Classifications

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  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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  • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
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  • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
  • C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
  • C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
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  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
  • C10J2300/123—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves
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  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
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  • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
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  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
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  • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
  • C10J2300/1656—Conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals
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  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
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Definitions

• Waste pyrolysis can be done in two ways:
• Plasma technology transforms electrical energy into heat energy and reaches temperatures that no other technology can produce.
• the phenomenon is maintained by electrical conduction (electric arc) or magnetic induction.
• This electric arc can be produced between consumable graphite electrodes as used in scrap foundry, it is then said to be of the "transferred arc” type because the current passes through the scrap and / or the conductive slag resulting from the fusion. Otherwise it says "arc not transferred or blown". It is known that following the high temperatures obtained in plasma medium the properties of the gases change.
• the gas molecules dissociate and evolve towards an atomic state and that for a temperature above 2500 ° C, the molecules are completely dissociated and the atoms gradually lose their electron (s) (s) and are thus in the form of an ionized gas which has a high energy.
• This energy can be applied among other things to heat, gasify, cause chemical reactions in and / or around the plasma thus created.
• the plasma For a temperature below 2,000 ° C, the plasma returns to the normal molecular state. In addition, this plasma, compared to a normal gas, has good conductivity and high viscosity.
• Rare gases such as argon (Ar), helium (He) etc ... can be used as plasma gas.
• Nitrogen (N 2 ) is not to be considered in order to separate energy production and temperature control.
• carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a plasma gas requires, in addition to a good degree of purity requiring appropriate treatment, to reach the atomic state of oxygen in order to be certain of having broken down everything carbon monoxide (CO) but care must be taken not to exceed the value of 890.5 Kj mole of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to avoid sublimation of the carbon.
• the temperature will be controlled by injection of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by a means other than that of plasma.
• Dredging mud offers very little interest. We will pay special attention to urban waste.
• the general idea of the project consists of:
• urban waste consists of:
• FIG. 1 a sectional view of the whole of the reactor.
• Figure 2 sectional view of the plasma torch.
• the same references designate the same parts.
• the installation shown in Figure 1 consists of a reactor 1 comprising a tank 2, a waste supply 3, via a screw 4 controlled by a motor 5.
• This reactor 1 is provided at its base with a tank 2 intended to receive the slag 14 constituted by the non-gasifiable materials contained in urban waste 3 as well as the slag from electric furnace 11 which will constitute the slag for starting up the installation.
• the level of the slag 14 which will see its volume increase during operation, will be kept constant by the presence of gargoyles 15. These gargoyles heated by induction will maintain a good fluidity of the slag 14 which at its outlet will be precipitated in the water where it will vitrify.
• the slag tank 2 is surmounted by a number of plasma torches 6, this number being a function of the quantity of waste to be treated per hour.
• the plasma torches 6 with electrodes or with induction are provided, as shown in FIG. 2, with a pipe 8 for injecting the plasma gas as well as a pipe 10 providing a ring of protective gas (CO2) which creates at the outlet from the plasma arc a slight depression favoring the stability of the latter while protecting the walls of the reactor from high plasma temperatures.
• a pipe 8 for injecting the plasma gas as well as a pipe 10 providing a ring of protective gas (CO2) which creates at the outlet from the plasma arc a slight depression favoring the stability of the latter while protecting the walls of the reactor from high plasma temperatures.
• CO2 protective gas
• the plasma torches 6 can be supplied electrically at 9 by pulses phase-shifted in time or by a multiphase current. These power supplies mounted in a star with a common point make it possible to create a rotating field thus increasing the zone of influence of the plasma jet.
• reactor 1 The upper part of reactor 1 is occupied by a heat exchanger 7 which will produce the steam intended for supplying the steam-turbine installation 21 and this steam, recovered from the condenser of said turbine will supply, in cogeneration, a dryer 17 making it possible to dry urban waste 3 and reduce their humidity rate from 40 to 10%.
