EP1973636B1 - Method for preparing a calibrated emulsion - Google Patents

Abstract

The semi continuous preparation of emulsion droplets of phase A in phase B, comprises mixing the mixture of the phase A and the phase B by a mixing system having scraping agitators (3a, 3b) with coaxial multiple shafts (2a, 2b) to obtain a dispersion of phase A in phase B with a volume concentration of phase A higher than 74%, and diluting the dispersion by addition of the phase B through a mixing system with the coaxial multiple shafts to obtain the emulsion droplets of the phase A in the phase B. The mixing system with the coaxial multiple shafts has non-scraping agitator. The semi continuous preparation of emulsion droplets of phase A in phase B, comprises mixing the mixture of the phase A and the phase B by a mixing system having scraping agitators (3a, 3b) with coaxial multiple shafts (2a, 2b) to obtain a dispersion of phase A in phase B with a volume concentration of phase A higher than 74%, and diluting the dispersion by addition of the phase B through a mixing system with the coaxial multiple shafts to obtain the emulsion droplets of the phase A in the phase B. The mixing system with the coaxial multiple shafts has non-scraping agitator with a speed of =12 m/s at a time of mixing. The average diameter of the emulsion droplets is controlled by an adjustment of deformation applied at the time of the mixing. The mixing step is carried out at the rate of deformation of 5-150 s -> 1>. The agitator scraping is used at a speed of =2.5 m/s. The scraping and non-scraping agitator is in a rotation or a counter rotation form. A mean velocity of rotation of the scraping agitator is lower in the diluting step than the mixing step. A mean velocity of the non-scraping agitator is higher in the diluting step than the mixing step. The number of revolutions of the scraping agitator at diluting step is five times higher than the mixing step. The number of revolutions of the non-scraping agitator at diluting step is twice the mixing step. The average diameter of the emulsion droplet is lower than 1 micron. The emulsion droplet has polydispersity of lower than 0.2. The phase A is added to the phase B with a mass flow of 0.01 - 3 times mass of the phase B per second. The phase B is added to phase A with a mass flow of 0.0001 - 0.1 times mass of phase A per second in mixing step. The phase A is bitumen or aqueous solution and the phase B is a aqueous solution or bitumen.

Description

TECHNICAL AREA

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a calibrated emulsion, in particular a bituminous emulsion; it also relates to emulsions prepared according to this process.

STATE OF THE ART

The emulsions are composed of immiscible liquid phases stabilized by one or more surfactants. The need to ensure increased performance and extend the scope of emulsions is done by calibrating their particle size. Thus, in the case of emulsified bitumen, improving the properties of the emulsion, especially in the field of road surfacing (ease and safety of implementation, homogeneity after drying, etc.), requires obtaining a granulometry finer than that currently produced on industrial units. By finer granulometry is meant a reduction in the average size of the droplets and their polydispersity compared to existing processes.

1. 1) le changement des paramètres physico-chimiques de l'émulsion ;
2. 2) le changement du procédé de fabrication, ou procédé d'émulsification.

Two methods are a priori possible to modify the particle size of an emulsion:

1. 1) the change of physicochemical parameters of the emulsion;
2. 2) the change in the manufacturing process, or emulsification process.

However, the specific applications of emulsions often limit the changes related to the physico-chemical parameters, so that the modification of the emulsification process remains practically the only possibility to achieve this objective.

Emulsification processes are generally developed and scaled in a turbulent regime. The state of the art of the emulsification in this regime has led to the identification of a dimensioning criterion which relates the average size of the droplets to the power dissipated within the mixer. The technological developments relating to emulsification processes have therefore been directed towards maximizing and / or controlling the power dissipated within the mixing geometries. Typically, the power dissipated locally varies between 10 ⁴ W / m ³ and 10 ⁷ W / m ³ and the peripheral speed of the stirring mobile is greater than 10 m / s. According to the approach described above, the success of the objective of controlling and reducing the particle size distribution is based on the design of more efficient equipment (high-speed rotating parts on geometries with air gaps generally less than 1 mm). . Such a design generates significant mechanical complications all the more significant on industrial units. In addition, this intensification of the dissipated power is often accompanied by a significant reduction in the residence time in the shear zone, thus accentuating the phenomena of re-coalescence of the droplets and limiting the expected effect of the power dissipated on the diameter. droplets. This is why conventional emulsification processes available on an industrial scale remain largely unsatisfactory.

Furthermore, it should be noted that the production of emulsions with a high concentration of dispersed phase (that is to say more than about 70% of dispersed phase) generally makes use of specific techniques.

As an example of a concentrated emulsification process, the document GB 1283462 proposes a system for the continuous production of an oil-in-water emulsion, comprising a planetary type rotary beater, and wherein the phases to be emulsified and the emulsion formed are respectively introduced and withdrawn continuously.

The document US 3565817 provides another example of a process for producing a continuously concentrated emulsion, in which the shear must be maintained at a value sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the emulsion but lower than the point of instability of the emulsion.

The documents EP 0156486 and EP 0162591 describe processes for preparing concentrated emulsions at a shear rate of between 10 and 1000 s ^-1 , but which, in practice, only make it possible to obtain droplets with a typical size of 2 μm to 50 μm.

The document US 4746460 discloses a process for preparing a concentrated emulsion produced from a foam obtained by beating an aqueous solution with a gas.

The document US 5250576 describes a more particular application of a process for the preparation of concentrated emulsions, in which the emulsion is stabilized by a crosslinking of polymers.

In the document US 5399293 a concentrated emulsion is formed continuously by subjecting the liquid to two distinct and successive shearing forces with a single-shaft mixer. However, it appears in the examples that the system does not make it possible to obtain droplets smaller than 3 μm in size.

The document US 5539021 presents another method of preparation of concentrated emulsion, in which the important parameter is the adjustment of the respective flow rates of the two phases to be emulsified, which are mixed continuously.

The document US 5827909 discloses a continuous emulsion preparation process, wherein a portion of the emulsion is removed from the mixing zone and then reinjected into the mixing zone. This process is more particularly dedicated to emulsions intended to undergo a subsequent polymerization.

