EP1169668A1 - Indicators and illuminators using a semiconductor radiation emitter package - Google Patents

Abstract

A vehicle lamp assembly (209) includes a housing (202) and an LED lamp (218) carried in the housing. A signal mirror (100) includes a mirror (222) and an LED lamp. The LED lamp includes a heat extraction member (400).

Description

INDICATORS AND ILLUMINATORS USING

A SEMICONDUCTOR RADIATION EMITTER PACKAGE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to United States Provisional Application Serial No. 60/124,493, entitled SEMICONDUCTOR RADIATION EMITTER PACKAGE, filed March 15, 1999, by J. Roberts et al, which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is a Continuation-in-Part of United States Patent Application Serial No. 09/425,792, entitled INDICATORS AND ILLUMINATORS USING A SEMICONDUCTOR RADIATION EMITTER PACKAGE, filed October 22, 1999, by John K. Roberts et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVETION

The present invention relates to illuminators and indicators, and to improved vehicle components and assemblies incorporating a semiconductor radiation emitter package.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Vehicles include a number of different components and assemblies that have an illuminator and/or a signal lamp associated therewith. Great interest has been shown in the use of electroluminescent semiconductor devices, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), as illuminators and signal indicators because they offer many potential advantages as compared to other conventional low voltage light sources. Other light sources suffer from many deficiencies, including: they are relatively inefficient, such as conventional tungsten incandescent lamps; require high voltages to operate, such as fluorescent and gas discharge lamps; or are susceptible to damage, such as incandescent lamps. Accordingly, these alternate light sources are not optimal for vehicular applications where only limited power or low voltage is available, or where high voltage is unacceptable for safety reasons, or in applications where there is significant shock or vibration. LEDs on the other hand are highly shock resistant, and therefore provide significant advantages over incandescent and fluorescent bulbs, which can shatter when subjected to mechanical or thermal shock. LEDs also possess operating lifetimes from 200,000 hours to 1,000,000 hours, as compared to the typical 1,000 to 2,000 hours for incandescent lamps or 5,000 to 10,000 hours for fluorescent lamps. Because of these and other advantages LEDs have become common in a wide variety of opto-electronic applications. Visible LEDs of all colors, including white, are used as status indicators within instrument panels and consoles in cars, trucks, buses, minivans, sport utility vehicles, aircraft, and the like. In each of these applications, the low intensity luminous flux emitted by the LEDs limits the relative visibility of the indicator, particularly in high ambient lighting conditions.

High intensity amber, red, and red-orange emitting visible LEDs are used in integrated arrays of visual signaling systems such as vehicle CHMSLs (center high mounted stop lamps), brake lamps, exterior turn signals and hazard flashers, exterior signaling mirrors, and the like. In each of these applications, the limited luminous flux emitted by the individual discrete LEDs within the array requires the simultaneous operation of eight or more discrete LEDs in order to achieve the desired beam intensity and distribution.

Multi-color combinations of pluralities of high intensity visible colored LEDs are being used as the source of projected white light for illumination purposes. Such illuminators are useful for as vehicle or aircraft map lights, for example, or as vehicle or aircraft reading or courtesy lights, cargo lights, license plate illuminators, back-up lights, and exterior mirror puddle lights. Phosphor-enhanced "white" LEDs may also be used in some of these instances as illuminators. In these illuminator applications, where high beam intensity is critical to production of effective projected illumination, the limited luminous flux emitted by the individual discrete LEDs requires the simultaneous operation of many discrete LEDs in order to achieve desired beam intensity, color and distribution.

Infrared (IR) emitting LEDs are being used for remote control and communication in such devices as VCRs, TVs, DVD players, CD players, and other audio-visual remote control units. Similarly, high intensity IR emitting LEDs are being used for communication between IrDA devices such as desktop, laptop, and palmtop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and peripherals such as printers, network adaptors, pointing devices ("mice," "trackballs", etc.,), keyboards, and the like. Signal range and quality are dependent on the magnitude of flux generated by the LED lamp emitter. The limited flux produced by existing IR LEDs has had a detrimental impact on the performance of existing IR transmitters and designs incorporating IR LEDs into svstems. In all of the applications discussed herein abo\ e. the limited magnitude of flux generated by the semiconductor emitter package has had a detrimental impact on the performance, design, size, weight, flexibility, cost, and other aspects of the devices in which they are employed Consequently, much effort has been expended to develop higher intensity LEDs Despite increases in luminous output that have been achieved as a result of these efforts, and despite all of the efforts expended to develop products that improve the performance of LEDs incorporated therein, high luminescent LEDs and the products that employ them suffer from high cost, high complexity, limited current capacity, and/or mcompatabihty with common manufactuπng processes

An exemplary application in an automotive environment wherein LEDs have imparted seπous limitations on design and performance is a vehicle signal mirror, such as those that provide a supplemental turn signal Signal mirrors generally employ one or more lamps m a mirror assembly to generate an information signal In general, outside signal mirrors have employed a lamp assembly positioned either behind a dichroic mirror, such that the signal light passes through the mirror, or on the rearview mirror body housing, such that the signal lamp is independent of the mirror Examples of such signal mirrors can be found in United States patents 5,361,190, 5,788,357, and 5,497,306 Even though signal mirrors incorporating LEDs are gaining populaπty, these mirrors have not yet received widespread acceptance This limited acceptance may be due at least m part to the large volume, complexity, significant weight, and the high cost of implementing outside signal mirrors

Outside rearview mirrors typically include a body housing mounted to the vehicle, a mirror assembly, and an adjustable support mechanism carrying the mirror assembly such that the dπver can adjust the mirror angle It is also common to provide other components in the mirror body housing such as one or more antennas (for accessoπes such as remote keyless entry), a motor for adjusting the mirror angle, and m some instances electronic circuitry In direct conflict with this desire to provide a multitude of components in the outside rearview mirror body housing is the desire of vehicle designers to make the rearview mirrors as small and as aerodynamic as possible to minimize the mirror's impact on wind noise and vehicle styling Consequently there is not a significant volume available withm the mirror housing for additional components to be placed In addition, it is desirable to make the weight of the mirror as light as possible to reduce vibration and its associated detπmental impact on rear vision For these reasons, designers are presented with a significant challenge when attempting to design a signal mirror

United States patent 5,361,190, entitled "MIRROR ASSEMBLY," issued on Nov 1, 1994, to Roberts et al , illustrates an LED signal mirror The 5.361,190 patent discloses a through-the-mirror signal indicator wherein a light source is positioned behind a dichroic mirror The dichroic mirror passes light withm a spectral band and attenuates light outside that spectral band The light source positioned behind the dichroic mirror emits light in the spectral pass band of the dichroic mirror, such that a visual signal from the light source can be seen from the front of the mirror. However, the mirror will attenuate light which is not within the narrow pass band of the dichroic mirror. Although the ability to pass light through the entire area of the mirror is a significant advantage, there are several disadvantages to the dichroic signal mirrors that have restπcted its commercial exploitation These signal mirrors employ a large array of LEDs to generate the light signal. Such an LED array is heavy, necessitating substantial support structure for the rearview mirror, and costly In addition, the LED array is large, requiπng a large mirror body to accommodate the array, let alone the other mirror components of the mirror. Another significant disadvantage to dichroic mirrors is that they are expensive to manufacture, difficult to mass produce, and subject to performance vaπations as they age.

United States patent 5,788,357, entitled "MIRROR ASSEMBLY," and issued to Muth et al. on Aug. 4, 1998, discloses a semitransparent mirror signal light assembly. The 5,788,357 patent describes efforts to overcome the inherent physical characteristics of earlier dichroic mirrors, such as the signal mirror disclosed in the 5,361,190 patent. In particular, the 5,788,357 patent points out that the cost of producing dichroic mirrors is too high. Additionally, the 5,788,357 patent attempts to address the difficulties of providing a dichroic mirror with acceptable reflectivity and heat dissipation while maintaining adequate luminescence and a neutral chromatic appearance. In particular, the 5,788,357 patent employs a through-the-mirror arrangement using a semitransparent, non- dichroic mirror having a light source positioned behind it The semitransparent mirror transmits about 1 percent to about 8 percent of a broad band of visible light Like the 5,361,190 patent, for LED signal lamps, the patent discloses a large bank of LEDs mounted on a substrate of relatively large dimension Thus, the lamp array is heavy, requiπng substantial structural support for the mirror, which will limit the types of applications in which the mirror can be used In order to avoid the large LED array, the 5,788,357 patent teaches use of lamps other than LEDs

United States patent 5,497,306, entitled EXTERIOR VEHICLE SECURITY LIGHT, issued on March 5, 1996, to Todd Pastπck, discloses a signal mirror assembly including a lamp module mounted on the body housing of the exteπor rearview mirror The principle embodiment illustrates the difficulties encountered when attempting to accommodate an incandescent lamp In particular the 5,497,306 patent shows a lamp housing assembly, which is removably attached to the exteπor mirror body housing to facilitate replacement and maintenance of the signal lamp Such an arrangement is costly, large, and restπcts the designers design flexibility In addition, this design necessitates a redesign of the mirror housing to provide enough volume to accommodate the mirror, the removable light module and any associated electronics Enlarging the mirror housing is exactly what the auto manufactures are trying to avoid

