EP1766289A1 - Homogeneous combustion method and thermal generator using same - Google Patents
Homogeneous combustion method and thermal generator using sameInfo
- Publication number
- EP1766289A1 EP1766289A1 EP05788679A EP05788679A EP1766289A1 EP 1766289 A1 EP1766289 A1 EP 1766289A1 EP 05788679 A EP05788679 A EP 05788679A EP 05788679 A EP05788679 A EP 05788679A EP 1766289 A1 EP1766289 A1 EP 1766289A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- oxidant
- axis
- injection means
- wall
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010763 heavy fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 number of injectors Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
- F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C3/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber
- F23C3/006—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber being arranged for cyclonic combustion
- F23C3/008—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber being arranged for cyclonic combustion for pulverulent fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
- F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
- F23C7/02—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner
- F23C7/04—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner to obtain maximum heat transfer to wall of combustion chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
- F23D1/02—Vortex burners, e.g. for cyclone-type combustion apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
- F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
- F23L2900/07007—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber using specific ranges of oxygen percentage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of combustion of a fuel and oxidant with a high oxygen content and to a thermal generator using such a method.
- the combustion is therefore very localized and takes place in a minority space in relation to the total volume of the home. This combustion takes place in the form of a flame, which leads to temperature peaks with the formation of thermal NO and a difficult control of thermal fluxes that are intense and localized.
- the present invention proposes to overcome the disadvantages mentioned.
- the invention relates to a combustion process in which a fuel and a oxidizer with a high oxygen content are injected into a furnace, in particular a heat generator, said furnace comprising at least one fuel injection means and at least one wall substantially parallel to the axis of said injection means, characterized in that it comprises:
- the injection at a speed of between 1 and 300 m / s, of an oxidant at a distance from said axis and meeting the fuel in the vicinity of said wall so as to produce a mixture which is distributed over the entire volume of the hearth before going into reaction.
- the injection of the oxidant can be carried out counter-current to the injection of the fuel.
- the injection of the oxidant may be carried out in a helical or circular movement around the axis of the fuel injection means.
- the injection of the oxidant may be carried substantially perpendicular to the axis of the fuel injection means.
- the injection speed of the oxidant may be between 50 and 150 m / s.
- the oxidizing oxidant may be a fluid containing at least 90% oxygen.
- the fuel injection can be performed in the form of a cone.
- the method may comprise a post combustion of the fumes at the exit of the hearth.
- the invention also relates to a heat generator comprising a combustion chamber in which the combustion of a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizing oxidant occurs, said combustion chamber comprising at least one fuel injection means and at least one substantially parallel to the axis of said injection means, characterized in that it comprises at least one means for injecting the fuel in the direction of the wall and at least one means for injecting the oxidant so that it meets the fuel in the vicinity of said wall at a speed of between 1 and 300 m / s so that said fuel and said oxidant are distributed over the entire volume of the furnace before being reacted.
- the fuel injection means may further carry a baffle.
- the fuel injection means can be carried by one of the faces being disposed substantially in the axis of the focus.
- the oxidant injection means may be carried by the other of the faces being disposed at a distance from the axis of the focus and near the wall. At least one oxidant injection means may be carried by the peripheral wall.
- the oxidant injection means may be located remote from the fuel injection means.
- the fuel injection means may be carried by the wall being disposed substantially orthogonal to the axis of the hearth.
- the oxidant injection means may be carried by the wall substantially orthogonal to the axis of the fuel injection means.
- the oxidant injection means may be inclined to obtain a circular or helical movement of the oxidant around the axis of the fuel injection means.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic axial sectional view of a heat generator using the method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view in axial section of a generator variant using the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view in axial section of a variant of the generator of FIG. 1; - Figure 4 is a sectional view along the line 4-4 of Figure 3;
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing a variant of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view along the line 6-6 of FIG. 5 and - Figure 7 is a perspective view with local section showing another embodiment of the invention.
- a heat generator 10 successively comprises a fireplace 20 with heat recovery at the walls, a connection zone 12 between this fireplace and an afterburner zone 14, a complementary heat recovery zone 16 and a zone exhaust and / or treatment 18 fumes from combustion.
- the walls of the generator 10 are advantageously constituted by membrane walls formed by tubes interconnected by fins welded so as to render said walls watertight with respect to the outside.
- These membrane walls preferably have the function of providing heating and / or vaporization of water in the case of steam production.
- Parts of these walls may be covered with insulating materials to limit heat exchange and / or contact of the tubes with locally corrosive atmospheres. Externally, the walls are also covered with insulating materials to limit heat losses.
- the focal point 20 of longitudinal axis XX ' may be of the cylindrical type, as illustrated in the figure, or of any parallelepipedal type.
- This focus comprises a peripheral wall 22, here a horizontal cylindrical wall concentric with the axis XX ', delimited by two substantially vertical lateral faces 24 and 26 which, for reasons of simplification in the following description, are called front face 24 and rear face 26, the rear face being that towards the connection zone 12.
- the front face 24 carries a fuel injection means preferably located in the axis XX 'of the generator and for this reason it is kept the same axis designation for this fuel injection means.
- this injection means is preferably an injector 28, advantageously provided with internal ensuring mixing the fuel with a spray fluid.
- the injector 28 may consist of a rod in which said fuel is transported by a fluid such as steam.
- This injector whose axis coincides with that of the axis of the hearth, is configured in such a way that it projects the fuel from the axis XX 'in the whole hearth, as well towards the center the focus only to the peripheral wall 22 of the fireplace, in the form of a cone as shown by the arrows A so as to distribute the fuel in the entire volume of the fireplace.
- the apex angle of this cone is between 15 and
- 180 ° and preferably between 60 and 150 ° and the injection speed is chosen by those skilled in the art depending on the operating conditions so as to promote good penetration of the fuel droplets in the home.
- the total volume of the hearth is preferably between 0.5 and 50 m3.
- An industrial boiler or a thermal power station may consist of an assembly of fireplaces 20, said foci having or not a common face, and the combustion products generated in these foci pouring into a common zone (s) to several or all of said homes.
- said face may or may not be gas-tight, that is to say be constituted for example by a membrane wall or by non-contiguous tubes.
- liquid fuel such as heavy fuel oil or pitch
- it is preheated to a temperature between 50 and 300 ° C, to obtain a suitable viscosity that allows a good spray of the fuel.
- This spraying can be provided under the sole effect of pressure or with the assistance of an auxiliary spray fluid, such as water vapor.
- an auxiliary spray fluid such as water vapor.
- the fuel is introduced into the generator in spray form with a majority of the mass flow rate having a particle size of less than 500 .mu.m.
- the transport of this fuel and its dispersion are provided by an auxiliary fluid, such as water vapor, the mass ratio between the fuel and the transport fluid being between 0.1 and 10.
- the present invention is not limited to the types of fuels described above but also encompasses the use of gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, refinery fuel oil, etc.
- the rear face 26 carries at least one oxidant oxidant injection means which is either a gas with a very high concentration of oxygen, usually greater than 90%, or pure oxygen.
- This oxidant injection means is an injector 30, preferably tubular and of refractory material, the axis of which is substantially parallel to the axis XX 'while being arranged at a distance from it and, preferably, in the vicinity 22.
- the injection of oxidant can also be assisted by any means, such as by fumes recycled from the dust collector, which has the advantage of accelerating the speed of injection of the oxidant and to promote operation in the reactor stirred the focus 20, limiting the concentration heterogeneities due to the injection of oxygen. It can also be envisaged to assist the injection of oxidant with water vapor which reduces the formation of unburnt solids, such as soot for example.
- the injection speed of the oxidant is between 1 and 300 m / s and more particularly between 50 and 150 m / s.
- the number of oxidizer injectors 30, their locations and the oxidant injection rate will be determined by any means, including numerical simulations, to obtain a significant fuel flow as will be explained in the following description.
- the fuel is injected into said hearth, from the injector 28, in all directions of space and in particular in the direction oxidizer injectors 30, as indicated by the arrows A, so as to ensure interpenetration of the fuel and the oxidant.
- the injection of the oxidant and the injection of the fuel are performed so as to ensure intense turbulence in the entire hearth 20.
- interpenetration it is understood that the direction of the oxidant current is substantially in opposition to that fuel and that the angle formed by the direction of the flow of the oxidant with that of the fuel is between 90 ° and 180 °.
- the oxidant injection is carried out in such a way as to meet this fuel in an extended volume near the wall 22 to create turbulences which will make it possible to obtain a fuel / oxidant mixture in the vicinity of this wall and then extend over the entire section of the fireplace.
- the fuel injection conditions such as initial fuel velocity, spatial fuel distribution, particle size of the droplets or particles, number of injectors, spray or transport fluid flow, as well as the oxidant injection conditions, such as the number of injection points, the oxidizer velocity, the orientation of the jets with respect to the axis of the combustion chamber, the possible flow rate of vector gas, for example recycled steam or fumes, are determined, for example by means of numerical simulations, so that the characteristic time of the turbulent mixing of the fuel remains below the characteristic time of the chemical kinetics. Under these conditions, the reactants and the products are mixed by the turbulence before reacting.
- the hearth 20 functions as a perfectly stirred reactor.
- the temperature and the composition of the fumes are substantially homogeneous throughout the firebox 20. This temperature is, in nominal operation, between 600 and 2000 ° C and preferably between 800 and 1500 0 C in such a way as to limit the formation of NOx linked to any parasitic air inlet or to the nitrogen of the oxidizer.
