EP1267035A1 - Method for constructing underground waterproof tunnels with a concrete inner shell - Google Patents

Abstract

To erect a sealed underground tunnel structure, with cast or sprayed concrete shells, after the drill has broken through the rock (2) the hollow zone is covered by a curved carrier (5). The carrier is composed of a wire grid (9) with a secured plastics felt (10). The space between the rock surface (3) and the felt is filled with loose chips or gravel (8). A sealing layer (11), of welded plastics films, is applied to the exposed surface of the curved carrier. The inner tunnel shell (6) is formed of concrete, using the carrier structure and the sealing layer as a lost mold.

Description

The present invention relates to a Process for creating sealed underground Tunnels with a concrete inner shell, the application the procedure for creating a draining or pressurized water-holding tunnel construction, a vault for all-round protection against falling rock in an underground Cavity, the use of the vault as lost external formwork when concreting an inner tunnel shell, a pressurized water-holding or draining underground tunnel construction with a concrete inner shell as well as a wire mesh or wire mesh composite mat for the creation of such vaults or tunnels according to the preambles of the independent claims.

Underground tunnels serve in the most cases for transportation purposes and prefer to come there used where certain transport capacities with above ground means not or only in uneconomical Way can be provided. This especially applies when it comes to with Road or rail vehicles geographical Obstacles such as Mountains to cross. Since the Cost of building rail and road tunnels are significant and maintenance work often with one Loss of use is associated with very high requirements to the durability of such structures. a The central point is therefore next to the actual one Construction costs for tunneling the sealing of the Interior of the tunnel against that emerging from the mountain Water and if necessary the safe drainage of this Water.

To create such tunnels are Today several methods are known, each of which is common is that after the rock eruption by drilling or Blow up an all-round protection against falling Rock is created in the rock eruption, then a Sealing layer from the inside on this all-round protection is applied, if necessary in advance between the all-round protection and the waterproofing membrane Non-woven fabric or a drainage mat as a drainage layer is arranged, and finally the inner shell is concreted.

All-round security is based on the status of Technology by applying shotcrete to the rock or by setting up tubbing rings in the rock eruption created.

In the former case, the inner contour follows the all-round security the limits of the broken out Cavity, which strongly detracts from the explosion desired outer contour of the future concrete inner shell differ. Because this also has a very irregular contour have, it occurs when using geomembranes as a sealing layer inevitably in some places Folding the waterproofing membrane, causing the appearance of Leaks are favored. Also points out concrete inner shell of a tunnel construction with such Building up a widely varying wall thickness on what both little from a technical as well as an economic point of view is advantageous. Will a draining tunnel under Use of a non-woven fabric or a drainage mat created as a drainage layer in this way, so must also with an early failure of the tunnel seal due to blockage of the drainage layer are to be counted as these are cast when the inner shell is poured compacted to a thickness of a few millimeters and which is on the wet side of the sealing layer sprayed concrete is washed out and therefore acts to promote constipation.

In the second case, the inner contour describes of the tubbing rings regardless of the contour of the Limits of the underground cavity the desired outer target contour of the future inner shell and thus avoids some of the problems mentioned above. is as a drainage layer a non-woven fabric or a drainage mat between the sealing layer and the tubbing rings provided, this must be the case with draining tunnel structures Design also with a blockage of the drainage layer and thus with a leak in the seal be counted. Another disadvantage of the tubbing technique are the comparatively high cost of that Creation of such tunnel structures.

There is therefore the task of procedures to create tunnels, vaults for all-round security and underground tunnels are available too represent the disadvantages of the prior art avoid technology.

This task is carried out by the process that Vaults and tunnel construction according to the independent Claims solved.

