EP1287585B1 - Carrier element for an antenna with low hand sensitivity - Google Patents
Carrier element for an antenna with low hand sensitivity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1287585B1 EP1287585B1 EP01903627A EP01903627A EP1287585B1 EP 1287585 B1 EP1287585 B1 EP 1287585B1 EP 01903627 A EP01903627 A EP 01903627A EP 01903627 A EP01903627 A EP 01903627A EP 1287585 B1 EP1287585 B1 EP 1287585B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- antenna
- carrier element
- shielding
- facilities
- point
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
- H01Q1/2225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
- H01Q1/526—Electromagnetic shields
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
- H01Q7/04—Screened antennas
Definitions
- the antenna voltage only changes by a few percent when approached by hand.
- the antenna factor which is defined as the quotient antenna voltage by H field, is typically 10 V m / A.
- the shield 21 only to be attached on one side.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
- Gyroscopes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Trägerelement tragend eine Antenne nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The present invention relates to a carrier element an antenna according to the preamble of claim 1.
Für die Registrierung von Personen oder Gegenständen werden tragbare Empfänger eingesetzt, die meist als sogenannte Smartcards oder Chipcards ausgebildet sind, die z.B. aus US 5,844,244 (Kaba Schliesssysteme AG, Wetzikon, Schweiz) bekannt sind. Solche Cards werden oft auch als elektronische Billette bezeichnet.For the registration of people or objects portable receivers used, mostly as so-called Smart cards or chip cards are formed which e.g. out US 5,844,244 (Kaba Schliesssysteme AG, Wetzikon, Switzerland) are known. Such cards are often called electronic Inscribed tickets.
In WO 98/26370 A1 (Innovatron Industries SA, Paris) ist ein drahtloses Kommunikationssystem mit tragbaren Empfängern beschrieben, bei dem die Datenübertragung über das (magnetische) H-Feld erfolgt. Typischerweise sind Frequenzen von 6.78 MHz, 13.5 MHz oder von 27 MHz vorgesehen. Werden im Eingangsbereich einer Türe eines öffentlichen Verkehrsmittels Sender der vorstehend genannten Frequenz angeordnet, ist das ausgesendete elektromagnetische Feld im genannten Eingangsbereich als Nahfeld ausgebildet. Der Begriff Nahfeld bedeutet, dass der sogenannte H-Feld-Anteil dominiert. Der Bereich des Nahfeldes ist üblicherweise definiert mit einem Abstand r, für den die Beziehung r < 0.6 · λ gilt. λ steht dabei für die Wellenlänge. Bei einer Frequenz von z.B. 13.5 MHz beträgt λ = 22 m, so dass die Nahfeldbedingungen bis zu einer Distanz von etwa 12 m erfüllt sind.In WO 98/26370 A1 (Innovatron Industries SA, Paris) is a wireless communication system with portable receivers described in which the data transmission via the (magnetic) H field occurs. Typically, frequencies are from 6.78 MHz, 13.5 MHz or from 27 MHz provided. Are in Entrance area of a door of a public transport Transmitter of the above frequency is arranged emitted electromagnetic field in the named entrance area trained as a near field. The term near field means that the so-called H-field part dominates. The The area of the near field is usually defined with a Distance r for which the relationship r <0.6 · λ applies. λ stands doing for the wavelength. At a frequency of e.g. 13.5 MHz is λ = 22 m, so the near field conditions up to a distance of about 12 m are met.
