EP1754236B1 - Use of high performance dielectric oil in high voltage electrical equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a high-performance dielectric oil comprising approximately 75 to 95% by volume of a naphthenic oil and approximately 5 to 25% by volume of an ester oil, in particular a synthetic ester oil and more preferably an oil of the family of polyolesters. The high-performance dielectric oil may be used in high-voltage electrical equipment such as power, measurement, distribution or traction transformers, tap changers, bushings, distributors, oil-immersed circuit breakers, power capacitors, cables, etc.

Description

TECHNICAL AREA

The present invention relates to the use of a high performance dielectric oil in high voltage electrical equipment.

This equipment can be power transformers, measuring, distribution or traction, as well as tap changers, bushings, distributors, oil bath circuit breakers, power capacitors or cables.

STATE OF THE PRIOR ART

Power transformers are among the most strategic and costly components of electricity transmission and distribution networks. It is therefore essential that they work properly as long as possible.

Most of these transformers are filled with a liquid that plays the role of both electrical insulation and heat transfer fluid. This liquid is almost always a mineral oil, resulting from the fractional distillation of crude oil. This preponderance of mineral oils can be explained in particular by their low cost compared to that of synthetic insulating liquids that can be used in electrical engineering such as alkylbenzenes. Ester and silicone oils are used in distribution transformers, but are rarely, because of their high cost, in power transformers.

The progress made in recent years in the field of materials has significantly reduced the size of power transformers with consequent reduction in the size of the insulating gaps and an increase in heat densities requiring removal.

The mineral oils present in these transformers are thus made to perform their role of electrical insulation in smaller intervals for equivalent or higher operating voltages, and to ensure the parallel removal of higher heat densities.

It is to be feared, although it has not been expressly demonstrated, that the use of mineral oils under these conditions results in transformer failure or a reduction in their service life, in particular due to premature degradation of these oils.

The inventors have therefore set themselves the goal of providing an oil that is more efficient than the mineral oils currently used in power transformers, in particular in terms of dielectric strength and aging resistance, so as to guarantee the operation of these transformers. in the best conditions of reliability and safety, to give them a satisfactory life and to offer the possibility of making them even more compact.

The inventors have also set themselves the goal of providing an oil which, while having these advantages, has a manufacturing cost compatible with use in power transformers, knowing that a power transformer can contain more than 40,000 liters. oil.

STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION

This and other objects are achieved by the invention which provides a dielectric oil comprising from about 75 to about 95 volume percent of a naphthenic oil and from about 5 to about 25 volume percent of an ester oil.

The inventors have, in fact, found that, surprisingly, the addition of an ester oil to a naphthenic oil in the proportions indicated above results in a very clear improvement of the dielectric properties of this naphthenic oil, as well as its aging resistance, without affecting its viscosity and, therefore, its ability to ensure heat transfer. This gives an oil performance far superior to those of mineral oils currently used in power transformers, as well as those of silicone oils.

According to a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the naphthenic oil is an oil or a mixture of oils which has (s) an aromatic carbon content (C _a ) of approximately 10 to 15%, a content of paraffinic carbon (C _p ) of about 40 to 45% and a naphthenic carbon content (C _n ) of about 45 to 50%. As examples of naphthenic oils having this type of composition, mention may be made of the Nytro 10GBN, Nytro 3000 and Nytro 10X oils from NINAS, Poweroil TO-10 oil from APAR, Univolt 60 oils and Voltesso 35 from ESSO, as well as Diala A and Diala M oils from SHELL.

According to the invention, the ester oil may be a vegetable or synthetic oil, or a mixture of several vegetable and / or synthetic oils. However, it is preferred to use a synthetic oil or a mixture of synthetic oils because these oils generally have a pour point lower than that of vegetable oils and close to that of naphthenic mineral oils, so that they remain liquids at temperatures at which vegetable oils tend to solidify. In addition synthetic ester oils oxidize less rapidly than vegetable ester oils.

According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the ester oil is therefore a synthetic ester oil or a mixture of oils containing at least one synthetic ester oil.

Preferably, this synthetic ester oil is of the polyolefin family, and is more particularly a pentaerythritol tetraester oil.

dans laquelle R représente un groupe alkyle allant de C₅H₁₁ à C₉H₁₉. Une telle huile est notamment disponible auprès de la société M&I sous la référence commerciale Midel 7131.Advantageously, this pentaerythritol tetraester oil has the formula (I) below:

wherein R represents an alkyl group ranging from C ₅ H ₁₁ to C ₉ H ₁₉ . Such an oil is in particular available from the company M & I under the trade reference Midel 7131.

