _H , the Gleitreibwert μ _{G is} used.

A pressing device for holding and braking the car can be designed according to the wedge angle α with smaller pressing forces F _N. This allows the use of smaller drive or brake ventilation units, which is correspondingly cheaper.

Of course, in the design of the braking device, the number of brake pads and / or braking devices to cooperate to take into account.

In a preferred embodiment, the braking device is arranged in the region of the elevator car and the braking surface is integrated in a guide rail, which guide rail also guides the elevator car. Advantageously, at least one braking device is used per guide rail. This is advantageous because it allows the car to be held in a stop immediately. Carrier extensions do not affect a loading or unloading process.

Another advantage of this inventive solution is the fact that the brake lining and thus the braking device is guided at the same time by the longitudinal grooves laterally. A derailment of the brake pad and thus a failure of the braking effect is effectively prevented.

Particularly advantageous is an embodiment in which the guide rail has a guide region for interaction with the guide means and a brake region as a braking surface for interaction with the braking device, wherein the guide region and braking region have different surfaces and the guide region is geometrically separated from the braking region. This design allows an optimal and functional design of the respective areas.

Advantageously, the guide rail is a T-shaped guide rail, which has a rail web, and this rail web has both the guide area for interaction with the guide means and the brake area for interacting with the brake device. Of course, other forms of guide rails are possible such as guide rails in the form of an angle profile or any other shapes. T-shaped guide rails are widely known in elevator construction and their production is easily possible.

The guide area is provided in a particularly high quality execution with a lubricant to reduce friction, or it is equipped with a sliding coating, the sliding coating is a profile, preferably a Teflon-containing plastic profile, which is attached for example to the relevant web of the guide rail.

For example, nanocomposites, for example homogeneously constructed nickel fluoropolymer layers, are also outstandingly suitable as a lubricant layer, since they permit constant sliding properties in conjunction with good chemical and mechanical properties. This implementation enables deployment a guide rail, which meets high comfort requirements.

The braking area can be incorporated directly into the basic structure of the brake track. The brake track or the corresponding guide rail is pulled, rolled or machined, for example. Alternatively, the braking region can also be produced by means of a brake profile applied to the basic structure of the guide rail. Of course, the braking region may be provided with a friction-influencing agent, for example nanocomposites, or with a surface structure for increasing the friction. An advantage of this design is that a coefficient of friction can be selected as high as possible. whereby the required normal force is reduced again. This allows the provision of a cost-effective braking device.

In an advantageous embodiment, the separation between the guide region and the brake region is designed in such a way that the transfer of lubricants, such as oil or other lubricants, from the guide region to the brake region is prevented or reduced. A functional reliability of the braking device is thereby significantly increased because no Reibwertvermindernden substances can easily get into the braking area.

In an alternative embodiment, the braking device is arranged in the region of a drive machine and the braking surface is in direct connection to a traction sheave or a drive shaft of the drive machine. Here, the braking and holding action of the braking device is transmitted to the elevator car via support and propellant. A holding brake during the drive can be provided inexpensively because a reduced braking force is possible as a result of the wedge effect.

Fig. 1

eine schematisch Ansicht einer Aufzugsanlage

Fig. 2

eine Ansicht einer bekannten Bremseinrichtung

Fig. 3

eine schematische Ansicht einer Führungsschiene mit integrierter Bremsbahn

Fig. 4

eine schematische Ansicht einer alternativen Führungsschiene mit integrierter Bremsbahn und getrenntem Führungsbereich

Fig. 5

eine Prinzipskizze einer Keilrille

Further advantageous embodiments are described in the dependent claims.
In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to several embodiments in conjunction with the figures. Show it:

Fig. 1

a schematic view of an elevator system

Fig. 2

a view of a known braking device

Fig. 3

a schematic view of a guide rail with integrated brake track

Fig. 4

a schematic view of an alternative guide rail with integrated brake track and separate guide area