Die Übertragung mittels Frequenzen der vorgenannten Beispiele würde grosse Antennen mit Abmessungen von mehreren Metern benötigen. In vielen Fällen ist die maximale Grösse der Antenne jedoch durch die Abmessungen eines Gerätes oder eines Trägerelementes vorgegeben. Für kontaktlose Erfassungssysteme muss die Empfangsantenne z.B. auf die Abmessungen einer Chipkarte reduziert werden. Solche Chipkarten haben üblicherweise Abmessungen von Kreditkarten, nämlich 53 x 85mm2. Eine derartig starke Reduktion der Antennengrösse führt einerseits zu sehr geringen Antennen-Empfangsspannungen und andererseits zu einer erhöhten Sensitivität der Antennenspannung auf Umgebungseinflüsse. Die geringe Empfindlichkeit lässt sich meist mittels einer geeigneten Verstärkervorstufe kompensieren. Bei Chipkarten ist jedoch zu beachten, dass die Energieaufnahme solcher Vorstufen möglichst klein sein muss. Darüber hinaus ist im Nahfeldbereich die Antennenspannung umgekehrt proportional zur dritten Potenz des Abstandes Empfangsantenne - Sendeantenne. Aus Platzgründen sind der Windungszahl solcher Antennen enge Grenzen gesetzt.The transmission using frequencies of the aforementioned examples would require large antennas with dimensions of several meters. In many cases, however, the maximum size of the antenna is determined by the dimensions of a device or a carrier element. For contactless detection systems, the receiving antenna must be reduced to the dimensions of a chip card, for example. Such chip cards usually have the dimensions of credit cards, namely 53 x 85mm 2 . Such a strong reduction in the antenna size leads on the one hand to very low antenna reception voltages and on the other hand to an increased sensitivity of the antenna voltage to environmental influences. The low sensitivity can usually be compensated for using a suitable amplifier pre-stage. With chip cards, however, it should be noted that the energy consumption of such preliminary stages must be as small as possible. In addition, the antenna voltage in the near field is inversely proportional to the third power of the distance between the receiving antenna and the transmitting antenna. For reasons of space, the number of turns of such antennas is limited.
Bei tragbaren Empfängern stellt sich darüber hinaus das Problem, dass z.B. durch die Hand eines Menschen oder durch in der Nähe befindliche elektrisch leitende Körper der Empfang gestört wird. Die Störung kann beispielsweise eine erheblich reduzierte Antennenspannung oder eine Verstimmung der Antenne zur Folge haben. Mit Verstimmung ist eine Veränderung der vorgesehenen Resonanzfrequenz bezeichnet. Da mit der übertragenen Information eine Verrechnung einer bezogenen Leistung verbunden sein kann, ist eine besonders zuverlässig Uebertragung gefordert.This also applies to portable receivers Problem that e.g. by the hand of a person or by nearby electrically conductive body of the Reception is disturbed. The disorder can be, for example significantly reduced antenna voltage or a detuning of the antenna. With an upset is a change designated the intended resonance frequency. In order to the information transmitted is offset against a related one Performance can be linked is a particularly reliable Transfer required.
In der Schrift US 5,248,989 (Murdoch, Perth, Australia) wird ein Magnetischer Feldkonzentrator vorgeschlagen, bei dem beidseitig einer Ringantenne je eine Abschirmung vorgesehen ist. Mit einer solchen Abschirmung werden durch eine Aenderung des elektrischen Feldes verursachten Störeinflüsse reduziert. Solche Störeinflüsse werden z.B. durch die Hand eines Menschen oder durch in der Nähe befindliche elektrisch leitende Körper verursacht. In US 5,248,989 (Murdoch, Perth, Australia) proposed a magnetic field concentrator in which One shield is provided on each side of a ring antenna is. With such a shield by a Change in the electrical field caused interference reduced. Such interferences are e.g. by hand of a human or by nearby electrical conductive body causes.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde ein Trägerelement, das eine Antenne trägt, anzugeben, das unempfindlich ist auf Störeinflüsse der Umgebung.The present invention is therefore based on the object specify a carrier element that carries an antenna, the is insensitive to environmental interference.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im Patentanspruch 1 angegebenen Massnahmen gelöst. vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind in weiteren Ansprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by the specified in claim 1 Measures solved. advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in further claims.
So können sich die folgenden Vorteile zusätzlich ergeben:
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung beispielsweise näher erläutert. Dabei zeigen:
- Figur 1a
- Aufsicht auf eine Chipkarte als erfiadungsgemässes Trägerelement der Antenne;
- Figur 1b
- Schnittdarstellung des erfindungsgelnässen Trägerelementes mit optionalen zusätzlichen Abschirmungen;
- Figur 2
- Ansicht der Struktur zusätzlicher Abschirmungen.
- Figure 1a
- Supervision of a chip card as a carrier element of the antenna according to the invention;
- Figure 1b
- Sectional view of the support element according to the invention with optional additional shields;
- Figure 2
- View the structure of additional shields.
Figur 1a zeigt als Trägerelement 5 eine Chipkarte in der Ansicht.