However, other ester oils may also be used, for example synthetic oils ProEco TR3746 from the company COGNIS or Envirotemp 200 from the company CPS, or vegetable oils Biotemp from the company ABB or Envirotemp FR3 from the company CPS.

According to a particularly preferred arrangement of the invention, the dielectric oil comprises a naphthenic oil having an aromatic carbon content (C _a ) of about 14%, a paraffinic carbon content (C _p ) of about 41% and a content of naphthenic carbon (C _n ) of about 45%, and a pentaerythritol tetraester oil of formula (I) above.

Preferably, the volume ratio between these two oils ranges from 75:25 to 85:15, a ratio of Particularly preferred volume is about 80:20.

In addition to presenting the aforementioned advantages, the oil according to the invention also has the advantage of being economically attractive, insofar as it consists mainly of mineral oil.

It is therefore particularly suitable for use as electrical insulation and heat transfer fluid in high voltage electrical equipment.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term "high voltage" means any voltage greater than 1000 V AC and 1500 V DC, in accordance with the specifications of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

In particular, the oil according to the invention is likely to be advantageously used in power transformers, measuring, distribution or traction, and in particular in power distributors.

The invention will be better understood in the light of the additional description, which refers to an embodiment of an oil according to the invention and to demonstrate its properties.

Of course, this example is given as an illustration of the subject of the invention and does not constitute a limitation of this object.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The figure 1 represents the evolution of the viscosity (in mm ² / s) of a naphthenic oil (curve A), an oil according to the invention composed of this naphthenic oil and a synthetic ester oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve B), and an oil composed of this same naphthenic oil and a silicone oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve C), depending on the temperature (in ° C). VS).

The figure 2 represents the cumulative Gaussian probabilities of occurrence of a breakdown for a naphthenic oil (curve A), for an oil according to the invention composed of this naphthenic oil and a synthetic ester oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve B ), and for an oil composed of this same naphthenic oil and a silicone oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve C).

The figure 3 represents the acidity (in mg of KOH / g of oil) of a naphthenic oil (curve A), an oil according to the invention composed of this naphthenic oil and a synthetic ester oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve B), and an oil composed of the same naphthenic oil and a silicone oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve C), before aging (point 0 of the abscissa axis) and after aging without a metal catalyst (point 1 of the abscissa axis), in the presence of a metal catalyst (point 2 of the abscissa axis) and in the presence of a cellulosic insulation called Kraft paper (item 3 of the 'horizontal axis).

The figure 4 represents the dissipation factor (or tan δ) of a naphthenic oil (curve A), an oil according to the invention comprising this naphthenic oil and a synthetic ester oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve B), and an oil composed of this same naphthenic oil and a silicone oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (curve C), before aging (point 0 of the abscissa axis) and after aging without a metal catalyst (point 1 of the abscissa axis), in the presence of a catalyst metal (point 2 of the abscissa axis) and in the presence of a cellulose insulation called Kraft paper (point 3 of the abscissa axis).

The figure 5 represents the charge density of a naphthenic oil (point 1 of the abscissa axis), of a synthetic ester oil (point 2 of the abscissa axis), an oil according to the invention composed of this oil naphthenic and synthetic ester oil in a volume ratio of 80:20 (point 3 of the abscissa), and an oil composed of the same naphthenic oil and a silicone oil in a volume ratio of 80: (Point 4 of the x-axis) before and after filtration, under a vacuum of 10 ^-3 bar, on a sintered glass of 11-16 microns porosity.

DETAILED PRESENTATION OF A PARTICULAR MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION

• * 80 parties en volume de l'huile naphténique commercialisée par la société NYNAS sous la référence commerciale Nytro 10GBN (C_a = 14% ; C_p = 41% ; C_n = 45%), et
• * 20 parties en volume de l'huile tétraester de pentaérythritol de formule (I) ci-avant, commercialisée par la société M&I sous la référence commerciale Midel 7131, jusqu'à obtention d'un mélange homogène.

An oil according to the invention is prepared by mixing:

• * 80 parts by volume of the naphthenic oil marketed by NYNAS under the trade name Nytro 10GBN (C _a = 14%, C _p = 41%, C _n = 45%), and
• 20 parts by volume of pentaerythritol tetraester oil of formula (I) above, sold by the company M & I under the trade reference Midel 7131, until a homogeneous mixture is obtained.