- the fuel and oxidant flows injected into the furnace 20 are such that a mixture is obtained whose overall stoichiometry is less than 1, that is to say with an excess of fuel with respect to the oxidant. This makes it possible to limit the formation of nitrogen oxides from the constituent nitrogen of the fuel.
- the homogeneity of temperature makes it possible to avoid the formation of thermal NO with the nitrogen coming from possible air inlets in the hearth.
- Oxidant injections can be organized, always with the help of numerical simulation, in order to maintain a slightly oxidizing atmosphere close to the wall, while having a generally rich atmosphere, in order to preserve the wall of reducing corrosion phenomena.
- the connecting zone 12 which is here in tubular form, makes it possible to connect the outlet of the hearth 20 to the post-combustion zone 14 which precedes the heat recovery zone 16 at the outlet of which are evacuated and / or treated. combustion fumes.
- connection zone carries, on its periphery, at least one additional oxidizing oxidizer injector 32 which makes it possible to ensure the mixing of this oxidant with the fumes from the furnace 20.
- This fuel / oxidant mixture then enters the post-combustion zone. combustion 14 where the combustion ends.
- the heat resulting from the combustion in the post-combustion zone is recovered directly in said post-combustion zone, for example by means not shown, such as membrane walls or suspended tubes, or in the heat recovery zone. by all means, such as a heat exchanger 34 or a train of exchangers housed in this recovery zone.
- the fumes from this recovery zone which are generally at a temperature of between 150 and 300 ° C., are directed by zone 18 towards an evacuation and / or treatment means, for example a dust collector and a chimney (not shown in the figure).
- an evacuation and / or treatment means for example a dust collector and a chimney (not shown in the figure).
- FIG. 2 shows a variant of Figure 1 and which has for this the same references as this figure.
- the fuel injection is via an injector 28, carried by the front face 24, extending inside the home 20 in the form of a cane.
- This rod 28 whose axis is also coincident with the axis XX 'of the hearth 20, carries at its end a deflector 36 whose role is to transform the fuel jets coming out of the cane into jets directed towards the peripheral wall 22 of the hearth 20 and to its front face 24.
- the fuel may be a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel and the injection may be assisted or not.
- this rod is cooled either by a fluid, such as water, or by the fuel mixture / fluid assistance.
- the oxidant injection means is an injector 30, or a series of injectors spaced axially along the axis of the hearth, which is disposed on the peripheral horizontal wall 22 of the hearth 20.
- the fuel injection conditions such as the initial fuel velocity, the spatial distribution of the fuel, the particle size of the droplets or the particles, the number of injectors, the flow rate of the spray or transport fluid , as well as the oxidant injection conditions, such as the number of injection points, the oxidizer velocity, the orientation of the jets with respect to the axis of the furnace, the possible flow rate of carrier gas, for example steam or fumes recycled, are determined, for example by means of numerical simulations, so that the characteristic time of the turbulent mixture remains below the characteristic time of the chemical kinetics.
- the fuel injection conditions such as the initial fuel velocity, the spatial distribution of the fuel, the particle size of the droplets or the particles, the number of injectors, the flow rate of the spray or transport fluid , as well as the oxidant injection conditions, such as the number of injection points, the oxidizer velocity, the orientation of the jets with respect to the axis of the furnace, the possible flow rate of carrier gas, for example steam or fumes recycled, are determined, for example by means of numerical
- the fuel is injected into said furnace 20, from the injector 28, in all the directions of space and in particular towards the oxidizer injectors 30, as indicated by the arrows A, so as to ensure interpenetration of fuel and oxidant.
- the not completely burned fuel leaves the hearth 20 to cross the connection zone 12 where it completes its combustion in the zone 14 through additional oxidizer injectors 32 as previously described.
- FIGS 3 and 4 show a variant of Figure 1 and which include, for reasons of clarity, the same references as this figure.
- the fuel is injected into the furnace 20 and towards the oxidizer injectors 30, by a fuel injector 28 carried by the front face 24 and axis coincident with that of the focus.
- This injector is configured in such a way that it generates, at its exit, a cone 38 of fuel.
- the apex angle of this cone is between 15 and
- 180 ° and preferably between 60 and 150 ° and the operating conditions of the injector are determined, for example by numerical simulation, so as to promote a good distribution of the fuel throughout the focus 20 and a good interpenetration of the fuel and the fuel. oxidizer.
- This cone can be achieved by an injector projecting a multiplicity of jets inclined relative to the axis XX 'forming a cone whose peripheral surface of said cone is of revolution with respect to XX'.
- oxidizer injectors 30 regularly distributed circumferentially on the rear face 26. These injectors are inclined, that is to say that their axes are axially parallel to the XX 'axis but are slightly offset radially relative to this axis so as to create, in the focus 20, a turbulent flow of the oxidizer which develops, in a helical movement of the oxidant, towards the front face 24..
- the oxidant is injected into the hearth in a helical movement coaxial with the axis XX 'of the fuel injector, as shown by the arrows D on the FIGS.
- the oxidant promotes mixing between the fuel and the oxidant inside the fireplace 20 through the circulation of the oxidizer which creates turbulence causing a mixing of the fuel with the oxidizer and which will provide a comburent / fuel mixture occupying any the section of the hearth.
- the connecting zone 12 carries at least one additional oxidizing oxidizer injector 32 which makes it possible to mix this oxidant with the fumes from the furnace 20, this fuel / oxidant mixture then penetrating in the post-combustion zone 14 to complete the combustion.
- the fuel is also injected into the hearth 20 in the form of a fuel cone 38.
- This cone of fuel results from the action of the deflector 36 which generates this cone whose base is opposite the front face 24.
- the injectors 30 or the series of injectors are distributed circumferentially around the peripheral wall 22 and are inclined so as to introduce the oxidizer tangentially into the hearth 20.
- it creates a circular movement of the oxidant around the axis XX ', as shown by the arrows E in Figure 6.
- it can be expected to shift the axes of the injectors 30 in the axial direction towards the rear face 26, as shown in dotted line in Figure 5, so that the movement of the oxidant is helical.
- this provision aims to promote the interpenetration of fuel and oxidant.
- This oxidizer which is injected circularly or helically, encounters the fuel near the wall 22 by mixing with it and generating a mixture that develops over the entire focus.
- the combustion can develop on a large volume of the hearth 20.
- the unused fuel leaves the furnace 20 through the connecting zone 12 where it completes its combustion through additional oxidizer injectors 32 as previously described.
- FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the invention and which comprises the references of the previously described examples increased by the index 100.
- a heat generator 110 comprises a furnace 120, a connection zone 112, a heat recovery zone 116 and a discharge and / or treatment zone 118 of the flue gases from the combustion.
- the generator comprises a focal point 120 of longitudinal axis XX 'which may be of cylindrical or substantially parallelepipedal shape.
- the hearth is of rectangular parallelepipedal shape whose peripheral wall 122 is formed of a succession of walls around the axis.
- This succession of walls comprises vertical walls 140 and 142 and upper horizontal walls 144 and lower 146.
- the generator also comprises a front face 124 and a rear face 126.
- the vertical wall 142 carries at least one fuel injector 128 of axis ZZ 'substantially perpendicular to the axis XX' of the hearth 120 and the horizontal wall 144 carries at least one oxidizer injector 130 in a manner such that the axis the oxidizer injector is substantially perpendicular to the axis ZZ 'of the fuel injector. It is at the intersection of the horizontal upper wall 144 and the vertical wall 142 that is located the connection zone 112 and more particularly in the right part of the generator as shown in this figure.
- the hearth may also be subdivided into watertight compartments or not, through walls, which may be for example membranées walls, substantially parallel to the two vertical faces 124, 126 which close the two ends of the hearth. This provision is intended to limit the volume of each unit hearth to less than 50 m3 as indicated above.
- the fuel injector 128 of axis ZZ ' projects the fuel into the hearth 120 in very open jets (arrow A) so as to ensure a good distribution of the fuel throughout the hearth 120 and a good interpenetration of the fuel and the oxidant .
- a substantially horizontal row of fuel injectors spaced regularly from each other and that along the axis XX 'of the hearth.
- the injectors may also be used according to other arrangements, such as staggered, for example, and / or inclined relative to the wall 142.
- the oxidizer injector 130 is located on the upper horizontal wall 144.
- a row of oxidizer injectors 130 regularly spaced along the axis XX 'whose positions are in concordance or not with those of the row of fuel injectors.
- the fuel is injected into the furnace 120, from the injector 128, in all the directions of the space and in particular towards the oxidizer injectors 30, as indicated by the arrows A, so as to ensure interpenetration of the fuel and the oxidant near the walls 140, 144, 146 to mix and then occupy the entire section of the hearth. Then, the fumes resulting from the combustion leave the hearth 120 through the connecting zone 112 to reach the heat recovery zone 116. It may be noted that, thanks to this arrangement of injectors, the whole hearth is at a homogeneous temperature.
- the walls of the hearth 120 are advantageously constituted by membranous walls formed by tubes connected together by fins welded so as to render said walls watertight with respect to the outside. Parts of these walls may be covered with insulating materials to limit heat exchange and / or contact of the tubes with locally corrosive atmospheres. The walls are also externally covered with insulating materials to limit heat losses.
- the combustion zone occupies the entire hearth due to a very strong turbulence generated by the oxidant injection.