Das Trägerelement 5 ist mehrlagig ausgeführt. Das
Rechteck 3 gibt die ungefähre Ausdehnung der Lage Masse
(Groundlayer) an. Die Lage Masse braucht jedoch nicht flächig
ausgeführt zu sein. Auf dem Trägerelement 5 sind Bauelemente
41 und 42 in diskreter oder integrierter Ausführung andeutungsweise
angegeben. Eine Rahmenantenne 11 - im folgenden
nur noch Antenne genannt - ist mit sieben Windungen längs des
Umfanges des Trägerelementes 5 angeordnet, die Kontaktierung
erfolgt über die Anschlüsse 12. Der Uebereichtlichkeit halber
sind die weiteren Verbindungen auf dem mehrlagigen Trägerelement
5 weggelassen sowie nur zwei der sieben Windungen
dargestellt. In Figur 1a sind Abschirmungen 21 schraffiert
dargestellt, die die Windungen der Antenne 11 oben und unten
umgeben. In einer realen Aufsicht wären die Windungen der
Antenne 11 jedoch unsichtbar. Die Anzahl Windungen der
Antenne 11 bestimmt sich durch die Geometrie des Trägerelementes
5 sowie durch die Ausführung der für die Verstärkung
der Antennenspannung benötigten Verstärkervorstufestufe.
Die Antenne 11 ist in einer Ebene angeordnet. FIG. 1a shows a chip card as the
Um den Einfluss elektrisch leitender Materialien auf die
Antenne 11 abzuschwächen, sind elektrische Abschirmungen 21
vorgesehen. Oberhalb und unterhalb der Antennen-Windungen ist
die je mit einem Bezugspunkt 3 verbundene Abschirmung 21 bzw.
211 und 212 , siehe dazu die Fig. 1b, angebracht, welche den
direkten Einfluss der Umgebung, d.h. eine kapazitive Einkopplung
auf die Wicklung verhindert. Eine solche Einkopplung
wirkt als Antennenverlängerung und daraus kann eine höhere
Antennenspannung resultieren. Wegen der damit verbundenen
Verstimmung der Antenne 11 ist dieser Effekt unerwünscht und
wird mit der Abschirmung 21 bzw. 211 und 212 behoben. Die
Kopplung findet durch Anbringen der Abschirmung 21 bzw. 211
und 212 nur durch die magnetische Komponente statt, nämlich
mit dem H-Feld, vgl. Vektordarstellung H in Figur la. Als
Bezugspunkt 3 wird üblicherweise die Masse (Groundlayer)
gewählt.In order to weaken the influence of electrically conductive materials on the
Die Antenne 11 ist resonativ auf die Empfangsfrequenz
abgestimmt, diese Abstimmung kann mit einem parallel
dazugeschalteten Kondensator vorgenommen werden (in den
Figuren nicht dargestellt). Ist eine grössere Bandbreite
erwünscht, kann die Antenne auch aperiodisch eingekoppelt
werden.The
Der Abstand der Abschirmungen 211 und 212 beträgt etwa 0,6
bis 1 mm. Je nach Anwendung kann der Abstand auch grösser als
1 mm betragen. Die Abschirmungen 211 und 212 müssen an einer
Stelle 22 aufgetrennt werden, um einen Kreisstrom zu verhindern,
welcher sonst das magnetische Feld unzulässig stark
dämpfen würde. Die Auftrennung 22 ist in Fig. 1a in einer
bevorzugten Ausführungsform gegenüber den Anschlüssen 12 der
Antenne 11 angeordnet.The distance between the
Für das Trägermaterial kann Epoxyharz FR4 verwendet werden. Die für eine Chipkarte erforderlichen weiteren Lagen wie Masse (Groundlayer), L1, L2, usw. mit den Leiterbahnen für die elektronischen Bauelemente sind in der Fig. 1b nicht dargestellt.Epoxy resin FR 4 can be used for the carrier material. The further layers required for a chip card, such as ground (ground layer), L1, L2, etc., with the conductor tracks for the electronic components are not shown in FIG. 1b.
In einer Weiterentwicklung der Erfindung hat sich gezeigt,
dass es sich als günstig erweist, zusätzlich zu den mit Masse
verbundenen Abschirmungen 211 und 212 zwei weitere nicht mit
Masse verbundenen, elektrisch leitenden Abschirmungen 611
und 612 anzubringen. Die Ausgestaltung der Abschirmungen 611
und 612 ist in Fig. 1b gezeigt. Mit diesen zusätzlichen Abschirmungen
611 und 612 wird das einwirkende, als E-Feld
ausgebildete Potential gleichmässig auf die Abschirmungen
211 und 212 verteilt. Durch diese Massnahme kann
insbesondere der Einfluss der Handempfindlichkeit noch weiter
reduziert werden. Die Ausführung dieser zusätzlichen Abschirmungen
611 und 612 ist so vorzunehmen, dass diese je im
Abstand von etwa 0.2mm von der Abschirmung 211 bzw. 212
angeordnet sind.In a further development of the invention, it has been shown that it has proven to be advantageous to mount two further electrically
In Figur 2 ist eine besondere Ausführungsform der Anordnung
und Auftrennung der zusätzlichen Abschirmung 61 gezeigt.
