EP1227452A1 - Sicherheitssystem und Gefahrenmelder zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen - Google Patents
Sicherheitssystem und Gefahrenmelder zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1227452A1 EP1227452A1 EP01101236A EP01101236A EP1227452A1 EP 1227452 A1 EP1227452 A1 EP 1227452A1 EP 01101236 A EP01101236 A EP 01101236A EP 01101236 A EP01101236 A EP 01101236A EP 1227452 A1 EP1227452 A1 EP 1227452A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hazard
- communication module
- detector
- mounting plate
- detectors
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000013475 authorization Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
- G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
- G08B13/19—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a security system for monitoring hazard parameters, with hazard detectors and with a control center with which the hazard detectors are wireless are connected.
- a wired connection guarantees a very high level of transmission security but the entire system is relatively inflexible for changes in a room layout once selected or the function and / or occupancy of rooms. Because such changes require usually that individual detectors have to change their location, which is because of the required Wiring with extensive and in any case disruptive installation work connected is.
- the wireless security systems as they are particularly preferred in private homes, but not only there, used, had a long reputation for being relatively susceptible to interference what the energy supply from batteries has contributed to. This However, the disadvantage is no longer serious, because on the one hand very long-life batteries are available are and on the other hand the power consumption of the radio detectors could be significantly reduced. Other causes of malfunctions, such as false alarms, could be countered for alarm verification can be significantly reduced.
- a wireless security system that meets modern requirements should also go can be used for hazard detectors to monitor various hazard parameters and are characterized by low manufacturing costs and easy installation. It should also be flexible and the use of hazard detectors for different hazard parameters or of hazard detectors working according to different detection principles enable.
- the hazard detectors have a communication module with the same dimensions and shape for different types of detectors, and that the communication module for attaching the hazard detectors to a Mounting plate is provided.
- each communication module for connecting a detection module is designed for hazard parameters, with detection modules for different Hazard parameters are provided and can optionally be connected to any communication module are.
- a third preferred embodiment of the security system according to the invention is thereby characterized that the detection module in the installed state of the hazard detector is secured against unauthorized removal by the communication module.
- a fourth preferred embodiment of the security system according to the invention is thereby characterized that the mounting plates are a straight guide with a fuse against Have lift off, and that the attachment of the hazard detector to the mounting plates by inserting the detectors in the straight guide in the vertical direction.
- the use of a mounting plate and the same communication module for different ones Types of detectors, the characteristic being the same on the mechanical properties of the communication module, and the use of this communication module for Fastening the detectors to the mounting plate has the main advantage that for everyone in the system detectors used a single type of month plate can be used and that the installation of the detectors is very simple and also carried out by untrained personnel can be. Untrained in this context means that the installer the detector does not need to have any knowledge of security technology, so that the installation of the detectors, for example by a seller, an electrician, or at Selling in DIY or home improvement stores, through which buyers can do their own thing. Because of everyone Communication module any detection modules can be connected, that shows security system according to the invention maximum flexibility.
- the invention further relates to a hazard detector for a security system with wireless Communication.
- the hazard detector according to the invention is characterized by two modules, a communication module and a detection module, the communication module on the one hand, a mechanical and electrical / electronic interface to the detection module has, and on the other hand provided for fastening the hazard detector to a mounting plate is.
- a third preferred embodiment of the hazard detector according to the invention is thereby characterized in that said mechanical connecting device to complementary trained levels of the communication and the detection module is arranged, the grading of the detection module against in the installed state of the hazard detector the area to be monitored is covered by the gradation of the communication module is.
- a fourth preferred embodiment is characterized in that the communication module Has guide means which in a corresponding straight guide of the mounting plate can be inserted, and that locking means for fixing the detector to the mounting plate are provided.
- a fifth preferred embodiment of the hazard detector according to the invention is identified by a contact switch arranged on the communication module, which one part of a sabotage detector for triggering an alarm in the event of an unauthorized removal of the alarm or one of its modules from the wall.
- Another preferred embodiment of the hazard detector according to the invention is characterized through a screwable to and from the wall supporting the mounting plate of the mounting plate breakable web, which is the other part of the sabotage detector forms and closes the contact switch when the hazard detector is installed.