- this turbulence may also be possible to increase this turbulence by fuel injection while ensuring a distribution of this fuel as homogeneous as possible over the entire home. To do this, it acts, as described above, on the fuel injection conditions and possibly the oxidant to obtain an adequate particle size distribution so as to have small fuel droplets that vaporize near the injection point fuel and larger droplets that spread the fuel along the entire path
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
Abstract
Description
PROCEDE DE COMBUSTION HOMOGENE ET GÉNÉRATEUR THERMIQUE UTILISANT UN TEL PROCÉDÉ.HOMOGENEOUS COMBUSTION METHOD AND THERMAL GENERATOR USING SUCH A METHOD.
La présente invention se rapporte à un procédé de combustion d'un combustible et d'un comburant à forte teneur en oxygène et à un générateur thermique utilisant un tel procédé.The present invention relates to a method of combustion of a fuel and oxidant with a high oxygen content and to a thermal generator using such a method.
Elle a plus particulièrement son application dans les chaudières, les fours et les centrales d'énergie brûlant des résidus pétroliers, tels que des brais ou des cokes de pétrole.It is particularly applicable in boilers, furnaces and power plants burning oil residues, such as pitches or oil cokes.
Il est déjà connu de nombreux procédés et réalisations de ce type pour lesquels on utilise un combustible et un comburant à forte teneur en oxygène dont le pourcentage massique en oxygène est supérieur à 80%, de manière à réaliser une opération de combustion dans Ie foyer d'un générateur thermique.Numerous processes and embodiments of this type are already known for which a high oxygen content fuel and oxidant is used, the oxygen mass percentage of which is greater than 80%, so as to carry out a combustion operation in the combustion chamber. a thermal generator.
Ces procédés reposent sur des architectures de chaudières identiques ou proches de celles des chaudières conventionnelles, afin de conserver la même organisation des échangeurs de chaleur. Pour cela, un recyclage partiel des fumées est opéré de façon à contrôler le profil thermique dans la chaudière. Les avantages de ces procédés et réalisations résident dans :These processes are based on boiler architectures identical or similar to those of conventional boilers, in order to maintain the same organization of heat exchangers. For this, a partial recycling of the fumes is operated in order to control the thermal profile in the boiler. The advantages of these processes and achievements lie in:
- Une économie de combustible grâce à la diminution de la perte par chaleur sensible à la cheminée, grâce à une amélioration de la combustion qui limite la formation d'imbrûlés et enfin grâce à une diminution des pertes thermiques par rayonnement des parois,- A saving of fuel thanks to the reduction of the heat loss sensible to the chimney, thanks to an improvement of the combustion which limits the formation of unburnt and finally thanks to a decrease of the thermal losses by radiation of the walls,
- Une diminution des émissions d'oxydes d'azote liée à la diminution de la quantité d'azote dans le comburant,- A decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions due to the reduction of the amount of nitrogen in the oxidizer,
- Une diminution de la taille des équipements, aussi bien des parties « foyer » et « échangeurs de chaleur » que de la partie « traitement des fumées », résultant de moindres volumes de fumées, - Par rapport à une combustion à l'air, la possibilité de récupérer plus facilement Ie CO2 des fumées pour une éventuelle séquestration ou un emploi comme gaz industriel.- a reduction in the size of the equipment, both of the "hearth" and "heat exchanger" parts and of the "flue gas treatment" part, resulting from lower smoke volumes, - Compared to an air combustion, the possibility of recovering more easily the CO 2 of the fumes for a possible sequestration or a use as industrial gas.
Ces procédés présentent néanmoins des inconvénients liés au coût économique et énergétique de la production d'oxygène et aux risques liés à l'emploi de ce comburant.These methods nevertheless have disadvantages related to the economic and energy cost of oxygen production and the risks associated with the use of this oxidant.
De plus, dans le cas des résidus pétroliers ou de produits lourds avec de fortes teneurs en matières polluantes, les problèmes posés par une telle combustion sont relatifs à la formation d'imbrûlés solides, à la corrosion qui peut se développer aussi bien dans le foyer et les échangeurs de chaleur que dans les parties avales du traitement des fumées et à l'éventuel recyclage externe des fumées générées par cette combustion, qui nécessite une installation de traitement de fumées importante.In addition, in the case of petroleum residues or heavy products with high levels of pollutants, the problems posed by such combustion relate to the formation of unburnt solids, corrosion that can develop in the home as well. and the heat exchangers in the downstream parts of the flue gas treatment and the eventual external recycling of the fumes generated by this combustion, which requires a large flue gas treatment plant.
En outre, il peut y avoir des pics locaux de température (température supérieure à 2000 0C) conduisant à la production de NO thermique avec l'azote apporté par le comburant et/ou résultant d'entrées d'air parasites.In addition, there may be local temperature peaks (temperature above 2000 ° C.) leading to the production of thermal NO with the nitrogen supplied by the oxidizer and / or resulting from parasitic air intake.
II est cependant connu par le document EP 0 507 995 la possibilité de réduire la production de NOx en utilisant un procédé dans lequel un comburant oxydant est injecté dans un foyer de combustion de façon à ce qu'il se mélange avec des gaz de combustion dans une zone de mélange oxydante, puis d'associer ce mélange oxydant avec un combustible dans une autre zone, dite zone de réaction de combustible où se déroule la combustion, les gaz issus de cette zone de réaction étant ensuite envoyés dans une troisième zone correspondant au reste du volume du foyer, où les niveaux de turbulence sont suffisamment élevés pour que la composition des gaz soit homogène en tout point de ladite troisième zone.It is however known from EP 0 507 995 the possibility of reducing the production of NOx by using a process in which an oxidizing oxidant is injected into a combustion chamber so that it mixes with combustion gases in an oxidizing mixing zone, then associating this oxidizing mixture with a fuel in another zone, said combustion reaction zone where the combustion takes place, the gases from this reaction zone then being sent to a third zone corresponding to the the remainder of the hearth volume, where the turbulence levels are sufficiently high that the composition of the gases is homogeneous at any point in said third zone.
La combustion est donc très localisée et se déroule dans un espace minoritaire par rapport au volume total du foyer. Cette combustion se déroule sous la forme d'une flamme, ce qui entraîne des pics de température avec la formation de NO thermique et un contrôle difficile des flux thermiques qui sont intenses et localisés.The combustion is therefore very localized and takes place in a minority space in relation to the total volume of the home. This combustion takes place in the form of a flame, which leads to temperature peaks with the formation of thermal NO and a difficult control of thermal fluxes that are intense and localized.
De plus, la séparation du foyer en trois zones conduit à l'apparition de gradients de température entre ces zones et donc à l'augmentation de la production de NO.In addition, the separation of the focus into three zones leads to the appearance of temperature gradients between these zones and therefore to the increase in NO production.
La présente invention se propose de remédier aux inconvénients mentionnés.The present invention proposes to overcome the disadvantages mentioned.
A cet effet, l'invention concerne un procédé de combustion dans lequel un combustible et un comburant à forte teneur en oxygène sont injectés dans un foyer, notamment d'un générateur thermique, ledit foyer comportant au moins un moyen d'injection de combustible et au moins une paroi sensiblement parallèle à l'axe dudit moyen d'injection, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend :For this purpose, the invention relates to a combustion process in which a fuel and a oxidizer with a high oxygen content are injected into a furnace, in particular a heat generator, said furnace comprising at least one fuel injection means and at least one wall substantially parallel to the axis of said injection means, characterized in that it comprises:
- l'injection d'un combustible à partir de l'axe du moyen d'injection de combustible vers la paroi etinjecting a fuel from the axis of the fuel injection means to the wall and
- l'injection, à une vitesse comprise entre 1 et 300 m/s, d'un comburant à distance dudit axe et rencontrant le combustible au voisinage de ladite paroi de manière à réaliser un mélange qui soit réparti sur la totalité du volume du foyer avant d'entrer en réaction.the injection, at a speed of between 1 and 300 m / s, of an oxidant at a distance from said axis and meeting the fuel in the vicinity of said wall so as to produce a mixture which is distributed over the entire volume of the hearth before going into reaction.
Avantageusement, l'injection du comburant peut être réalisée à contre- courant de l'injection du combustible.Advantageously, the injection of the oxidant can be carried out counter-current to the injection of the fuel.
Préférentiellement, l'injection du comburant peut être réalisée dans un mouvement hélicoïdal ou circulaire autour de l'axe du moyen d'injection de combustible.Preferably, the injection of the oxidant may be carried out in a helical or circular movement around the axis of the fuel injection means.
L'injection du comburant peut être réalisée sensiblement perpendiculairement à l'axe du moyen d'injection de combustible. De manière avantageuse, la vitesse d'injection du comburant peut être comprise entre 50 et 150 m/s.The injection of the oxidant may be carried substantially perpendicular to the axis of the fuel injection means. Advantageously, the injection speed of the oxidant may be between 50 and 150 m / s.
Le comburant oxydant peut être un fluide contenant au moins 90% d'oxygène.The oxidizing oxidant may be a fluid containing at least 90% oxygen.
De manière préférentielle, l'injection de combustible peut être réalisée sous la forme d'un cône.Preferably, the fuel injection can be performed in the form of a cone.
Le procédé peut comprendre une post combustion des fumées à la sortie du foyer.The method may comprise a post combustion of the fumes at the exit of the hearth.