These difficulties encountered when designing a signal mirror are representative of the types of problems encountered in many other components and assemblies employing LEDs What is needed are components and assemblies producing bπghter, stronger, and/or more easily discernible illumination and/or signals, and in many applications, such producing better illumination and/or signals in a compact volume BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claim portion that concludes the specification The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following descπption taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like numerals represent like components, and in which

Fig 1 illustrates two vehicles traveling in adjacent traffic lanes, Fig 2 is an exploded top perspective view illustrating a signal mirror on a vehicle

Fig 3 is a schematic representation of the mirror according to Figs 1 and 2 and showing circuitry used therewith m block diagram form,

Fig 4 is a cross-sectional view of lamp module taken along plane 4-4 m Fig 6 which lamp module can be used in the signal mirrors of Figs 1-3,

Fig 5 is a side elevation view of the lamp module according to Fig 4 positioned adjacent the back surface of a mirror, Fig 6 is an end view of the lamp module of Figs 4 and 5 positioned adjacent to the back surface of a mirror,

Fig 7 is a cross sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating the mirror sub-assembly,

Fig 8 is an exploded side isometric \ lew illustrating the minor subassembly according to Fig 7,

Fig 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating an alternate mirror sub-assembly,

Fig 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating an alternate mirror sub-assembly,

Fig 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating an alternate mirror sub-assembly,

Fig 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating an alternate mirror sub-assembly,

Fig 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating an alternate mirror sub-assembly,

Fig 14 is a circuit schematic illustrating a lamp circuit that can be used with the module according Figs 4-6,

Fig 15 is a circuit schematic illustrating an alternate lamp circuit that can be used with the lamp module according to Figs 4-6.

Fig 16 is a side elevation view of an alternate embodiment of the lamp module according to Figs 4-6,

Fig 17 is a top isometric view of another alternate embodiment of the lamp module,

Fig 18 is a top isometric view of another alternate embodiment of the lamp module,

Fig 19 is a top perspective view of a lamp module mating with a 2 -pin connector,

Fig 20 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 in Fig 3 illustrating an alternate embodiment of a signal mirror subassembly,

Fig 21 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 7-7 m Fig 3 illustrating an alternate embodiment of a signal mirror subassembly,

Fig 22 is an exploded perspective view illustrating an alternate embodiment of the signal mirror and including a bezel signal lamp, Fig. 23 is a rear elevation view illustrating another alternate embodiment of a signal mirror and including a light pipe, bezel signal lamp;

Fig. 24 is a cross sectional view taken along plane 24-24 in Fig. 23 and illustrating another alternate embodiment of the signal minor and including a light pipe bezel signal lamp;

Fig. 25 is an exploded view of the bezel and mirror of mirror assembly according to Figs. 23 and 24;

Fig. 26 is a rear elevation view illustrating another alternate embodiment of a mirror and including two lamps;

Fig. 27 is a fragmentary side view illustrating the vehicle according to Fig. 26;

Fig. 28 is a cross sectional view taken along plane 28-28 in Fig. 26 and illustrating the mirror according to Fig. 26;

Fig. 29a side elevation view illustrating another alternate embodiment of the signal mirror;

Fig. 29b is a fragmentary cross sectional view taken along plane 29b-29b in Fig. 29a and illustrating the signal mirror according to Fig. 29a;

Fig. 29c is a fragmentary cross sectional view taken along plane 29c-29c in Fig. 29a and illustrating the signal mirror according to Fig. 29a;

Fig. 29d is an iso-candela plot of the mirror according to Figs. 29a-29c;

Fig. 30 is a rear elevation view of an interior rearview mirror illustrating another embodiment of a signal mirror;

Fig. 31 is a side elevation view schematically illustrating a back lit panel in the mirror according to Fig. 30;

Fig. 32 is a cross section view taken along the center of the lamp module according to Fig. 31 but having a flat lens surface;

Fig. 33 is rear elevation view of a vehicle;

Fig. 34 is a rear elevation view of a vehicle;

Fig. 35 is an exploded perspective view of a CHMSL lamp assembly for the vehicle according to Fig. 33;

Fig. 36 is a cross sectional view of the CHMSL according to Fig. 35 taken along plane 36-36 in Fig. 33;

Fig. 37 illustrates CHMSL candela output requirement at different angles; Fig 38 is a rectangular iso-candela plot of a red-orange chip LED lamp including a heat extraction member,

Fig 39 is a rectangular candela distribution plot of the LED lamp according to

Fig 40a is a rear elevation view of a CHMSL and cargo lamp assembly in the vehicle according to Fig 34 with the lens removed,

Fig 40b is a cross-sectional view of an alternate circuit board assembly taken along the plane 40b-40b in Fig 40a,

Fig 40c is a cross-sectional view showing an alternate embodiment of the CHMSL lamp assembly taken along plane 40c-40c in Fig 34,

Fig 40d is a cross-sectional view showing an alternate embodiment of the cargo lamp taken along plane 40d-40d in Fig 34,

Fig 41 is a cross-sectional \ιew taken along the same plane 40b-40b in Fig 40a. but showing an optical assembly for the cargo lamps in Fig 40a and the map lamps of Fig 30,

Fig 42 is a bottom perspective view illustrating the optical assembly according to

Fig 43 is a rectangular iso-candela plot of a white light binary-complementary LED lamp including a heat extraction member,

Fig 44 is a rectangular candela distπbution plot of the LED lamp according to

Fig 45 is an exploded perspective view of a lamp assembly included an integral socket that can be used to implement the illuminators and indicator lamps in the vehicles according to Figs 33 and 34,

Fig 46 is a cross sectional view of the lamp assembly according to Fig 45 taken along plane 46-46 in Fig 33,

Fig 47 is a fragmentary elevation view of the lamp assembly according to Figs 45 and 46 and showing the lamp connected in the socket, and

Fig 48 is a circuit schematic illustrating a step down power converter DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Improved components and assemblies incorporate a semiconductor radiation emission package, such as an LED, and produce a strong readily visible signal indicator, a strong communication signal, and/or bright illumination Additionally, means are provided in some of the components and assemblies to increase the output of the semiconductor radiation emission package or otherwise improve the performance of the device

A signal minor 100 (Fig 1) is mounted on a vehicle A Signal minor as used herein refers to a minor associated w ith a signal lamp to generate a signal, such as information or light, visible to an observer An example of one significant advantage that can be achieved by such a signaling device is evident from Fig 1, wherein vehicle A includes an outside signal minor 100 The dπver of vehicle B is positioned in what is commonly refened to as the blind spot for the dπver of vehicle A Additionally, the dnver of vehicle B, being well outside of the optimum viewing area D for that signal lamp, is unlikely to see the rear turn signal lamp 102 A signal indicator that generates a signal discernable in viewing area C is therefore advantageous as the dπver of vehicle B can be alerted to vehicle A's driver's intent to change lanes, and can take appropπate action to avoid an accident responsiv e thereto

With reference to Figs 2 and 3, wherein elements first shown in Fig 2 are numbered 2XX and elements first shown m Fig 3 are numbered 3XX (this numbeπng method is used with all of the figures), the signal minor 100 will now be generally descπbed The illustrated signal minor 100 includes, from left to πght in Fig 2 a rearview minor body housing 202, a puddle LED lamp 201 positioned under an overhang 203 in the minor body housing 202, a female connector 205, a support bracket 204 for the minor, a vehicle body mounting bracket 206, a motor 208 for adjusting the angle of the minor, a earner 210 on which the minor is supported, an optional minor circuit board 212, a heater 214', an illuminator circuit board 216, a signal indicator LED lamp 218, a heat sink 220, a minor 222, and a bezel 224 With reference to Fig 3, the vehicle includes a minor position controller 302, a controller 304 coupled to receive inputs from an ambient light sensor 306, a glare sensor 308, a brake actuator 310 and a turn signal actuator 312, and a heater control circuit 314 Although not shown in this figure, it will be recognized that the vehicle's turn signal and brake wiπng can be connected directly to the LED lamp 218 It will also be recognized by those skilled in the art that although the illustrated signal minor is outside of the vehicle adjacent the dπver's seat, a signal minor can be inside the vehicle or mounted at any location on the exteπor of the vehicle, and it will be further recognized that the signal minor can include additional elements and functionality, or consist only of a minor and lamp, and as used herein, signal minor will refer to any combination of a lamp producing information or illumination with a minor or a minor housing

Somewhat more particularly, the rearview minor body housing 202 is typically an enclosure which is shaped taking into consideration the style of vehicle A (Fig 1) to which it is attached as well as general aerodynamic principles, serving the pπmary functions of providing functional and aesthetic styling, and protecting the minor components from flying objects, such as stones The rearview minor body housing 202 (Fig 2) can be molded from a polymer, stamped from a metal or metal alloy, or of any other suitable conventional manufacture The exteπor of the rearview minor body housing 202 is typically painted to match the color of vehicle A and covered with a clear coat finish