Solche Abschirmungen sollten möglichst symmetrisch ausgeführt
sein, beispielsweise mittels der Segmente 61I und 61II .Bei
einer Aufteilung in vier Quadranten kann es je nach
Anwendungsfall zweckmässig sein, punktsymmetrisch oder
spiegelsymmetrisch zwei der vier Segmente mit der Lage Masse
(Groundlayer) zu verbinden.FIG. 2 shows a special embodiment of the arrangement and separation of the
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Stellen 62, an welcher
die Abschirmungen 61I und 61II aufgetrennt sind, gegenüber
der Auftrennstelle 21 verschoben sind (in Fig. 2 nicht dargestellt).It is particularly advantageous if the
Alle Abschirmungen 21 und 61 bestehen aus dünner Kupferfolie bzw. sind als Leiterbahnen ausgeführt, deren Breite grösser ist als die Breite der Antennenwindungen. Die Antennenwindungen sind in diesem Ausführungsbeispiel ebenfalls als Leiterbahnen ausgeführt. All shields 21 and 61 are made of thin copper foil or are designed as conductor tracks, the width of which is greater is than the width of the antenna turns. The antenna windings are also in this embodiment as Conductor tracks executed.
Die Antennenspannung verändert sich bei Annäherung mit der Hand nur noch um wenige Prozent. Der Antennenfaktor, der als Quotient Antennenspannung durch H-Feld definiert ist, beträgt typischerweise 10 Vm / A.The antenna voltage only changes by a few percent when approached by hand. The antenna factor, which is defined as the quotient antenna voltage by H field, is typically 10 V m / A.
Somit kann für die Frequenz 6.78 MHz bei 1 W Sendeleistung im
Abstand von ca. 1.5 m bei einem Trägerelement 5 mit sieben
Antennenwindungen folgende Antennenspannung erwartet werden:
1 mV. In einem grösseren Abstand von ca. 4 m würde sich die
Antennenspannung auf etwa 50 µV reduzieren.Thus for the frequency 6.78 MHz with 1 W transmission power in
Distance of about 1.5 m for a
Die Handempfindlichkeit kann abhängig von der benutzten Frequenz durch Anbringen von zusätzlichen Abschirmungslagen weiter reduziert werden.The hand sensitivity may depend on the one used Frequency by applying additional shielding layers can be further reduced.
Die Ausführung des erfindungsgemässen Trägerelementes ist nicht auf rahmenförmige Antennen beschränkt. Je nach Einsatzgebiet der Antenne sind topologisch äquivalente Formen ebenso möglich, insbesondere kann die vorliegende Erfindung auch für Ringantennen ausgeführt sein.The execution of the support element according to the invention is not limited to frame-shaped antennas. Depending on the area of application the antenna are topologically equivalent forms as well possible, in particular the present invention can also be used for Ring antennas are designed.