L'invention concerne également un générateur thermique comprenant un foyer dans lequel se produit la combustion d'un mélange d'un combustible et d'un comburant oxydant, ledit foyer comportant au moins un moyen d'injection de combustible et au moins une paroi sensiblement parallèle à l'axe dudit moyen d'injection, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un moyen pour injecter le combustible en direction de la paroi et au moins un moyen pour injecter le comburant de façon à ce qu'il rencontre le combustible au voisinage de ladite paroi à une vitesse comprise entre 1 et 300 m/s de manière à ce que ledit carburant et ledit comburant soient répartis sur la totalité du volume du foyer avant d'entrer en réaction.The invention also relates to a heat generator comprising a combustion chamber in which the combustion of a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizing oxidant occurs, said combustion chamber comprising at least one fuel injection means and at least one substantially parallel to the axis of said injection means, characterized in that it comprises at least one means for injecting the fuel in the direction of the wall and at least one means for injecting the oxidant so that it meets the fuel in the vicinity of said wall at a speed of between 1 and 300 m / s so that said fuel and said oxidant are distributed over the entire volume of the furnace before being reacted.
Avantageusement, le moyen d'injection de combustible peut porter en outre un déflecteur.Advantageously, the fuel injection means may further carry a baffle.
Dans le cas où le foyer est délimité par une paroi périphérique et deux faces latérales, le moyen d'injection de combustible peut être porté par l'une des faces en étant disposé sensiblement dans l'axe du foyer.In the case where the focus is delimited by a peripheral wall and two lateral faces, the fuel injection means can be carried by one of the faces being disposed substantially in the axis of the focus.
Le moyen d'injection de comburant peut être porté par l'autre des faces en étant disposé à distance de l'axe du foyer et à proximité de la paroi. Au moins un moyen d'injection de comburant peut être porté par la paroi périphérique.The oxidant injection means may be carried by the other of the faces being disposed at a distance from the axis of the focus and near the wall. At least one oxidant injection means may be carried by the peripheral wall.
Le moyen d'injection de comburant peut être situé à distance du moyen d'injection de combustible.The oxidant injection means may be located remote from the fuel injection means.
Le moyen d'injection de combustible peut être porté par la paroi en étant disposé sensiblement orthogonalement à l'axe du foyer.The fuel injection means may be carried by the wall being disposed substantially orthogonal to the axis of the hearth.
Le moyen d'injection de comburant peut être porté par Ia paroi en étant sensiblement orthogonal à l'axe du moyen d'injection de combustible.The oxidant injection means may be carried by the wall substantially orthogonal to the axis of the fuel injection means.
Il peut être prévu une multiplicité de moyens d'injection s'étendant le long de l'axe du foyer.It can be provided a multiplicity of injection means extending along the axis of the focus.
Le moyen d'injection de comburant peut être incliné de manière à obtenir un mouvement circulaire ou hélicoïdal du comburant autour de l'axe du moyen d'injection de combustible.The oxidant injection means may be inclined to obtain a circular or helical movement of the oxidant around the axis of the fuel injection means.
Les autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention vont apparaître à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple, et en se référant aux dessins annexés pour lesquels :The other features and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the description which follows, given solely by way of example, and with reference to the appended drawings for which:
- la figure 1 est une vue schématique en coupe axiale d'un générateur thermique utilisant le procédé selon l'invention ;- Figure 1 is a schematic axial sectional view of a heat generator using the method according to the invention;
- la figure 2 est une vue schématique en coupe axiale d'une variante de générateur utilisant le procédé selon l'invention ;FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view in axial section of a generator variant using the method according to the invention;
- la figure 3 est une vue schématique en coupe axiale d'une variante de générateur de la figure 1 ; - la figure 4 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne 4-4 de la figure 3 ;FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view in axial section of a variant of the generator of FIG. 1; - Figure 4 is a sectional view along the line 4-4 of Figure 3;
- la figure 5 est une vue en coupe montrant une variante de la figure 2 ;FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing a variant of FIG. 2;
- la figure 6 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne 6-6 de la figure 5 et - la figure 7 est une vue en perspective avec coupe locale montrant un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention.FIG. 6 is a sectional view along the line 6-6 of FIG. 5 and - Figure 7 is a perspective view with local section showing another embodiment of the invention.
En se reportant à la figure 1 , un générateur thermique 10 comprend successivement un foyer 20 avec récupération de chaleur aux parois, une zone de liaison 12 entre ce foyer et une zone de postcombustion 14, une zone de récupération de chaleur complémentaire 16 et une zone d'évacuation et/ou de traitement 18 des fumées issues de la combustion.Referring to FIG. 1, a heat generator 10 successively comprises a fireplace 20 with heat recovery at the walls, a connection zone 12 between this fireplace and an afterburner zone 14, a complementary heat recovery zone 16 and a zone exhaust and / or treatment 18 fumes from combustion.
Les parois du générateur 10 sont avantageusement constituées de parois membranées formées par des tubes reliés entre eux par des ailettes soudées de manière à rendre lesdites parois étanches vis-à-vis de l'extérieur. Ces parois membranées ont préférentiellement pour fonction d'assurer le chauffage et/ou la vaporisation de l'eau dans le cas d'une production de vapeur d'eau. Certaines parties de ces parois peuvent être recouvertes de matériaux isolants afin de limiter l'échange de chaleur et/ou le contact des tubes avec des atmosphères localement corrosives. Extérieurement, les parois sont également recouvertes de matériaux isolants permettant de limiter les pertes thermiques.The walls of the generator 10 are advantageously constituted by membrane walls formed by tubes interconnected by fins welded so as to render said walls watertight with respect to the outside. These membrane walls preferably have the function of providing heating and / or vaporization of water in the case of steam production. Parts of these walls may be covered with insulating materials to limit heat exchange and / or contact of the tubes with locally corrosive atmospheres. Externally, the walls are also covered with insulating materials to limit heat losses.
Le foyer 20 d'axe longitudinal XX' peut être de type cylindrique, comme illustré sur la figure, ou de type parallélépipédique quelconque. Ce foyer comprend une paroi périphérique 22, ici une paroi cylindrique horizontale concentrique à l'axe XX', délimitée par deux faces latérales sensiblement verticales 24 et 26 qui, pour des raisons de simplification dans la suite de la description, sont baptisées face avant 24 et face arrière 26, la face arrière étant celle située vers la zone de liaison 12.The focal point 20 of longitudinal axis XX 'may be of the cylindrical type, as illustrated in the figure, or of any parallelepipedal type. This focus comprises a peripheral wall 22, here a horizontal cylindrical wall concentric with the axis XX ', delimited by two substantially vertical lateral faces 24 and 26 which, for reasons of simplification in the following description, are called front face 24 and rear face 26, the rear face being that towards the connection zone 12.
La face avant 24 porte un moyen d'injection de combustible situé de préférence dans l'axe XX' du générateur et pour cette raison il est gardé la même désignation d'axe pour ce moyen d'injection de combustible.The front face 24 carries a fuel injection means preferably located in the axis XX 'of the generator and for this reason it is kept the same axis designation for this fuel injection means.
Dans le cas des combustibles liquides, ce moyen d'injection est préférentiellement un injecteur 28, avantageusement muni d'internes assurant le mélange du combustible avec un fluide de pulvérisation. Dans le cas d'un combustible solide, l'injecteur 28 peut consister en une canne dans laquelle ledit combustible est transporté par un fluide tel que la vapeur.In the case of liquid fuels, this injection means is preferably an injector 28, advantageously provided with internal ensuring mixing the fuel with a spray fluid. In the case of a solid fuel, the injector 28 may consist of a rod in which said fuel is transported by a fluid such as steam.
Cet injecteur, dont l'axe est confondu avec celui de l'axe du foyer, est configuré d'une façon telle qu'il projette le combustible à partir de l'axe XX' dans la totalité du foyer, aussi bien vers le centre du foyer que vers la paroi périphérique 22 du foyer, sous la forme d'un cône comme montré par les flèches A de manière à répartir le combustible dans la totalité du volume du foyer. Préférentiellement, l'angle au sommet de ce cône est compris entre 15 etThis injector, whose axis coincides with that of the axis of the hearth, is configured in such a way that it projects the fuel from the axis XX 'in the whole hearth, as well towards the center the focus only to the peripheral wall 22 of the fireplace, in the form of a cone as shown by the arrows A so as to distribute the fuel in the entire volume of the fireplace. Preferably, the apex angle of this cone is between 15 and
180° et de préférence entre 60 et 150° et la vitesse d'injection est choisie par l'homme de l'art en fonction des conditions opératoires de façon à favoriser une bonne pénétration des gouttelettes de carburant dans le foyer.180 ° and preferably between 60 and 150 ° and the injection speed is chosen by those skilled in the art depending on the operating conditions so as to promote good penetration of the fuel droplets in the home.
Le volume total du foyer est préférentiellement compris entre 0,5 et 50 m3.The total volume of the hearth is preferably between 0.5 and 50 m3.
Une chaudière industrielle ou une centrale thermique peut être constituée d'un assemblage de foyers 20, lesdits foyers ayant ou non une face commune, et les produits de combustion générés dans ces foyers se déversant dans une ou des zone(s) commune(s) à plusieurs ou à la totalité desdits foyers. Dans le cas où les foyers ont une face commune, ladite face peut être étanche ou non aux gaz, c'est-à-dire être constituée par exemple par une paroi membranée ou par des tubes non jointifs.An industrial boiler or a thermal power station may consist of an assembly of fireplaces 20, said foci having or not a common face, and the combustion products generated in these foci pouring into a common zone (s) to several or all of said homes. In the case where the foci have a common face, said face may or may not be gas-tight, that is to say be constituted for example by a membrane wall or by non-contiguous tubes.