The rearview minor body housing 202 includes an overhang 203 Although the illustrated overhang is at the top front of the housing, the housing 202 can extend m other directions, or include other projections, to which the LED lamp 201 can be attached. It will be recognized that because of the LED lamp's small profile, it can be accommodated at virtually any location on the minor with minimal modification of the minor body housing 202 and the minor 222 An LED lamp 201 is positioned under the overhang to project light downwardly and forwardly so as to illuminate the area behind the minor and adjacent to the door of vehicle A The puddle LED lamp 201 is connected to a female connector 205, which is in turn electπcally connected to optional pπnted circuit board 212 via cable 219, or if the optional pπnted circuit board 212 is omitted, the cable 219 can extend from the connector 205 directly to the controller 304 to receive control signals there from It will also be recognized that the LED lamp 201 can be connected directly to the vehicle's wiπng harness to operate with the interior dome lamps or responsive to signals on the vehicle's signal bus The connector 205 can contain therein a circuit to protect the LED lamp 201 from potentially damaging voltages The LED lamp 201 is a high power LED lamp In particular, the LED lamp 201 can be implemented using a phosphor emitter, red-green-blue emitters, or binary complimentary colored emitters, which when combined produce white light The LED lamp 201 is preferably turned on responsive to receipt of a remote keyless entry signal or when a door of the vehicle is open

A variety of components and assemblies are descπbed herein that improve the performance of LED lamps Although these components and assemblies can enhance the performance of any LED lamp, the LED lamps used are preferably high power LED lamps. "High power LED lamp" as used herein is an LED package, without auxiliary components, wherein 90% of the LED power at peak light intensity is at least approximately 0.1 Watt. Additionally, any of the components and assemblies described herein can advantageously be implemented using a LED lamp having a heat extraction member. Particularly advantageous LED lamps, according to which the LED lamps herein are preferably manufactured, designed to optimize heat extraction and manufacturability into a component or assembly, are described in copending application Serial No. 09/426,795, entitled "SEMICONDUCTOR RADIATION EMITTER PACKAGE," and filed on October 22. 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. These LED lamps can be implemented using a semiconductor optical radiation emitter, such as an organic light emitter or a polymer light emitter, and in particular can include one emitter or a plurality of emitters, and "LED lamp" as used herein includes any semiconductor optical radiation emitter package.

The rearview minor body housing 202 partially encloses a support bracket 204, which is attached to the vehicle A (Fig. 1) using mounting bracket 206 (Fig. 2). The support bracket 204 and the mounting bracket 206 are constructed and attached through conventional means.

Motor 208 is mounted on support bracket 204. Motor 208 is optional, and can be provided by any suitable conventional mechanism of the type commercially available to adjust the position of the minor subassembly responsive to control signals received from a conventional minor position controller 302 (Fig. 3). The control signals are input to the motor from the position control controller 302 via cable 213. The control signals are typically generated using switches located in the door or center console of vehicle A, which switches are positioned to be accessible to the driver. Alternatively, the motor and minor position controller can be replaced by a ball and socket support, which permits the minor angle to be adjusted by manual manipulation.

The minor subassembly 209 includes, from left to right: the carrier 210; an optional minor circuit board 212; a heater 214'; an LED lamp 218; an optional lamp circuit board 216; an optional heat sink 220; a minor 222; and a bezel 224. The carrier 210 is preferably formed of a molded polymer, although it can be of any suitable conventional manufacture such as stamped from a metal or metal alloy. The minor circuit board 212 is optional, and can be omitted, for example, where the signal minor 100 does not include a significant amount of circuitry. If included, the circuit board 212 can be either a flexible circuit board or a rigid circuit board. The circuit board 212 can have one or more integrated circuit (IC) components mounted thereto by conventional means, such as surface mounted, or mounted to through-holes, also known as vias, using soldering or other techniques, and is preferably a thin printed circuit board to reduce the thickness and weight of the minor subassembly 209. A minor subassembly including a circuit board is disclosed in United State patent application serial number 09/312,682, entitled "EXTERIOR MIRROR SUBASSMEBLY WITH COMBINED ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY AND MIRROR ELEMENT," filed on May 17, 1999, by Timothy E. Steenwyk, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto. The optional heater 214' can be of any suitable construction. More particularly, the heater 214' can be a resistive conductor having an adhesive on one surface, or opposite surfaces, thereof. The resistive conductor generates heat when a cunent is applied thereto. The resistive conductor implementation of heater 214' can be applied to the back surface of minor 222, applied to two-sided tape, mounted on optional minor printed circuit board 212, or etched in a conductive surface of minor circuit board 212.

The LED lamp 218 is a high power LED, and preferably an LED lamp using one or more red-orange emitter chips. In the illustrated embodiment of Fig. 2, circuit board 216 and heat sink 220 are provided for the LED lamp 218. As will be described in greater detail herein below, the LED lamp 218 and heat sink 220 are connected to increase heat dissipation from the LED lamp, the LED lamp is mounted to circuit board 216, and the circuit board is mounted to the carrier plate 210 using a mechanical attachment mechanism such as snap connectors, an adhesive, or other conventional means. The circuit board 216 is used to electrically connect the LED lamp to controller 304 via circuit board 212 and cable 207a. Alternatively, the cable 207a can be connected directly to circuit board 216 if circuit board 212 is not used. The controller 304 generates control signals for the LED lamp 218 responsive the brake actuator 310 and/or the turn signal actuator 312, and in particular, flashing signals when the left turn signal is ON and a continuous signal when the driver presses the brake actuator while the turn signal is not on. It will be recognized that the right turn signal will be repeated in a signal lamp on the passenger side of the vehicle A. It will also be recognized that the signal lamp circuit board 216 may be directly connected to the vehicle electrical system to receive the turn signal and stop lamp signals from the vehicle's signal bus without passing through controller 304, and circuits for providing such a connection are descπbed in greater detail herein below with reference to Figs 15 and 16

The minor 222 can be flat, aspheπc. or convex The minor 222 can be a non- electrochromic. single element minor having a reflector on the first or second surface Such minors are often constructed of a transparent element, such as glass or a polymeπc material, with a reflectiv e coating such as chrome, silver, or the like serving as the reflector Alternatively, the minor 222 can be an electrochromic minor, which offers the significant advantage of being able to automatically adjust its reflectivity to reduce glare at night and to provide a high level of reflectivity during the day, when glare is not a significant problem. Electrochromic minors amplify the difficulty of providing a signal minor as the LED lamp has to transmit through two pieces of glass, at least one transparent conductive material, and an electrochromic medium, in addition to the reflector or dichroic coatings, as descπbed in greater detail hereinbelow. Electrochromic devices are generally known, and examples of electrochromic devices and associated circuitry, some of which are commercially available, are disclosed in Byker, U.S. Pat No. 4,902,108; Bechtel et al, Canadian Patent No 1,300,945; Bechtel, U.S Patent No. 5,204,778; Byker, U.S. Patent No 5,280,380; Byker, U.S. Patent No 5,336,448, Bauer et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,434,407, Tonar, U.S Patent No. 5,448,397; Knapp, U.S. Patent No. 5,504,478; Tonar et al., U.S. Patent No. 5 679,283, Tonar et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,682,267; Tonar et al, 5,689,370; Tonar et al., 5,888,431, and Bechtel et al., U S. Patent No. 5,451,822 Each of these patents is commonly assigned with the present invention and the disclosures of each, including the references contained therein, are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by reference Such electrochromic devices may be utilized m a fully integrated mside/outside rearview minor system or as separate mside or outside rearview minor systems Alternatively, the minor can be a dichroic minor, examples of which are also referenced above.