The document WO 99/06139 proposes to mix a first viscous phase to be emulsified (viscosity between 1 and 5000 Pa.s) with a second phase immiscible with the first, at a rate of 75 to 95% by weight of the first phase and at a shear rate between 250 and 2500 s ^-1 . The process described in this document is discontinuous, that is to say that the two phases are brought together at one time.

The document US Patent 5354504 describes a process for preparing a viscous hydro-carbons emulsion in water, which inhibits aging.

However, the methods described in the above documents are difficult to implement. In particular, concentrated emulsions have significant problems of instability and high risks of phase inversion (ie risks of passage of an "oil in water" type emulsion to a "water-in-oil" type emulsion); they also present specific difficulties related to their non-Newtonian and elastic rheological behavior.

There is therefore a need for improvement of the known processes, which makes it possible to prepare, in a more reliable and more reproducible manner, emulsions with a controlled particle size (and as small as possible) in terms of average droplet diameter and polydispersity, especially on a scale. commercial or industrial production.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

1. (i) mélange d'une quantité de phase A et d'une quantité de phase B au moyen d'un système de mélange à arbres multiples comprenant au moins un agitateur raclant, de manière à obtenir une dispersion de la phase A dans la phase B avec une concentration volumique de la phase A supérieure à 74 % ;
2. (ii) dilution de la dispersion obtenue à l'étape (i) par ajout d'une quantité supplémentaire de phase B, et mélange au moyen dudit système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir une émulsion de gouttelettes d'une phase A dans une phase B.

The invention thus provides a semi-continuous process for preparing an emulsion of droplets of a phase A in a phase B, comprising the following steps:

1. (i) mixing a quantity of phase A and a quantity of phase B by means of a multi-tree mixing system comprising at least one scraping stirrer, so as to obtain a dispersion of phase A in the phase B with a volume concentration of phase A greater than 74%;
2. (ii) diluting the dispersion obtained in step (i) by adding an additional amount of phase B, and mixing by means of said multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a droplet emulsion of a phase A in a phase B.

Preferably, said multi-tree mixing system further comprises at least one non-scraper stirrer.

Preferably, in the method according to the invention, the average diameter of the droplets of the emulsion is controlled by an adjustment of the deformation applied during the mixing of step (i).

Preferably, in the process according to the invention, the mixture of step (i) is carried out at a deformation rate of between 5 and 150 s ^-1 .

According to a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention, the multi-shaft mixing system is coaxial.

Preferably, in the method according to the invention, the speed of rotation of the scraping stirrer (s) undergoes an increase during step (i).

Preferably, in the process according to the invention, the scraping stirrer (s) are used at a peripheral speed less than or equal to 3 m / s, in particular less than or equal to 2.5 m / s.

Preferably, in the process according to the invention, the non-scraping stirrer (s) are used at a peripheral speed of less than or equal to 15 m / s, in particular less than or equal to 12 m / s during step (i). .

Preferably, in the method according to the invention, the scraping and non-scraping stirrers can rotate in a corotative or counter-rotating mode.

• la vitesse moyenne de rotation du ou des agitateurs raclants est plus petite lors de l'étape (ii.) que lors de l'étape (i) ; et
• la vitesse moyenne de rotation du ou des agitateurs non raclants est plus grande lors de l'étape (ii) que lors de l'étape (i).

Advantageously, the process as defined above is such that:

• the average rotational speed of the scraping stirrer (s) is smaller in step (ii.) than in step (i); and
• the average speed of rotation of the non-scraping stirrer (s) is greater during step (ii) than during step (i).

• la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs raclants lors de l'étape (ii) est plus de cinq fois inférieure à la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs raclants lors de l'étape (i) ; et
• la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs non raclants lors de l'étape (ii) est plus de deux fois supérieure à la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs non raclants lors de l'étape (i).

According to a more particularly preferred embodiment:

• the speed of rotation of the scraping stirrer (s) during step (ii) is more than five times lower than the speed of rotation of the scraper stirrer (s) during step (i); and
• the speed of rotation of the non-scraping stirrer (s) during step (ii) is more than twice the speed of rotation of the non-scraping stirrer (s) during step (i).

According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the average diameter of the droplets of the emulsion is less than about 1 micron.

According to a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the emulsion has a polydispersity of less than 0.4, preferably less than 0.3 and more preferably of about 0.2.

According to a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, in step (i), phase A is added to phase B at a mass flow rate of between 0.01 times and 3 times the mass of phase B by second.

According to an alternative embodiment, in step (i), phase B is added to phase A at a mass flow rate of between 0.0001 times and 0.1 times the mass of phase A per second.

Preferably, in the process according to the invention, phase A is a hydrophilic phase and phase B is a hydrophobic phase where phase A is a hydrophobic phase and phase B is a hydrophilic phase.

More preferably, phase A is a bitumen and phase B is an aqueous solution where phase A is an aqueous solution and phase B is a bitumen.

The present invention makes it possible to overcome the drawbacks of the state of the art, and more particularly makes it possible more reliably and more reproducibly to prepare emulsions with a controlled particle size (and as small as possible) in terms of average droplet diameter and polydispersity, especially on a scale of commercial or industrial production. It must also be emphasized the simplicity of implementation of the method of the present invention on industrial units. The present invention makes it possible in particular to limit the risks of inversion of the emulsion as well as to limit the disadvantages relating to the non-Newtonian and elastic rheological behavior of the concentrated emulsions.

The object of the invention is achieved by using a multi-shaft mixing system (comprising one or more scraper stirrers) to effect mixing under controlled deformation of phase A and phase B, both during stage of preparation of the dispersion intermediate concentrated in phase A than during the dilution step to achieve the desired final emulsion.