Fig. 5

a schematic diagram of a V-groove

One possible overall arrangement of an elevator installation is in the Fig. 1 shown. The elevator installation 1 consists of an elevator car 3), for receiving goods or persons. The cabin 3 is arranged to be movable along a guideway or guide rails 7. The elevator installation 1 is installed in a shaft 2 of a building. The elevator car 3 is connected by means of carrying and propellant 5 to a counterweight 4. By means of a drive 6), which acts on the support means 5 in the example shown, the car 3 is moved gegengleich the counterweight 4. The guide rails 7 for guiding the car, as well as guide rails 8 for guiding the counterweight 4 are fixedly arranged in the building or in the shaft 2. The cabin 3 is guided by means of guide shoes or rollers 9 along the guide rails 7. The elevator car 3 is equipped with braking devices 10 which, on the one hand, hold the elevator car 3 in a holding position and / or can decelerate and hold the elevator car 3 in the event of an error.
In the illustrated example, braking devices 10 are arranged below the car 3. Of course, too, as optional in Fig. 1 shown, an attachment 10a above the cab 3 possible, or the braking device 10 may be arranged depending on the requirements of the drive 6,10b, the counterweight 4, 10c or a pulley.

Die Bremskraft berechnet sich entsprechend zu: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }2\times {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{G}}$$

Zum Lüften der Bremseinrichtung 10, d.h. wenn die Kabine 3 verfahren werden soll, werden die Bremshebel 10.1 mittels einer Aktuatorkraft F_A an deren hinteren Enden zusammengezogen, wodurch die Bremsbeläge 12 entlastet werden und eine Brems- oder Haltekraft dadurch entfällt. Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of a known braking device 10. The braking device has two brake levers 10.1, which are mounted substantially at an axis 13. Die Bremshebel 10.1 sind an den Bremshebel 10.1 gelagert. At the front ends of the brake lever 10.1 brake pads 12 are arranged. The brake levers 10.1 are pressed apart by a spring force F _F. Due to the storage of the brake lever 10.1 at the axis 13 front ends of the brake lever 10.1 are pressed with the brake pads 12 according to the lever dimensions with a contact force F _N against braking surfaces 11 of the guide rail 7. This results in a resulting frictional force or holding force F _H or braking force F _B on the braking surface 11. The resulting friction force is equal to the contact force F _N multiplied by the number of braking surfaces (in the example shown, two braking surfaces) and a coefficient of friction μ. The coefficient of friction μ corresponds to a static friction value μ _H in the holding state and to a sliding friction value μ _G in the case of a braking state.
The holding force is calculated as follows: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{H}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }2\times {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{H}}$$

The braking force is calculated accordingly to: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}\mathrm{=}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }2\times {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{G}}$$

For releasing the brake device 10, ie when the car 3 is to be moved, the brake levers 10.1 are contracted by means of an actuator force F _A at the rear ends, whereby the brake pads 12 are relieved and a braking or holding force is thereby eliminated.

Fig. 3 shows a guide rail 7 as it is designed to cooperate with a braking device 10. The guide rail is realized in the form of a T-profile. The guide rail 7 has a rail web 7a, in which the braking surface 11 is incorporated in the form of a longitudinal spline. The longitudinal V-groove is incorporated in the example shown at a front and back of the web 7a. The longitudinal spline has two lateral flanks 7c, which are inclined at an angle α to the web main surface 7a. The lateral flanks 7c are provided for cooperation with the brake lining 12, which has the equally inclined lateral flanks, or the matching counter-shape. The lateral flanks of the brake lining 12 and / or the lateral flanks 7c of the longitudinal V-groove are at most provided with friction-influencing layers. These may be ceramic layers, it may be a specially roughened surface or nanocomposites may be applied to increase the friction. The brake pad 12 is used for the purpose of braking, for example with a braking device as in Fig. 2 shown pressed with the contact force F _N in the longitudinal spline. The wedge base 7b has to brake pad 12 a sufficient clearance to any wear of the lateral Catch flanks. The contact force acts in the vertical direction (90 °) to the web surface 7a.

