[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

EP1790937A3 - Method for increasing the first hit likelihood of a ballistic weapon - Google Patents

Method for increasing the first hit likelihood of a ballistic weapon Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP1790937A3
EP1790937A3 EP20060011919 EP06011919A EP1790937A3 EP 1790937 A3 EP1790937 A3 EP 1790937A3 EP 20060011919 EP20060011919 EP 20060011919 EP 06011919 A EP06011919 A EP 06011919A EP 1790937 A3 EP1790937 A3 EP 1790937A3
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
increasing
weapon
ballistic weapon
hit
ballistic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP20060011919
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1790937A2 (en
EP1790937B1 (en
Inventor
Reinhard Schröder
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Electronics GmbH
Original Assignee
Rheinmetall Defence Electronics GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=37685902&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1790937(A3) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Rheinmetall Defence Electronics GmbH filed Critical Rheinmetall Defence Electronics GmbH
Priority to PL06011919T priority Critical patent/PL1790937T3/en
Publication of EP1790937A2 publication Critical patent/EP1790937A2/en
Publication of EP1790937A3 publication Critical patent/EP1790937A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1790937B1 publication Critical patent/EP1790937B1/en
Revoked legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G5/00Elevating or traversing control systems for guns
    • F41G5/14Elevating or traversing control systems for guns for vehicle-borne guns
    • F41G5/24Elevating or traversing control systems for guns for vehicle-borne guns for guns on tanks
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/08Aiming or laying means with means for compensating for speed, direction, temperature, pressure, or humidity of the atmosphere
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/12Aiming or laying means with means for compensating for muzzle velocity or powder temperature with means for compensating for gun vibrations
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/22Aiming or laying means for vehicle-borne armament, e.g. on aircraft

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Abstract

Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Ersttrefferwahrscheinlichkeit einer ballistischen Waffe, wobei erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen ist, dass bei der Bestimmung von Vorhalt und/oder Aufsatz die Eigenbewegung der Waffe und/oder Umweltbedingungen wie Lufttemperatur oder Luftdruck und Munitionsparameter wie Pulvertemperatur oder Änderung der Anfangsgeschwindigkeit berücksichtigt werden.

Figure imgaf001
Method for increasing the first hit probability of a ballistic weapon, wherein according to the invention provision is made for the self-movement of the weapon and / or environmental conditions such as air temperature or air pressure and ammunition parameters such as powder temperature or change of the initial speed to be taken into account in the determination of advance and / or attachment.
Figure imgaf001

EP06011919.5A 2005-08-18 2006-06-09 Method for increasing the first hit likelihood of a ballistic weapon Revoked EP1790937B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL06011919T PL1790937T3 (en) 2005-08-18 2006-06-09 Method for increasing the first hit likelihood of a ballistic weapon

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005038979A DE102005038979A1 (en) 2005-08-18 2005-08-18 Weapon initial hit probability increasing method for aircraft , involves considering proper motion of weapon or environmental condition and ammunition parameter during determination of rate action or attachment of bullet

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1790937A2 EP1790937A2 (en) 2007-05-30
EP1790937A3 true EP1790937A3 (en) 2007-11-28
EP1790937B1 EP1790937B1 (en) 2016-02-17

Family

ID=37685902

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06011919.5A Revoked EP1790937B1 (en) 2005-08-18 2006-06-09 Method for increasing the first hit likelihood of a ballistic weapon

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1790937B1 (en)
DE (1) DE102005038979A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2568239T3 (en)
PL (1) PL1790937T3 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006036257A1 (en) * 2006-08-03 2008-02-07 Rheinmetall Defence Electronics Gmbh Ballistic weapon conduit`s discontinued alignment determining method, involves measuring trajectories of projectile from preset parameter e.g. initial speed of projectile, and variable parameters of rate action and/or composition of conduit
DE102013007229A1 (en) 2013-04-26 2014-10-30 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Method for operating a weapon system