Dans le cas d'une injection de combustible liquide, comme des fiouls lourds ou des brais, celui-ci est préchauffé à une température comprise entre 50 et 300 °C, pour obtenir une viscosité appropriée qui permet une bonne pulvérisation de ce combustible. Cette pulvérisation peut être assurée sous le seul effet de la pression ou avec l'assistance d'un fluide auxiliaire de pulvérisation, comme de la vapeur d'eau. Pour une utilisation de combustibles solides, tels que des cokes de pétrole, le combustible est introduit dans le générateur sous forme pulvérisée avec une majorité du débit massique ayant une granulométrie inférieure à 500 μm. Le transport de ce combustible et sa dispersion sont assurés par un fluide auxiliaire, comme de la vapeur d'eau, le rapport massique entre le combustible et le fluide de transport étant compris entre 0,1 et 10.In the case of an injection of liquid fuel, such as heavy fuel oil or pitch, it is preheated to a temperature between 50 and 300 ° C, to obtain a suitable viscosity that allows a good spray of the fuel. This spraying can be provided under the sole effect of pressure or with the assistance of an auxiliary spray fluid, such as water vapor. For use of solid fuels, such as petroleum cokes, the fuel is introduced into the generator in spray form with a majority of the mass flow rate having a particle size of less than 500 .mu.m. The transport of this fuel and its dispersion are provided by an auxiliary fluid, such as water vapor, the mass ratio between the fuel and the transport fluid being between 0.1 and 10.
La présente invention n'est pas limitée aux types de combustibles décrits ci-dessus mais englobe également l'utilisation de combustibles gazeux, tel que du gaz naturel, du fioul gaz de raffinerie, etc..The present invention is not limited to the types of fuels described above but also encompasses the use of gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, refinery fuel oil, etc.
La face arrière 26 porte au moins un moyen d'injection de comburant oxydant qui est, soit un gaz avec une très forte concentration d'oxygène, habituellement supérieure à 90%, soit de l'oxygène pur.The rear face 26 carries at least one oxidant oxidant injection means which is either a gas with a very high concentration of oxygen, usually greater than 90%, or pure oxygen.
Ce moyen d'injection de comburant est un injecteur 30, de préférence tubulaire et en matériau réfractaire, dont l'axe est sensiblement parallèle à l'axe XX' tout en étant disposé à distance de celui-ci et, de préférence, à proximité de la paroi 22. L'injection de comburant peut être également assistée par tous moyens, comme par des fumées recyclées à partir du dépoussiéreur, ce qui a pour avantage d'accélérer la vitesse d'injection du comburant et de favoriser le fonctionnement en réacteur agité du foyer 20, en limitant les hétérogénéités de concentration dues à l'injection d'oxygène. II peut également être envisagé d'assister l'injection de comburant par de la vapeur d'eau qui permet de réduire la formation d'imbrûlés solides, comme les suies par exemple.This oxidant injection means is an injector 30, preferably tubular and of refractory material, the axis of which is substantially parallel to the axis XX 'while being arranged at a distance from it and, preferably, in the vicinity 22. The injection of oxidant can also be assisted by any means, such as by fumes recycled from the dust collector, which has the advantage of accelerating the speed of injection of the oxidant and to promote operation in the reactor stirred the focus 20, limiting the concentration heterogeneities due to the injection of oxygen. It can also be envisaged to assist the injection of oxidant with water vapor which reduces the formation of unburnt solids, such as soot for example.
Typiquement, la vitesse d'injection du comburant est comprise entre 1 et 300 m/s et plus particulièrement entre 50 et 150 m/s. Le nombre d'injecteurs de comburant 30, leurs emplacements ainsi que la vitesse d'injection du comburant seront déterminés par tous moyens, notamment par simulations numériques, pour obtenir une circulation importante du combustible comme cela sera explicité dans la suite de la description.Typically, the injection speed of the oxidant is between 1 and 300 m / s and more particularly between 50 and 150 m / s. The number of oxidizer injectors 30, their locations and the oxidant injection rate will be determined by any means, including numerical simulations, to obtain a significant fuel flow as will be explained in the following description.
Pour réaliser le mélange comburant/combustible destiné à brûler dans l'ensemble du foyer 20, le combustible est injecté dans ledit foyer, à partir de l'injecteur 28, dans toutes les directions de l'espace et en particulier en direction des injecteurs de comburant 30, comme indiqué par les flèches A, de façon à assurer une interpénétration du combustible et du comburant.To achieve the oxidant / fuel mixture for burning throughout the hearth 20, the fuel is injected into said hearth, from the injector 28, in all directions of space and in particular in the direction oxidizer injectors 30, as indicated by the arrows A, so as to ensure interpenetration of the fuel and the oxidant.
L'injection du comburant et l'injection du combustible sont réalisées de façon à assurer une turbulence intense dans la totalité du foyer 20. Par le terme « interpénétration », il est entendu que le sens du courant du comburant est sensiblement en opposition à celui du combustible et que l'angle formé par la direction du courant du comburant avec celui du combustible est compris entre 90°et 180°.The injection of the oxidant and the injection of the fuel are performed so as to ensure intense turbulence in the entire hearth 20. By the term "interpenetration", it is understood that the direction of the oxidant current is substantially in opposition to that fuel and that the angle formed by the direction of the flow of the oxidant with that of the fuel is between 90 ° and 180 °.
Plus précisément, l'injection de comburant est réalisée d'une manière telle qu'il vienne rencontrer ce combustible dans un volume étendu à proximité de la paroi 22 pour créer des turbulences qui vont permettre d'obtenir un mélange combustible/comburant à proximité de cette paroi puis s'étendre sur toute la section du foyer.More precisely, the oxidant injection is carried out in such a way as to meet this fuel in an extended volume near the wall 22 to create turbulences which will make it possible to obtain a fuel / oxidant mixture in the vicinity of this wall and then extend over the entire section of the fireplace.
Pour une géométrie de foyer 20 donnée, avec une surface d'échange de chaleur à une température donnée, les conditions d'injection du combustible, telles que vitesse initiale du combustible, distribution spatiale du combustible, granulométrie des gouttelettes ou des particules, nombre d'injecteurs, débit de fluide de pulvérisation ou de transport, ainsi que les conditions d'injection du comburant, telles que nombre de points d'injection, vitesse du comburant, orientation des jets par rapport à l'axe du foyer, débit éventuel de gaz vecteur comme par exemple de la vapeur ou des fumées recyclées, sont déterminés, par exemple grâce à des simulations numériques, de façon à ce que le temps caractéristique du mélange turbulent du combustible reste inférieur au temps caractéristique de la cinétique chimique. Dans ces conditions, les réactifs et les produits sont mélangés par la turbulence avant de réagir. Ainsi, en aucun point du foyer, il n'y a d'accélération de la combustion pouvant conduire à des points chauds. Sur le plan théorique, le foyer 20 fonctionne comme un réacteur parfaitement agité. La température et la composition des fumées sont sensiblement homogène dans la totalité du foyer 20. Cette température est comprise, en marche nominale, entre 600 et 2000° C et de préférence entre 800 et 1500 0C de façon à limiter la formation de NOx liée à d'éventuelles entrées d'air parasites ou à l'azote du comburant.For a given furnace geometry 20, with a heat exchange surface at a given temperature, the fuel injection conditions, such as initial fuel velocity, spatial fuel distribution, particle size of the droplets or particles, number of injectors, spray or transport fluid flow, as well as the oxidant injection conditions, such as the number of injection points, the oxidizer velocity, the orientation of the jets with respect to the axis of the combustion chamber, the possible flow rate of vector gas, for example recycled steam or fumes, are determined, for example by means of numerical simulations, so that the characteristic time of the turbulent mixing of the fuel remains below the characteristic time of the chemical kinetics. Under these conditions, the reactants and the products are mixed by the turbulence before reacting. Thus, at no point in the hearth, is there any acceleration of combustion that can lead to hot spots. Theoretically, the hearth 20 functions as a perfectly stirred reactor. The temperature and the composition of the fumes are substantially homogeneous throughout the firebox 20. This temperature is, in nominal operation, between 600 and 2000 ° C and preferably between 800 and 1500 0 C in such a way as to limit the formation of NOx linked to any parasitic air inlet or to the nitrogen of the oxidizer.
Ces niveaux de température relativement modérés par rapport à ceux d'une flamme classique à l'air et encore plus par rapport à une flamme à l'oxygène, évitent une usure prématurée des matériaux de la paroi 22 ainsi que des dispositifs d'injection de combustible et de comburant.These relatively moderate temperature levels compared to those of a conventional flame in the air and even more so compared to an oxygen flame, avoid premature wear of the materials of the wall 22 as well as injection devices of fuel and oxidizer.