Bremskraft: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}\mathrm{=}\left(\mathrm{1}\mathrm{/}\mathrm{cos\alpha }\right)\mathrm{\times }{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }2\times {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{G}}$$

Diese Halte- bzw. Bremskraft bezieht sich wiederum auf eine Bremseinrichtung 10 mit zwei Bremsflächen 11 wie in Fig. 1 prinzipiell dargestellt, wo beidseitig des Schienensteges 7a eine Bremsfläche 11 mit dem entsprechenden Bremsbelag 12 vorhanden ist. Die Wirkrichtung der Brems- bzw. Haltekraft ergibt sich hierbei aus einer Bewegungs- oder Kraftzugrichtung, welche auf die Bremseinrichtung einwirkt.As in Fig. 5 schematically shows, taking into account the wedge angle α, a resulting braking force F _B or holding force F _H of: Holding force: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{H}}\mathrm{=}\left(\mathrm{1}\mathrm{/}\cos \right)\mathrm{\times }{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }2\times {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{H}}$$

Braking force: $${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}\mathrm{=}\left(\mathrm{1}\mathrm{/}\cos \right)\mathrm{\times }{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{N}}\mathrm{\times }2\times {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{G}}$$

This holding or braking force in turn relates to a braking device 10 with two braking surfaces 11 as in Fig. 1 illustrated in principle, where on both sides of the rail web 7a a braking surface 11 with the corresponding brake pad 12 is present. The direction of action of the braking or holding force results from a movement or Kraftzugrichtung, which acts on the braking device.

The following table gives an overview of achievable brake force gain as a function of the selected wedge angle α: wedge angle resulting α Brake booster 30 ° + 15% 45 ° + 41% 60 ° + 100% 75 ° + 285% When using a wedge angle α of 30 ° thus results in a brake boost of about 15%, or a gain of 1.15. By weighing the resulting brake force amplification and the resulting increased stress on the brake pads 12, a proposed optimum wedge angle α in the range of 30 ° to 60 ° results.
To achieve a desired holding force, a correspondingly reduced contact pressure F _N can now also be selected, which further enables the use of a braking device 10 with low actuator forces. Such a longitudinal V-groove has the further advantage that the brake pad 12 is guided laterally. A derailment of the brake pad 12 is prevented. Of course, it is conceivable a Längskeilrille primarily for the purpose of lateral guidance provided. This could otherwise differently shaped longitudinal grooves, such as a curved groove or it could also be used flat wedge angle in an angle range below 30 °. These grooves also effect according to the above statements, an increase in the resulting braking force.

Fig. 4 shows a further guide rail 7 as it may be designed to cooperate with a braking device 10. This guide rail is realized in the form of a T-profile. The guide rail 7 has a rail web 7a, in which the braking surface 11 are incorporated in the form of several parallel longitudinal splines. Such a rail, for example, can be easily produced by a drawing process or the Längskeilrillen can as in the Fig. 4 exemplified be incorporated into a base support 11.1, which is inserted as a whole in the rail web 7a. Also in this example, the wedge flanks 7c are arranged according to a wedge angle α and a brake pad 12 interacts with these V-grooves. The calculation of the holding or braking forces takes place as shown in formulas [1.1, 2.1] and the resulting brake force gain is obtained as in FIG Fig. 5 explained table. This multiple-groove shape has the advantage that the flank surface is significantly increased compared to the previous example, and thereby wear is reduced.
The guide rail 7 shown in this example has separate braking areas or braking surfaces 11 and guide areas 14. The braking area 11 serves as already explained for holding or braking the car, the guide area 14 serves to guide the car 3 by means of guide shoes or rollers 9 (FIGS. Fig. 1 ). In the example according to Fig. 4 the brake area 11 is separated from the guide area by means of a groove 7d. This allows, for example, an oil film, which is applied on the guide surface 14 to reduce the guide resistance, to be prevented from flowing into the brake region 11. Furthermore, the guide region 14 may be provided with other sliding resistance or noise reducing measures. Thus, a special sliding film or sliding coating 15, for example made of a Teflon-coated plastic profile, be applied or the surface of the guide region 14, for example, may be treated with nanocomposites to reduce friction.