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1030223B (en) * 1955-09-02 1958-05-14 Siemens Ag Albis Radar system for the management of anti-aircraft guns on a ship
DE2625667A1 (en) * 1976-06-08 1977-12-22 Licentia Gmbh FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR FIRE ARMS INSTALLED ON A VEHICLE WITH A STABILIZED TARGET DEVICE
DE2601573A1 (en) * 1976-01-16 1979-09-27 Wegmann & Co Coincidence circuit for firing tank gun - compensates deviations in elevation and azimuth for projectile travelling in barrel
US4531299A (en) * 1984-03-21 1985-07-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Analog inclination data system
GB2159609A (en) * 1977-11-01 1985-12-04 Marconi Co Ltd Gun sights
GB2216995A (en) * 1988-04-08 1989-10-18 Marconi Co Ltd Stabilised weapon system
US5448936A (en) * 1994-08-23 1995-09-12 Hughes Aircraft Company Destruction of underwater objects
GB2309770A (en) * 1995-06-01 1997-08-06 Avimo Ltd Elevation compensating gun sight

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2059665C3 (en) 1970-12-04 1978-04-20 Rheinmetall Gmbh, 4000 Duesseldorf Method and arrangement for taking ammunition properties into account when aiming a gun and / or when adjusting the fuse of the ammunition
DE2154741C3 (en) 1971-11-04 1979-10-18 Rheinmetall Gmbh, 4000 Duesseldorf Method and arrangement for taking ammunition properties into account when aiming a gun and / or when adjusting the fuse of the ammunition
GB2114719A (en) 1982-02-12 1983-08-24 Marconi Co Ltd Assessment of weapon fire control systems
DE3225395A1 (en) 1982-07-07 1984-01-12 Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen DIGITAL BALLISTICS CALCULATOR FOR A FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A PIPE ARM
DE3716450C1 (en) 1987-05-16 1990-05-17 Rheinmetall Gmbh Setting electronic timer for munition detonator - entering type, temp. of drive charge weather and target data in fuse ignition computer
DE19719977C1 (en) 1997-05-13 1998-10-08 Industrieanlagen Betriebsges Video viewing-sight with integrated weapon control system for gun
SE525000C2 (en) 2003-03-04 2004-11-09 Totalfoersvarets Forskningsins Ways of bringing a projectile into the throwway to operate at a desired point at an estimated time
DE102005023739A1 (en) 2005-05-17 2006-12-07 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Gmbh & Co. Kg Method for determining a Feuerleitlösung

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1030223B (en) * 1955-09-02 1958-05-14 Siemens Ag Albis Radar system for the management of anti-aircraft guns on a ship
DE2601573A1 (en) * 1976-01-16 1979-09-27 Wegmann & Co Coincidence circuit for firing tank gun - compensates deviations in elevation and azimuth for projectile travelling in barrel
DE2625667A1 (en) * 1976-06-08 1977-12-22 Licentia Gmbh FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR FIRE ARMS INSTALLED ON A VEHICLE WITH A STABILIZED TARGET DEVICE
GB2159609A (en) * 1977-11-01 1985-12-04 Marconi Co Ltd Gun sights
US4531299A (en) * 1984-03-21 1985-07-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Analog inclination data system
GB2216995A (en) * 1988-04-08 1989-10-18 Marconi Co Ltd Stabilised weapon system
US5448936A (en) * 1994-08-23 1995-09-12 Hughes Aircraft Company Destruction of underwater objects
GB2309770A (en) * 1995-06-01 1997-08-06 Avimo Ltd Elevation compensating gun sight

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PL1790937T3 (en) 2016-08-31
ES2568239T3 (en) 2016-04-28
EP1790937A2 (en) 2007-05-30
EP1790937B1 (en) 2016-02-17
DE102005038979A1 (en) 2007-02-22