The oil thus obtained is subjected to four series of tests intended to assess respectively the evolution of its viscosity as a function of temperature, its dielectric strength, its resistance to aging and its tendency to be electrically charged.

For comparative purposes, the same four series of tests are carried out, on the one hand, NYNAS Nytro 10GBN naphthenic oil alone and, on the other hand, an oil consisting of a mixture of this same naphthenic oil and Rhodorsil silicone oil 604V50 (RHODIA company), also in a volume ratio of 80:20. These oils are respectively designated hereinafter "naphthenic oil" and "20% oil of silicone oil".

The tendency to electrically charge Midel 7131 synthetic ester oil alone is also tested. This oil is called in the following "synthetic ester oil".

Viscosity tests :

The viscosity of the oils is determined according to IEC 60296 / ISO 3104.

Dielectric strength tests :

The dielectric strength of the oils is studied at ambient temperature according to the IEC 60156 standard, that is to say under a quasi-uniform electric field, obtained with spherical electrodes, of horizontal axis. The inter-electrode gap is set to 2.5 ± 0.05 mm. The voltage is steadily increased (2.0 ± 0.2 kV / sec) until breakdown and each test oil sample is shaken throughout the test.

Prior to each test, the oil samples are filtered on a sintered glass of 11 to 16 microns porosity, under a vacuum of 10 ^-3 bar. Their water content is determined according to IEC 60814 (coulometric Karl Fischer titration); the number of particles is counted according to IEC 60970 and particulate pollution of the samples is classified from 1 to 12 according to the German standard NAS 1638.

dans laquelle x représente la valeur de la tension de claquage (en kV), u représente la tension de claquage moyenne (en kV) et σ représente le coefficient de variation.The breakdown voltages are measured by means of a BAUR dieltest (100 kV-50 Hz) on 32 samples for each oil tested and the measurements are analyzed by the Laplace-Gauss law or normal law, represented by the following formula: $$f\left(x,,u,,\sigma \right)=\left[\mathit{1}\mathit{/}\left(\sqrt{\mathit{2}\mathit{pi}}\mathit{\sigma }\right)\right]\mathit{\cdot }\mathit{exp}\mathit{-}\left[{\left(\mathit{x}\mathit{-}\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="u"\; filenames="imgf0002.png,imgf0003.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">u</figure-callout>}\right)}^{\mathit{2}}\mathit{/}\mathit{2}{\mathit{\sigma }}^{\mathit{2}}\right]\mathit{)}$$

where x represents the value of the breakdown voltage (in kV), u represents the average breakdown voltage (in kV) and σ represents the coefficient of variation.

The safety factor, which corresponds to the minimum breakdown voltage of an oil, is determined for f (x, u, σ ) = 0, 001, that is to say for a probability of 99.9. %.

Aging tests :

The resistance to aging of the oils is assessed according to ASTM D1934-95 (2000) which proposes two oxidative aging procedures, one without a metal catalyst, the other in the presence of a metal catalyst, namely a copper wire. . In the latter procedure, in order to make the test more severe than ASTM D1934-95 (2000) (which recommends 15 cm ² of copper per 300 ml of oil), we followed the recommendations of IEC 61125 ( which recommends 9.7 cm ² of copper for 25 g of oil), which represents 8.8% of the weight of the oil.

The resistance to aging of the oils is also tested after impregnation of Kraft paper and drying of the paper thus impregnated under conditions similar to those used to prepare the oiled papers used in the transformers.

In all cases, aging is achieved by leaving the samples for 96 hours in a circulating air oven set at a temperature of 115 ° C.

The acidity and the dissipation factor (or tan δ) of the oils are measured before and after aging.

Static electrization tests :

dans laquelle i représente le courant (en ampères), t représente le flux d'huile (en secondes) et v représente le volume d'huile (en ml).The tendency of oils to charge electrically is appreciated by means of a device called "ministerial charge tester". This test consists in forcing the tested oil to pass through a filter consisting of a cellulose film to cause separation of the charges. The charges remaining on the filter are measured using an electrometer and the results are expressed in terms of charge density, that is to say the amount of charges generated per unit volume of oil in the flow. . The charge density is determined by the following formula: $$\mathit{Density\; of\; charge}\left(\mathit{\mu C}\mathit{/}{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="m"\; filenames="imgf0002.png,imgf0003.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">m</figure-callout>}}^{\mathit{3}}\right)\mathit{=}\left(\mathit{i}\mathit{.}\mathit{t}\mathit{.}{\mathit{10}}^{\mathit{12}}\right)\mathit{/}\mathit{v}$$

where i represents the current (in amperes), t represents the oil flow (in seconds) and v represents the volume of oil (in ml).