Controller 304 (Fig 3) controls the reflectance of the electrochromic minor 222, and optionally provides control signals to control LED lamps 201 and 218 The controller 304 can advantageously be implemented using one or more microcontrollers and associated circuitry, and may for example be an inteπor rearview minor controller of the type associated with an electrochromic rearview minor commonly mounted to the vehicle windshield, and the external minor can receive control signals there from The controller 304 is coupled to an ambient light sensor 306. which typically faces forwardly of the vehicle, and a glare sensor 308, which typically faces rearward to sense the light coming from the rear of the vehicle The controller 304 can generate control signals for both the interior electrochromic minor (such as minor 3000 in Fig 30) and the exteπor electrochromic minor 222 Electrochromic minor controllers are disclosed in' Canadian Patent No. 1.300,945, entitled "AUTOMATIC REARVIEW MIRROR SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES", issued May 19, 1992 to J H. Bechtel et al.; United States patent application No 08/825,768, entitled "SERIES DRIVE CIRCUIT," filed by Robert R. Turnbull et al. on 9-16-97, and PCT application Seπal No. PCT/US97/16946, entitled "INDIVIDUAL MIRROR CONTROL SYSTEM," filed by Robert C. Knapp et al. on September 16, 1997; and United States Patent Application Seπal No. 09/236,969, entitled "AUTOMATIC DIMMING MIRROR USING SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT SENSOR WITH INTEGRAL CHARGE COLLECTION", filed May 7, 1999, by Bechtel et al. the disclosures of which are incorporated by herein by reference thereto. Regardless of the type of minor 222, the bezel 224 is dimensioned to fit over and circumscπbe the peπmeter edge of the minor 222. The bezel can be of any suitable construction, such as molded of an organic polymer, stamped from a metal or metal alloy, or the like When assembled to the earner 210, the bezel 224 and earner 210 support, frame, and protect the minor 222, as well as the components associated therewith.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the electπcal conductors 207, 207a- 207c (Fig. 2), and 215, can be provided by conventional conductors, such as copper wires having individual insulated sleeves and bundled together in a wire harness (not shown) running from the vehicle through the minor mounting structure

The signal minor 100 is exemplified having a large number of components to illustrate the small volume that minor designers have available for a signal lamp It is desirable to provide a large number of components withm the minor for utility, safety and convenience reasons, even though a large volume is required to accommodate a large number of components. In particular the motor 208 permits dπver adjustment of the minor position for improved visibility without having to open the window and stretch to physically contact the minor while operating the vehicle; the electrochromic minor improves the dπvers forward vision by attenuating headlight glare from trailing vehicles at night and providing a substantially unattenuated reflection to improve rearward vision dunng daylight hours; the heater 214' improves visibility through the rearview minor by clearing the minor of moisture such as ice and condensation: and the signal lamp 218 increases the likelihood that drivers of other vehicles will be alerted by the signaling system of vehicle A.

A substantial volume must also be provided in the minor body housing 202 if the minor is to have significant freedom of movement for adjusting the minor angle to reflect the driver^'s desired field of vision. In direct conflict with this need for more volume in the minor body housing is the desire to make minor assemblies as small as possible. Two principle reasons for making the minor as small as possible include improved aerodynamics and reduced wind noise. Accordingly there is a need to reduce the volume of signal minor 100 required by the components in the minor without reducing the features in the minor.

More particularly, the LED lamp 201 effects a low profile, very bright puddle light illuminator, and LED lamp 218 effects a small volume, very bright signal lamp, in minor 222. The LED lamp 218 includes a heat extraction member 400 (Fig. 4) operative to reduce the temperature of the LED lamp by providing a low thermal resistance between the emitter junction and ambient environment as described in the United States patent application Serial No. 09/426,795 incorporated herein above. The heat extraction member is partially covered by an encapsulant 402, which encapsulant is transparent and includes a lens 214. One, or more, emitter 404 is mounted to the heat extraction member 400 under the lens, such attachment being by bonding for example, and in particular a thermally conductive bonding material can be used. The LED lamp 218 further includes high thermal resistance electrical leads 234-236. The electrical leads 234-236 are connected to the emitter, or emitters, 404, and in particular, the illustrated three lead LED lamp 218 has multiple emitters. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the LED lamp 218 can have two leads, or more than three leads, and that the three lead LED lamp is merely illustrative. In the illustrated example, where the LED lamp 218 has two emitters, electrical lead 234 can be connected to the anode of one emitter and electrical lead 236 can be connected to the anode of the other emitter. The electrical lead 235 can be coupled to the cathode of both emitters through the heat extraction member as shown in Fig. 4. Such an anangement permits application of respective control signals for the emitters. Each of the electrical leads 234-236 has a high thermal resistance relative to the heat extraction member, such that the leads can be assembled in a device using known production techniques, such as surface mounting, radial insertion, axial insertion, wave soldering, hand soldeπng, and/or other conventional manufacturing processes, even if substantial amounts of heat are applied to the leads duπng the process, without harming the LED lamp LED lamp 201 is of a similar construction, except as mentioned above has emitter to produce white light instead of red-orange light.

Each of the LED lamps 201 and 218 can be used with or without a heat sink. The puddle LED lamp 201 is illustrated mounted directly to the lower surface of the overhang 203, and may be mounted using an adhesiv e, two-sided tape, an integral connector such as a snap connector, or any other suitable connector. The housing itself can provide a heat sink for heat generated by the lamp during illumination One advantageous embodiment uses a housing molded from a polymer that is thermally conductive Such a matenal may for example be a polymer composite commercially available from ChipCoolers, Inc., and sold under the trademark CoolPoly This matenal can be molded into a desired shape, the LED lamp can be mounted with its heat extraction member juxtaposed with the molded housing to provide efficient heat dissipation. The LED lamp 218 is mounted on a heat sink to significantly increase its power handling capabilities, and thus the amount of light that it is capable of emitting. The ChipCoolers, Inc., matenal may be electπcally conductive version E2 or dielectπc version D2 It will be particularly advantageous to use the dielectπc version to isolate the circuit path through the heat extraction member where the heat extraction member is not electπcally isolated from the emitter chip The LED lamp can include an emitter that is thermally connected to the heat extraction member but electπcally isolated from the heat extraction member, which case the heat extraction member need not be electπcally isolated by the housing member against which it is physically attached

With reference to Figs. 2 and 4-7, it is advantageous for the LED lamp 218 to be packaged as a small module 401 including a circuit board 216 and a heat sink 220. The circuit board 216 can be of any suitable conventional type, although it is preferably a πgid circuit board. The circuit board 216 includes vias 230-232 for receipt of leads 234-236 The leads 234-236 are inserted into the vias by automated equipment, such as radial insertion equipment, and then soldered, by methods such as wave soldeπng. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other manufactuπng techniques can be used, and that the descπbed manufactuπng techniques are merely exemplary

The circuit 1400, 1500 on circuit board 216 has components for an LED dπver that protects the LED lamp and controls the magnitude of the cunent input thereto The circuit 1400. 1500 mounted on circuit board 216 will be described in greater detail hereinbelow with reference to Figs. 14 and 15. It will be recognized that the circuit could be mounted elsewhere, such as on circuit board 212, or elsewhere on the vehicle A.

The heat sink 220(Fig. 4) is illustrated as a passive heat sink including a back wall 410 spacing a plurality of fins 246-248. The back wall spaces the fins for easier assembly and provides a thermal conduit from the heat extraction member of the LED lamp to the fins. The fins 246-248 have a large surface area to dissipate heat, which increases dissipation of heat from the LED lamp 218, thereby increasing the amount of power that can be applied to the LED lamp 218 without damaging the LED lamp, which in turn increases the amount of light that the LED lamp can produce. The heat sink can be of any suitable construction, and as will be described in greater detail hereinbelow, the heat sink can be active or passive. A passive heat sink 220, such as that illustrated in Figs. 4-7, can be stamped from a metal or metal alloy, and preferably a metal alloy having a low thermal resistance and being light in weight. The heat sink can be manufactured from copper, brass, BeCu, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or other metals or ceramics having good thermal conduction properties. Alternatively, active heat sinks can be employed, such as the Peltier cooler described hereinbelow. The heat sink can be implemented using a phase change heat sink. It is also envisioned that in some applications a fan could be provided to significantly increase heat dissipation.

The fastener 238, which is illustrated as a conventional screw of the type manufactured from nylon, metal or a metal alloy, physically secures the heat extraction member 400 of the lamp 208 against the heat sink 220. Alternatively, the LED lamp 218 can be attached to the heat sink 220 using a thermally conductive adhesive, an adhesive tape, or any other suitable conventional coupling means providing a thermal path from the heat extraction member of the LED lamp 218 to the heat sink 220.

As described in greater detail in the copending United States patent application serial number 09/426,795, by providing improved thermal dissipation, the heat characteristics of the emitter, or emitters, 404 producing the radiation emitted from the LED lamp 218, are significantly improved. This is particularly advantageous in a signal minor, as the ability to use a high power LED lamp 218 instead of incandescent lamps or a large anay of LEDs, enables implementation of a lighter signal indicator that does not consume a large volume within the minor. High power LEDs are also advantageous in electrochromic minors even if there is room for a large signal indicator because brighter LED lamps permit a thicker transflective coating to be used, giving the window area of the minor improved reflectance and sheet resistance, which can improve the performance of the minor

The LED lamp 201 is mounted directly to the minor housing without a heat sink in the illustrated embodiment o for two reasons the puddle light will produce enough light in low ambient light conditions without a heat sink, and the profile of the LED lamp is lower without the heat sink, allowing the minor 222 to move freely under the lamp even ithout a large gap between the minor and the minor body housing 202 If the minor body housing is 202 is metal or a thermally conductive polymer, the housing itself will operate as a passive heat sink The LED lamp 201 is connected to the connector 205, as indicated above The connector 205 can be implemented as described in greater detail with respect to Fig 19

The LED lamp 218 is assembled into the minor assembly 209 as follows The LED lamp 218 and the circuit board 216 are mounted on the earner 210 (Fig 2) or the optional circuit board 212 (as shown in Fig 8) using an adhesive, an adhesive tape, mechanical fasteners such as integral snap connectors or screws, or the like The surface 217 m recess 226 is preferably oπented such that the LED lamp module mounted m parallel therewith will be at the desired angle with respect to the surface of minor 222 after the minor assembly 209 is fully assembled