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP1864960A3 (en) Metal matrix composite energetic structures
EP1864961A3 (en) Structural metallic binders for reactive fragmentation weapons
EP2068111A3 (en) Impact resistive composite materials and methods for making same
EP1790937A3 (en) Method for increasing the first hit likelihood of a ballistic weapon
AU2003304500A8 (en) Kinetic energy rod warhead with isotropic firing of the projectiles
WO2007101965A3 (en) Method for making a protective garment and resulting protective garment
IL185241A0 (en) Kinetic energy rod warhead with projectile spacing
EP2187164A3 (en) Igniter
WO2008122365A3 (en) Subprojectile having an energy content
EP2431704A3 (en) Method for opening, defusing and/or burning out bombs or munitions containing explosives and application of said method
EP1898173A3 (en) Determination of the adjustment to make to the alignment of a ballistic weapon
ATE548629T1 (en) SABOBOARD BULLET
EP2602238A3 (en) Non-toxic percussion primers and methods of preparing the same
GB2399619B (en) Projectile and submunition with biasing body
EP2410283A3 (en) Warhead
IL188090A0 (en) Penetration assisting kit equipping a bomb, in particular anti-infrastructure, penetrating projectile equipped with such a kit, and method for penetrating into a target
JP2007000052A5 (en)
EP1990598A3 (en) Method for producing a sandwich structure for use as armour against ballistic missiles, in particular hollow charges
KR100939661B1 (en) Non-toxic shot for pistol
EP2131135A3 (en) Gun with selectable muzzle velocity
WO2009101307A3 (en) Munition
Crouch-Hazlett A Colorado Heroine
RU63046U1 (en) SOUVENIRED COLD WEAPONS
Merchant et al. environmental HISTORY
Cataldo Experimental Analysis of Metal Points from Quattro Macine: Reproduction and Interpretation

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA HR MK YU

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA HR MK YU

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20080517

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20080623

AKX Designation fees paid

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

INTG Intention to grant announced

Effective date: 20150901

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: NOT ENGLISH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: LANGUAGE OF EP DOCUMENT: GERMAN

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: REF

Ref document number: 775844

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20160315

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R096

Ref document number: 502006014752

Country of ref document: DE

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: E. BLUM AND CO. AG PATENT- UND MARKENANWAELTE , CH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2568239

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

Effective date: 20160428

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: SE

Ref legal event code: TRGR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: NL

Ref legal event code: MP

Effective date: 20160217

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: LT

Ref legal event code: MG4D

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 11

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160518

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LV

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: LT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160617

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: EE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R026

Ref document number: 502006014752

Country of ref document: DE

PLBI Opposition filed

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: RO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: CZ

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: SK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

26 Opposition filed

Opponent name: KRAUSS-MAFFEI WEGMANN GMBH & CO. KG

Effective date: 20161116

PLAX Notice of opposition and request to file observation + time limit sent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNOBS2

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MC

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: BG

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160517

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: MM4A

PLBB Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition received

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNOBS3

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20160609

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 12

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MM01

Ref document number: 775844

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20160609

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20160609

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CY

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

Ref country code: HU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT; INVALID AB INITIO

Effective date: 20060609

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 13

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20160609

Ref country code: IS

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20160217

RDAF Communication despatched that patent is revoked

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREV1

APBM Appeal reference recorded

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREFNO

APBP Date of receipt of notice of appeal recorded

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA2O

APAH Appeal reference modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSCREFNO

APBQ Date of receipt of statement of grounds of appeal recorded

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA3O

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FI

Payment date: 20200622

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20200619

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20200618

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20200618

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: TR

Payment date: 20200609

Year of fee payment: 15

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R064

Ref document number: 502006014752

Country of ref document: DE

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R103

Ref document number: 502006014752

Country of ref document: DE

APBU Appeal procedure closed

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA9O

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20200625

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20200625

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 20200625

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: PL

Payment date: 20200529

Year of fee payment: 15

RDAG Patent revoked

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009271

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: PATENT REVOKED

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FI

Ref legal event code: MGE

27W Patent revoked

Effective date: 20200826

GBPR Gb: patent revoked under art. 102 of the ep convention designating the uk as contracting state

Effective date: 20200826

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20200824

Year of fee payment: 15

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20200625

Year of fee payment: 15

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MA03

Ref document number: 775844

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20200826