• dans le procédé selon l'invention le mélange des deux phases est semi continu, c'est à dire qu'il est entamé au cours de leur mise en présence progressive, alors que, dans les techniques connues, soit les deux phases sont mises en présence en une seule fois et sont mélangées seulement après cette mise en présence, soit le procédé de préparation est de type purement continu ;
• dans le cadre de l'invention, le mélangeage des phases immiscibles est effectué au moyen d'un système de mélange à arbres multiples qui comprend un ou plusieurs agitateurs raclants et de préférence un ou plusieurs agitateurs non raclants, dont les vitesses de rotation respectives à chaque étape sont prédéfinies, et qui peuvent notamment fonctionner en mode corotatif ou contrarotatif ;
• le procédé selon l'invention permet de préférence de contrôler précisément le diamètre moyen des gouttelettes au moyen du seul paramètre de la déformation totale appliquée lors du mélange, ledit paramètre étant ajusté en fonction de la concentration des phases à l'aide d'un modèle de calibration phénoménologique ; en revanche, dans les techniques connues, ce contrôle se fait, plus ou moins efficacement, par l'intermédiaire d'un ensemble de paramètres tels que le taux de cisaillement, les concentrations respectives des phases, la teneur en tensioactif et l'énergie dissipée lors du mélange, dont la connaissance ne permet pas de prédire a priori la taille de gouttelettes de manière simple.

The process according to the invention also has the following advantageous technical differences with respect to the known processes for preparing highly concentrated emulsions:

• in the process according to the invention the mixture of the two phases is semi-continuous, that is to say that it is started during their gradual introduction, whereas, in the known techniques, the two phases are put into presence at one time and are mixed only after this introduction, ie the preparation process is of purely continuous type;
• in the context of the invention, the mixing of the immiscible phases is carried out by means of a multi-shaft mixing system which comprises one or more scraping stirrers and preferably one or more non-scraping stirrers, whose respective rotation speeds to each step are predefined, and which can in particular operate in a corotative or counter-rotating mode;
• the method according to the invention preferably makes it possible to precisely control the mean diameter of the droplets by means of the only parameter of the total strain applied during the mixing, said parameter being adjusted as a function of the concentration of the phases by means of a model phenomenological calibration; on the other hand, in the known techniques, this control is done, more or less efficiently, by means of a set of parameters such as the shear rate, the respective concentrations of the phases, the surfactant content and the energy dissipated. when mixing, whose knowledge does not predict a priori the droplet size in a simple manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The Figures 1A to 1D are schematic sectional views showing various multi-shaft mixing systems that can be used in the invention.

The Figures 2 to 4 represent the particle size profile of emulsions of bitumen in water respectively obtained according to the protocols of examples 1 to 3. On the abscissa is the diameter of the droplets in μm, and the ordinate is the volume percentage corresponding to the different sizes of drops (profile of size distribution).

The figure 5 represents the median diameter of the droplets of a bitumen emulsion in water obtained by means of a coaxial mixing system (diameter given in microns on the ordinate), as a function of the deformation applied to the emulsion (on the abscissa), it is proportional to the mixing time, and this constant rate of deformation. : results obtained for a strain rate of 85 s ^-1 ; O: results obtained for a deformation rate of 50 s ^-1 . The dotted line corresponds to a phenomenological model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

1. (i) mélange d'une quantité de phase A et d'une quantité de phase B au moyen d'un système de mélange à arbres multiples comprenant au moins un agitateur raclant, de manière à obtenir une dispersion de la phase A dans la phase B avec une concentration volumique de la phase A supérieure à 74 % ;
2. (ii) dilution de la dispersion obtenue à l'étape (i) par ajout d'une quantité supplémentaire de phase B, et mélange au moyen dudit système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir une émulsion de gouttelettes d'une phase A dans une phase B.

The subject of the invention is therefore a semi-continuous process for preparing an emulsion of droplets of a phase A in a phase B, comprising the following steps:

1. (i) mixing a quantity of phase A and a quantity of phase B by means of a multi-tree mixing system comprising at least one scraping stirrer, so as to obtain a dispersion of phase A in the phase B with a volume concentration of phase A greater than 74%;
2. (ii) diluting the dispersion obtained in step (i) by adding an additional amount of phase B, and mixing by means of said multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a droplet emulsion of a phase A in a phase B.

Phases A and B represent two immiscible liquids capable of giving rise to an emulsion. Phase A is the phase which is intended to form the droplets, or micelles; it is also called dispersed phase. Phase B is the so-called continuous phase, intended to form the interstitial medium between the droplets. Either or both phases may contain one or more surfactants. Preferably, the surfactants are contained in the continuous phase B.

By "semi-continuous process" it is meant that a first part of the products involved in the preparation is initially introduced into a container for carrying out the process, and a second part of the products is then added during the process itself. even. Such a semi-continuous process is distinguished, on the one hand, from a batch process, in which all of the products are brought together in a single container, and on the other hand by a continuous process, in which the products involved in the preparation would be continuously introduced and the final product continuously removed from the container, without interruption. Examples of continuous process are provided by the aforementioned documents GB 1283462 , US 5539021 , US 5827909 or US 5399293 , while an example of a batch process is provided by the document WO 99/06139 . It should be emphasized that in batch processes the mixing of the products may be difficult to perform and that in continuous processes, where smaller volume containers are used, delicate rheology problems may arise.

The two steps of the process according to the invention are carried out in the same container or tank.

By "multi-tree mixing system" is meant a mixer which comprises at least two trees, preferably from two to five trees. On each shaft are mounted one or more stirrers or stirring agitators. Said mixing system therefore comprises at least two agitating mobiles or stirrers, which can rotate independently of one another. Mixed trees are also possible. A multi-tree mixing system avoids caverns and dead zones created by improper fluid flow, and is well suited to mixing fluids whose rheology is complex or evolving during mixing. In addition, it has been shown that concentrated emulsions exhibit this type of rheological behavior. We can for example quote the Chapter 11 titled The Structure, Mechanics, and Rheology of Concentrated Emulsions and Fluid Foams by HM Princen from the following book: Encyclopedic handbook of emulsion technology, by Sjöblom, edited by Marcel Dekker (New York, 2001) ).

• Mixing : Theory and Practice, de Uhl et Gray, édité par Academic Press (New York, 1996 ) ;
• Mixing in the Process Industries 2nd Edition, de Harnby, Edwards et Nienow, édité par Butterworth Heinemann (Oxford, 1992 ) ;
• Fluid Mixing Technology, de Bates, Fondy, Fenic et Oldshue, édité par Chemical engineering (New York, 1983 ) ;
• Handbook of Industrial Mixing : Science and Practice, édité par Paul, Atiemo-Obeng et Kresta, publié chez John Wiley & Sons (New Jersey, 2004 ).