In the alternative, the heat sink 220 and circuit board 216 can be mounted to the rear surface 512 of element 712 of minor 222 using an adhesive as is illustrated in Figs 4-6, using an adhesive tape or the like In this alternativ e structure, the heat sink 220 is used as a mounting structure for supporting the LED lamp 218 on the back surface 512 of minor, and as illustrated in Figs 5 and 6, onents the LED lamp 218 at a desired angle with respect to the back surface of minor 222 The desired angle, α, is generally known in the art to be 0-70 , and preferably approximately 20-50 for the signal indicator to be visible in field C (Fig 1) Because glass is a reasonably good thermal conductor, it will help dissipate heat from the heat sink If more thermal conductivity is desired, polished stainless steel or a metal heat sink made of copper, aluminum, or the like, could be laminated to a large surface area of the glass to help dissipate heat

The minor subassembly 209, and in particular minor 222, and its relationship with LED lamp 218 to provide a signal minor or an illuminator, will now be descnbed m greater detail with reference to Figs 7 -15 Because some of the layers of the minor 222 are very thin, the scale of the minor 222 in the figures is distorted for pictoπal claπty. In addition, for clarity of descπption of such a structure, the front surface of the front glass element (πght-most surface if Fig 7) is sometimes refened to as the first surface, and the mside surface of the front glass element is sometimes refened to as the second surface. The inside surface of the rear glass element is sometimes refened to as the third surface, and the back surface of the rear glass element is sometimes refened to as the fourth surface.

There are two general types of electrochromic minors: third and fourth surface reflectors The structure of the third surface reflector can have a wide variety of structures depending on the specific characteπstics desired both for the electrochromic minor as a whole and for the window 223 in particular Figures 7 and 9-13 illustrate some of these vaπous constructions. Figures 9, 12 and 13 illustrate some of the vaπous constructions of fourth surface reflectors

Referring initially to Fig 7, the illustrated minor subassembly 222 includes, from left to πght: the earner 210; optional circuit board 212; heater 214', LED lamp 218; a rear transparent minor element 700; a reflector/electrode 703; an electrochromic medium 706; a front transparent conductive matenal 708; an optional color suppression matenal 710; and a front transparent element 712 Preferably, the reflector/electrode matenal of layer 703 compπses one or more layers which may be a wide vaπety of metals, oxides and metal oxides, such as chromium, chromium-molybdenum-nickel alloys, mckel-iron- chromium alloys, silicon, tantalum, stainless steel, titanium nickel, rhodium, molybdenum, silver, silver alloys, platinum, palladium, gold, or combinations thereof Further useful mateπals are discussed below Reflector/electrode may have one or more under layers 702 to improve certain characteπstics. such as the bond strength to the transparent substrate 700 Minor 222 further includes an electrochromic medium 706 disposed m a chamber defined by the reflector/electrode 703, the layer of transparent conductive matenal 708, and a seal matenal (not shown) disposed around an inner peπmeter of the coatings on the transparent elements The minor 222 includes a layer 708 of transparent conductive matenal deposited on the rear surface of front element 712 (second surface) optionally having one or more color suppression under-layers 710. The transparent elements of minor 222 are generally glass, but may be made using matenals and techniques as descπbed in the United States patent application Seπal No 09/311,955, entitled ELECTROCHROMIC REARVIEW MIRROR INCORPORATING A THIRD SURFACE METAL REFLECTOR AND A DISPLAY/SIGNAL LIGHT, filed on May 14, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

As can be seen in Fig. 7, the window 223 is aligned with the peak intensity optical axis 720 of lens 214 such that light emitted by LED lamp 218 will pass through window 223 and generate the indicator signal. The window 223 can be formed by any conventional means, such as laser etched using a 50 Watt Nd: YAG laser, such as that made by XCEL Control Laser, located in Orlando, Florida, or by mechanical scraping, chemical etching, sandblasting, masking during coating, etc. The overall shape of the window can be: round; elliptical; square; directional such as an anow, anowhead or an anay of openings together forming a directional anow; or the like.

With reference to Figs. 2, 3, and 7 it can be seen that the window 223 may include interleaved openings 225 and reflective strips 227. Even though Figure 7 only shows the interleaved openings through layer 704, it will be understood that these openings may extend though one or more of the intermediate layers 703 and may extend all the way through to the transparent substrate 700. Although it is contemplated that all of the reflector/electrode may be removed from window 223 (thereby leaving no interleaved openings), such a design will cause difficulties in that there will be coloration variations in the electrochromic medium between the window areas 223 and the remaining portion of the minor where the reflector/electrode is not removed. In portions of the electrochromic minor away from the window 223 there is one electrochromic material oxidized at one electrode for every conesponding electrochromic material reduced at the other electrode, such that the minor has a uniform color. However, in the window area which is devoid of any reflector/electrode, the oxidation or reduction (depending on the polarity of the electrodes) that occurs on the second surface electrode 708 directly across from window 223 will occur uniformly distributed, but the reduction or oxidation on the third surface will not be uniform due to the missing electrode region. Rather than being uniform, the generation of light-absorbing species will be concentrated at the edges of the window 223 region thereby creating aesthetically unappealing color discrepancies visible to the driver. By providing reflector/electrode strips 227 in the window 223 area of the minor, the generation of light absorbing species (at the second and third surfaces) in the window 223 area will be much closer to the uniformity seen in the other regions of the minor having completely balanced electrodes. It is therefore prefened that there be either portions of the window that have the reflector/electrode present and other portions that do not, or that the reflector/electrode be designed in such a manner that it provides adequate conductivity for the electrochromic reactions to proceed in a uniform manner while still allowing sufficient transmission to operate as a signal minor with LED lamp 218.

Preferably, the window regions 223 devoid of reflective material constitute more than 50 percent of the opening along the center axis of the window 223, whereas the area occupied by the reflective material can exceed 50 percent along the perimeter. The illustrated openings are elliptical, but alternatively, the sides of the reflective strip edges may be straight, or have a larger radius in the center than at the ends, or the strips may not extend across the entire height of the window 223, such that the strips 227 alternately extend into the opening from the top edge and the bottom edge of the window 223. By providing reflective strips 227 that are nanower at the center of the window than at the edge, the conductive field necessary for the electrochromic function that will minimize discoloration can be provided while minimizing the obstruction of the signal beam from LED lamp 218 in the most vital zone, namely the center of the window. Optimized transmittance of the LED lamp 218 emissions can thus be achieved without detrimentally impacting on the coloring of electrochromic minor 222 in the region of window 223.

The reflectance of the minor 222 in the window 223 may be further controlled by varying the percentage of the areas that are devoid of reflective material, e.g., varying the width of the reflective strips 227, or by varying the thickness of the reflector/electrode (discussed in more detail below). Further, the reflector electrode material used to form the reflective strips 227 in the signal light area 223 may be different from the reflector electrode material used for the remainder of the minor. For example, a reflector electrode material having a higher reflectance may be used in the signal lamp area 223.

Referring to Fig. 10, reflector/electrode 1000 need not have reflective strips, but rather can have a window 223 with a continuous layer of conductive material. For example, reflector/electrode may include a first base layer 1002 applied directly to the front surface of rear transparent element 700, and an intermediate second layer 1004 deposited on first layer 1002. First layer 1002 and second layer 1004 are preferably made of materials having relatively low sheet resistivity, and that are least partially transmissive. The materials forming layers 1002 and 1004 may also be partially reflective. If the LED lamp 218 behind the partially transmissive window 223 must be viewed often in bright ambient conditions or direct sunlight, it may be desirable to keep the reflectiv lty of the window 223 area to a minimum by using metals with low reflectivity, or other dark, black or transparent coatings that are electπcally conductive

