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EP1369498A1 - Method and apparatus for high-speed flame spraying - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for high-speed flame spraying Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1369498A1
EP1369498A1 EP03011231A EP03011231A EP1369498A1 EP 1369498 A1 EP1369498 A1 EP 1369498A1 EP 03011231 A EP03011231 A EP 03011231A EP 03011231 A EP03011231 A EP 03011231A EP 1369498 A1 EP1369498 A1 EP 1369498A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nozzle
powder tube
nozzle body
spraying device
speed flame
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP03011231A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1369498B1 (en
Inventor
Peter Heinrich
Heinrich Dr. Kreye
Thorsten Stoltenhoff
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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Publication of EP1369498A1 publication Critical patent/EP1369498A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/20—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion
    • B05B7/201—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle
    • B05B7/205—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle the material to be sprayed being originally a particulate material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for producing a coating or a molding by means of high-speed flame spraying, in which the powdered spray particles in a flame jet of combustion gases by means of a powder tube are injected and the spray article at a relaxation of the Flame jet brought in a Laval nozzle to speeds of up to 800 m / sec become.
  • High-speed flame spraying is caused by high combustion Pressure produces over 2000 m / s faster flame jet and the powder in these Injected jet.
  • a fuel gas or kerosene as well Oxygen is directed into the high pressure combustion chamber of the spray gun.
  • fuel gases serve propane, propylene, hydrogen, ethene and acetylene.
  • the high pressure combustion chamber finds the combustion at a pressure of 0.3 to 0.5 MPa or 0.5 to 1.5 MPa instead.
  • Spray guns in the lower of said pressure ranges working are attributed to the first and second generation, while the Spray guns in the high pressure range of the third generation are attributed.
  • the Flame jet reaches its high speed through expansion. At the first and second generation, the expansion takes place at the outlet of the spray gun.
  • Laval nozzles exist from a convergent and a divergent adjoining in the current direction Section.
  • the contour of the nozzle must be in the divergent area in certain Be shaped so that it does not come to flow separation and no compression shocks occur and the flow obeys the laws of de Laval.
  • Laval nozzles are characterized by this contour and the length of the divergent Section and further by the ratio of the outlet cross-section to narrowest cross section. The narrowest cross-section of the Laval nozzle is called nozzle throat.
  • the injection of the spray particles into the flame jet is solved differently. Both The spray guns of the first and second generation, the powder is axially and centrally in injected the high pressure combustion chamber.
  • the injection is either also axial and centric or the powder is only behind the nozzle throat, radially into the already expanding flame jet injected. If the powder is already injected in the high-pressure combustion chamber, reach the Sprays significantly higher temperatures than an injection behind the Nozzle throat.
  • the spray guns with powder feed into the combustion chamber are therefore only for Heat resistant materials, such as ceramics, suitable while Spray guns with radial spray particle supply at the gun outlet also for spraying low melting temperature materials, such as aluminum and Copper alloys, can be used.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object, a method and a Specify device for high-speed flame spraying, which the injection the spray particles only outside the hot combustion chamber and avoiding the mentioned disadvantages of uneven acceleration and nozzle erosion performs.
  • This object is achieved in that the injection of the spray particles axially and centrally in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle.
  • the axial and centric injection of the spray particles ensures a uniform acceleration the spray particles. Since the spray particles are injected in the center of the flame jet be, all particles experience almost the same acceleration forces and reach consequently almost the same final speed. Consequently, those with the inventive Process produced coatings and moldings qualitatively extremely high quality.
  • the axial and centric spray particle injection avoid erosion of the inner nozzle wall, since the spray particles in Direction of the flame jet to be injected and from this straight ahead in the spray direction be guided. Furthermore, by this injection turbulences and ' Turbulence minimized, and thus results in an optimal acceleration of the spray particles.
  • the passage for the flame jet at the narrowest point an annular cross-section. This is limited to the inside by the outer contour of the powder tube and outwardly bounded by the inner contour of the nozzle tube. In this passage, the flame jet is accelerated. Due to the size of the passage is also the consumption of combustion gases and thus given to fuel and oxygen. Because of the circular Cross section without problems can be chosen small, is the proposed here Method economically applicable.
  • the high-speed flame-spraying device is characterized characterized in that the powder tube axially and within the outer nozzle body ends centrally in the divergent section.
  • the inventive arrangement of the powder tube minimizes the erosion of the outer nozzle body, as the flow direction the flame jet is taken into account in the arrangement of the flame jet and the Spray particles during injection no velocity component in the direction of own outer nozzle wall.
  • the high speed flame spraying device gives by the centric arrangement of the powder tube also the conditions for optimal Acceleration of the spray particles before. Also disturbing turbulences and turbulences prevents the arrangement of the invention largely.
  • a Laval nozzle is easy to produce, since by the inventive Construction the inner contour of the outer nozzle body and / or the outside of the Powder tube is finished.
  • the inside powder tube has on its outside a contour designed in such a way that together with a smooth, cylindrical Inner contour of the outer nozzle body results in a Laval nozzle.
  • a Laval nozzle results from an inside powder tube with a smoother cylindrical outside and outside nozzle body, on its inside is shaped accordingly.
  • the Laval nozzle is formed in another way by the necessary Contour for the Laval nozzle partially on the outside of the powder tube and partly is applied on the inside of the outer nozzle body.
  • the opening ratio of the Laval nozzle i. the ratio of the cross-sectional area for the gas passage at the narrowest point to the cross section at the outlet of the nozzle, lies in an advantageous embodiment between 1: 2 and 1:25, preferably between 1: 5 and 1:11.
  • the outer nozzle body has in the convergent region a circular cross-section, in the divergent region of the nozzle in a rectangular cross-section passes.
  • both the powder tube and the outer nozzle body exist each of a metallic material, a ceramic or a composite material with metallic or ceramic components.
  • Powder tube and nozzle body exist in an advantageous embodiment of different materials. In question come for this different metal alloys, different ceramics, Plastics or a combination of different materials, e.g. Metal / ceramic, metal / plastic, ceramic / plastic.
  • the outer nozzle body made of metal, while the inner powder tube made of ceramic is made.
  • Powder tube and / or outer nozzle body are in an advantageous variant of - in Viewed flow direction - two or more parts joined together, where the first part covers the area around the nozzle throat and a second one until the Nozzle outlet reaching part of it adjoins.
  • the second part is easy too exchange and will be in terms of its shape and choice of materials according to the requirements selected from the different spray materials.
  • the two just mentioned Parts are advantageously made of different materials.
  • FIG. 1 shows the principle of the expansion nozzle. This principle is for example at the JP-5000 system, the third generation of high-speed flame-spraying devices belongs, used.
  • the supply pipe 4 closes the High pressure combustion chamber 3 on followed by the Laval nozzle 5 with the nozzle constriction and the end piece 6, in which the powder tubes 2 lead.
  • kerosene and oxygen enter the high-pressure combustion chamber 3, where the two Substances react with each other.
  • the combustion gases form a flame jet, which accelerates by expansion in the Laval nozzle 5 to supersonic speed becomes.
  • the powder with two powder tubes injected radially into the flame jet.
  • the high-speed flame spraying device shown schematically in FIG comprises a Laval nozzle 5 with an outer nozzle body 1, a powder tube 2, a Hochruckbrennhunt 3 and two feed pipes 4. Pass through the supply pipes 4 Fuel gas and oxygen in the high-pressure combustion chamber 3, where the chemical reaction takes place. Kerosene can be used instead of the fuel gas. The combustion gases expand in the subsequent to the high-pressure combustion chamber Laval nozzle 5.
  • the powder tube 2 ends only in the convergent section of the Laval nozzle 5.
  • the outer surface of the powder tube 2 and the inner surface of the outer nozzle body 1 are inventively designed such that the expansion nozzle 5 obeying the laws of de Laval.
  • FIG. 3 shows three particularly advantageous embodiments of an inventive High-speed flame spraying device with outer nozzle body 1 and Powder tube 2, with particular reference to the design of the powder tube 2 and the outer nozzle body 1 is taken.
  • Figures 3a, b and c is the powder tube 2 each surrounded by the outer nozzle body 1.
  • the combination of the inner Contour of the outer nozzle body and the outer shape of the powder tube result a Laval nozzle.
  • Fig. 3a results in a smooth, cylindrical inner shape of the outer Nozzle body together with an outwardly curved outer contour of the powder tube the Laval nozzle.
  • the powder tube is cylindrically shaped and the outer nozzle body swung in its inside. Nozzle body and powder tube are so curved in Fig. 3c, so that necessary for the Laval nozzle Contour of the combination of the shapes of the outside of the powder tube and the inside of the outer nozzle body results.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)