In a first aspect of the invention comprises the process of creating sealed underground Tunnels with a concrete inner shell Creating a cavity in an underground environment, such as. Rock, by blasting, by Drilling or some other breakout method, and that then create a vault with a lattice or net-like supporting structure in this broken out Space which is one or more viable which carries plan-like or plate-like fabrics span the grid or mesh spaces. By this design is the vault capable of surface loads attacking outside, such as pourable filling material layers made of gravel or grit, to wear and any passage of loose material to prevent the interior of the supporting vault. Is too the vault is able to hold small pieces of rock break away from the outbreak limits with the To collect flat structures and pieces of rock with a Size, which is the size of the grid or mesh spaces surpasses regardless of the firmness of the Intercept fabrics with the support structure and thus to serve as all-round security. The vault will created in the underground cavity in such a way that it is in the spaced substantially from the boundaries of the cavity , that is, it may just be on in some places contact with these limitations has, and is designed such that it regardless of the contour of the boundaries of the underground Cavity with its inside a desired outer target contour of the future concrete inner shell of the Describes tunnels. Such a target contour results normally from the light profile of the one to be created Tunnel construction plus the wall thickness of the inner shell and any other material layers that are within the Inner shell can be arranged. Then there is a sealing layer arranged on the inside of the vault and then concreted the inner shell of the tunnel construction, the vault together with the sealing layer as lost formwork is used. The Concreting the inner shell can be done by pouring in formwork concrete technology by means of an additional internal formwork or also by spraying shotcrete. As A tarpaulin-like or plate-like fabric is sustainable to look at when it is able to Overvoltage of the grid or network spaces between the Support structure, if necessary after previous attachment at the boundaries of the grid or network spaces, a loose gravel, grit or rubble fill of several centimeters thick.

With the method according to the invention an inexpensive sealed underground Create a tunnel with an inner concrete shell, which has large drainage rooms between the vaults and the boundaries of the cavity and not expensive Preparation for the waterproofing needed. The process also makes the rational Laying or applying the seal and creating a concrete inner shell of uniform wall thickness allows. Since the vaulting during the creation of the Tunnel construction first as all-round protection and then as lost external formwork, it is with this Procedure also possible on constipation Concrete parts or concrete layers on the wet side of the Sealing layer, as they are common in the prior art, to forego and thus permanent functioning to guarantee even very thin drainage layers. By applying the sealing layer on the inside of the finished vault arises as Another advantage is the possibility of an uninterrupted To create a sealing layer, which is particularly important for Creation of pressurized water tunnel structures by is of great importance. Another essential one The advantage of the method according to the invention is that that already approved materials are used can, so that time-consuming and costly approval procedures can be avoided.

The gap is preferred between the boundaries of the underground cavity and the supporting vault with a pressure-resistant filling material backfilled, which is a loose fill or also a hardening mass is not. This will create a even pressure transmission from any, by subsequent settlement of mountain loads on the Secured outside of the tunnel and one Damage to the sealing layer due to sharp edges falling rocks prevented.

A filler material is also advantageously used permanently good water permeability used, preferably a bulk of loose pressure-transmitting Material such as gravel, rock split or rubble, which in particular in the case of creating draining tunnel structures with appropriately relieved pressure layers represents an advantageous embodiment.

In a preferred embodiment of the The gap is filled prior to concreting the inner shell or even previously to apply the sealing layer on the Inside of the vault, which gives the advantage that a floating of the one serving as external formwork The vault is largely prevented when concreting and if necessary by such a floating a compaction of the backfill in the space between the boundaries of the cavity and the vault is achieved.

If the vault with additional, in essential selective attacking means for Reinforcement such as individual rock anchors, and / or line attacking means of reinforcement, such as e.g. Reinforcement arches, which are in the circumferential direction in the Vault and on which the vault extend rests, provided, its load capacity increases or can the grid or network structure used be dimensioned weaker.

The use of is particularly advantageous radially outwardly extending tie rods as Means for reinforcement in the surrounding the cavity Material, usually rock, to be attached and with the supporting vault, in particular with its supporting structure, get connected. By using multiple Long tie rod extending radially into the rock will also be the load-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock improved.

The means are preferably used for Reinforcement prior to arranging the sealing layer attached to possible damage to the sealing layer to avoid.

If the gap is filled between the boundaries of the underground cavity and the vault, so it is when using additional Means of reinforcement preferred, following the filling by pressing the filling material Move the vault to the boundaries of the cavity with the aid of reinforcement. This can be done using the previously described Tie rod between the vault and the Cavity surrounding material in a particularly advantageous Do this by tightening them.