Je nach Anwendung kann es auch ausreichen, die Abschirmung 21
nur einseitig anzubringen.Depending on the application, it may also be sufficient for the
- 22
- Bezugspunktreference point
- 33
- Rechteckrectangle
- 55
- Trägerelementsupport element
- 1111
- Antenneantenna
- 1212
- Anschlussconnection
- 2121
- Abschirmungshielding
- 2222
- Auftrennung; Auftrennstelleseparation; disruption site
- 6161
- zusätzliche Abschirmungadditional shielding
- 6262
- Auftrennung der zusätzlichen Abschirmung; Auftrennstelle der zusätzlichen AbschirmungSeparation of the additional shielding; disruption site the additional shielding
Claims (5)
- Carrier element (5) having a multi-layer construction and carrying an antenna (11) which has at least one winding and which antenna (11) is provided with a shielding facility (211, 212) on both sides implemented in each case in the form of a printed circuit track, wherebythe shielding facilities (211, 212) and the antenna (11) are each arranged in a layer taking the form of a plane;the layers are essentially parallel; andthe shielding facilities (211, 212) are each separated electrically and connected together electrically at one point (22),
the shielding facilities (211, 212) are connected to a reference point (3) and that the shielding facilities (211, 212) are surrounded in each case on the side facing away from the antenna by a further shielding facility (611, x612) arranged to run in parallel in one plane, whereby the further shielding facilities are each situated in a further layer and are electrically separated at least one point (62) in each case. - Carrier element (5) according to Claim 1,
characterized in that
the further shielding facilities (611, 612) are divided up symmetrically into two or four segments (61I and 61II) and are electrically separated at two or four points (62). - Carrier element (5) according to Claim 2,
characterized in that
individual but not all segments (61I and 61II) are electrically connected to ground (3) and the connected segments (61I and 61II) are arranged in point symmetry or in mirror symmetry. - Carrier element (5) according to one of Claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that
the separating point (22) of the shielding facilities and the separating points (62) of the further shielding facilities (611, 612;611, 61II) are arranged so as to be displaced with respect to one another. - Use of a carrier element (5) in accordance with Claims 1 to 4 for a chipcard.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01903627A EP1287585B1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2001-01-08 | Carrier element for an antenna with low hand sensitivity |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00110358A EP1158601A1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2000-05-15 | Support device with an antenna with low sensitivity |
EP00110358 | 2000-05-15 | ||
PCT/EP2001/000097 WO2001089034A1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2001-01-08 | Carrier element for an antenna with low hand sensitivity |
EP01903627A EP1287585B1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2001-01-08 | Carrier element for an antenna with low hand sensitivity |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1287585A1 EP1287585A1 (en) | 2003-03-05 |
EP1287585B1 true EP1287585B1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
Family
ID=8168723
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00110358A Withdrawn EP1158601A1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2000-05-15 | Support device with an antenna with low sensitivity |
EP01903627A Expired - Lifetime EP1287585B1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2001-01-08 | Carrier element for an antenna with low hand sensitivity |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00110358A Withdrawn EP1158601A1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2000-05-15 | Support device with an antenna with low sensitivity |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6637665B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1158601A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE255771T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE50101086D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001089034A1 (en) |
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CN209860908U (en) | 2016-06-15 | 2019-12-27 | 3M创新有限公司 | Shielded RFID antenna |
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CN111819577B (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2024-08-13 | X卡控股有限公司 | Metal card |
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JPS5226879B2 (en) * | 1972-09-19 | 1977-07-16 | ||
US4251808A (en) * | 1979-11-15 | 1981-02-17 | Lichtblau G J | Shielded balanced loop antennas for electronic security systems |
US4373163A (en) * | 1980-07-14 | 1983-02-08 | I.D. Engineering, Inc. | Loop antenna for security systems |
US4751516A (en) * | 1985-01-10 | 1988-06-14 | Lichtblau G J | Antenna system for magnetic and resonant circuit detection |
US5248989A (en) * | 1988-02-04 | 1993-09-28 | Unisan Ltd. | Magnetic field concentrator |
US5442334A (en) * | 1992-07-20 | 1995-08-15 | Stoplift Corporation | Security system having deactivatable security tag |
US6295031B1 (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 2001-09-25 | Symbol Technologies, Inc. | Memory card assembly having an integral antenna |
EP0788069A3 (en) | 1996-02-01 | 2000-01-19 | Kaba Schliesssysteme AG | Wearable identification carrier |
JPH09307329A (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1997-11-28 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Antenna, its manufacture and electronic device or electric watch provided with the antenna |
TW350054B (en) * | 1996-11-29 | 1999-01-11 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | Burglarproof label |
FR2756953B1 (en) | 1996-12-10 | 1999-12-24 | Innovatron Ind Sa | PORTABLE TELEALIMENTAL OBJECT FOR CONTACTLESS COMMUNICATION WITH A TERMINAL |
-
2000
- 2000-05-15 EP EP00110358A patent/EP1158601A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-01-08 AT AT01903627T patent/ATE255771T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-01-08 WO PCT/EP2001/000097 patent/WO2001089034A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-01-08 DE DE50101086T patent/DE50101086D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-08 EP EP01903627A patent/EP1287585B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-11-13 US US10/292,764 patent/US6637665B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2849158A1 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2015-03-18 | Siemens Schweiz AG | Electronic ticket with manipulation protection |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE255771T1 (en) | 2003-12-15 |
US20030057288A1 (en) | 2003-03-27 |
WO2001089034A1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
US6637665B2 (en) | 2003-10-28 |
EP1158601A1 (en) | 2001-11-28 |
EP1287585A1 (en) | 2003-03-05 |
DE50101086D1 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
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