The material forming layer 1002 should exhibit adequate binding charactenstics to glass or other materials of which transparent element 700 may be formed, while the material forming layer 1004 should exhibit adequate properties to bond to the matenal of layer 1002 and provide a good bond between the applied layer 1006 and the penpheral seal 802 (Fig 8) Thus, the material used for layer 1002 is preferably a matenal selected from the group consisting essentially of chromium, chromium-molybdenum-nickel alloys, mckel-iron-chromium alloys, silicon, tantalum, stainless steel, and titanium. In the most prefened embodiment, layer 1002 is made of chromium The matenal used to form second layer 1004 is preferably a material selected from the group consisting essentially of, but not limited to: molybdenum, rhodium, nickel, tungsten, tantalum, stainless-steel, gold, titanium, and alloys thereof In the most prefened embodiment, second layer 1004 is formed of nickel, rhodium and molybdenum. If first layer 1002 is formed of chromium, layer 1002 preferably has a thickness between 5 angstroms and 15 angstroms. In particular, it is envisioned that the thickness of layer 1004 is selected based upon the matenal used so as to allow between 10 to 50 percent light transmittance through both of layers 1002 and 1004. Thus, for a second layer 1004 formed of rhodium, nickel, or molybdenum, or a combination thereof, layer 1004 is preferably between 50 and 150 angstroms While the thickness of layers 1002 and 1004 are preferably selected to be thin enough to provide adequate transmittance, they must also be thick enough to provide for adequate electπcal conductivity so as to sufficiently clear or darken electrochromic media in cavity 706 in the proximity of window 223. The coating 1006 to should thus have a sheet resistivity of less than 100 Ohms/square, and preferably less than 60 Ohms/square Layer 1002 could also be a transparent conductor, such as ITO, in which case a reflective layer can be applied over the transparent conductor layer except for the window area The metals used in forming coating 1000 contπbute to the total reflectance of reflector electrode 1001. Accordingly, the layer of the reflective matenal 1006 need not be made as thick as would be required if layers 1002 and 1004 are replaced by a single coating layer. For example, for silver or silver alloys used to form layer 1006 in the multiple electrode minor, the thickness is between 50 angstroms and 150 angstroms, whereas the thickness of reflective layer 1006 would need to be between 30 angstroms and 800 angstroms if layers 1002 and 1004 are replaced by a single layer By including layers 1004 and 1002. some of the costs associated with providing the reflective layer 1006 can be reduced Further, the use of reflective metals in forming coating 1002 provides for degree of reflectance withm window 223, thereby providing a much more aesthetically pleasing appearance than if window 223 were devoid of any reflective material whatsoever Ideally, coating 1002 provides between 30 and 40 percent reflectivity in window 223 If the reflectance in window 223 is too high, bπght light will tend to wash out the signal from the lamp 218, in the sense that the sun might eliminate the contrast between the light of the signal lamp and the light reflecting outwardly from coating 1002

It will be recognized from the above discussion that there is a trade-off between reflectance and transmittance, such that a window 223 with higher transmittance will pass more light, but will not reflect as well Additionally, there is a trade-off between transmittance and sheet resistance, as thicker electrode layers provide lower sheet resistance Lower sheet resistance improves electrochromic media performance both in terms of fast transition times and uniformity of color and cleaπng Providing thicker electrodes thus improves sheet resistance at the expense of transmittance Using a high power LED lamp 218, which is disclosed in detail in United States patent application Seπal No 09/426,795, a mass producible signal minor can be achieved having a thicker reflector/electrode layer in the window area, producing better reflectance and sheet resistance, while the signal indicator still produces bπght light levels visible both at night and duπng the day In addition, by utilizing the prefened lamp 218 one can, for a desired light output use thicker layers for the reflector/electrode and provide improved colonng and cleaπng speed and uniformity, or one can keep the reflector/electrode layer dimensions the same and provide enhanced light for signaling or illumination By utilizing heat sinks to increase the light output, a single LED lamp 218 and window 223 can be effectively used to provide a signal minor even in an electrochromic minor using a transflective coating

Another alternative anangement for the electrochromic minor is shown in Fig 11 The construction shown in Fig 1 1 is essentially the same as that shown in Fig 10, except that a thin silver or silver alloy layer 1 106 is formed on conductive coating 1000 withm window 223 By providing only a thin layer 1 106 of reflective matenal in window 223, adequate transmittance may still be provided through window 223, while increasing the reflectivity and electπcal conductivity in that area Layer 1106 may have a thickness between 40 and 150 angstroms, whereas the layer of reflective matenal 1006 in the other areas of the minor may have a thickness on the order of between 200 and 1000 angstroms The thin layer 1106 of reflective material may be formed by initially masking the area of window 223 while applying a portion of reflective layer 1 106 and then removing the mask duπng deposition of the remainder of layer 1 106 Conversely, a thm layer of reflective material may first be deposited and then a mask may be applied over window 223 while the remainder of reflective layer 1006 is deposited As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the window may be formed in layer 1106 without masking by depositing reflective layer 1006 to its full thickness and subsequently removing a portion of layer 1006 in the region of window 223

A modification of the configuration shown in Fig 11 may be made simply by making layers 1002 and 1004 constituting conductive coating 1000 thinner (designated as thm layers 1 102 and 1104) in the region of behind window 223 As such, thm layer 1202 may have a thickness of between 5 and 50 angstroms, whereas layer 1002 may have a thickness anywhere between 100 and 1000 angstrom Similarly, layer 1204 may be made of the same matenal as layer 1004, but with a thickness of between 50 and 150 angstroms, while layer 1004 may have a thickness on the order of 100 to 1000 angstroms Thus, with this alternative construction, the sheet resistance, reflectance, and transmittance withm the window 223 may be optimized while enabling the sheet resistance and reflectance in the other regions to be optimized without concern as to the transmittance in the region of window 223

Referπng again to Fig 7, a coating 721. which may be any one or a combination of a light control film, a layer of black or dark paint, and a heater A light control film, such as that available from the 3M Company under the trade designation LCF-P, may be used, which is a thm plastic film enclosing a plurality of closely spaced, black colored micro louvers Such a light control film is disclosed for use in a conventional signal minor in U S patent No 5,361,190 and 5,788,357, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference As disclosed m those patents, such a light control film may have a thickness of 0 030 in , with microlouvers spaced approximate 0 005 inches apart The microlouvers are typically black, and are at various angular positions to provide a suitable viewing angle Such a light control film permits light from LED lamp 218 to be transmitted at the appropπate viewing angle to be visible in region C (Fig 1) even if the lamp 218 is mounted parallel to the minor surface such that the peak mtensitv optical axis of the lamp is orthogonal to the minor before the light emitted thereby strikes the light control film. The light control film 721 also serves to block the light projected from LED lamp 218 against traveling outside the appropriate viewing angle C into the line of sight of the driver of vehicle A. The light control film may thus be placed completely over and in front of the surface of the minor in the illumination line of LED lamp 218. Further, such a light control film can be made using other forms of optical elements, such as holograms and the like. Alternatively, the element 721 can be a reflective grating, a prism, a holographic optical element, or the like.

If element 721 is a coating of opaque paint, such coating would preferably not extend so far in front of the LED lamp 218 that it blocks the transmission of light from lamp 218 through minor 220 into viewing angle C (Fig. 1). Alternatively, such a coating of paint could extend completely in front of LED lamp 218, provided it is configured to have some form of louver or equivalent structure formed in its surface in the window 730 area, which is in the intended transmission path of LED lamp 218. For example, the thickness of such a paint coating could be controlled to create effective louvers using screen-printing, molding, stamping, or laser ablation. Further, if reflector/electrode 703 or layers 906, 908 are configured in the manner described above with respect to Figs. 7 or 9, element 721 can be a coating of black paint with similar bars or stripes in the areas overlying LED lamp 218, being oriented relative to LED lamp 218 and reflective strips 227 of reflector/electrode 703 so as to provide a transmission path at the appropriate angle for vehicle B to view the lamp 218 emissions when in viewing angle C, while at the same time blocking light from reaching the field of view of the driver of vehicle A. Further, the bars 227 of reflector/electrode 703 may be configured to have varying minimum widths, such that the minimum width decreases with increasing distance from the driver, so as to reduce peripheral transmittance through window 223 in the direction of the driver, or may have a less pronounced edge coloration definition, as discussed above.

If element 721 is a minor heating element, that heating element will be provided in place of the separate heater 212 described previously. By removing the heater 212 and the circuit board 210, a significant amount of weight can be removed from the minor, which is helpful in reducing the total weight of the minor. If heating element 721 is used, the heating element 721 can be provided on an adhesive material such as two-sided tape, and mounted extending across the entire fourth surface of the minor except for the window 730 regions. The window regions can be provided by apertures cut at appropriate locations to pass light emitted from LED lamp 218 and transmitted at the appropπate angle to be visible with viewing angle C

Fig 9 shows an alternative electrochromic minor, having a fourth surface reflector 906, 908 In this anangement the electrode 904 on the third surface is preferably made of a transparent material similar to that of electrode 708 and deposited on an optional color suppression material 902. similar to color suppression matenal 710 The layer 906 is a protective pamt well known in the art, which is deposited on the reflector coating 908 deposited on the fourth surface of the minor The reflector layer can be aluminum nickel, chrome, rhodium, stainless steel, silver, silver alloy, platinum, palladium, gold, or combinations thereof The window 223 is aligned with the peak intensity optical axis 920 of the emitter 404 and lens 214 such that the peak intensity optical axis passes through the center of the window 223 Figure 9 shows interleaved openings 225, but it should be understood that the window 223 may be completely devoid of reflective matenal or may have a transflective or dichroic coating in accordance with the teachings herein

Fig 12 illustrates a minor having a transparent element 1200 and a reflector coating 1204 Although the reflector coating is illustrated on the back surface of the transparent element, the coating can be on the front surface The transparent element 1200 can be the second element of a two-element minor, such as an electrochromic minor, or it can be the only transparent element of a standard single element minor It will be recognized that in the case of an electrochromic minor, the illustrated reflective coating is applied to the fourth surface, whereas in the case of a single element minor, the illustrated reflective coating is applied to the second surface of the minor The reflective coating 1202 includes an opening 1204 through which light generated by lamp 218 passes to provide a signal indication In either case, it is envisioned that the opening 1204 will have a maximum transmittance and no reflectance, such that the light produced by lamp 218 will pass substantially unattenuated through the reflective layer

Fig 13 illustrates a minor having a dichroic layer 1302 disposed on a surface of transparent element 1200 Although the reflector coating is illustrated on the back surface of the transparent element, the coating can be on the front surface The dichroic layer 1502 passes light withm a predetermined pass band and attenuates light outside of that pass band The advantage of using a dichroic layer 1302 in a signal minor is that red is the prefened lamp color for signal minors and commercially viable dichroic layers pass only red and infrared light. There are several disadvantages to dichroic materials, not least of which is that they are expensive, difficult to manufacture, and subject to degradation over time. An opaque coating 1304. having window 223 therein, is provided in the minor on the back surface of the minor. The opaque coating may a paint coating, such as a black paint, and provides a baffle to block direct light emitted in the direction of the driver, which light if not blocked could be objectionable to the driver.