Abstract

For high speed flame spraying, the spray particles are accelerated in a flame spray of combustion gases. The powder tube (2) and the outer jet body (1) together form a Laval jet (5) to accelerate the flame spray to a speed up to 800 m/second, where the injection of the spray particles is axial and centrally in diverging sections of the jet structure. The Laval jet has a high pressure combustion chamber (3), with feed tubes (4) for the delivery of oxygen and a combustion gas e.g. propane, propylene, hydrogen, ethene and acetylene, or a kerosene.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Beschichtung oder eines Formteils mittels Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen, bei dem die pulverförmigen Spritzpartikel in einen Flammstrahl aus Verbrennungsgasen mittels eines Pulverrohrs injiziert werden und die Spritzartikel bei einer Entspannung des Flammstrahls in einer Lavaldüse auf Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 800 m/sec gebracht werden.The invention relates to a method and a device for producing a coating or a molding by means of high-speed flame spraying, in which the powdered spray particles in a flame jet of combustion gases by means of a powder tube are injected and the spray article at a relaxation of the Flame jet brought in a Laval nozzle to speeds of up to 800 m / sec become.

Es ist bekannt, auf Werkstoffe unterschiedlichster Art Beschichtungen mittels thermischer Spritzens aufzubringen. Bekannte Verfahren hierfür sind beispielsweise Flammspritzen, Lichtbogenspritzen, Plasmaspritzen oder Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen. Das Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen hat in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der besondere Vorteil des Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen besteht darin, dass der Schichtwerkstoff weniger stark erwärmt wird und mit deutlich höherer Geschwindigkeit auf die zu beschichtenden Teile aufgeschleudert wird als beim Flammspritzen, Lichtbogenspritzen oder Plasmaspritzen. Das bringt für viele Schichtwerkstoffe und Anwendungen Vorteile in bezug auf die Eigenschaften der Schichten.It is known on coatings of all kinds coatings by means of thermal Apply splash. Known methods for this are, for example Flame spraying, electric arc spraying, plasma spraying or high-speed flame spraying. The high speed flame spraying has in the last two Gained in importance for decades. The special advantage of high-speed flame spraying is that the coating material less is heated strongly and at a much higher speed to be coated Parts are spun on as flame spraying, electric arc spraying or plasma spraying. This provides advantages for many coating materials and applications the properties of the layers.