The literature on multi-tree mixing systems includes the following:

• Mixing: Theory and Practice, by Uhl and Gray, edited by Academic Press (New York, 1996 );
• Mixing in the Process Industries 2nd Edition, by Harnby, Edwards and Nienow, edited by Butterworth Heinemann (Oxford, 1992 );
• Fluid Mixing Technology, Bates, Fondy, Fenic and Oldshue, edited by Chemical Engineering (New York, 1983 );
• Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice, edited by Paul, Atiemo-Obeng and Kresta, published by John Wiley & Sons (New Jersey, 2004 ).

The term "scraping stirrer" is understood to mean a stirring stirrer which is characterized by a ratio between the air gap and the diameter of the vessel of between 0 and 0.1, and preferably between 0 and 0.05. The air gap is the minimum distance between the peripheral end of the blade (or other rotating part) of a stirring mobile and the wall of the tank.

The geometry of the scraper agitator generally induces a tangential flow (in particular in the case of an anchor or frame type mobile). The scraping stirrer may also have a geometry that combines tangential and axial flow rates (in the case of a helical type mobile).

Preferably, in step (i) a phase is gradually added, or gradually incorporated (over a period of at least a few seconds, or even at least a few minutes), into the other phase, while operating a mixing using the multi-tree mixing system. In practice, one of the two phases is initially placed in a container such as a tank, then the other phase is poured or injected into the first (for example at the top, bottom or middle of the vessel). The mixture of step (i) can continue beyond the incorporation process, i.e. even once it is completed. The mixture has the intensity and duration sufficient to obtain the desired emulsion granulometry (in terms of average size and droplet polydispersity).

The quantities of phase A and B to be put in the presence and mixed are such that phase A represents more than 74% by volume of all of the two phases at the end of step (i). The volume concentration of 74% represents the theoretical maximum stack of single size spherical droplets. Beyond this threshold, some droplets or all of them lose their spherical shape to take a polyhedral shape. Thus, the mixture of the phases A and B obtained has a high effective viscosity, which makes it possible, even with a low rotational speed of the stirring mechanisms used, to effectively break up the droplets to the desired size.

The dispersion obtained in step (i) is an intermediate emulsion, and the emulsion obtained in step (ii) is the final emulsion. However, the intermediate emulsion itself can advantageously be recovered for use, since it may have satisfactory characteristics for certain specific needs. The final emulsion, on the other hand, has the desired disperse phase concentration, which can be less than 74 vol%, and even as small as desired. The addition of the additional amount of continuous phase B in step (ii) is preferably progressive, and is done with stirring using the same mixing system that is used in step (i). The mixing of step (ii) can continue after the addition of the additional amount of phase B is completed.

The continuous phase B that is added in step (ii) may contain surfactants. The dilution provided for in step (ii) ensures the relaxation of the polyhedral droplets (reduction of the interfacial area). The added phase B is introduced between the droplets. During this step a large force is provided to counteract the disjunction pressure which ensures the stability of the films of the emulsions concentrated, hence the importance of mixing during step (ii).

Preferably, the mixing system may also comprise one or more non-scraping stirrers, characterized by a ratio between the air gap and the vessel diameter greater than 0.1. For non-scraping agitators, the various geometries of axial and / or radial flow mobiles are preferred. Examples include propellers, dispersion discs, radial or mixed flow turbines.

The Figures 1A to 1D give a schematic representation, in section, of various multi-shaft mixing systems that can be used to implement the method of the present invention.

The Figure 1A represents a mixing system in a tank or container (1), comprising two shafts (2a, 2b) on the same axis but being able to rotate independently of one another. It is a coaxial system. On each shaft (2a, 2b) is mounted a respective stirrer (3a, 3b). One of the stirrers (3a) is a scraping stirrer, anchor type, while the other stirrer (3b) is a non-scraping stirrer, type dispersion disc, propeller or turbine.

In the multi-tree mixing system of the Figure 1B , the two shafts (2a, 2b) are located on two distinct and parallel axes. This is a non-coaxial system. The two respective agitators (3a, 3b) mounted on the two shafts (2a, 2b) are of another type, scraping for one (3a) and non-scraping for the other (3b).

The mixing system shown in figure 1C comprises three shafts (2a, 2b, 2c) located on three distinct and parallel axes, and on which are mounted three respective agitators (3a, 3b, 3c), one of which (3a) is of scraper type and the other two ( 3b, 3c) are of the non-scraping type.

The mixing system shown in figure 1D differs from the previous ones in that it comprises two scraper stirrers (3a, 3a ') mounted on respective non-coaxial shafts (2a, 2a'). Unlike the previous examples, only part of the periphery of these scraping agitators (and not the whole) is located in close proximity to the wall of the tank (1). In this case, the gap of the scraper stirrers (3a, 3a ') corresponds to the minimum distance between the periphery of the stirrers and the wall of the tank. As in the other examples of mixing system, the ratio between the air gap and the diameter of the tank is between 0 and 0.1, preferably between 0 and 0.05. The mixing system of the figure 1D is also equipped with two non-scraping stirrers (3b, 3c) coaxially mounted on respective shafts (2b, 2c).

It is important to note that the above devices are only a few examples of the very numerous possible geometries for the multi-tree mixing system that can be used according to the invention, which is known to those skilled in the art through patents or publications. of the domain. Thus, in order to simply illustrate the diversity of existing multi-tree mixing systems, mention may be made of the document mixing system. US 3861656 which comprises a frame-type scraping stirrer and, within the path swept by the scraping stirrer, an off-center set of two closely spaced screws which constitute a coordinated set of non-scraping stirrers. By way of further illustration, reference can also be made to the documents US 4854720 , US 4197019 , US 4403868 , EP 1121193 or US 5611619 .

In addition, in the context of the invention, the shaft or shafts supporting the non-scraping stirrer (s) are not necessarily vertical and parallel, but may instead be inclined. In particular, it is possible to use a tank provided with a single scraping stirrer in which an auxiliary stirrer is installed in an oblique position and clamped on the edge of the tank.