Dans un mode préféré de l'invention, les débits de combustible et de comburant injectés dans le foyer 20 sont tels que l'on obtient un mélange dont la stcechiométrie globale est inférieure à 1 , c'est-à-dire avec un excès de combustible par rapport au comburant. Ceci permet de limiter la formation d'oxydes d'azote à partir de l'azote constitutif du combustible.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the fuel and oxidant flows injected into the furnace 20 are such that a mixture is obtained whose overall stoichiometry is less than 1, that is to say with an excess of fuel with respect to the oxidant. This makes it possible to limit the formation of nitrogen oxides from the constituent nitrogen of the fuel.
En outre, l'homogénéité de température permet d'éviter la formation de NO thermique avec l'azote provenant d'éventuelles entrées d'air dans le foyer.In addition, the homogeneity of temperature makes it possible to avoid the formation of thermal NO with the nitrogen coming from possible air inlets in the hearth.
Les injections de comburant peuvent être organisées, toujours avec l'aide de la simulation numérique, afin de maintenir une atmosphère légèrement oxydante à proximité de la paroi, tout en ayant une atmosphère globalement riche, afin de préserver la paroi des phénomènes de corrosion réductrice.Oxidant injections can be organized, always with the help of numerical simulation, in order to maintain a slightly oxidizing atmosphere close to the wall, while having a generally rich atmosphere, in order to preserve the wall of reducing corrosion phenomena.
La zone de liaison 12, qui est ici sous forme tubulaire, permet de relier la sortie du foyer 20 à la zone de post-combustion 14 qui précède la zone de récupération de chaleur 16 à la sortie de laquelle sont évacuées et/ou traitées les fumées de combustion.The connecting zone 12, which is here in tubular form, makes it possible to connect the outlet of the hearth 20 to the post-combustion zone 14 which precedes the heat recovery zone 16 at the outlet of which are evacuated and / or treated. combustion fumes.
La zone de liaison porte, sur sa périphérie, au moins un injecteur de comburant oxydant additionnel 32 qui permet d'assurer le mélange de ce comburant avec les fumées issues du foyer 20. Ce mélange combustible/comburant pénètre ensuite dans la zone de post-combustion 14 où s'achève la combustion.The connection zone carries, on its periphery, at least one additional oxidizing oxidizer injector 32 which makes it possible to ensure the mixing of this oxidant with the fumes from the furnace 20. This fuel / oxidant mixture then enters the post-combustion zone. combustion 14 where the combustion ends.
La chaleur résultant de la combustion dans la zone de post-combustion est récupérée directement dans ladite zone de post-combustion grâce par exemple à des moyens non représentés tels que des parois membranées ou des tubes suspendus, ou dans la zone de récupération de chaleur 16 par tous moyens, tels qu'un échangeur de chaleur 34 ou un train d'échangeurs logés dans cette zone de récupération.The heat resulting from the combustion in the post-combustion zone is recovered directly in said post-combustion zone, for example by means not shown, such as membrane walls or suspended tubes, or in the heat recovery zone. by all means, such as a heat exchanger 34 or a train of exchangers housed in this recovery zone.
Les fumées issues de cette zone de récupération, qui sont généralement à une température comprise entre 150 et 300 0C, sont dirigées par la zone 18 vers un moyen d'évacuation et/ou de traitement, comme par exemple un dépoussiéreur et une cheminée (non représentés sur la figure).The fumes from this recovery zone, which are generally at a temperature of between 150 and 300 ° C., are directed by zone 18 towards an evacuation and / or treatment means, for example a dust collector and a chimney ( not shown in the figure).
On se reporte maintenant à la figure 2 qui montre une variante de la figure 1 et qui comporte pour cela les mêmes références que cette figure.Referring now to Figure 2 which shows a variant of Figure 1 and which has for this the same references as this figure.
Dans cette variante, l'injection de combustible se fait par l'intermédiaire d'un injecteur 28, porté par la face avant 24, se prolongeant à l'intérieur du foyer 20 sous la forme d'une canne.In this variant, the fuel injection is via an injector 28, carried by the front face 24, extending inside the home 20 in the form of a cane.
Cette canne 28, dont l'axe est également confondu avec l'axe XX' du foyer 20, porte à son extrémité un déflecteur 36 dont le rôle est de transformer les jets de combustible sortant de la canne en des jets dirigés vers la paroi périphérique 22 du foyer 20 et vers sa face avant 24.This rod 28, whose axis is also coincident with the axis XX 'of the hearth 20, carries at its end a deflector 36 whose role is to transform the fuel jets coming out of the cane into jets directed towards the peripheral wall 22 of the hearth 20 and to its front face 24.
Comme précédemment décrit, le combustible peut être un combustible solide, liquide ou gazeux et l'injection peut être assistée ou non.As previously described, the fuel may be a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel and the injection may be assisted or not.
Avantageusement, cette canne est refroidie soit par un fluide, comme de l'eau, soit par le mélange combustible/fluide d'assistance.Advantageously, this rod is cooled either by a fluid, such as water, or by the fuel mixture / fluid assistance.
Le moyen d'injection de comburant est un injecteur 30, ou une série d'injecteurs espacés axialement le long de l'axe du foyer, qui est disposé sur la paroi horizontale périphérique 22 du foyer 20.The oxidant injection means is an injector 30, or a series of injectors spaced axially along the axis of the hearth, which is disposed on the peripheral horizontal wall 22 of the hearth 20.
Dans l'exemple de la figure 2, il est prévu deux séries de trois injecteurs situés à distance de la sortie du combustible de l'injecteur 28, et préférentiellement au voisinage de la face avant 24, chacune des séries étant circonférentiellement espacée de l'autre de manière régulière. Comme pour l'exemple de la figure 1 , les conditions d'injection du combustible, telles que vitesse initiale du combustible, distribution spatiale du combustible, granulométrie des gouttelettes ou des particules, nombre d'injecteurs, débit de fluide de pulvérisation ou de transport, ainsi que les conditions d'injection du comburant, telles que nombre de points d'injection, vitesse du comburant, orientation des jets par rapport à l'axe du foyer, débit éventuel de gaz vecteur comme par exemple de la vapeur ou des fumées recyclées, sont déterminés, par exemple grâce à des simulations numériques, de façon à ce que le temps caractéristique du mélange turbulent reste inférieur au temps caractéristique de la cinétique chimique. Ainsi, en aucun point du foyer, il n'y a d'accélération de la combustion pouvant conduire à des points chauds.In the example of FIG. 2, there are two series of three injectors situated at a distance from the fuel outlet of the injector 28, and preferably in the vicinity of the front face 24, each of the series being circumferentially spaced from the other regularly. As for the example of FIG. 1, the fuel injection conditions, such as the initial fuel velocity, the spatial distribution of the fuel, the particle size of the droplets or the particles, the number of injectors, the flow rate of the spray or transport fluid , as well as the oxidant injection conditions, such as the number of injection points, the oxidizer velocity, the orientation of the jets with respect to the axis of the furnace, the possible flow rate of carrier gas, for example steam or fumes recycled, are determined, for example by means of numerical simulations, so that the characteristic time of the turbulent mixture remains below the characteristic time of the chemical kinetics. Thus, at no point in the hearth, is there any acceleration of combustion that can lead to hot spots.
En fonctionnement, le combustible est injecté dans ledit foyer 20, à partir de l'injecteur 28, dans toutes les directions de l'espace et en particulier en direction des injecteurs de comburant 30, comme indiqué par les flèches A, de façon à assurer une interpénétration du combustible et du comburant.In operation, the fuel is injected into said furnace 20, from the injector 28, in all the directions of space and in particular towards the oxidizer injectors 30, as indicated by the arrows A, so as to ensure interpenetration of fuel and oxidant.
Grâce à cette disposition, la combustion se développe sur un volume important du foyer 20 et les parois de ce foyer 20 sont également maintenues sous une atmosphère oxydante avec les avantages énumérés plus haut.With this arrangement, combustion develops on a large volume of the hearth 20 and the walls of this hearth 20 are also maintained in an oxidizing atmosphere with the advantages listed above.
Bien entendu, le combustible non totalement brûlé quitte le foyer 20 pour traverser la zone de liaison 12 où il achève sa combustion dans la zone 14 grâce à des injecteurs de comburant additionnels 32 comme précédemment décrit.Of course, the not completely burned fuel leaves the hearth 20 to cross the connection zone 12 where it completes its combustion in the zone 14 through additional oxidizer injectors 32 as previously described.
On se réfère maintenant aux figures 3 et 4 qui montrent une variante de la figure 1 et qui comportent, pour des raisons de clarté, les même références que cette figure. Dans cette variante, le combustible est injecté, dans le foyer 20 et en direction des injecteurs de comburant 30, par un injecteur de combustible 28 porté par la face avant 24 et d'axe confondu avec celui du foyer. Cet injecteur est configuré d'une façon telle qu'il génère, à sa sortie, un cône 38 de combustible.Referring now to Figures 3 and 4 which show a variant of Figure 1 and which include, for reasons of clarity, the same references as this figure. In this variant, the fuel is injected into the furnace 20 and towards the oxidizer injectors 30, by a fuel injector 28 carried by the front face 24 and axis coincident with that of the focus. This injector is configured in such a way that it generates, at its exit, a cone 38 of fuel.
Préférentiellement, l'angle au sommet de ce cône est compris entre 15 etPreferably, the apex angle of this cone is between 15 and
180° et de préférence entre 60 et 150° et les conditions de fonctionnement de l'injecteur sont déterminées, par exemple par simulation numérique, de façon à favoriser une bonne répartition du combustible dans tout le foyer 20 et une bonne interpénétration du combustible et du comburant.180 ° and preferably between 60 and 150 ° and the operating conditions of the injector are determined, for example by numerical simulation, so as to promote a good distribution of the fuel throughout the focus 20 and a good interpenetration of the fuel and the fuel. oxidizer.