Beim Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen wird durch eine Verbrennung unter hohem Druck ein über 2000 m/s schneller Flammstrahl erzeugt und das Pulver in diesen Strahl injiziert. Zur Erzeugung des Flammstrahls wird ein Brenngas oder Kerosin sowie Sauerstoff in die Hochdruckbrennkammer der Spritzpistole geleitet. Als Brenngase dienen Propan, Propylen, Wasserstoff, Ethen und Acetylen. In der Hochdruckbrennkammer findet die Verbrennung bei einem Druck von 0,3 bis 0,5 MPa bzw. 0,5 bis 1,5 MPa statt. Spritzpistolen, die in dem niedrigeren der genannten Druckbereiche arbeiten, werden der ersten und zweiten Generation zugerechnet, während die Spritzpistolen im hohen Druckbereich der dritten Generation zugerechnet werden. Der Flammstrahl erreicht seine hohe Geschwindigkeit durch Expansion. Bei der ersten und zweiten Generation erfolgt die Expansion am Ausgang der Spritzpistole. Die Spritzpartikel erreichen dabei Geschwindigkeiten im Bereich von etwa 400 bis 500 m/s. Bei Spritzpistolen der dritten Generation befindet sich die Expansionsdüse direkt hinter der Hochdruckbrennkammer. Es werden Partikelgeschwindigkeiten erreicht, die im Bereich von 600 bis 800 m/s liegen. Zur Expansion der Verbrennungsgase wird eine de Laval'sche Düse benutzt, im folgenden kurz Lavaldüse genannt. Lavaldüsen bestehen aus einem konvergenten und einem sich in Stromrichtung daran anschließenden divergenten Abschnitt. Die Kontur der Düse muss im divergenten Bereich in bestimmter Weise geformt sein, damit es nicht zu Strömungsablösungen kommt und keine Verdichtungsstöße auftreten und die Strömung den Gesetzen nach de Laval gehorcht. Charakterisiert sind Lavaldüsen durch diese Kontur und die Länge des divergenten Abschnitts und des Weiteren durch das Verhältnis des Austrittquerschnitts zum engsten Querschnitt. Der engste Querschnitt der Lavaldüse heißt Düsenhals.High-speed flame spraying is caused by high combustion Pressure produces over 2000 m / s faster flame jet and the powder in these Injected jet. To generate the flame jet is a fuel gas or kerosene as well Oxygen is directed into the high pressure combustion chamber of the spray gun. As fuel gases serve propane, propylene, hydrogen, ethene and acetylene. In the high pressure combustion chamber finds the combustion at a pressure of 0.3 to 0.5 MPa or 0.5 to 1.5 MPa instead. Spray guns in the lower of said pressure ranges working, are attributed to the first and second generation, while the Spray guns in the high pressure range of the third generation are attributed. Of the Flame jet reaches its high speed through expansion. At the first and second generation, the expansion takes place at the outlet of the spray gun. The spray particles achieve speeds in the range of about 400 to 500 m / s. at The third generation spray gun is located directly behind the expansion nozzle High-pressure combustion chamber. Particle velocities are reached in the range from 600 to 800 m / s. For the expansion of the combustion gases is a de Laval nozzle used, hereafter called Laval nozzle. Laval nozzles exist from a convergent and a divergent adjoining in the current direction Section. The contour of the nozzle must be in the divergent area in certain Be shaped so that it does not come to flow separation and no compression shocks occur and the flow obeys the laws of de Laval. Laval nozzles are characterized by this contour and the length of the divergent Section and further by the ratio of the outlet cross-section to narrowest cross section. The narrowest cross-section of the Laval nozzle is called nozzle throat.