• This carbon dioxide (CO2) will be recovered at the outlet by separating it from the burnt gases instead of discharging them into the atmosphere, then it will be conditioned for future storage or future recovery.
• the main problem of recovering carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from effluents is its low concentration (4 to 14% depending on the technology) and its low partial pressure, requiring the treatment of large volumes of effluent.
• the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the flue gases can be increased up to 90% if the air is replaced by pure oxygen. In this case, the recovery of CO2 is limited to a simple separation of the water vapor in a condenser.
• the electrical energy is given up to 85% to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 8 which crosses the arc produced, which makes it possible to reach temperatures impossible to obtain by any other known method.
• this applied electrical energy cannot in any case reach 1058 Kj / mole of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to keep the carbon (C) in the solid state.
• the steam leaving the dryer 17 will be returned to the coil of the heat exchanger 17 after cooling in a tower 23 in order to return it to the liquid state.
• the gas 16 leaving the heat exchanger 7 at a temperature of 500K ,. it will pass through an installation 28 (for example NEUTREC process) for neutralizing acids by contact with sodium bicarbonate (2NaHCO 3 ) coming from silo 18 via an endless screw actuated by the motor 25, reduced to powder in the crusher 24 and then blown into the contact reactor 28.
• the balance loaded with sodium products (sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate) resulting from this contact will be collected, in a bag filter 19, before being valued as a raw material by the chemical industry.
• This synthesis gas will be:
• this synthesis gas composed, depending on the plasma gas chosen, of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) must be enriched in carbon by injection of methane (CH t) from the methanisation of urban waste, before its introduction into the compressor of the gas-steam turbine where it will be burned in the presence of pure oxygen.
• CO carbon monoxide
• CO 2 carbon dioxide
• H 2 hydrogen
• the temperature of the synthesis gas 16 will be lowered to a second level more compatible with the presence of HC1 thanks to a second injection of CO2.
• the synthesis gas 16 presents a sensible heat which, despite a part reserved for the removal of HC1 and H2S by the NEUTREC process, may in a Turbine-Steam installation 21, produce 500Kw per tonne of waste dried.
• the expanded steam recovered from the condenser of the turbine 21, which still carries 64% of the sensible heat transformed into steam which supplied the turbine, will be able to dry the waste and bring its H2O content from 40 to 10%.
• the synthesis gas After treatment with the NEUTREC process which has recovered the sodium products and heavy metals with a melting point above 150 ° C, the synthesis gas will be washed in order to lower its temperature to around 50 ° C and to condense meta heavy such as mercury e.g. still present and then allow separation of the gaseous components by permeation.
• the washing water will be recovered, filtered by an adequate membrane, which when it is saturated will join the waste to be treated. After a few filtering operations, the heavy metal concentrations in the membrane will allow its recovery.
• the components of the synthesis gas can be separated and recovered according to their molecular size and their solubility in the membrane in the order of their relative permeation speed, thus releasing H2O, then H2 followed by CO2, CO and finally N2.
• C will constitute the nanotube, CO2 will be reinjected into CO2 and into unused CO to reconstitute the synthesis gas.
• H2 or at least part of it will be recovered and stored in the nanotubes or in bottles.
• the H2 not stored will join CO2, CO in the synthesis gas which will then be made up of CO2, CO, H2.
• the gas thus reconstituted will be burned in a Turbine-Gas-Steam installation in the presence of O2pur obtained by air permeation.
• the N2 resulting from the air treatment as well as the N2 extracted from the synthesis gas will be marketed.
• temperatures compatible with the materials used in its construction to a 3rd injection of CO2 will be formed in the same synthesis gas prior to its admission to the compressor TGV, tandjgf.que, H2O is injected directly into the combustion chamber.
• the thermal energy developed in the TGV which could produce 1.2KW per Kg of raw waste treated, can be partially transformed into electricity according to the desired goal:
• the CO2 resulting from the actual combustion will be recovered for storage or recovery while the temperature-regulating CO2 will be reinjected into the combustion components.
• Partial oxidation of natural gas is a process that brings together CH4 and a controlled amount of O2 in order to obtain CO.
• This exothermic reaction eliminates the need for a burner and the heat released feeds the steam reforming reaction which is endothermic and takes place in two phases producing CO2 as seen above.
• the autothermal reforming is a combination of the two previous ones since the fuel is mixed with air or better of PO2pur and H2O. After a delay of putting into service, the reformer goes into self-energizing operation. This is the process envisaged in automotive applications for on-board reforming. But like these predecessors, it produces CO2 and H2.
• Coke oven gas generally consists of CO and H2 in a proportion of

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• 2003
  • 2003-02-05 EP EP03704111A patent/EP1474500A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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  • 2003-02-05 CA CA002481412A patent/CA2481412A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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