Ce cône peut être réalisé par un injecteur projetant une multiplicité de jets inclinés par rapport à l'axe XX' en formant un cône dont la surface périphérique dudit cône est de révolution par rapport à XX'.This cone can be achieved by an injector projecting a multiplicity of jets inclined relative to the axis XX 'forming a cone whose peripheral surface of said cone is of revolution with respect to XX'.
Comme montré sur la figure 4, il est prévu de disposer une pluralité d'injecteurs de comburant 30 régulièrement répartis circonférentiellement sur la face arrière 26. Ces injecteurs sont inclinés, c'est-à-dire que leurs axes sont axialement parallèles à l'axe XX' mais sont légèrement décalés radialement par rapport à cet axe de façon à créer, dans le foyer 20, un écoulement turbulent du comburant qui se développe, dans un mouvement hélicoïdal du comburant, en direction de la face avant 24. .As shown in FIG. 4, provision is made for a plurality of oxidizer injectors 30 regularly distributed circumferentially on the rear face 26. These injectors are inclined, that is to say that their axes are axially parallel to the XX 'axis but are slightly offset radially relative to this axis so as to create, in the focus 20, a turbulent flow of the oxidizer which develops, in a helical movement of the oxidant, towards the front face 24..
Ainsi, pour réaliser le mélange comburant/combustible destiné à brûler dans le foyer 20, le comburant est injecté dans le foyer selon un mouvement hélicoïdal coaxial à l'axe XX' de l'injecteur de combustible, comme montré par les flèches D sur les figures. Dans cette configuration, on favorise le mélange entre le combustible et le comburant à l'intérieur du foyer 20 grâce à la circulation du comburant qui crée des turbulences entraînant un brassage du combustible avec le comburant et qui va procurer un mélange comburant/combustible occupant toute la section du foyer. De même comme pour les figures 1 et 2, la zone de liaison 12 porte au moins un injecteur de comburant oxydant additionnel 32 qui permet d'assurer le mélange de ce comburant avec les fumées issues du foyer 20, ce mélange combustible/comburant pénétrant ensuite dans la zone de post-combustion 14 pour achever la combustion.Thus, to produce the oxidant / fuel mixture for burning in the hearth 20, the oxidant is injected into the hearth in a helical movement coaxial with the axis XX 'of the fuel injector, as shown by the arrows D on the FIGS. In this configuration, it promotes mixing between the fuel and the oxidant inside the fireplace 20 through the circulation of the oxidizer which creates turbulence causing a mixing of the fuel with the oxidizer and which will provide a comburent / fuel mixture occupying any the section of the hearth. Similarly, as in FIGS. 1 and 2, the connecting zone 12 carries at least one additional oxidizing oxidizer injector 32 which makes it possible to mix this oxidant with the fumes from the furnace 20, this fuel / oxidant mixture then penetrating in the post-combustion zone 14 to complete the combustion.
On se reporte maintenant aux figures 5 et 6 qui illustrent une variante du mode de réalisation de la figure 2 et qui également comportent les mêmes références principales.Referring now to Figures 5 and 6 which illustrate a variant of the embodiment of Figure 2 and which also include the same main references.
Dans cette variante, le combustible est également injecté dans le foyer 20 sous la forme d'un cône de combustible 38.In this variant, the fuel is also injected into the hearth 20 in the form of a fuel cone 38.
Ce cône de combustible résulte de l'action du déflecteur 36 qui génère ce cône dont la base est en regard de la face avant 24.This cone of fuel results from the action of the deflector 36 which generates this cone whose base is opposite the front face 24.
Comme mieux visible sur la figure 6, les injecteurs 30 ou les séries d'injecteurs sont répartis circonférentiellement autour de la paroi périphérique 22 et sont inclinés de manière à introduire le comburant tangentiellement dans le foyer 20. De par cette disposition, il se crée un mouvement circulaire du comburant autour de l'axe XX', comme représenté par les flèches E sur Ia figure 6. Afin d'accentuer le mouvement du comburant, il peut être prévu de décaler les axes des injecteurs 30 en direction axiale vers la face arrière 26, comme représenté en pointillé sur la figure 5, de façon à ce que le mouvement du comburant soit hélicoïdal.As can be seen more clearly in FIG. 6, the injectors 30 or the series of injectors are distributed circumferentially around the peripheral wall 22 and are inclined so as to introduce the oxidizer tangentially into the hearth 20. By this arrangement, it creates a circular movement of the oxidant around the axis XX ', as shown by the arrows E in Figure 6. In order to accentuate the movement of the oxidant, it can be expected to shift the axes of the injectors 30 in the axial direction towards the rear face 26, as shown in dotted line in Figure 5, so that the movement of the oxidant is helical.
Là encore, cette disposition a pour objectif de favoriser l'interpénétration du combustible et du comburant.Again, this provision aims to promote the interpenetration of fuel and oxidant.
Ce comburant, qui est injecté circulairement ou hélicoïdalement, rencontre le combustible à proximité de la paroi 22 en se brassant avec celui-ci et en générant un mélange qui se développe sur la totalité du foyer. Ainsi, la combustion peut se développer sur un volume important du foyer 20.This oxidizer, which is injected circularly or helically, encounters the fuel near the wall 22 by mixing with it and generating a mixture that develops over the entire focus. Thus, the combustion can develop on a large volume of the hearth 20.
Grâce à cette disposition, les parois du foyer 20 sont également maintenues sous une atmosphère oxydante avec les avantages énumérés plus haut.With this arrangement, the walls of the fireplace 20 are also maintained in an oxidizing atmosphere with the advantages listed above.
Bien entendu, le combustible non utilisé quitte le foyer 20 par la zone de liaison 12 où il achève sa combustion grâce à des injecteurs de comburant additionnels 32 comme précédemment décrit.Of course, the unused fuel leaves the furnace 20 through the connecting zone 12 where it completes its combustion through additional oxidizer injectors 32 as previously described.
On se reporte maintenant à la figure 7 qui montre un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention et qui comporte les références des exemples précédemment décrits augmentées de l'indice 100.Reference is now made to FIG. 7 which shows another embodiment of the invention and which comprises the references of the previously described examples increased by the index 100.
Ainsi, un générateur thermique 110 comprend un foyer 120, une zone de liaison 112, une zone de récupération de chaleur 116 et une zone d'évacuation et/ou de traitement 118 des fumées issues de la combustion.Thus, a heat generator 110 comprises a furnace 120, a connection zone 112, a heat recovery zone 116 and a discharge and / or treatment zone 118 of the flue gases from the combustion.
Le générateur comprend un foyer 120 d'axe longitudinal XX' qui peut être de forme cylindrique ou sensiblement parallélépipédique. Sur l'exemple de la figure 7, le foyer est de forme parallélépipédique à section rectangulaire dont la paroi périphérique 122 est formé d'une succession de parois autour de l'axeThe generator comprises a focal point 120 of longitudinal axis XX 'which may be of cylindrical or substantially parallelepipedal shape. In the example of FIG. 7, the hearth is of rectangular parallelepipedal shape whose peripheral wall 122 is formed of a succession of walls around the axis.
XX'. Cette succession de parois comprend des parois verticales 140 et 142 et des parois horizontales supérieure 144 et inférieure 146. Le générateur comprend également une face avant 124 ainsi qu'une face arrière 126.XX '. This succession of walls comprises vertical walls 140 and 142 and upper horizontal walls 144 and lower 146. The generator also comprises a front face 124 and a rear face 126.
La paroi verticale 142 porte au moins un injecteur de combustible 128 d'axe ZZ' sensiblement perpendiculaire à l'axe XX' du foyer 120 et la paroi horizontale 144 porte au moins un injecteur de comburant 130 d'une manière telle que l'axe de l'injecteur de comburant soit sensiblement perpendiculaire à l'axe ZZ' de l'injecteur de combustible. C'est à l'intersection de la paroi supérieure horizontale 144 et de la paroi verticale 142 que se situe la zone de liaison 112 et plus particulièrement en partie droite du générateur comme illustré sur cette figure.The vertical wall 142 carries at least one fuel injector 128 of axis ZZ 'substantially perpendicular to the axis XX' of the hearth 120 and the horizontal wall 144 carries at least one oxidizer injector 130 in a manner such that the axis the oxidizer injector is substantially perpendicular to the axis ZZ 'of the fuel injector. It is at the intersection of the horizontal upper wall 144 and the vertical wall 142 that is located the connection zone 112 and more particularly in the right part of the generator as shown in this figure.
Le foyer peut aussi être subdivisé en compartiments étanches ou non, grâce à des parois, qui peuvent être par exemple des parois membranées, sensiblement parallèles aux deux faces verticales 124, 126 qui ferment les deux extrémités du foyer. Cette disposition a pour but de limiter le volume de chaque foyer unitaire à moins de 50 m3 comme indiqué plus haut.The hearth may also be subdivided into watertight compartments or not, through walls, which may be for example membranées walls, substantially parallel to the two vertical faces 124, 126 which close the two ends of the hearth. This provision is intended to limit the volume of each unit hearth to less than 50 m3 as indicated above.