Die Injektion der Spritzpartikel in den Flammstrahl ist unterschiedlich gelöst. Bei den Spritzpistolen der ersten und zweiten Generation wird das Pulver axial und zentrisch in die Hochdruckbrennkammer injiziert. Bei den Spritzpistolen der dritten Generation erfolgt die Injektion entweder ebenfalls axial und zentrisch oder aber das Pulver wird erst hinter dem Düsenhals, radial in den bereits expandierenden Flammenstrahl injiziert. Wird das Pulver bereits in der Hochdruckbrennkammer injiziert, erreichen die Spritzartikel deutlich höhere Temperaturen als bei einer Injektion hinter dem Düsenhals. Die Spritzpistolen mit Pulverzufuhr in die Brennkammer sind folglich nur für Hitze beständige Werkstoffe, wie beispielsweise Keramiken, geeignet, während Spritzpistolen mit radialer Spritzpartikelzufuhr am Pistolenausgang auch zum Spritzen von Werkstoffen mit niedriger Schmelztemperatur, wie beispielsweise Aluminium - und Kupferlegierungen, verwendet werden können. Die radiale Injektion der Spritzpartikel bewirkt jedoch eine ungleichmäßige Beschleunigung gleich großer Spritzpartikel und damit unterschiedliche Endgeschwindigkeiten dieser Spritzpartikel. Verschiedene Geschwindigkeiten der Spritzpartikel beim Auftreffen auf das Werkstück führen jedoch zu Unregelmäßigkeiten und fehlerhaften Stellen in der Beschichtung. Des Weiteren erodiert bei der radialen Injektion der Spritzpartikel die Düsenwänd an der Stelle, die auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite des Spritzpartikeleinlasses liegt. Dies erhöht den Verschleiß der ohnehin stark belasteten Expansionsdüse und verschlechtert folglich die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens.The injection of the spray particles into the flame jet is solved differently. Both The spray guns of the first and second generation, the powder is axially and centrally in injected the high pressure combustion chamber. For the spray guns of the third generation The injection is either also axial and centric or the powder is only behind the nozzle throat, radially into the already expanding flame jet injected. If the powder is already injected in the high-pressure combustion chamber, reach the Sprays significantly higher temperatures than an injection behind the Nozzle throat. The spray guns with powder feed into the combustion chamber are therefore only for Heat resistant materials, such as ceramics, suitable while Spray guns with radial spray particle supply at the gun outlet also for spraying low melting temperature materials, such as aluminum and Copper alloys, can be used. The radial injection of the spray particles However, causes an uneven acceleration of the same size spray particles and thus different final speeds of these spray particles. Various Speeds of the spray particles when hitting the workpiece, however, lead to irregularities and faulty spots in the coating. Furthermore erodes at the radial injection of the spray particles, the Düsenwänd at the point that on the opposite side of the spray particle inlet. This increases the Wear of the already heavily loaded expansion nozzle and thus deteriorates the economy of the process.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen anzugeben, welche die Injektion der Spritzpartikel erst ausserhalb der heißen Brennkammer und unter Vermeidung der erwähnten Nachteile der ungleichmäßigen Beschleunigung und der Düsenwanderosion durchführt.The present invention is therefore based on the object, a method and a Specify device for high-speed flame spraying, which the injection the spray particles only outside the hot combustion chamber and avoiding the mentioned disadvantages of uneven acceleration and nozzle erosion performs.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass die Injektion der Spritzpartikel axial und zentrisch im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse erfolgt. Die axial und zentrische Injektion der Spritzpartikel gewährleistet eine gleichmäßige Beschleunigung der Spritzpartikel. Da die Spritzpartikel im Zentrum des Flammstrahls injiziert werden, erfahren alle Partikel nahezu die gleichen Beschleunigungskräfte und erreichen folglich nahezu die gleiche Endgeschwindigkeit. Folglich sind die mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Beschichtungen und Formteile qualitativ äußerst hochwertig. Darüber hinaus wird durch die axial und zentrische Spritzpartikelinjektion eine Erosion der inneren Düsenwand vermieden, da die Spritzpartikel in Richtung des Flammstrahls injiziert werden und von diesem geradeaus in Spritzrichtung geführt werden. Des Weiteren werden durch diese Injektion Verwirbelungen und ' Turbulenzen minimiert, und damit ergibt sich eine optimale Beschleunigung der Spritzpartikel. Weitere Vorteile ergeben sich aufgrund des Injektionsorts: Durch die Injektion im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse werden ein Überhitzen und ein zu weitgehendes Aufschmelzen der Spritzpartikel vermieden. Das Pulver gelangt nicht in die Brennkammer und wird dem Flammenstrahl aus Verbrennungsgasen erst zugegeben, wenn dessen Temperatur aufgrund der Expansion in der Düse zurückgegangen ist. Die Injektion im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse erlaubt somit die Verwendung von Hitze unbeständigem Pulver. Aber auch bei Hitze beständigen Pulvermaterialien wird ein zu starkes Aufschmelzen der Partikel, welches sich nachteilig auf Qualität der Beschichtung auswirkt, unterbunden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren weist folglich alle Vorteile der radialen und zentrischen Injektion auf sowie die Vorteile der Injektion im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse.This object is achieved in that the injection of the spray particles axially and centrally in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle. The axial and centric injection of the spray particles ensures a uniform acceleration the spray particles. Since the spray particles are injected in the center of the flame jet be, all particles experience almost the same acceleration forces and reach consequently almost the same final speed. Consequently, those with the inventive Process produced coatings and moldings qualitatively extremely high quality. In addition, by the axial and centric spray particle injection avoid erosion of the inner nozzle wall, since the spray particles in Direction of the flame jet to be injected and from this straight ahead in the spray direction be guided. Furthermore, by this injection turbulences and ' Turbulence minimized, and thus results in an optimal acceleration of the spray particles. Further advantages result from the injection site: through the injection In the divergent section of the Laval nozzle will be overheating and a too extensive melting of the spray particles avoided. The powder does not enter the combustion chamber and the flame jet from combustion gases only added when its temperature due to expansion in the nozzle has gone down. The injection in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle thus allows the use of heat unstable powder. But also with heat resistant Powder materials become too strong a melting of the particles, which is adversely affects the quality of the coating prevented. The The method according to the invention consequently has all the advantages of radial and centric Injection as well as the benefits of injection in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle.

In einer vorteilhaften Variante der Erfindung hat der Durchlass für den Flammenstrahl an der engsten Stelle einen kreisringförmigen Querschnitt. Dieser wird nach innen begrenzt durch die äußere Kontur des Pulverrohrs und nach außen begrenzt durch die innere Kontur des Düsenrohrs. In diesem Durchlass wird der Flammenstrahl beschleunigt. Durch die Größe des Durchlasses ist ferner der Verbrauch an Verbrennungsgasen und damit an Brennstoff und Sauerstoff vorgegeben. Da der kreisringförmige Querschnitt ohne Probleme klein gewählt werden kann, ist das hier vorgeschlagene Verfahren wirtschaftlich anwendbar. In an advantageous variant of the invention, the passage for the flame jet at the narrowest point an annular cross-section. This is limited to the inside by the outer contour of the powder tube and outwardly bounded by the inner contour of the nozzle tube. In this passage, the flame jet is accelerated. Due to the size of the passage is also the consumption of combustion gases and thus given to fuel and oxygen. Because of the circular Cross section without problems can be chosen small, is the proposed here Method economically applicable.