Preferably, the average diameter of the droplets of the emulsion is controlled by an adjustment of the deformation applied during the mixing of step (i). Indeed, as described hereinafter (Example 4), for a particular type of given multi-tree mixing system, it is possible to obtain a calibration by a phenomenological approach for connecting the average diameter of the droplets of the sample. total deformation emulsion which is applied during step (i). With this calibration, it is possible to obtain a desired particle size emulsion by adjusting as a single parameter the total deformation applied during step (i), for a given phase concentration.

Preferably, the mixing is carried out at a deformation rate of between 5 and 150 s ^-1 in step (i). It is recalled that the deformation rate γ̇ is related to the total strain γ by the relation: γ = γ̇ × t where t is the residence time in the zone of maximum deformation.

In the multi-shaft mixing system, the shafts may be centered or eccentric with respect to the tank in which the mixing takes place. According to a particular embodiment, the mixing system is coaxial. This is a configuration comprising at least two centered shafts, one of which is preferably provided with a scraping stirrer and the other preferably provided with a non-scraping stirrer. In this case, the ratio between the diameter of the non-scraping stirrer and that of the tank is preferably between 0.2 and 0.6, and more particularly between 0.3 and 0.5.

The scraping and non-scraping agitators can rotate in a corotative or counter-rotating manner, that is to say in the same or opposite direction respectively.

During step (i), the scraper stirrer (s) have a leading role. They are preferably used at a peripheral speed of between 0.05 m / s and 3 m / s. The use of the scraping stirrer (s) at these speeds ensures a sufficient deformation to cause the breakage of the droplets. Preferably, the speed of rotation of the scraping stirrer (s) undergoes an increase during step (i), which makes it possible to limit the losses of product in step (ii) and to improve the quality of the mixture during of step (i).

One or more non-scraping stirrers may also be used during step (i), in which case their role is to improve the spatial distribution of phases A and B in the zones favorable for the deformation of the droplets created by the agitator (s). scraping. In this case, their average peripheral speed is typically less than 12 m / s.

Still in this case, the contribution of the non-scraping stirrer (s) to the deformation of the high dispersed phase emulsion is negligible compared with that of the scraping stirrer (s). The deformation rate induced by a multi-shaft mixer is therefore comparable to that applied by the scraping stirrer (s). Now, the average deformation rate created by an agitator is related to the rotation speed N of this stirrer (in revolutions per second) by the formula: γ̇ = K _s × N where K _s is a constant which depends on the geometry of the stirrer. 'stirrer.

Knowing that the K _s of the scraper stirrer is known, by adapting the speed of rotation of the scraping stirrer and the mixing time of the intermediate emulsion, a given deformation is imposed, and therefore a desired particle size is obtained (see figure 5 especially). By way of example, for the mixing geometries mentioned above for the scraping stirrer, K _s generally varies between 15 and 70, preferably between 20 and 45. The maximum power density of the scraper stirrer during the mixing of the high dispersed phase content emulsion is in a range of 10 to 100 times lower than stirring agitators operated in a turbulent regime (10 ³ W / m ³ to 10 ⁵ W / m ³ ).

During step (ii), the pumping and circulation generated by the mixing system maximize the relaxation of the droplet shape. For this purpose, non-scraping stirrers are preferred; they are then operated over a speed range between 0 and 15 m / s. The scraping stirrer (s), which play a less important role at this stage because of the tangential flow rate they induce, can nevertheless be advantageously combined with non-scraping stirrers in order to optimize the relaxation of the droplets. In this case the peripheral speed of the scraping stirrer (s) is lower than that of the non scraper stirrers, and is between 0 and 2 m / s.

• la vitesse moyenne de rotation du ou des agitateurs raclants est inférieure, et en particulier inférieure d'un facteur supérieur à 5, lors de l'étape (ii) par rapport à l'étape (i) ; et
• la vitesse moyenne de rotation du ou des agitateurs non raclants est supérieure, et en particulier supérieure d'un facteur supérieur à 2, lors de l'étape (ii) par rapport à l'étape (i).

The prominent role given to the scraping and non-scraping agitators, respectively in the mixing step of the concentrated emulsion and in the dilution step, justifies that:

• the average rotational speed of the scraping stirrer (s) is lower, and in particular less than a factor of 5, in step (ii) with respect to step (i); and
• the average speed of rotation of the non-scraping agitator (s) is greater, and in particular greater by a factor greater than 2, in step (ii) with respect to step (i).

It should be noted that the speed of the non-scraping stirrer (s) may be zero in step (i) and non-zero in step (ii), and that the speed of the scraper stirrer (s) may be non-zero in step (i) and zero in step (ii).

Preferably, the dispersion obtained at the end of step (i) has a mass fraction of surfactants of between 0.005 and 0.05, although a different range of mass fraction of surfactants can advantageously be used depending on the composition of the composition. the emulsion. It should be noted that a defect or an excess of surfactants may result in instability of the emulsion (rapid coalescence) or phase inversion. It should further be emphasized that the mass fraction of surfactant to be used depends on the dispersed phase concentration in step (i). Surfactants may or may not be included in the continuous phase B which is added in step (ii). The surfactants that can be used in the context of the invention are, in particular, anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants.

Preferably, the final emulsion has an average droplet size of less than about 1 micron and a polydispersity of less than 0.4 (or 40%), preferably 0.3 (or 30%), and more preferably about 0.2 (or 20%). By "polydispersity" is meant the ratio of the standard deviation of the particle size distribution to the average diameter of the droplets.

• selon le premier mode, la mise en présence progressive de l'étape (i) consiste en un ajout de la phase A à la phase B à un débit massique compris entre 0,01 fois et 3 fois la masse de la phase B par seconde ;
• selon le deuxième mode, la mise en présence progressive de l'étape (i) consiste en un ajout de la phase B à la phase A à un débit massique compris entre 0,0001 fois et 0,1 fois la masse de la phase A par seconde.

Two advantageous alternative modes are possible for carrying out step (i):

• in the first mode, the step-by-step introduction of step (i) consists of an addition of the phase A to phase B at a mass flow rate between 0.01 times and 3 times the mass of phase B per second;
• according to the second mode, the step-by-step introduction of step (i) consists of an addition of phase B to phase A at a mass flow rate of between 0.0001 times and 0.1 times the mass of phase A per second.

In the first case, the dispersed phase is poured or injected into the continuous phase and in the second case it is the continuous phase which is poured or injected into the dispersed phase.