- the mounting plate 2 has a trough-like shape a straight floor and sloping side walls, making it both for attachment to a flat wall surface (holes for fastening screws in the floor) as well as for corner mounting (Holes for fastening screws in the sloping side walls).
- the Mounting plate 2 has a guide profile 4 on the front edge of the side walls. This is closed at the top by an end wall 5 and open towards the bottom, so that a counterpart be inserted into the mounting plate 2 from below using a suitable guide groove can.
- the mounting plate 2 has a recess 6, which can be snapped into place corresponding locking lugs of the counterpart mentioned is provided.
- the wells 6 are only shown schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2; a more detailed representation is off Fig. 4 can be seen.
- the upper end wall 5 carries a web 7, which is used to screw in a fastening screw (not shown) is provided.
- the hazard detector 3 consists of two modules, a communication module 8 and one Detection module 9, the latter in the illustrated embodiment by a passive infrared detector (PIR) is formed.
- the detection module can use a any motion or intrusion detector, fire detector, glass break detector, magnetic contact, a manually operated alarm transmitter or a surveillance camera.
- the Detection module 9 can also be a microphone for registering noises or a Speakers for speaking into a monitoring room or an alarm device, such as be a siren or an alarm light ..
- the detection module 9 has a gradation on its upper edge, which on its horizontal, to the front, a surface has a guide profile 10 and a vertical surface Pin or socket element 11 of an electrical connector carries.
- the guide profile 10 is part of a straight guide for connecting the detection module 9 to the communication module 8.
- the communication module 8 has the same cross section as the detection module 9 and has on its lower edge one complementary to the gradation of the detection module 9 trained gradation, which also has a guide profile on its horizontal surface is provided, which forms part of the straight guide mentioned, and which on its vertical Surface the counterpart to the pin or socket element 10 of the electrical connector wearing.
- the gradation of the communication module 8 is followed by two on the base surface Locking lugs 12, which are provided for engagement in the recesses 6 of the mounting plate 2 are.
- the side edges of the communication module 8 are provided with guide webs 13, which are provided for engagement in the guide profile 4 of the mounting plate 2.
- a web 14 At the upper end face of the communication module 8 is a web 14 with a bore for receiving a fastening screw provided.
- a hazard detector 3 If a hazard detector 3 is to be installed in a monitoring room, then first screwed mounting plates 2 onto the walls at the designated positions. Subsequently each detection module 9 with a communication module 8 becomes a hazard detector 3 plugged together (movement of the communication module 8 in the direction of arrow A of Fig. 1 or the detection module in the opposite direction). It is between the two modules due to the straight guidance, a mechanical connector and through the electrical connector made an electrical connection. The hazard detector 3 now in one piece is then connected to the mounting plate 2 by the guide webs 13 of the communication module 8 are inserted into the guide profile 4 of the mounting plate 2 from below (Fig. 2, arrow B).
- the locking lugs 12 of the communication module 8 snap in the recesses 6 of the mounting plate 2, whereby the hazard detector 3 on the mounting plate 2 is fixed. Then the hazard detector 3 is in the hole of the Web 14 of the communication module 8 inserted and screwed into the web 7 of the mounting plate 2 Fastening screw attached to the mounting plate 2.
- the position of the hazard detector 3 is on the one hand the communication module 8 on the mounting plate 2 attached, and on the other hand secures the communication module 8 because of its gradation the interface to the detection module 9 the gradation of the latter against the one to be monitored Covering space, the detection module 9 against unauthorized removal from the mounting plate Second
- each communication module 8 has the same shape and dimensions, so that each communication module 8 is connected on the one hand to each detection module 9 and on the other hand can be attached to a mounting plate 2. So it will only be one type of mounting plate 2 and a mechanically only one type of communication module 8 used. With regard to their electrical properties, the communication modules may be different for different types of detection modules 9.
- the electrical properties will depend on whether the hazard detector concerned One-way or two-way communication desired and / or in which country the system is installed. For example, the European countries write in for radio communication Security systems a frequency of 867 MHz, the United States a frequency of 900 MHz and Australia one of 700 MHz. It should also be noted that for certain types of Detection modules, such as for cameras or for loudspeakers / microphones broadband communication is required.