Die erfindungsgemäße Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Pulverrohr innerhalb des äußeren Düsenkörpers axial und zentrisch im divergenten Abschnitt endet. Die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung des Pulverrohrs minimiert die Erosion des äußeren Düsenkörpers, da die Strömungsrichtung des Flammstrahls bei der Anordnung des Flammstrahls berücksichtigt wird und die Spritzpartikel bei der Injektion keine Geschwindigkeitskomponente in Richtung der äußeren Düsenwand besitzen. Die Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung gibt durch die zentrische Anordnung des Pulverrohrs ferner die Bedingungen für eine optimale Beschleunigung der Spritzpartikel vor. Auch störende Verwirbelungen und Turbulenzen unterbindet die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung weitgehend. Durch die Tatsache, dass das Pulverrohr erst im divergenten Abschnitt des äußeren Düsenkörpers endet, wird es möglich, mit der Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung auch leicht schmelzbare Spritzpartikel zu verwenden, welche die große Hitze in der Brennkammer nicht vertragen. Auch für Hitze beständige Spritzpartikel ist es von Vorteil, wenn diese nicht überhitzen oder zu stark anschmelzen.The high-speed flame-spraying device according to the invention is characterized characterized in that the powder tube axially and within the outer nozzle body ends centrally in the divergent section. The inventive arrangement of the powder tube minimizes the erosion of the outer nozzle body, as the flow direction the flame jet is taken into account in the arrangement of the flame jet and the Spray particles during injection no velocity component in the direction of own outer nozzle wall. The high speed flame spraying device gives by the centric arrangement of the powder tube also the conditions for optimal Acceleration of the spray particles before. Also disturbing turbulences and turbulences prevents the arrangement of the invention largely. Through the fact, that the powder tube only in the divergent portion of the outer nozzle body ends, it becomes possible with the high-speed flame spraying device as well to use easily fusible spray particles, which is the great heat in the combustion chamber not tolerate. Also for heat-resistant spray particles, it is advantageous if they do not overheat or melt too much.

In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ergeben die innere Form eines äußeren Düsenkörpers zusammen mit der äußeren Form eines koaxial in dem äußeren Düsenkörper angeordneten, in Spritzrichtung orientiertem Pulverrohrs eine Lavaldüse. Eine derartig gestaltete Lavaldüse ist unproblematisch herzustellen, da durch die erfindungsgemäße Konstruktion die Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers und/oder die Außenseite des Pulverrohrs zu fertigen ist.In a further development of the invention, the inner shape of an outer nozzle body together with the outer shape of a coaxially arranged in the outer nozzle body, In the spray direction oriented powder tube a Laval nozzle. Such a design Laval nozzle is easy to produce, since by the inventive Construction the inner contour of the outer nozzle body and / or the outside of the Powder tube is finished.

In Weiterbildung der Erfindung hat das innen befindliche Pulverrohr auf seiner Außenseite eine derart gestaltete Kontur, dass sich zusammen mit einer glatten, zylindrischen Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers eine Lavaldüse ergibt.In a further development of the invention, the inside powder tube has on its outside a contour designed in such a way that together with a smooth, cylindrical Inner contour of the outer nozzle body results in a Laval nozzle.

Alternativ ergibt sich eine Lavaldüse aus einem innen befindliche Pulverrohr mit glatter zylindrischen Außenseite und außen liegendem Düsenkörper, der auf seiner Innenseite entsprechend geformt ist.Alternatively, a Laval nozzle results from an inside powder tube with a smoother cylindrical outside and outside nozzle body, on its inside is shaped accordingly.

Die Lavaldüse wird in einer anderen Möglichkeit dadurch gebildet, dass die notwendige Kontur für die Lavaldüse teilweise auf der Außenseite des Pulverrohres und teilweise auf der Innenseite des äußeren Düsenkörpers aufgebracht wird. The Laval nozzle is formed in another way by the necessary Contour for the Laval nozzle partially on the outside of the powder tube and partly is applied on the inside of the outer nozzle body.

Das Öffnungsverhältnis der Lavaldüse, d.h. das Verhältnis der Querschnittsfläche für den Gasdurchlass an der engsten Stelle zum Querschnitt am Austritt der Düse, liegt in einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung zwischen 1:2 und 1:25, vorzugsweise zwischen 1:5 und 1:11.The opening ratio of the Laval nozzle, i. the ratio of the cross-sectional area for the gas passage at the narrowest point to the cross section at the outlet of the nozzle, lies in an advantageous embodiment between 1: 2 and 1:25, preferably between 1: 5 and 1:11.

In einer bevorzugten Variante hat der äußere Düsenkörper im konvergenten Bereich einen kreisringförmigen Querschnitt, der im divergenten Bereich der Düse in einen rechteckigen Querschnitt übergeht. Mit Hilfe rechteckiger Formen werden schmale Bereiche und große Flächen vorteilhaft beschichtet.In a preferred variant, the outer nozzle body has in the convergent region a circular cross-section, in the divergent region of the nozzle in a rectangular cross-section passes. With the help of rectangular shapes become narrow Advantageously coated areas and large areas.