Moreover, phase A can be a hydrophilic phase and phase B a hydrophobic (or lipophilic) phase, or phase A can be a hydrophobic phase and phase B a hydrophilic phase. We speak of "water-in-oil" emulsions in the first case, and "oil-in-water" emulsions in the second case. Preferably, it is phase A which is hydrophobic and phase B hydrophilic.

Each hydrophilic or hydrophobic phase comprises at least one hydrophilic or hydrophobic compound respectively, and may for example comprise a mixture of hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds respectively, or consist of a single hydrophilic or hydrophobic compound respectively.

Examples of possible hydrophilic phases are water and aqueous solutions.

Examples of possible hydrophobic phases are oils, hydrocarbons.

• dans le cas des matériaux hydrophobes, les esters de colophane, la lanoline, les bitumes, les cires, les polybutadiènes, et de manière générale les polymères hydrophobes ou lipophiles,
• dans le cas des matériaux hydrophiles, les polyéthylènes glycols, les sucres, les gélatines et leurs mélanges.

More particularly, among the compounds which can be dispersed according to the invention, are:

• in the case of hydrophobic materials, esters of rosin, lanolin, bitumens, waxes, polybutadienes, and in general hydrophobic or lipophilic polymers,
• in the case of hydrophilic materials, polyethylene glycols, sugars, gelatins and mixtures thereof.

The invention can therefore be applied to fields as diverse as agri-food, pharmacology, cosmetics and the majority of industrial fields.

Particularly preferably, the dispersed phase A is a bitumen and the continuous phase B is an aqueous solution where the dispersed phase A is an aqueous solution and the continuous phase B is a bitumen. The calibrated bitumen emulsion thus prepared can be used in the context of the road surfacing industry, in particular for making road mats by spreading (and possibly compacting) materials obtained by coating or contacting aggregates, recycling, asphalt aggregates (or mixtures of these products) and a bituminous emulsion as manufactured according to the invention. "Asphalt aggregates" means any material resulting from the destruction of asphalt mats and by recycling materials any type of material resulting from the recovery of industrial waste likely to be recycled in the manufacture of road mix (materials demolition clinker, steel slag, tires ...). The emulsions according to the invention can also be used in direct spreading for road applications such as bonding layers, surface coatings or soil impregnation.

Apart from the road industry, the bitumen emulsions according to the invention can advantageously be used in the field of sealing and adhesives for the building industry.

One or both phases may be heated before or during the emulsification process. Thus, in the case of a bitumen emulsion, the bitumen is advantageously brought to a temperature of between 70 and 105 ° C. in order to fluidize it before mixing and to ensure a sufficiently high mixing temperature during step (i). ). The temperature in question is a function of the penetrability grade of the bitumen used, and of its possible modification by polymers. In general, it may be desirable not to exceed a certain temperature in order to avoid evaporation of the water. However, it is also possible to use the process according to the invention under pressure, for working with very low penetration bitumens or polymer-modified bitumens.

1. (a) ajout d'une quantité de bitume de température comprise entre 70 et 105°C à une quantité de solution aqueuse contenant des tensioactifs à un débit massique compris entre 0,01 fois et 3 fois la masse de solution aqueuse par seconde, simultanément à un mélange du bitume et de la solution aqueuse au moyen d'un système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir un pré-mélange de solution aqueuse et de bitume, dans lequel la fraction volumique du bitume est supérieure à 74 % ;
2. (b) mélange supplémentaire du pré-mélange précédent au moyen du système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir une dispersion du bitume dans la solution aqueuse ;
3. (c) ajout graduel d'une quantité supplémentaire de solution aqueuse à la dispersion obtenue précédemment, simultanément à un mélange de la dispersion de bitume dans la solution aqueuse au moyen du système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir une dispersion diluée du bitume dans la solution aqueuse ;
4. (d) mélange supplémentaire de la dispersion diluée obtenue précédemment au moyen du système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir l'émulsion de gouttelettes de bitume dans la solution aqueuse ;
   dans lequel le système de mélange à arbres multiples comprend au moins un agitateur raclant et au moins un agitateur non raclant fonctionnant en mode contrarotatif et produit un taux de déformation compris entre 5 et 150 s^-1, et dans lequel :
   • la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs raclants est plus petite lors des étapes (c) et (d) que lors des étapes (a) et (b) ; et
   • la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs non raclants est plus grande lors des étapes (c) et (d) que lors des étapes (a) et (b).

According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a method for preparing a calibrated bitumen emulsion, comprising the following steps:

1. (a) adding a quantity of bitumen with a temperature of between 70 and 105 ° C. to a quantity of aqueous solution containing surfactants at a mass flow rate of between 0.01 times and 3 times the mass of aqueous solution per second, simultaneously a mixture of the bitumen and the aqueous solution by means of a multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a premix of aqueous solution and bitumen, in which the volume fraction of the bitumen is greater than 74%;
2. (b) further mixing the preceding premix using the multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a dispersion of the bitumen in the aqueous solution;
3. (c) gradually adding an additional quantity of aqueous solution to the dispersion obtained above, simultaneously with a mixture of the bitumen dispersion in the aqueous solution by means of the multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a diluted dispersion of the bitumen in the aqueous solution;
4. (d) further mixing the diluted dispersion obtained previously by means of the multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain the emulsion of bitumen droplets in the aqueous solution;
   wherein the multi-shaft mixing system comprises at least one scraping stirrer and at least one non-scribing stirrer operating in counter-rotating mode and producing a strain rate of between 5 and 150 s ^-1 , and wherein:
   • the rotational speed of the scraping stirrer (s) is smaller in steps (c) and (d) than in steps (a) and (b); and
   • the speed of rotation of the non-scraping stirrer (s) is greater during steps (c) and (d) than during steps (a) and (b).