- a sabotage detector which consists of a in the area of the upper end face of the communication module 8 arranged contact switch (not shown) and an actuator for the contact switch.
- the bottom of the Mounting plate 2 a region 14 surrounded by weak points is provided, which one after finger-like tab protruding at the front and forming the actuating element of the contact switch 15 wears.
- the tab 15 has one on its side facing the communication module 8 Web 16 with a contact surface 17, which in the installed state of the hazard detector 3 presses against the aforementioned contact switch of the communication module 8 and this closes.
- the communication module has a strip-like shape on its upper end face Recess or recess, which is covered by the tab 15 flat, so that the Contact surface 17 is inside the communication module 8. In this way the contact switch not accessible from outside cannot be manipulated.
- the tab 15 bearing area 14 has a mounting hole 8 and is screwed to the wall 1 (Fig. 1).
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Alarm Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Fig. 1
- eine schematische Darstellung einer Montageplatte und der Module eines erfindungsgemässen Gefahrenmelders vor dem Zusammenbau und der Installation,
- Fig. 2
- den Gefahrenmelder im zusammengebauten Zustand bei seiner Befestigung auf der Montageplatte,
- Fig. 3
- den fertig installierten Gefahrenmelder; und
- Fig. 4
- eine perspektivische Ansicht der Montageplatte.
Claims (13)
- Sicherheitssystem zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen, mit Gefahrenmeldern (3) und mit einer Zentrale, mit welcher die Gefahrenmelder drahtlos verbunden sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gefahrenmelder (3) ein Kommunikationsmodul (8) mit für verschiedene Melderarten gleichen Abmessungen und gleicher Form aufweisen, und dass das Kommunikationsmodul (8) zur Befestigung der Gefahrenmelder (3) an einer Montageplatte (2) vorgesehen ist.
- Sicherheitssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Kommunikationsmodul (8) zum Anschluss eines Detektionsmoduls (9) für Gefahrenkenngrössen ausgebildet ist, wobei Detektionsmodule (9) für verschiedene Gefahrenkenngrössen vorgesehen und wahlweise an beliebige Kommunikationsmodule (8) anschliessbar sind.
- Sicherheitssystem nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zur Installation des Sicherheitssystems in einem Überwachungsraum die Montageplatten (2) an den vorgesehenen Stellen installiert und anschliessend die Gefahrenmelder (3) mittels des Kommunikationsmoduls auf den Montageplatten (2) befestigt werden.
- Sicherheitssystem nach Anspruch 3, ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im installierten Zustand der Gefahrenmelder (3) das Detektionsmodul (9) durch das Kommunikationsmodul (8) gegen unberechtigte Entfernung gesichert ist.
- Sicherheitssystem nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Montageplatten (2) eine Geradführung (4) mit einer Sicherung (6) gegen Abheben aufweisen, und dass die Befestigung der Gefahrenmelder (3) an den Montageplatten (2) durch Einschieben der Melder (3) in die Geradeführung (4) in vertikaler Richtung (B) erfolgt.
- Gefahrenmelder für ein Sicherheitssystem mit drahtloser Kommunikation, gekennzeichnet durch zwei Module, ein Kommunikationsmodul (8) und ein Detektionsmodul (9), wobei das Kommunikationsmodul (8) einerseits eine mechanische und elektrisch/elektronische Schnittstelle zum Detektionsmodul (9) aufweist, und andererseits zur Befestigung des Gefahrenmelders (3) an einer Montageplatte (2) vorgesehen ist.
- Gefahrenmelder nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Kommunikationsmodul (8) für alle zur Verwendung vorgesehenen Detektionsmodule (9) gleiche Abmessungen und gleiche Form aufweist.
- Gefahrenmelder nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die genannte Schnittstelle eine mechanische Verbindungseinrichtung und eine elektrische Steckverbindung (10) umfasst.
- Gefahrenmelder nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mechanische Verbindungseinrichtung eine Geradführung (11) und einen Anschlag aufweist, welche so ausgebildet und angeordnet sind, dass bei der Herstellung der mechanischen Verbindung auch die elektrische Steckverbindung (10) hergestellt wird.