With reference now to Fig. 8, the minor subassembly 800 is shown in an exploded view. It is envisioned that the minor 222, which is illustrated to be an electrochromic minor, but can be a dichroic or a non-electrochromic minor such as a conventional minor, will be assembled such that front transparent element 712 and rear transparent element 700 are held in a spaced-apart relationship by seal 802 such that the electrochromic medium is disposed there between. To assemble the other components of the minor subassembly, an adhesive, and preferably an adhesive tape or film, or a double- sided foam adhesive tape, is provided between the circuit board 212 and the carrier plate 210, and attached over the circuit board 212. A recess 226 in the carrier plate 210 is aligned with lamp module 401 to receive the lamp module upon adhesion of the circuit board 212 to the carrier 210. The circuit board 212, as noted above, is an optional element and can be omitted. In the event that the circuit board 212 is omitted, the minor including the heater 214' is attached to the carrier plate 210 using an adhesive, adhesive tape or film, or double-sided foam adhesive tape. The bezel 224 can be potted to the carrier plate 210, or the bezel and rear carrier can be snap connected, attached by fasteners such as screws or clips, heat staked, or attached by other suitable conventional means. Once assembled, the minor assembly 209 is assembled into the minor body housing 202 by attachment of carrier plate 210 to motor 208 (Fig. 2).

The LED lamp 218 is controlled either from the controller 304 or directly from the turn signal in the vehicle A's electrical system. A circuit 1400 for energizing the LED lamp 218 is disclosed in Fig. 14. The circuit is mounted on circuit board 212 or circuit board 216. Circuit 1400 includes an input 207a for connection to the turn signal bus of the vehicle electrical system, although it could be connected to controller 304. The capacitor Cl provides a path to ground for high frequency energy, such as power spikes, to protect the circuit. Diode Dl is reverse biased to isolate input 207 if the voltage on input 207 drops below the voltage on terminal 1402. The NPN transistors Q1-Q3 and the associated resistors, effect a cascode cunent source for the LED lamp 218. The LED lamp 218 includes two emitters 404, 404', having a common cathode connection at lead 235, and anode leads 236, 237 connected via respective resistors to terminal 1402. Although two emitters are disclosed, a single emitter, or more than two emitters, could be included in the LED lamp. The cascode cunent source generates a substantially constant cunent at the collector of transistor Q3, approximately half of which will flow through each of the emitters 404, 404'. Additionally, the circuit provides additional protection against excessive cunent. In particular, if the collector cunent of transistor Q3 is high enough for transistor Ql to saturate, the resulting low collector voltage on transistor Ql will turn transistors Q2 and Q3 OFF. thus cutting off cunent through the LED lamp 218 emitters 404, 404'. Although the circuit is disclosed including NPN transistors, it will be recognized that other transistor elements can be used, such as PNP, MOSFET or combinations of different transistors.

Circuit 1500 in Fig. 15 is an alternative to circuit 1400. Circuit 1500 differs from circuit 1400 in that the emitters 404, 404' of LED lamp 218' are connected in series. The anode lead 234 of emitter 1502 is connected to terminal 1402 through resistor R3, and the cathode lead 236 of emitter 1504 is connected to the collector of transistor Q3. The heat extraction member collector 235, connected to the cathode emitter 404 and the anode of emitter 404', is connected to the junction of the optional resistors 1506, 1508. Terminal 235 floats. The series connection of the LED lamp emitters 404, 404' in LED lamp 218' (Fig. 15) is advantageous as it uses less power than the common cathode, or parallel, anangement of emitters 404, 404' in LED lamp 218 (Fig. 14). For example, circuit 1500 operates at 1.75 Watts, for a flashing signal having a 75% duty cycle and a period of less than one second, whereas circuit 1400 operates at 3.9 Watts with the same signal input.

The series emitter LED lamp 218' can include optional resistors 1506 and 1508, each connected in parallel with a respective one of the emitters 404, 404'. The resistors 1506 and 1508 are used to reduce the cunent through one, or both, of the emitters 404, 404' of LED lamp 218' if it is necessary for the cunent through the emitters to be different, although only one of the resistors could be used to reduce the cunent through only one of the emitters. An example where it would be desirable to have different cunents is an application where the LED lamp 218' is to produce white light from complementary colored emitters. In such a case, the ratio of the cunent through the emitters may need to be different to accommodate different operating characteristics of each of the emitters and achieve the desired white light. The resistors 1506 and 1508 can be manufactured by thick film deposits on the printed circuit board 216 which are laser etched to achieve the desired resistance, discrete resistors attached to the heat sink, or circuit board 212 if used. Additionally, it is envisioned that instead of resistors 1506, 1508, a controlled cunent source or cunent sink can be connected to lead 235 to control the relative cunent through each of the emitters, and thus adjust the color and/or intensity of the light generated by the LED lamp 218'.

Another application where it is desirable to have separate controls is where a single LED lamp 218 is used to produce different light characteristics. For example, the LED lamp 218 can be controlled to produce amber light under some circumstances and white light under other circumstances. To accomplish this, the LED lamp need only include emitter chips that produce blue light and amber light. The amber light producing emitter chips can be illuminated to produce a supplemental turn signal whereas both the blue and amber light producing emitter chips can be illuminated to produce a keyhole/puddle light. Thus, both lighting functions can be produced from a single LED lamp. It will be recognized that other light combinations could be produced from a single LED lamp 218, such as red-orange and white, infrared and visible light, or the like.

In operation, when the driver moves the turn signal actuator 312 on the steering wheel column, an intermittent signal appears at the input 207a, which signal is either produced by the controller 304, or is on the vehicle's signal bus in a conventional manner. Responsive to the pulses on input 217, circuit 1400, 1500 controls the cunent through the emitters of LED lamp 218, 218'. The LED lamp 218, 218' emits light during the pulse's ON period and do not emit light during the pulse's OFF period. The LED lamp 218, 218' is thus synchronized to the vehicle's turn signal, producing a flashing signal having the same duty cycle as the vehicle's primary turn signal lamps. It is envisioned that the controller 304 can control the LED lamp 218, 218' to repeat the brake light responsive to the brake light signal. Additionally, protection against excessive cunent is provided by the transistors Q1-Q3. In particular, whenever the base cunent input to transistor Ql is sufficiently high to cause transistor Ql to saturate, the resulting small collector cunent on transistor Ql will turn transistors Q2 and Q3 off, which turns the LED lamp 218, 218' OFF.

Accordingly, a signal minor is disclosed herein that can be advantageously employed with a number of different minor anangements. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any other electrochromic, dichroic, non-dichroic, single element, or multiple element minor, whether convex, aspheric. or flat, may be advantageously employed with the high-powered LED signal lamp 218 to implement a signal minor which is highly effective, small in size, and of light weight, such that a signal minor may be designed into virtually any minor housing with minimal impact on the minor's principle function of providing a reflector. A number of different embodiments of the lamp module 401 will now be described, which may be used with any of the minors described above, to implement a signal minor.

An alternate lamp module 1600 is disclosed in Fig. 16. Lamp module 1600 includes an LED lamp 1601, substantially similar to the LED lamp 218 in module 401, except that leads 1602 -1604 are bent to provide a flat mounting surface at the ends thereof which are preferably in parallel with the bottom surface of LED lamp 218 for surface mounting. The surface ends are mounted on rectangular printed circuit board 1605 using any suitable conventional technique, such as wave soldering, hand soldering, or the like. The circuit board is of any suitable conventional construction, and can advantageously by a two-sided circuit board such that the LED lamp is electrically connected to a conductor layer on one side of the circuit board substrate, and circuit 1400 or 1500 can be mounted to a conductor layer on the other side of the circuit board substrate. Both conductor layers have traces etched therein, and it is further envisioned that the traces can be connected by vias (not shown). The LED lamp 1601 is secured to the heat sink 220 by any suitable conventional means such as fastener 238, an adhesive, an adhesive tape, or the like. A significant advantage to the surface mount module 1600 is that surface mounting an IC is a less costly and more efficient manufacturing technique for achieving a reliable electrical connection. However, where the depth of the lamp module 1600 is a concern, lamp module 401 (Fig. 4) can be used as it has a lower height, but longer length, with the LED lamp leads 234-236 extending transversely to the circuit board 216.