1. (a) ajout d'une quantité de solution aqueuse contenant des tensioactifs à une quantité de bitume de température comprise entre 70 et 105°C à un débit massique compris entre 0,0001 fois et 0,1 fois la masse de solution aqueuse par seconde, simultanément à un mélange du bitume et de la solution aqueuse au moyen d'un système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir un pré-mélange de solution aqueuse et de bitume, dans lequel la fraction volumique du bitume est supérieure à 74 % ;
2. (b) mélange supplémentaire du pré-mélange précédent au moyen du système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir une dispersion du bitume dans la solution aqueuse ;
3. (c) ajout graduel d'une quantité supplémentaire de solution aqueuse à la dispersion obtenue précédemment, simultanément à un mélange de la dispersion du bitume dans la solution aqueuse au moyen du système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir une dispersion diluée du bitume dans la solution aqueuse ;
4. (d) mélange supplémentaire de la dispersion diluée obtenue précédemment au moyen du système de mélange à arbres multiples, de manière à obtenir l'émulsion de gouttelettes de bitume dans la solution aqueuse ;
   dans lequel le système de mélange à arbres multiples comprend au moins un agitateur raclant et au moins un agitateur non raclant fonctionnant en mode contrarotatif et produit un taux de déformation compris entre 5 et 150 s^-1, et dans lequel :
   • la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs raclants est plus petite lors des étapes (c) et (d) que lors des étapes (a) et (b) ; et
   • la vitesse de rotation du ou des agitateurs non raclants est plus grande lors des étapes (c) et (d) que lors des étapes (a) et (b).

According to another particular embodiment, the invention relates to a method for preparing a calibrated bitumen emulsion, comprising the following steps:

1. (a) adding a quantity of aqueous solution containing surfactants to a quantity of bitumen with a temperature of between 70 and 105 ° C. at a mass flow rate of between 0.0001 times and 0.1 times the mass of aqueous solution per second simultaneously with a mixture of the bitumen and the aqueous solution by means of a multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a premix of aqueous solution and bitumen, in which the volume fraction of the bitumen is greater than 74 %
2. (b) further mixing the preceding premix using the multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain a dispersion of the bitumen in the aqueous solution;
3. (c) gradually adding an additional amount of aqueous solution to the previously obtained dispersion simultaneously with mixing the dispersion of the bitumen in the aqueous solution by means of the multi-tree mixing system so as to obtain a diluted dispersion of the bitumen in the aqueous solution;
4. (d) further mixing the diluted dispersion obtained previously by means of the multi-tree mixing system, so as to obtain the emulsion of bitumen droplets in the aqueous solution;
   wherein the multi-shaft mixing system comprises at least one scraping stirrer and at least one non-scribing stirrer operating in counter-rotating mode and producing a strain rate of between 5 and 150 s ^-1 , and wherein:
   • the rotational speed of the scraping stirrer (s) is smaller in steps (c) and (d) than in steps (a) and (b); and
   • the speed of rotation of the non-scraping stirrer (s) is greater during steps (c) and (d) than during steps (a) and (b).

Advantageously, the calibrated bitumen emulsion obtained according to one of the above processes is characterized by an average droplet size of less than about 1 micron and a polydispersity of less than 0.4.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the invention without limiting it.

Example 1 Bitumen Emulsification According to a Protocol No.1 for Incorporation of Bitumen into Water

The emulsion is composed of PG 64-22 grade bitumen, water and dipropylene triamine oxypropylated tallow as a surfactant (marketed by CECA under the name Polyram SL). The mixing system comprises a scraping stirrer which is a 3-arm anchor. The ratio of the diameter of this stirrer to the tank is 0.99. The mixing system further comprises a non-scraper agitator in the form of a turbine with six blades inclined at 45 °. The ratio between the diameter of the impeller with inclined blades and the tank is 0.33. The ratio between the turbine height and the tank diameter is 0.2. The diameter of the tank is 254 mm.

295 g of hydrophilic phase containing 30% by weight of surfactant is introduced into the vessel whose wall has been preheated to 85 ° C for about 5 minutes before starting the incorporation of the bitumen. Through a gear pump that connects the emulsification tank and a bitumen storage tank, the bitumen is fed into the bottom of the emulsion tank. The bitumen flow rate is maintained at 22 g / s for 180 seconds. The temperature of the injected bitumen is 98 ° C. During incorporation of the bitumen, the speed of the anchor is increased from 15 rpm to 60 rpm clockwise. The turbine is used during incorporation of the bitumen at an average speed of 770 revolutions / min counterclockwise. The concentrated dispersed phase emulsion thus obtained is mixed by imposing a speed of 90 rpm clockwise at anchor for 120 seconds. The turbine is also used to mix the concentrated emulsion in disperse phase at an average speed of 770 revolutions / min counterclockwise.

Water is added to the contents of the tank after 300 seconds from the beginning of bitumen incorporation for 50 seconds at an average flow rate of 33.1 g / sec. At the time of incorporation of the water, the speed of the anchor is lowered to 10 rpm in the clockwise direction and the speed of the turbine is gradually increased to 1620 rpm counterclockwise. These respective speeds of the agitators are stored for 240 seconds in order to obtain the final product. A small amount of the so-called final emulsion is then removed and diluted in a solution of water and surfactant Stabiram MS3 marketed by CECA. The highly diluted emulsion thus obtained is introduced into a Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments) in order to measure the particle size. The particle size obtained is presented at figure 2 .

Example 2 Bitumen Emulsification According to Protocol No. 2 for Incorporation of Water into Bitumen

The hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases and the geometry of the coaxial mixing system are similar to those described in Example 1. 4 kg of bitumen are introduced into the emulsification tank. The bitumen is heated up to 95 ° C in the same tank by means of heating strips located on the walls of the stirred tank by means of the anchor operated at 20 revolutions / min in the clockwise direction. When the temperature is stabilized at 95 ± 1 ° C, the speed of the anchor is increased to 55 rpm in a clockwise direction. The emulsification process begins with the introduction of 295 g in ten seconds of a water / surfactant mixture, containing 30.5% by weight of surfactant, from above the vessel. The turbine is started 25 seconds after the start of emulsification (start of soap injection) at a speed of 760 revolutions / min counterclockwise until the introduction of water. The speed of the anchor is increased to 70 rpm clockwise after 60 seconds since the start of emulsification. Similarly, the anchor speed is increased to 90 rpm and 105 rpm clockwise after 120 seconds and 180 seconds.