The basis of the Fig. 3 and 4 solutions shown can be combined. Of course, the splines may be raised or recessed, or the bridge 7a may be disposed on an arbitrarily shaped guide rail. Also, the solutions shown for the separation of leadership and braking area are arbitrarily applicable.
Of course, the solutions shown can also be implemented on a counterweight guide rail or on a brake disc of the drive and the production methods of the longitudinal V-grooves are selected by the bridge manufacturer.

Claims (12)

1. Lift installation with a lift cage (3) and brake equipment (10) for braking and holding the lift cage (3), the brake equipment (10) comprising a brake lining (12) which co-operates with a brake surface (11) for the purpose of the braking and holding, characterised in that the brake surface (11) has at least one longitudinal wedge groove or wedge elevation which is oriented in braking direction and which acts on the brake lining (12) in case of need.
2. Lift installation according to claim 1, characterised in that the brake lining (12) has a counter-shape adapted to the longitudinal wedge groove or wedge elevation of the brake lining (11).
3. Lift installation according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the brake equipment (10) is arranged in the region of the lift cage (3) and the brake surface (11) is integrated in a guide rail (7) which guides the lift cage (3).
4. Lift installation according to claim 3, characterised in that the guide rail (7) has a guide region (14) for interaction with the guide means and a brake region as brake surface (11) for interaction with the brake equipment (10), wherein the guide region (14) and brake region have different surfaces and the guide region (14) is geometrically separated from the brake region.
5. Lift installation according to one of claims 3 and 4, characterised in that the guide rail (7), which is preferably a T-shaped guide rail (7), has a rail web and this rail web has both the guide region (14) for interaction with the guide means and the brake region (11) for interaction with the brake equipment (10).
6. Lift installation according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterised in that the guide region (14) is provided with a slide means, for example a nano-composite, for reducing friction or with a slide coating (15), wherein the slide coating (15) is a profile member, preferably a synthetic profile member containing 'Teflon'.
7. Lift installation according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the brake region (11) is worked into the basic structure of the guide rail (7), alternatively drawn, rolled or mechanically processed, and/or that the brake region (11) is produced by means of a brake profile member mounted on the basic structure of the guide rail (7) and/or that the brake region (11) is provided with means influencing friction, for example a nano-composite for increasing friction.
8. Lift installation according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the separation between guide region (14) and brake region (11) prevents transmission of slide means in particular from the guide region (14) to the brake region (11).
9. Lift installation according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the brake equipment (10) is arranged in the region of a drive engine (6) and the brake surface (11) is disposed in direct connection with a drive pulley or a drive shaft of the drive engine (6), wherein the braking and holding action of the brake equipment (10) is transmitted to the lift cage (3) by way of supporting and drive means (5).
10. Guide rail of a lift installation, which guide rail (7) has a brake surface (11) for interaction with brake equipment (10), characterised in that the brake surface (11) has at least one longitudinal wedge groove or wedge elevation which is oriented in braking direction and on which the brake equipment (12) acts in case of need.
11. Brake equipment of a lift installation for braking and holding a lift cage (3), the brake equipment (10) comprising a brake lining (12) which co-operates with a brake surface (11) for the purpose of the braking and holding, characterised in that the brake lining (12) has at least one longitudinal wedge groove or wedge elevation which is oriented in braking direction and which acts on the brake surface (11) in the case of need.
12. Method for guiding, holding and braking a lift installation (3) with a lift cage, wherein the lift cage (3) is guided along guide rails (7) by way of guide means (9), and the lift cage (3) is braked and held by means of braking equipment (10), wherein the brake equipment (10) acts on the guide rail (7) for the purpose of the braking and holding and wherein the guide rail (7) is provided with a guide region (14) for interaction with the guide means and with a brake surface (11) for interaction with the brake equipment (10), characterised in that the brake surface (11) is constructed with at least one longitudinal wedge groove or wedge elevation which is oriented in braking direction and on which the brake lining (12) can act in case of need.

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