Vorteilhafterweise bestehen sowohl das Pulverrohr als auch der äußere Düsenkörper jeweils aus einem metallischen Werkstoff, einer Keramik oder einem Verbundwerkstoff mit metallischem oder keramischen Bestandteilen. Pulverrohr und Düsenkörper bestehen in vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung aus unterschiedlichen Materialien. In Frage kommen hierfür unterschiedliche Metalllegierungen, unterschiedliche Keramiken, Kunststoffe oder eine Kombination aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen, z.B. Metall/Keramik, Metall/Kunststoff, Keramik/Kunststoff. Vorzugsweise besteht der äußere Düsenkörper aus Metall, während das innenliegende Pulverrohr aus Keramik gefertigt ist.Advantageously, both the powder tube and the outer nozzle body exist each of a metallic material, a ceramic or a composite material with metallic or ceramic components. Powder tube and nozzle body exist in an advantageous embodiment of different materials. In question come for this different metal alloys, different ceramics, Plastics or a combination of different materials, e.g. Metal / ceramic, metal / plastic, ceramic / plastic. Preferably, the outer nozzle body made of metal, while the inner powder tube made of ceramic is made.

Pulverrohr und/oder äußerer Düsenkörper sind in einer vorteilhaften Variante aus - in Strömungsrichtung betrachtet - zwei oder mehr Teilen zusammengefügt, bei denen das erste Teil den Bereich um den Düsenhals umfasst und sich ein zweites bis zum Düsenaustritt reichendes Teil daran anschließt. Dabei ist das zweite Teil leicht zu tauschen und wird hinsichtlich seiner Gestalt und Werkstoffwahl nach den Anforderungen der verschiedenen Spritzwerkstoffen ausgewählt. Die beiden eben genannten Teile bestehen dabei vorteilhafterweise aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen.Powder tube and / or outer nozzle body are in an advantageous variant of - in Viewed flow direction - two or more parts joined together, where the first part covers the area around the nozzle throat and a second one until the Nozzle outlet reaching part of it adjoins. The second part is easy too exchange and will be in terms of its shape and choice of materials according to the requirements selected from the different spray materials. The two just mentioned Parts are advantageously made of different materials.

Im folgendem soll der Stand der Technik und die Erfindung anhand schematisch dargestellter Beispiele näher erläutert werden:

  • In Figur 1 ist eine Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach dem Stand der Technik skizziert.
  • In Figur 2 ist eine erfindungsgemäße Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung gezeigt, in dessen Ausführung das Pulverrohr im divergenten Bereich des äußeren Düsenkörpers endet.
  • In Figur 3 sind drei Varianten für die Ausgestaltung der Lavaldüse aus Pulverrohr und äußerem Düsenkörper gezeigt.
    • In the following, the prior art and the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to schematically illustrated examples:
  • 1, a high-speed flame-spraying device according to the prior art is outlined.
  • FIG. 2 shows a high-speed flame-spraying device according to the invention, in the embodiment of which the powder tube ends in the divergent region of the outer nozzle body.
  • In Figure 3, three variants for the design of the Laval nozzle of powder tube and outer nozzle body are shown.

    • Figur 1 zeigt das Prinzip der Expansionsdüse. Dieses Prinzip wird beispielsweise bei dem System JP-5000, welches der dritten Generation an Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Vorrichtungen angehört, verwendet. An das Zufuhrrohr 4 schließt sich die Hochdruckbrennkammer 3 an gefolgt von der Lavaldüse 5 mit der Düsenverengung und dem Endstück 6, in welches die Pulverrohre 2 führen. Durch das Zufuhrrohr 4 gelangen Kerosin und Sauerstoff in die Hochdruckbrennkammer 3, wo die beiden Stoffe miteinander reagieren. Die Verbrennungsgase bilden einen Flammstrahl, welcher durch Expansion in der Lavaldüse 5 auf Überschallgeschwindigkeit beschleunigt wird. In dem der Lavaldüse 5 folgendem Endstück 6 wird das Pulver mit zwei Pulverrohren radial in den Flammstrahl injiziert.Figure 1 shows the principle of the expansion nozzle. This principle is for example at the JP-5000 system, the third generation of high-speed flame-spraying devices belongs, used. At the supply pipe 4 closes the High pressure combustion chamber 3 on followed by the Laval nozzle 5 with the nozzle constriction and the end piece 6, in which the powder tubes 2 lead. Through the supply pipe 4 kerosene and oxygen enter the high-pressure combustion chamber 3, where the two Substances react with each other. The combustion gases form a flame jet, which accelerates by expansion in the Laval nozzle 5 to supersonic speed becomes. In the Laval nozzle 5 following tail 6, the powder with two powder tubes injected radially into the flame jet.