Each oil is tested before and after filtration on a sintered glass having a porosity of 11 to 16 microns, under a vacuum of 10 ^-3 bar.

Results :

• Figure 1 : l'évolution de la viscosité, exprimée en mm²/s, de l'huile naphténique (courbe A), de l'huile selon l'invention (courbe B) et de l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone (courbe C), en fonction de la température, exprimée en °C) ;
• Figure 2 : les probabilités gaussiennes cumulatives de survenue d'un claquage telles qu'obtenues pour l'huile naphténique (courbe A), pour l'huile selon l'invention (courbe B) et pour l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone (courbe C) ;
• Figure 3 : l'acidité, exprimée en mg de KOH/g d'huile, de l'huile naphténique (courbe A), de l'huile selon l'invention, (courbe B) et de l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone (courbe C), avant vieillissement (point 0 de l'axe des abscisses) et après vieillissement sans catalyseur métallique (point 1 de l'axe des abscisses), en présence du catalyseur métallique (point 2 de l'axe des abscisses) et sur papier Kraft (point 3 de l'axe des abscisses) ;
• Figure 4 : le tan δ de l'huile naphténique (courbe A), de l'huile selon l'invention (courbe B) et de l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone (courbe C), avant vieillissement (point 0 de l'axe des abscisses) et après vieillissement sans catalyseur métallique (point 1 de l'axe des abscisses), en présence du catalyseur métallique (point 2 de l'axe des abscisses) et sur papier Kraft (point 3 de l'axe des abscisses).
• Figure 5 : la densité de charges, exprimée en µC/m³ et en valeur absolue, de l'huile naphténique (point 1 de l'axe des abscisses), de l'huile ester synthétique (point 2 de l'axe des abscisses), de l'huile selon l'invention (point 3 de l'axe des abscisses), de l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone (point 4 de l'axe des abscisses) avant et après filtration sur le verre fritté.

The test results are illustrated on the Figures 1 to 5 that represent :

• Figure 1 : the evolution of the viscosity, expressed in mm ² / s, of the naphthenic oil (curve A), the oil according to the invention (curve B) and the oil with 20% of silicone oil ( curve C), as a function of temperature, expressed in ° C);
• Figure 2 : the cumulative Gaussian probabilities of occurrence of a breakdown as obtained for the naphthenic oil (curve A), for the oil according to the invention (curve B) and for the oil with 20% of silicone oil ( curve C);
• Figure 3 : the acidity, expressed in mg KOH / g oil, naphthenic oil (curve A), the oil according to the invention (curve B) and the oil at 20% oil silicone (curve C), before aging (point 0 of the abscissa axis) and after aging without metal catalyst (point 1 of the abscissa axis), in the presence of the metal catalyst (point 2 of the abscissa axis) and on Kraft paper (point 3 of the abscissa);
• Figure 4 : the tan δ of the naphthenic oil (curve A), the oil according to the invention (curve B) and the oil with 20% silicone oil (curve C), before aging (point 0 of the x-axis) and after aging without metal catalyst (point 1 of the x-axis), in the presence of the metal catalyst (point 2 of the abscissa axis) and on Kraft paper (point 3 of the abscissa axis) ).
• Figure 5 : the density of charges, expressed in μC / m ³ and in absolute value, of the naphthenic oil (point 1 of the abscissa axis), of the synthetic ester oil (point 2 of the abscissa axis), of the oil according to the invention (point 3 of the abscissa axis), the oil containing 20% of silicone oil (point 4 of the abscissa axis) before and after filtration on the sintered glass.