- Gefahrenmelder nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die genannte mechanische Verbindungseinrichtung an komplementär ausgebildeten Abstufungen des Kommunikations- und des Detektionsmoduls (8 bzw. 9) angeordnet ist, wobei im installierten Zustand des Gefahrenmelders (3) die Abstufung des Detektionsmoduls (9) gegen den zu überwachenden Raum hin durch die Abstufung des Kommunikationsmoduls (8) abgedeckt ist.
- Gefahrenmelder nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Kommunikationsmodul (8) Führungsmittel (13) aufweist, welche in eine entsprechende Geradführung (4) der Montageplatte (2) einschiebbar sind, und dass Arretiermittel (12) zur Fixierung des Melders (3) an der Montageplatte (2) vorgesehen sind.
- Gefahrenmelder nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 11, gekennzeichnet durch einen am Kommunikationsmodul (8) angeordneten Kontaktschalter, welcher den einen Teil eines Sabotagedetektors zur Auslösung eines Alarms bei unberechtigter Entfernung des Gefahrenmelders (3) oder eines seiner Module von der Wand (1) bildet.
- Gefahrenmelders nach Anspruch 12, gekennzeichnet durch einen an die die Montageplatte (2) tragende Wand (1) anschraubbaren und aus der Montageplatte herausbrechbaren Steg (15), welcher den anderen Teil des Sabotagedetektors bildet und im installierten Zustand des Gefahrenmelders (3) den Kontaktschalter schliesst.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01101236A EP1227452A1 (de) | 2001-01-19 | 2001-01-19 | Sicherheitssystem und Gefahrenmelder zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen |
US10/259,971 US7075430B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-09-27 | Security system and danger sensor for monitoring danger parameters |
US10/645,414 US7091844B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2003-08-21 | Security system and danger sensor for monitoring danger parameters |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01101236A EP1227452A1 (de) | 2001-01-19 | 2001-01-19 | Sicherheitssystem und Gefahrenmelder zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen |
US10/259,971 US7075430B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-09-27 | Security system and danger sensor for monitoring danger parameters |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1227452A1 true EP1227452A1 (de) | 2002-07-31 |
Family
ID=31889377
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01101236A Ceased EP1227452A1 (de) | 2001-01-19 | 2001-01-19 | Sicherheitssystem und Gefahrenmelder zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7075430B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1227452A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7075430B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2006-07-11 | Siemens Building Technologies Ag | Security system and danger sensor for monitoring danger parameters |
EP1884750A2 (de) * | 2006-07-25 | 2008-02-06 | Lince Italia S.p.A. | Aufhängevorrichtung, insbesondere für Sensoren von Alarmsystemen und entsprechender Sensor |
EP3557552A1 (de) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-23 | Tyco Fire & Security GmbH | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur omnidirektionalen und sabotagesicheren manipulationsdetektion |
US10502595B2 (en) | 2015-02-17 | 2019-12-10 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Sensor device |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050030175A1 (en) * | 2003-08-07 | 2005-02-10 | Wolfe Daniel G. | Security apparatus, system, and method |
US20050179541A1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2005-08-18 | Red Wolf Technologies, Inc. | Personal property security device |
DE202004018647U1 (de) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-04-06 | Steinel Gmbh | Sensorleuchte |
CA2621648C (en) * | 2005-09-06 | 2015-11-24 | Infraegis, Inc. | Threat detection and monitoring apparatus with integrated display system |
US7961088B2 (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2011-06-14 | Cattail Technologies, Inc. | Asset monitoring system and portable security system therefor |
US7786888B2 (en) * | 2006-10-30 | 2010-08-31 | Honeywell International Inc. | False ceiling fire detector assembly |
TWM321537U (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2007-11-01 | Guo-Hua Fang | Infrared automatic sensing light camera |
EP2390855A4 (de) * | 2009-01-22 | 2012-10-17 | Optex Co Ltd | Einbruchdetektionseinrichtung |