As a lattice or mesh-like supporting structure come preferably wire mesh and / or wire mesh, preferably made of steel wire, for use with Advantage a wire thickness in the range between 5 mm and 10 mm and a mesh size in the range between 10 cm and 20 cm, preferably between 10 cm and 15 cm. Such grids or nets are commercially available as reinforcing steel mats available. However, wire mesh can also be used or wire nets made of other materials, for example made of plastic.

As a load-bearing tarpaulin-like fabric come with advantageous fabric, fleece or foil materials or a fine-mesh network for use, preferably made of a tear-resistant plastic. As a viable plate-like fabrics preferably come Insulation plates made of a plastic foam are used. In any case, it is advantageous if the fabric previously to create the vault by gluing, e.g. with hot glue, attached to the wire mesh or net becomes. Ideally, appropriate mesh mats are considered prefabricated semi-finished product provided.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention are preferably film sheets as a sealing layer used, with advantage plastic sheeting a thermoplastic, which preferably a thickness less than 5 mm, more preferably less than 3 mm. Such geomembranes are partial already approved for tunnel construction and are commercial available.

The fastening of the foil sheets to the vault is done advantageously by selective or surface gluing or welding, for example with the flat structure of the supporting vault or with additionally attached contact materials such as thermoplastic film strips, or by means of others positive and / or non-positive fastening methods, such as e.g. by Velcro fastening.

To create a continuous as possible Sealing layer is preferred if several in the circumferential direction and / or in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel construction adjacent film webs or film web sections welded or glued together watertight become.

In another preferred embodiment the sealing layer by spraying a hardening sealing material on the inside of the vault received, for which preferably liquid plastic is used. By curing is meant that the material solidifies after a while, it is however desirable if it is a little elastic remains. The preferred layer thicknesses are approximate comparable to those of the previously described film webs. To disrupt the setting process of the to prevent sprayed on sealing layer by water in this case it is preferred if the supporting arch or the fabric at least temporarily largely waterproof pre-seal forms. On later leakage of this pre-seal after Hardening the sealing layer, however, is of no importance. In this way it can be consistent and also fully closed sealing layers on simple Arrange in the vault.

One is preferably in the circumferential direction and in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel construction to be created waterproof closed sealing layer in the interior of the Vault created, so that a pressurized water Sealing becomes possible.

In a further preferred embodiment the sealing layer with additional feed means for the subsequent addition of liquid to pasty Material from the interior of the tunnel construction into the area the wet side of the sealing layer. Are an advantage this feed means is designed as a compression fitting, which radially through the future inner shell of the Extend tunnels through. Should it be after a leaks occur for a certain time or another Consolidation of the outside area of the tunnel construction desirable appear, can be solidifying and / or sealing acting substances supplied by these feed means and the area between the sealing layer and the Limits of the cavity thereby pressed and / or be sealed.

In yet another preferred embodiment the fabric and / or the sealing layer an at least partially translucent material formed, which gives the advantage that a simple visual success control when introducing Filling material in the space between the vault and Cavity boundaries is made possible.

In general, it is preferred if between the Vault and the boundaries of the cavity additional vault, especially on segment elements, on themselves in the areas of the side walls extending concrete or shotcrete vault and / or dispense with complex surface treatments is what is made possible by the invention, because of this both material and labor costs as well as time can be saved. Is a pressure-relieved Sealing vault created, so this is why advantageous because it introduces constipation Foreign substances in the drainage inflow in the can be substantially prevented. One exclusively in the area of the cavity ceiling made of shotcrete Head protection can be specified by regulations and poses nothing extending to the side walls Shotcrete vaults in the sense meant here.

In a second aspect of the invention the method according to the first aspect is used for Creation of a draining or pressurized water underground tunnel construction.

A third aspect of the invention relates a draining or pressurized water tunnel construction, which according to the procedure according to the first aspect can be produced.