1. 1. L'huile selon l'invention présente une viscosité quasiment identique à celle de l'huile naphténique qui la constitue, sur toute la gamme des températures étudiées. L'huile à 20% d'huile silicone présente, elle, une viscosité qui, certes, est plus faible aux basses températures mais qui est plus élevée aux températures habituelles de fonctionnement des transformateurs de puissance (80-90°C).
2. 2. Des trois huiles testées, l'huile selon l'invention est celle qui présente les propriétés de rigidité diélectrique les plus intéressantes, avec des valeurs moyennes de tension de claquage et un coefficient de sécurité nettement plus élevés que ceux obtenus pour l'huile naphténique et pour l'huile à 20% de silicone.
   Le coefficient de sécurité est, en effet, de 86 kV pour l'huile selon l'invention (pour une teneur en eau de 66 ppm et une pollution particulaire de 5), alors qu'il n'est que de 50 kV pour l'huile naphténique (pour une teneur en eau de 10 ppm et une pollution particulaire de 6) et de 72 kV pour l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone (pour une teneur en eau de 12 ppm et une pollution particulaire de 5).
   Ceci peut s'expliquer par le fait que la tenue au claquage dépend fortement de la teneur en eau d'une huile, et que pour les huiles esters synthétiques, la solubilité de l'eau dans l'huile est beaucoup plus élevée que pour les huiles minérales.
3. 3. Des trois huiles testées, l'huile selon l'invention est également celle qui présente la tenue au vieillissement la plus intéressante, son acidité et son tan δ augmentant moins en situation de vieillissement que ceux de l'huile naphténique et de l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone.
4. 4. L'huile selon l'invention a une tendance à se charger électriquement plus élevée que celles de l'huile naphténique qui la constitue ou de l'huile à 20% d'huile silicone et ce, quelle que soit sa teneur en eau. Toutefois, les valeurs de densité de charges obtenues pour l'huile selon l'invention restent parfaitement compatibles avec une utilisation comme isolant électrique dans des transformateurs de puissance, et sont nettement moins élevées que pour l'huile ester synthétique seule.

These figures show that:

1. 1. The oil according to the invention has a viscosity almost identical to that of the naphthenic oil which constitutes it, over the entire range of temperatures studied. Oil with 20% silicone oil it has a viscosity which, of course, is lower at low temperatures but is higher at the usual operating temperatures of power transformers (80-90 ° C).
2. 2. Of the three oils tested, the oil according to the invention is the one which has the most interesting dielectric strength properties, with mean values of breakdown voltage and a safety factor significantly higher than those obtained for the oil naphthenic and for oil with 20% silicone.
   The safety factor is, in fact, 86 kV for the oil according to the invention (for a water content of 66 ppm and a particulate pollution of 5), whereas it is only 50 kV for l naphthenic oil (for a water content of 10 ppm and particulate pollution of 6) and 72 kV for oil with 20% silicone oil (for a water content of 12 ppm and particulate pollution of 5) .
   This can be explained by the fact that the resistance to breakdown depends strongly on the water content of an oil, and that for the synthetic ester oils, the solubility of the water in the oil is much higher than for the mineral oils.
3. 3. Of the three oils tested, the oil according to the invention is also the one with the most interesting aging behavior, its acidity and its tan δ increasing less under aging conditions than those of the naphthenic oil and the oil with 20% silicone oil.
4. 4. The oil according to the invention has a tendency to be electrically charged higher than those of the naphthenic oil which constitutes it or the oil with 20% of silicone oil and this, whatever its water content . However, the charge density values obtained for the oil according to the invention remain perfectly compatible with use as electrical insulation in power transformers, and are significantly lower than for the synthetic ester oil alone.

Claims (10)

1. Use of a synthetic ester oil in an amount of 5 to 25% by volume for increasing the ageing resistance of a dielectric oil comprising 75 to 95% by volume of a naphthenic oil.
2. Use according to Claim 1, in which the naphthenic oil is an oil or a mixture of oils that has(have) an aromatic carbon content of 10 to 15%, a paraffinic carbon content of 40 to 45% and a naphthenic carbon content of 45 to 50%.
3. Use according to Claim 1, in which the synthetic ester oil is an oil of the family of polyolesters.
4. Use according to Claim 3, in which the oil of the family of polyolesters is based on a pentaerythritol tetraster.
5. Use according to Claim 4, in which the oil based on a pentaerythritol tetraester satisfies the formula (I) below:

   

   in which R represents an alkyl group ranging from C₅H₁₁ to C₉H₁₉.
6. Use according to Claim 4, which comprises a naphthenic oil having an aromatic carbon content of 14%, a paraffinic carbon content of 41% and a naphthenic carbon content of 45%, and an oil based on pentaerythritol tetraester of formula (I).
7. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the naphthenic oil/ester oil volume ratio is 75/25 to 85/15.
8. Use according to Claim 7, in which the naphthenic oil/ester oil Volume ratio is approximately 80/20.
9. Use according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, in which the dielectric oil in an oil for high-voltage electrical equipments.
10. Use according to Claim 9, in which the electrical equipments include power, measurement, distribution or traction transformers, and in particular power transformers.

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