    Die in Figur 2 schematisch gezeigte Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung umfasst einer Lavaldüse 5 mit einem äußeren Düsenkörper 1, ein Pulverrohr 2, eine Hochruckbrennkammer 3 und zwei Zufuhrrohre 4. Durch die Zufuhrrohre 4 gelangen Brenngas und Sauerstoff in die Hochdruckbrennkammer 3, wo die chemische Reaktion stattfindet. Anstelle des Brenngases kann auch Kerosin verwendet werden. Die Verbrennungsgase expandieren in der sich an die Hochdruckbrennkammer anschließenden Lavaldüse 5. Das Pulverrohr 2 endet erst in dem konvergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse 5. Die äußere Oberfläche des Pulverrohrs 2 und die innere Oberfläche des äußeren Düsenkörpers 1 sind erfindungsgemäß derartig gestaltet, dass die Expansionsdüse 5 den Gesetzen nach de' Laval gehorcht.The high-speed flame spraying device shown schematically in FIG comprises a Laval nozzle 5 with an outer nozzle body 1, a powder tube 2, a Hochruckbrennkammer 3 and two feed pipes 4. Pass through the supply pipes 4 Fuel gas and oxygen in the high-pressure combustion chamber 3, where the chemical reaction takes place. Kerosene can be used instead of the fuel gas. The combustion gases expand in the subsequent to the high-pressure combustion chamber Laval nozzle 5. The powder tube 2 ends only in the convergent section of the Laval nozzle 5. The outer surface of the powder tube 2 and the inner surface of the outer nozzle body 1 are inventively designed such that the expansion nozzle 5 obeying the laws of de Laval.

    Fig.3 zeigt drei besonders vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen einer erfindungsgemäßen Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung mit äußerem Düsenkörper 1 und Pulverrohr 2, wobei insbesondere Bezug auf die Gestaltung des Pulverrohrs 2 und des äußeren Düsenkörpers 1 genommen wird. In den Figuren 3a, b und c ist das Pulverrohr 2 jeweils von dem äußeren Düsenkörper 1 umgeben. Die Kombination der inneren Kontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers und der äußeren Form des Pulverrohrs ergeben eine Lavaldüse. In Fig. 3a ergibt eine glatte, zylindrische Innenform des äußeren Düsenkörpers zusammen mit einer nach außen gewölbten Außenkontur des Pulverrohrs die Lavaldüse. In Fig. 3b ist hingegen das Pulverrohr zylindrisch geformt und der äußere Düsenkörper in seiner Innenseite geschwungen. Düsenkörper und Pulverrohr sind in Fig. 3c derartig geschwungen, so dass sich die für die Lavaldüse notwendige Kontur aus der Kombination der Formen der Außenseite des Pulverrohrs und der Innenseite des äußeren Düsenkörpers ergibt.3 shows three particularly advantageous embodiments of an inventive High-speed flame spraying device with outer nozzle body 1 and Powder tube 2, with particular reference to the design of the powder tube 2 and the outer nozzle body 1 is taken. In Figures 3a, b and c is the powder tube 2 each surrounded by the outer nozzle body 1. The combination of the inner Contour of the outer nozzle body and the outer shape of the powder tube result a Laval nozzle. In Fig. 3a results in a smooth, cylindrical inner shape of the outer Nozzle body together with an outwardly curved outer contour of the powder tube the Laval nozzle. In Fig. 3b, however, the powder tube is cylindrically shaped and the outer nozzle body swung in its inside. Nozzle body and powder tube are so curved in Fig. 3c, so that necessary for the Laval nozzle Contour of the combination of the shapes of the outside of the powder tube and the inside of the outer nozzle body results.

    Claims (15)

    Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Beschichtung oder eines Formteils mittels Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen, bei dem pulverförmige Spritzpartikel in einen Flammstrahl aus Verbrennungsgasen injiziert werden und die Spritzpartikel bei einer Entspannung des Flammstrahls in einer Lavaldüse auf Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 800 m/s gebracht werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Injektion die Spritzpartikel axial und zentrisch im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse erfolgt.Process for producing a coating or a molded part by means of high-speed flame spraying, in which pulverulent spray particles are injected into a flame jet of combustion gases and the spray particles are brought to speeds of up to 800 m / s in a flash nozzle in a flash nozzle, characterized occurs that the injection spray particles axially and centrally in the divergent portion of the Laval nozzle. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Spritzpartikel mittels eines koaxial in einem äußeren Düsenkörper angeordneten, in Spritzrichtung orientieren Pulverrohrs in den Flammstrahl injiziert werden, wobei das Pulverrohr in seiner äußeren Form zusammen mit der inneren Form des äußeren Düsenkörpers eine de Laval'sche Düse ergeben.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the spray particles are arranged in the flame jet by means of a coaxially arranged in an outer nozzle body, oriented in the direction of injection powder tube, the powder tube in its outer shape together with the inner shape of the outer nozzle body de Laval'sche Nozzle result. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Injektion der Spritzpartikel an einem Ort erfolgt, der in dem Bereich zwischen einem Viertel und der Hälfte einer Strecke liegt, deren Anfangspunkt durch den Düsenhals und deren Endpunkt durch den Düsenaustritt festgelegt ist, wobei vom Düsenhals aus gemessen wird.Method according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the injection of the spray particles takes place in a location which lies in the range between a quarter and a half of a distance whose starting point is determined by the nozzle throat and its end point through the nozzle outlet, being measured from the throat of the nozzle. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Durchlass für den Flammstrahl an der engsten Stelle einen kreisringförmigen Querschnitt hat, der nach innen begrenzt wird durch die äußere Kontur des Pulverrohrs und nach außen begrenzt wird durch die innere Kontur des Düsenrohrs.Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the passage for the flame jet at the narrowest point has an annular cross section which is bounded inwardly by the outer contour of the powder tube and is limited to the outside by the inner contour of the nozzle tube. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung mit einer Lavaldüse bestehend aus einem äußeren Düsenkörper (1) und einem Pulverrohr (2), wobei das Pulverrohr für die Zufuhr von Spritzpartikeln innerhalb des äußeren Düsenkörpers sorgt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Pulverrohr innerhalb des äußeren Düsenkörpers axial und zentrisch im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse endet. High-speed flame spraying device with a Laval nozzle consisting of an outer nozzle body (1) and a powder tube (2), wherein the powder tube for the supply of spray particles within the outer nozzle body, characterized in that the powder tube within the outer nozzle body axially and centrally ends in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die innere Form eines äußeren Düsenkörpers zusammen mit der äußeren Form eines koaxial in dem äußeren Düsenkörper angeordneten, in Spritzrichtung orientiertem Pulverrohr eine Lavaldüse ergeben.High-speed flame-spraying device according to claim 5, characterized in that the inner shape of an outer nozzle body together with the outer shape of a coaxially arranged in the outer nozzle body, in the direction of injection-oriented powder tube yield a Laval nozzle. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innen befindliche Pulverrohr auf seiner Außenseite eine derart gestaltete Kontur hat, dass sich zusammen mit einer glatten, zylindrischen Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers eine Lavaldüse ergibt.High-speed flame-spraying device according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the powder tube located inside has on its outside a contour designed in such a way that, together with a smooth, cylindrical inner contour of the outer nozzle body results in a Laval nozzle. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innen befindliche Pulverrohr eine glatte zylindrische Außenseite hat und der außen liegende Düsenkörper auf seiner Innenseite so geformt ist, dass sich eine Lavaldüse ergibt.High-speed flame-spraying device according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the powder tube located inside has a smooth cylindrical outer side and the outer nozzle body is formed on its inside so as to give a Laval nozzle. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die notwendige Kontur für eine Lavaldüse teilweise auf der Außenseite des Pulverrohres und teilweise auf der Innenseite des äußeren Düsenkörpers aufgebracht wird.High-speed flame spraying device according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the necessary contour for a Laval nozzle is partially applied to the outside of the powder tube and partly on the inside of the outer nozzle body. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Öffnungsverhältnis der Lavaldüse, d. h. das Verhältnis der Querschnittsfläche für den Gasdurchlass an der engsten Stelle zum Querschnitt am Austritt der Düse, zwischen 1 : 2 und 1 : 25, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 : 5 und 1 : 11 liegt.High-speed flame spraying device according to one of claims 5 to 9, characterized in that the opening ratio of the Laval nozzle, ie the ratio of the cross-sectional area for the gas passage at the narrowest point to the cross section at the outlet of the nozzle, between 1: 2 and 1:25, preferably between 1: 5 and 1: 11. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der äußere Düsenkörper im konvergenten Bereich einen kreisringförmigen Querschnitt hat, der in der Nähe des Düsenhalses oder im divergenten Bereich der Düse in einen rechteckigen Querschnitt übergeht.High-speed flame-spraying device according to one of claims 5 to 10, characterized in that the outer nozzle body in the convergent region has an annular cross section, which merges in the vicinity of the nozzle neck or in the divergent region of the nozzle in a rectangular cross-section. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Pulverrohr und äußerer Düsenkörper jeweils aus einem metallischen Werkstoff, einer Keramik oder einem Verbundwerkstoff mit metallischen oder keramischen Bestandteilen bestehen. High-speed flame-spraying device according to one of claims 5 to 11, characterized in that the powder tube and outer nozzle body each consist of a metallic material, a ceramic or a composite material with metallic or ceramic components. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Pulverrohr und äußerer Düsenkörper aus unterschiedlichen Materialien bestehen.High-speed flame-spraying device according to one of claims 6 to 12, characterized in that the powder tube and the outer nozzle body are made of different materials. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Pulverrohr und/oder äußerer Düsenkörper - in Strömungsrichtung betrachtet - aus zwei oder mehr Teilen zusammengefügt sind, bei denen das erste Teil den Bereich um den Düsenhals umfasst und sich ein zweites bis zum Düsenaustritt reichendes Teil daran anschließt, wobei das zweite Teil leicht auswechselbar ist.High-speed flame-spraying device according to one of claims 5 to 13, characterized in that the powder tube and / or outer nozzle body - viewed in the flow direction - are joined together from two or more parts, wherein the first part surrounds the area around the nozzle neck and a second part extending to the nozzle exit adjoins thereto, wherein the second part is easily replaceable. Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritz-Einrichtung nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Teile aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen bestehen.High-speed flame-spraying device according to claim 14, characterized in that the two parts consist of different materials.
    EP03011231A 2002-05-22 2003-05-16 Method and apparatus for high-speed flame spraying Expired - Lifetime EP1369498B1 (en)

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    EP1638698A1 (en) * 2003-05-02 2006-03-29 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. Apparatus for thermal spray processes
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    EP1700638A1 (en) 2005-03-09 2006-09-13 SNT Co., Ltd. Nozzle for cold spray and cold spray apparatus using the same
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    EP2014795A1 (en) 2007-07-10 2009-01-14 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Cold gas jet nozzle
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    US7989023B2 (en) 2007-10-24 2011-08-02 Sulzer Metco (Us), Inc. Method of improving mixing of axial injection in thermal spray guns
    WO2010037548A1 (en) * 2008-10-01 2010-04-08 Technische Universität Chemnitz Method and device for thermally coating surfaces, particularly high-speed flame spraying

    Also Published As

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    US6972138B2 (en) 2005-12-06
    US20040018317A1 (en) 2004-01-29
    DE50300212D1 (en) 2005-01-27
    ATE285483T1 (en) 2005-01-15
    DE10222660A1 (en) 2003-12-04
    EP1369498B1 (en) 2004-12-22

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