In a fourth aspect of the invention the vault for all-round protection against falling A lattice or rock in an underground cavity reticular structure and one or more of the Supported structure and the lattice or network spaces spanning load-bearing and tarpaulin-like fabrics, such as a tearable plastic fleece, on. Such a vault is also a supporting vault as described in the first aspect.

A fifth aspect of the invention relates to Use of the vault according to the fourth aspect as External formwork lost when concreting an inner shell in the interior of the vault.

In a sixth aspect, the in one underground pressurized water vaults or draining tunnel construction with a concrete inner shell, preferably with a concrete inner shell with in essentially uniform wall thickness, on the outside the inner shell at least in the area of the sides and a plastic sealing layer on the ceiling. On the Outside of this sealing layer is a wire mesh or a wire mesh, preferably with an inner contour, which is essentially the outer contour of the inner shell corresponds, exists and on the outside of the wire mesh is a tarpaulin or plate-like Flat structures made of plastic, which grid or network gaps spanned. Between this Fabric and the boundaries of the cavity there is a pressure-resistant filling material.

In a seventh aspect of the invention the wire mesh or wire mesh mat for the Creation of vaults or tunnel structures according to a a wire mesh or wire mesh and one or more sheet-like fabrics, which is on at least one of the two sides of the wire mesh or wire mesh or between the wires arranged and connected to the same and spanning the grid or mesh spaces. So are, for example, prefabricated wire mesh mats provided, which by casting a Wire mesh with a plastic in a flat Mold or by sticking or welding one Wire mesh on a foil or on a fleece getting produced.

Fig. 1 einen Schnitt durch einen erfindungsgemässen Tunnelbau quer zu dessen grösster Erstreckung;

Fig. 2 einen Schnitt durch die Tunnelwand entlang der Linie A-A in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 einen Schnitt wie in Fig. 2, jedoch durch eine Tunnelwand, deren Dichtschicht zusätzlich mit Verpressstutzen versehen ist;

Further preferred embodiments of the invention result from the dependent claims and from the following description with reference to the figures. Show:

1 shows a section through a tunnel construction according to the invention transverse to its greatest extent;

FIG. 2 shows a section through the tunnel wall along the line AA in FIG. 1;

3 shows a section as in FIG. 2, but through a tunnel wall, the sealing layer of which is additionally provided with compression connectors;

The basic principle of the invention is in the Figures 1 and 2 can be seen and is described below with the help of these figures explained.

In a first step, an underground one Cavity created. The example shown shows one generated by blasting in rock 2 Cavity where the boundaries 3 due to the breakout method are very irregular. However, it is also provided the cavity by drilling or using to create other breakout methods, creating voids arise with much more regular limits 3. Even if in the description of rock outlined here 2 is mentioned, the cavity 1 can also in all other environments that the Formation of an at least temporarily self-supporting Allow cavity. Having such a cavity is generated and optionally the bottom 4 of the Cavity 1 to enable further work was prepared, a supporting arch 5 with a Support structure 9 made of wire mesh 9 with a wire thickness of approx. 8 mm and square mesh with a width of about 15 cm, which is previously on the outside tear-resistant, load-bearing plastic fleece material 10 was applied, created in the cavity in such a way that the supporting arch 5 at a distance from the boundaries 3 of the cavity is arranged and with it Inside the desired future outer contour of the Concrete inner shell 6 of the tunnel 1 describes. The supporting vault 5 is additionally with in the case shown radially outwardly extending tie rods 7, which attached in the rock 2 surrounding the cavity be reinforced. But it is also intended that Vault 5 without additional reinforcements use. Then on the inside of the vault 5 a 3 mm thick sealing sheet 11 made of thermoplastic Plastic attached by this Welded together with the plastic fleece beforehand on the wire mesh 9 attached thermoplastic film strip 12 is connected. Instead of this welding it is also provided that a wire mesh 9 is previously provided Kind of Velcro material e.g. the softer loop side attach and then the sealing sheet 11 with the help of associated other types of Velcro, i.e. with the Hook material to attach to it. Be with each other the sealing sheets 11 also in the present case welded together, but it is also provided to glue them or in case of pressure water relieved Apply seals only overlapping. Then in the space between the Limits 3 of the cavity and the supporting arch 5, or more specifically between the boundaries 3 of the cavity and the plastic fleece 10, a filling 8 made of gravel 8 or rock split introduced by blowing. It is however, it is also intended to fill this gap allow. Then there is a temporary inner casing created and then the inner shell 6 of the tunnel construction 1 using the supporting arch 5 and the sealing layer 11 concreted as external lost formwork. To removing the inner formwork gives you the one shown underground tunnel construction 1.