US8258949B1 (en) * | 2009-05-27 | 2012-09-04 | Ronald Jaynes | Intruder detection alarm and deterrent device |
US8928487B2 (en) * | 2010-12-30 | 2015-01-06 | Schneider Electric USA, Inc. | Adjustable occupancy sensor and method of attaching an occupancy sensor to a light fixture |
GB2553132B (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2021-12-22 | Orisec Ltd | Bracket |
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DE3910514A1 (de) * | 1989-04-01 | 1990-10-04 | Merten Gmbh & Co Kg Geb | Infrarot-bewegungsmelder |
EP0707293A1 (de) * | 1994-10-10 | 1996-04-17 | Fritz Fuss GmbH & Co. | Gehäuse für eine Überwachungseinrichtung |
EP0786751A2 (de) * | 1996-01-29 | 1997-07-30 | GRUNDIG Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung zur Befestigung von Komponenten von Alarmanlagen |
EP0834847A1 (de) * | 1996-10-07 | 1998-04-08 | Bticino S.P.A. | Elektrische Vorrichtung für Anti-Diebstahlanlagen |
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CH688215A5 (de) | 1994-03-02 | 1997-06-13 | Cerberus Ag | Kommunikationsnetz mit mehreren Stationen und Verfahren zu dessen Betrieb. |
US5973594A (en) * | 1995-03-29 | 1999-10-26 | Hubbell Incorporated | Multiple optical designs for a multifunction sensor |
DE59710067D1 (de) | 1996-04-22 | 2003-06-18 | Siemens Building Tech Ag | Brandmeldeanlage |
US5790040A (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 1998-08-04 | Interactive Technologies, Inc. | Battery-operated security system sensors |
US6114955A (en) * | 1998-06-03 | 2000-09-05 | Interactive Technologies, Inc. | System and method for antenna failure detection |
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US6484107B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2002-11-19 | Rosemount Inc. | Selectable on-off logic modes for a sensor module |
EP1227452A1 (de) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-07-31 | Siemens Building Technologies AG | Sicherheitssystem und Gefahrenmelder zur Überwachung von Gefahrenkenngrössen |
-
2001
- 2001-01-19 EP EP01101236A patent/EP1227452A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2002
- 2002-09-27 US US10/259,971 patent/US7075430B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-08-21 US US10/645,414 patent/US7091844B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE3910514A1 (de) * | 1989-04-01 | 1990-10-04 | Merten Gmbh & Co Kg Geb | Infrarot-bewegungsmelder |
EP0707293A1 (de) * | 1994-10-10 | 1996-04-17 | Fritz Fuss GmbH & Co. | Gehäuse für eine Überwachungseinrichtung |
EP0786751A2 (de) * | 1996-01-29 | 1997-07-30 | GRUNDIG Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung zur Befestigung von Komponenten von Alarmanlagen |
EP0834847A1 (de) * | 1996-10-07 | 1998-04-08 | Bticino S.P.A. | Elektrische Vorrichtung für Anti-Diebstahlanlagen |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7075430B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2006-07-11 | Siemens Building Technologies Ag | Security system and danger sensor for monitoring danger parameters |
US7091844B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2006-08-15 | Siemens Building Technologies Ag | Security system and danger sensor for monitoring danger parameters |
EP1884750A2 (de) * | 2006-07-25 | 2008-02-06 | Lince Italia S.p.A. | Aufhängevorrichtung, insbesondere für Sensoren von Alarmsystemen und entsprechender Sensor |
EP1884750A3 (de) * | 2006-07-25 | 2011-03-02 | Lince Italia S.p.A. | Aufhängevorrichtung, insbesondere für Sensoren von Alarmsystemen und entsprechender Sensor |
US10502595B2 (en) | 2015-02-17 | 2019-12-10 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Sensor device |
EP3259560B1 (de) * | 2015-02-17 | 2020-06-17 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Sensorvorrichtung |
EP3557552A1 (de) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-23 | Tyco Fire & Security GmbH | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur omnidirektionalen und sabotagesicheren manipulationsdetektion |
US10565842B2 (en) | 2018-04-16 | 2020-02-18 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Method and device for omnidirectional and anti-sabotage anti-tampering detection |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7091844B2 (en) | 2006-08-15 |
US20040036598A1 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
US20040061611A1 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
US7075430B2 (en) | 2006-07-11 |
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