L'injecteur de combustible 128 d'axe ZZ' projette le combustible dans le foyer 120 selon des jets très épanouis (flèche A) de façon à assurer une bonne répartition du combustible dans tout le foyer 120 et une bonne interpénétration du combustible et du comburant. Avantageusement, il est prévu une rangée sensiblement horizontale d'injecteurs de combustible espacés régulièrement les uns des autres et cela selon l'axe XX' du foyer. Les injecteurs peuvent être aussi mis selon d'autres dispositions, comme en quinconce par exemple, et/ou être inclinés par rapport à la paroi 142.The fuel injector 128 of axis ZZ 'projects the fuel into the hearth 120 in very open jets (arrow A) so as to ensure a good distribution of the fuel throughout the hearth 120 and a good interpenetration of the fuel and the oxidant . Advantageously, there is provided a substantially horizontal row of fuel injectors spaced regularly from each other and that along the axis XX 'of the hearth. The injectors may also be used according to other arrangements, such as staggered, for example, and / or inclined relative to the wall 142.
L'injecteur de comburant 130 est situé sur la paroi horizontale supérieure 144.The oxidizer injector 130 is located on the upper horizontal wall 144.
Préférentiellement, il est prévu une rangée d'injecteurs de comburant 130 régulièrement espacés selon l'axe XX' dont les positions sont en concordance ou non avec celles de la rangée d'injecteurs de combustible.Preferably, there is provided a row of oxidizer injectors 130 regularly spaced along the axis XX 'whose positions are in concordance or not with those of the row of fuel injectors.
Durant le fonctionnement, le combustible est injecté dans le foyer 120, à partir de l'injecteur 128, dans toutes les directions de l'espace et en particulier en direction des injecteurs de comburant 30, comme indiqué par les flèches A, de façon à assurer une interpénétration du combustible et du comburant à proximité des parois 140, 144, 146 pour se mélanger et ensuite occuper la totalité de la section du foyer. Ensuite, les fumées résultant de Ia combustion quittent le foyer 120 par la zone de liaison 112 pour parvenir dans la zone de récupération de chaleur 116. Il peut être remarqué que, grâce à cette disposition d'injecteurs, l'ensemble du foyer est à une température homogène.During operation, the fuel is injected into the furnace 120, from the injector 128, in all the directions of the space and in particular towards the oxidizer injectors 30, as indicated by the arrows A, so as to ensure interpenetration of the fuel and the oxidant near the walls 140, 144, 146 to mix and then occupy the entire section of the hearth. Then, the fumes resulting from the combustion leave the hearth 120 through the connecting zone 112 to reach the heat recovery zone 116. It may be noted that, thanks to this arrangement of injectors, the whole hearth is at a homogeneous temperature.
Comme précédemment mentionné pour les figures 1 à 6, les parois du foyer 120 sont avantageusement constituées de parois membranées formées par des tubes reliés entre eux par des ailettes soudées de manière à rendre lesdites parois étanches vis-à-vis de l'extérieur. Certaines parties de ces parois peuvent être recouvertes de matériaux isolants afin de limiter l'échange de chaleur et/ou le contact des tubes avec des atmosphères localement corrosives. Les parois sont également recouvertes extérieurement de matériaux isolants permettant de limiter les pertes thermiques.As previously mentioned for FIGS. 1 to 6, the walls of the hearth 120 are advantageously constituted by membranous walls formed by tubes connected together by fins welded so as to render said walls watertight with respect to the outside. Parts of these walls may be covered with insulating materials to limit heat exchange and / or contact of the tubes with locally corrosive atmospheres. The walls are also externally covered with insulating materials to limit heat losses.
II est à noter que, dans les exemples décrits ci-dessus, la zone de combustion occupe la totalité du foyer grâce à une très forte turbulence générée par l'injection de comburant.It should be noted that, in the examples described above, the combustion zone occupies the entire hearth due to a very strong turbulence generated by the oxidant injection.
Il peut être également possible d'accroître cette turbulence par l'injection de combustible tout en assurant une distribution de ce combustible la plus homogène possible sur la totalité du foyer. Pour ce faire, on agit, comme décrit précédemment, sur les conditions d'injection du combustible et éventuellement du comburant pour obtenir une distribution granulométrique adéquate de façon à avoir des gouttelettes de combustible de petite taille qui se vaporisent au voisinage du point d'injection du combustible et des gouttelettes de plus grosse taille qui diffusent ce combustible sur tout leur parcours le long du foyer It may also be possible to increase this turbulence by fuel injection while ensuring a distribution of this fuel as homogeneous as possible over the entire home. To do this, it acts, as described above, on the fuel injection conditions and possibly the oxidant to obtain an adequate particle size distribution so as to have small fuel droplets that vaporize near the injection point fuel and larger droplets that spread the fuel along the entire path
Claims
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FR0407514A FR2872887B1 (en) | 2004-07-07 | 2004-07-07 | HOMOGENEOUS COMBUSTION METHOD AND THERMAL GENERATOR USING SUCH A METHOD |
PCT/FR2005/001762 WO2006013290A1 (en) | 2004-07-07 | 2005-07-07 | Homogeneous combustion method and thermal generator using same |
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US (1) | US20080131823A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1766289A1 (en) |
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SI2143998T1 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2013-01-31 | Rheinkalk Gmbh | Burner unit for pulverulent fuel |
ITRM20120037A1 (en) * | 2012-02-02 | 2013-08-03 | Uni Degli Studi Di Roma To R Vergata | BURNER |
CN105164471B (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2017-09-08 | 工业涡轮(英国)有限公司 | poor azimuth flame burner |
WO2014168383A1 (en) * | 2013-04-08 | 2014-10-16 | 국민대학교산학협력단 | Flameless combustion industrial furnace using reverse air injection technique, reverse gas recirculation system, and fuel cell system applying catalyst-free fuel reformer using high-speed reverse air injection technique |
KR101634793B1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2016-06-29 | 국민대학교산학협력단 | Catalyst-free and flameless fuel reformer using high speed inversed injection air nozzle and fuel cell system using thereof |
KR101446915B1 (en) * | 2013-04-08 | 2014-10-06 | 국민대학교산학협력단 | Reverse air injection type flameless combustion industrial furnace |
US10543387B2 (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2020-01-28 | The Boeing Company | Combustion arrester test systems and methods |
FR3142477A1 (en) | 2022-11-25 | 2024-05-31 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Production of synthetic fuels from CO2 with partial oxycombustion of by-products and CO2 separation |
FR3142475A1 (en) | 2022-11-25 | 2024-05-31 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Production of synthetic fuels from carbon dioxide with partial or total oxycombustion of by-products |
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US2904417A (en) * | 1959-09-15 | Process for the production of synthesis | ||
DE1238148B (en) * | 1953-07-22 | 1967-04-06 | Siemens Ag | Combustion chamber for furnaces operated with coal dust |
US2955420A (en) * | 1955-09-12 | 1960-10-11 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Jet engine operation |
GB1465785A (en) * | 1973-03-12 | 1977-03-02 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | Burner and method of combustion- |
US4154567A (en) * | 1977-01-07 | 1979-05-15 | Continental Carbon Company | Method and apparatus for the combustion of waste gases |
CA1159356A (en) * | 1979-10-25 | 1983-12-27 | Kurt Skoog | Method and device for producing microdroplets of fluid |
DE3545524C2 (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1996-02-29 | Siemens Ag | Multi-stage combustion chamber for the combustion of nitrogenous gas with reduced NO¶x¶ emission and method for its operation |
DE3828248A1 (en) * | 1988-08-19 | 1990-02-22 | Webasto Ag Fahrzeugtechnik | METHOD FOR OPERATING A BURNER AND BURNER THEREFOR |
US5076779A (en) * | 1991-04-12 | 1991-12-31 | Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corporation | Segregated zoning combustion |
US5123361A (en) * | 1991-11-25 | 1992-06-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Annular vortex combustor |
US5297729A (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1994-03-29 | Combustion Concepts, Inc. | Furnace apparatus |
US5425630A (en) * | 1993-11-04 | 1995-06-20 | Dutescu; Cornel | Kinetic dissociator |
US5441546A (en) * | 1993-11-08 | 1995-08-15 | Moard; David | Apparatus and method for decreasing nitrogen oxide emissions from internal combustion power sources |
FR2722272B1 (en) * | 1994-07-08 | 1996-08-23 | Air Liquide | COMBUSTION ASSEMBLY FOR AN OVEN AND METHOD FOR OPERATING THE SAME |
US5546701A (en) * | 1994-09-20 | 1996-08-20 | Hydrogen Burner Technology, Inc. | Underoxidized burner utilizing improved injectors |
DE4441235A1 (en) * | 1994-11-19 | 1996-05-23 | Abb Management Ag | Combustion chamber with multi-stage combustion |
US5975886A (en) * | 1996-11-25 | 1999-11-02 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Combustion process and apparatus therefore containing separate injection of fuel and oxidant streams |
AT408267B (en) * | 1999-05-25 | 2001-10-25 | Vaillant Gmbh | AIR STAGE BURNER |
-
2004
- 2004-07-07 FR FR0407514A patent/FR2872887B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-07-07 US US11/571,699 patent/US20080131823A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-07 EP EP05788679A patent/EP1766289A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-07-07 WO PCT/FR2005/001762 patent/WO2006013290A1/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2006013290A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20080131823A1 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
FR2872887B1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
WO2006013290A1 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
FR2872887A1 (en) | 2006-01-13 |
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