Water is added to the contents of the tank after 240 seconds from the start of emulsification, and for 50 seconds at an average flow rate of 33.1 g / sec. At the time of incorporation of the water, the speed of the anchor is lowered to 10 rpm in the clockwise direction and the speed of the turbine is gradually increased up to 1600 rpm counterclockwise. These respective speeds of the agitators are stored for 240 seconds in order to obtain the final product. A small amount of the so-called final emulsion is then removed and diluted in a solution of water and surfactant Stabiram MS3 marketed by CECA. The highly diluted emulsion thus obtained is introduced into the Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments) in order to measure the particle size. The particle size obtained is presented at figure 3 .

Example 3 Bitumen Emulsification According to a Second Version of Protocol No. 1 for Incorporating Bitumen Into Water (Other Type of Mixer)

The hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases and the non-scraper stirrer of the coaxial mixer are similar to those described in Examples 1 and 2. The geometry of the scraping stirrer is a double helical ribbon. The tape height is 254 mm with a pitch of 152 mm and a width of 25.4 mm. The ratio between the helical ribbon diameter and the tank is 0.98. The diameter of the tank is 254 mm.

295 g of a surfactant / water mixture containing 29.5% by weight of surfactant is introduced into the vessel, the wall of which has been preheated to 85 ° C. for about 5 minutes before beginning the incorporation of the bitumen. Through a gear pump that connects the emulsification tank and a bitumen storage tank, the bitumen is fed into the bottom of the emulsion tank. The bitumen flow rate is 22 g / s and the supply of the dispersed phase is stopped after 180 seconds. The temperature of the injected bitumen is 98 ° C. During the incorporation of the bitumen, the speed of the anchor is increased increasing from 15 rpm to 60 rpm in the clockwise direction. The turbine is used during the incorporation of the bitumen at an average speed of 670 revolutions / min counterclockwise. The concentrated dispersed phase emulsion is mixed for 120 seconds by imposing a 90 rpm clockwise speed at the anchor. The turbine is also used during mixing of the dispersed phase concentrated emulsion at an average speed of 670 revolutions / min counterclockwise.

Water is added to the contents of the tank after 300 seconds from the beginning of bitumen incorporation for 50 seconds at an average rate of 33.1 g / sec. At the time of incorporation of the water, the helical ribbon speed is lowered to 10 revolutions / min counterclockwise and the speed of the turbine is gradually increased up to 1600 revolutions / min in the clockwise direction. These respective speeds of the agitators are stored for 240 seconds in order to obtain the final product. A small amount of the so-called final emulsion is then removed and diluted in a solution of water and surfactant Stabiram MS3 marketed by CECA. The highly diluted emulsion thus obtained is introduced into the Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments) in order to measure the particle size. The particle size obtained is presented at figure 4 .

Example 4: Calibration of the Emulsion Droplet Diameter

The figure 5 represents the influence of the deformation (proportional to the mixing time) on the volume median diameter of the drops in a coaxial mixing system for two different strain rates. The manufacturing process, the coaxial mixing system and the composition of the emulsion are those described in Example 1. The dashed curve of the figure 5 presents the phenomenological model developed to predict the median volume volume versus strain for a composition of the given dispersed content emulsion (for a coaxial mixer). Therefore, thanks to a reading of the figure 5 , the person skilled in the art is able to adapt the process for preparing an emulsion according to the invention, and It is particularly important to adapt the mixing time and rotational speed parameters of the stirrers, in order to prepare an emulsion whose droplets have a predefined mean diameter.

Claims (15)

1. Semi-continuous method to prepare an emulsion of droplets of a phase A in a phase B, comprising the following steps:

   (i) mixing a quantity of phase A and a quantity of phase B by means of a mixing system with multiple shafts comprising at least one scraper impeller, so as to obtain a dispersion of phase A in phase B at a volume concentration of phase A of more than 74 %;

   (ii) diluting the dispersion obtained at step (i) by adding an additional quantity of phase B, and mixing by means of said mixing system with multiple shafts, so as to obtain an emulsion of droplets of a phase A in a phase B.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the mixing system with multiple shafts also comprises at least one non-scraper impeller.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mean diameter of the emulsion droplets is controlled by adjusting the deformation applied during the mixing at step (i).
4. Method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the mixing of step

   (i) is conducted at a deformation rate of between 5 and 150 s^-1.
5. Method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mixing system with multiple shafts is coaxial.
6. Method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the rotating speed of the scraper impeller(s) is increased during step (i).
7. Method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the scraper impeller(s) are used at a peripheral speed equal to or less than 3 m/s, in particular equal to or less than 2.5 m/s.
8. Method according to any of claims 2 to 7, wherein the non-scraper impeller(s) are used at a peripheral speed equal to or less than 15 m/s in particular equal to or less than 12 m/s during step (i).
9. Method according to any of claims 2 to 8, wherein the scraper and non-scraper impellers may operate in co-rotating or counter-rotating mode.
10. Method according to any of claims 2 to 9, wherein:

    - the mean rotating speed of the scraper impeller(s) is slower during step (ii) than during step (i); and

    - the mean rotating speed of the non-scraper impeller(s) is faster during step (ii) than during step (i).
11. Method according to claim 10, wherein:

    - the rotating speed of the scraper impeller(s) during step (ii) is more than five times less than the rotating speed of the scraper impeller(s) during step (i); and

    - the rotating speed of the non-scraper impeller(s) during step (ii) is more than two times greater than the rotating speed of the non-scraper impeller(s) during step (i).
12. Method according to any of claims I to 11, wherein the mean diameter of the emulsion droplets is less than around 1 micron and/or the emulsion has a polydispersity of less than 0.4, preferably less than 0.3 and even more preferably around 0.2.
13. Method according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein at step (i) phase A is added to phase B at a mass flow rate of between 0.01 time and 3 times the mass of phase B per second or wherein at step (i) phase B is added to phase A at a mass flow rate of between 0.0001 time and 0.1 time the mass of phase A per second.
14. Method according to any of claims 1 to 13, wherein phase A is a hydrophilic phase and phase B is a hydrophobic phase, or wherein phase A is a hydrophobic phase and phase B is a hydrophilic phase.
15. Method according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein phase A is a bitumen and phase B is an aqueous solution or wherein phase A is an aqueous solution and phase B is a bitumen.

Images