Fig. 3 shows a section similar to in Fig. 2 through the wall of a tunnel building 1, the sealing layer 11 additionally with compression connector 13 for retrofitting Feeding of liquid or pasty material has been provided. This will give you the opportunity created a solidifying agent, e.g. a cement suspension, or a sealant from inside the tunnel in the area between the sealing layer 11 and the Limits 3 of the cavity to press any To seal leaks and / or the load-bearing capacity to increase the tunnel in this section. In order to in this way, only specific areas are pressed in a targeted manner can be, when introducing the filler material 8th during the construction of the tunnel construction in regular Distances bulkheads 14 made of shotcrete or other materials that created the filled cavity between sealing arch 5 and cavity boundaries 3 in several essentially separately compressible Divide partial cavities. The injection nozzles are in the illustrated case with screw plugs 15 locked.

Claims (32)

Method for creating sealed underground tunnel structures (1) with a concrete inner shell (6), comprising the following steps: a) creating an underground cavity; b) Creation of a supporting vault (5) in the underground cavity, which has a grid-like or network-like supporting structure (9) and one or more load-bearing tarpaulin-like or plate-like structures (10) carried by the supporting structure (9) and spanning the grid or network spaces. such that the supporting arch (5) is arranged essentially at a distance from the boundaries (3) of the cavity and, independently of the contour of the boundaries (3) of the underground cavity, describes with its inside a desired outer target contour of a future inner shell (6) ; c) arranging a sealing layer (11) on the inside of the supporting arch (5); d) Concreting the inner shell (6) using the supporting arch (5) and the sealing layer (11) as outer formwork. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of filling the gap between the boundaries (3) of the underground cavity and the supporting arch (5) with a pressure-resistant Filling material (8). Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the filling of the intermediate space takes place beforehand for concreting the inner shell (6) or beforehand for arranging the sealing layer (11). Method according to one of claims 2 to 3, characterized in that a filling material (8) with good water permeability is used for the filling, in particular a bed of loose pressure-transmitting material, in particular of rock split or gravel (8). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the supporting arch (5) is provided with additional means for reinforcement (7) which act essentially in a punctiform and / or linear manner. A method according to claim 5, characterized in that the supporting structure (9) of the supporting arch (5) is connected with tie rods (7) to the material surrounding the cavity. Method according to one of claims 5 to 6, characterized in that the means for reinforcement (7) are applied beforehand to arrange the sealing layer (11). Method according to claim 2 and according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that following the filling, a compression of the filling material (8) by moving the supporting arch (5) to the boundaries (3) of the cavity with the aid of the means for Reinforcement (7) is carried out, and in particular that this pressing is carried out by tightening tie rods (7) arranged between the supporting arch (5) and the material surrounding the cavity. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support structure (9) from one or more wire grids (9) or wire nets, in particular from steel wire, in particular with a wire thickness in the range between 5 mm and 10 mm and a mesh size in the range between 10 cm and 20 cm, in particular in the range between 10 cm and 15 cm. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a fabric, fleece or film material (10) or a fine-mesh network, in particular made of a tear-resistant plastic, is used as the flat structure (10). A method according to claim 9 and according to claim 10, characterized in that the fabric, nonwoven or film material (10) or the network is already attached to the wire mesh (9) or wire network beforehand to create the supporting arch (5), in particular by gluing , Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that film sheets (11), in particular plastic sealing sheets (11) made of a thermoplastic, are used as the sealing layer (11), in particular with a thickness of less than 5 mm, in particular less than or equal to 3 mm. A method according to claim 12, characterized in that the film webs (11) are attached to the supporting arch (5) by welding, gluing and / or by means of Velcro fastening. Method according to one of Claims 12 to 13, characterized in that a plurality of film webs (11) are welded or glued to one another in a watertight manner at their boundaries which are oriented in the extension direction and / or in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel construction (1) and are adjacent to one another. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sealing layer (11) is formed by spraying on a hardening material, in particular by spraying on liquid plastic. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sealing layer (11) is watertight in the circumferential direction and in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel structure (1) to be created. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sealing layer (11) with additional supply means (13), in particular with compression fittings (13) for the subsequent supply of liquid to pasty material from the interior of the tunnel construction into the area between the sealing layer (11) and the boundary (3) of the cavity is provided. A method according to claim 17, characterized in that the space between the supporting arch (5) and the boundaries (3) of the cavity by supplying a liquid to pasty material, in particular by supplying a solidifying and / or sealing substance by at least one supply means ( 13) is pressed through. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the flat structure (10) and / or the sealing layer (11) are formed from an at least partially translucent material. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that between the supporting vault (5) and the boundaries (3) of the cavity, no additional load-bearing security vaults, in particular no segment elements and / or concrete or shotcrete vaults extending into the areas of the side walls, are arranged, and in particular that there is no substrate pretreatment for applying a seal in this area. Application of the method according to one of the previous claims to create a draining or pressurized water tunnel construction (1). Draining or pressurized water Tunnel construction, producible with the method according to one of the Claims 1 to 20. Vault for all-round protection against falling rock in an underground cavity, characterized in that it has a grid-like or network-like support structure (9) and one or more load-bearing, tarpaulin-like flat structures (10) carried by the support structure (9) and spanning the grid or network spaces. having. Vault according to Claim 23, characterized in that the vault has additional means for reinforcement (7) which engage the support structure (9) in a substantially punctiform and / or linear manner, in particular that this has tie rods (7) with which the support structure (9 ) is connected to the material surrounding the cavity. Vault according to one of claims 23 to 24, characterized in that the supporting structure (9) from one or more wire grids (9) or wire nets, in particular from steel wire, in particular with a wire thickness in the range between 5 mm and 10 mm and a mesh size in the range between 10 cm and 20 cm, in particular in the range between 10 cm and 15 cm. Vault according to one of Claims 23 to 25, characterized in that the flat structure (10) is made of a woven, non-woven or foil material (10) or of a fine-mesh network, in particular of a tear-resistant plastic. Vault according to one of Claims 23 to 26, characterized in that the flat structure (10) is connected to the supporting structure (9) in such a way that it is essentially prevented from being displaced relative to the supporting structure (9) when loaded from the outside, and in particular, that the fabric (10) is glued to the support structure (9). Vault according to one of claims 23 to 27, characterized in that a sealing layer (11), in particular made of a plastic sealing sheet (11), in particular with a thickness of less than 5 mm, in particular less than or equal to 3 mm, is arranged on the inside of the vault. Use of the vault according to one of the Claims 23 to 28 as lost outer formwork in Concreting an inner shell (6) in the interior of the Vault. Pressurized water-retaining or draining tunnel construction arranged in an underground cavity with a concrete inner shell (6), characterized in that a sealing layer (11) made of plastic is present on the outside of the concrete inner shell (6) at least in the area of the sides and the ceiling the outside of the sealing layer (11) has a wire mesh (9) or wire mesh, on the outside of the wire mesh (9) or the wire mesh, a planar or plate-like sheet-like structure (10) is present made of plastic, which spans mesh or mesh spaces, and a pressure-resistant filling material (8) is present between the flat structure (10) and the boundaries (3) of the cavity. Tunnel construction according to claim 30, characterized in that the filling material (8) is a material with good water permeability, in particular a bed of loose pressure-transmitting material, in particular of rock split or gravel (8). Wire mesh or wire mesh composite mat for the construction of vaults or tunnels (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the Wire mesh or wire mesh composite mat a wire mesh (9) or wire mesh and one or more tarpaulin-like Has fabrics that on at least one of the both sides of the wire mesh (9) or wire mesh or arranged between and with the same wires are connected and the grid or network spaces span.

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