Another alternate lamp module 1700 is disclosed in Fig. 17. Lamp module 1700 is substantially similar to lamp module 401, differing in two respects. A first distinction is that the circuit board 1702 is illustrated to be a rectangular circuit board, as opposed to a triangular circuit board 216. It will be recognized that the circuit boards 216, 1605, and 1702 described herein can be of any shape, and thus the shapes illustrated are merely exemplary. It is envisioned that the shape of the circuit board will be dictated by the housing in which it is mounted, and further that the shape and size of the circuit board will be selected to accommodate the electrical components of circuits 1400, 1500 in the smallest possible volume, where volume is cπtical The circuit board can be large in those components and assemblies where a large volume is available

A second distinction of lamp module 1700 is that the heat sink 1704 extends across the entire bottom surface of the LED lamp 218, whereas the heat sink of lamp module 401 extends only along the tab of the heat extraction member The partial heat sink 220 is necessary when the heat sink is mounted on the lens side of the LED lamp 218. However, because the heat sink 1704 extends the entire length of the LED lamp, the large surface area provided by fins 1706 (only some of which are numbered) provides a substantial heat dissipation path for the one or more emitters 404, 404' (Figs. 4 and 14) of the LED lamp 218

Another alternate LED lamp module 1800 is disclosed in Fig. 18. Lamp module 1800 includes the LED lamp 218 The LED lamp module 1800 differs from module 401 in that the LED lamp 218 is plugged into connector 1802. The connector 1802 includes contacts 1803 -1805, which electπcally connect to, and mechanically engage, the distal ends 1808-1810 of leads 234 through 236. The contacts 1803-1805 are connected to circuitry 1812, having circuit 1400, 1500 thereon, circuitry 1812 is connected to wires 1813 of the vehicle wire harness. Additionally, the LED lamp 218 in Fig. 18 is mounted to an active heat sink 1820, which is illustrated to be a Peltier cooler. The Peltier cooler can be provided using any suitable commercially available Peltier cooler. The Peltier cooler has a hot surface 1822 and cold surface 1824. The cold surface 1824 is positioned in abutting relation with the heat extraction member 400 of the LED lamp 218 The hot surface of the Peltier cooler is positioned away from the LED lamp. The Peltier cooler will preferably be connected to a passive heat sink (not shown), such as passive heat sink 1704 (Fig 17), to provide adequate heat dissipation and to insure most effective operation of the cooler Connector 1802 may be used to implement female connector 205 (Fig. 2)

For maximal reliability and manufactunng/assembly flexibility, the high-power LED lamp may be constructed to optimize its compatibility with solder-less connection mechanisms such as connectors, sockets, headers and other receptacles. The ends of the leads of the high-power LED lamp, in this circumstance, are fabπcated with the dimensions of a male pin intended to mate with the female socket of the receptacle Suitable female sockets are available from such companies as Amp, Molex, Autosphce, and other connector manufacturers, m a wide variety of forms including versions which are pre-soldered to printed circuit board and others which crimp onto the wires of the wiring harness. An example of a two lead LED lamp connection to a conventional Autosphce receptacle is illustrated in Fig. 19. The LED lamp 1900 is similar to LED lamp 218, but includes only two leads 1901 and 1903. Standoffs 1906 and 1908 of the leads 1901 and 1903 provide a stop to limit the depth of the lead insertion. The plastic connector 1920 includes metal contacts 1922, 1923 that terminate in crimps 1926, 1927, respectively. When the pins 1902, 1904 of the leads 1901, 1903 are inserted into the socket, the contacts bite into the ends of the leads to securely hold the leads 1901, 1903 in connector 1910 in a manner that prevents ready disengagement from the socket due to mechanical vibrations, stress, or the like. The wires 1930, 1931 are part of the vehicle wire harness, held in socket by crimps 1926, 1927. The wires 1930, 1931 and the contacts 1922, 1923 electrically connect the leads 1901, 1903 of the LED lamp 1900, to the electrical circuit 1400. 1500.

The lamp 1900 may simply be plugged into the chosen receptacle, obviating the traditional soldering operation usually needed to connect electrical components to a printed circuit board. This can be very useful in applications were soldering is impractical (such as in simple circuits were no printed circuit board is used) or in commercial enterprises were appropriate automated insertion equipment, such as surface, radial or axial mount equipment is not available. In one such configuration, by way of example, the nanow portion of the pins 1902, 1904 of the leads 1901, 1903 below the standoff 1906, 1908 are fabricated to have a 0.51 mm by 0.51 mm square cross-section for insertion into a standard receptacle from Autosphce, which require this size pin. Another advantage of this configuration in some applications is the dimensional tolerance afforded by this connection method. In a map light or CHMSL, for example, it would be typical for the high-power emitter to acquire its directional alignment and dimensional registration through intimate contact with portions of an assembly such as a housing or the support member. This can usually be established with snap connector features, bosses, flanges or other structures integrated with the housing or support member. This housing, with integrated registration features, may be molded by thermoplastic injection molding for example. But manufacturing variations and environmental thermal expansion/contraction may alter the nominal dimensions and orientation of the supporting alignment and registration means, resulting in dislocation of the power semiconductor mounted thereon. Such dislocations might be acceptable in and of themselves, as it is common to design systems that are tolerant of such minor deviations However, these can present a problem in the extreme most cases, as any such dislocations may be transmitted to the connection point at the leads of the power semiconductor emitter If this electπcal connection is extremely πgid and brittle, as is sometimes the case with solder joints at a PCB, then the electrical connections may ultimately become marginal, or intermittent in response to the dislocations Due to their inherent flexibility, a pin and socket configuration can avoid this problem in a fashion uniquely applicable to the LED lamp components and assemblies disclosed herein Due to the unusually high flux emitted by these LED lamps, one or two components may now be used where an anay of several LEDs were previously required Since the number of electncal connections is radically diminished as compared to systems using pπor art LED lamps, it isn't necessary in every application to utilize mass connection techniques such as soldeπng to a pπnted circuit board (PCB) Due to the low connection count, it becomes feasible to use socket connections, where soldered connections were the only practical solution previously Thus, in some of the embodiments, the LED lamp is disclosed having leads, which can be adapted for use with socket connectors to gam the uniquely applicable interconnect benefits associated with the high-power emissions of the LED lamps advantageously used herein For example, connector 1910 can be used to implement connector 205 (Fig 2)

Another signal minor 2000 (Fig 20) includes a thin transparent element 2008 bonded to a circuit board 2001 cut from commercially available pπnted circuit board stock The transparent element 2008 may be the only transparent element of a single element minor, or the second transparent element of an electrochromic minor The thm transparent element 2008 is adhered to layer 2006 of the circuit board 2001, which is a layer of electncally conductive matenal, and is preferably etched to include a heater element for the minor The middle layer 2004 of the circuit board is formed of a substrate matenal, having good electrical insulation properties, as is well known m the art The top layer 2002 of the circuit board is another electncally conductive layer As can be seen in Fig 20, a hole 2012 is formed in the circuit board 2001 to receive the lens 2015 of LED lamp 2016 and provide a light path through the pnnted circuit board

The LED lamp 2016 is preferably surface mounted to the pπnted circuit board top layer 2006, with the heat extraction member oπented in parallel with the surface of layer 2006 of the minor An optional element 2010 may be positioned between the lens of the LED lamp 2016 and the transparent layer 2008 to redirect the light emitted by LED lamp 2016 at a desired angle, such as the approximately 20-50 angle descπbed above with respect to LED lamp 218 in Fig. 6 The deviator element 2010 can be provided using a suitable commercially available means such as a deviator film, a light control film such as that commercially available from 3M, a holographic optical element, a holographic diffuser, a diffractive grating, a Fresnel lens, or the like Each to these elements can be used with the LED lamp 2016 mounted in parallel with the rear surface of the minor to redirect light in a desired direction A reflector 2017 is positioned to circumscnbe the lens 2015 of LED lamp 2016 in the hole 2012 to increase the intensity of light emitted through element 2010

The signal minor 2000 takes advantage of properties of pnnted circuit board stock to implement a thin minor. The chip manufacturing industry has developed technologies for providing PC boards and computer disks (CDs) that are characteristically very flat, which is a highly desirable for a minor earner. A thin minor using a circuit board as a earner is disclosed in copending patent application Senal No. 09/270,153, entitled "LIGHT WEIGHT ELECTROCHROMIC MIRROR," filed on March 16, 1999, by Roberts et al, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. The flatness specifications for PC boards are widely available in the industry and can be obtained from any of the manufacturers. The flatness will vary depending on the thickness and grade/quality of the purchased PC board. The PC board is selected according to the desired stiffness and weight considerations for the application.

The specifications for pπnted circuit boards are such that each conductor layer 2002, 2006 must provide electπcal continuity over its entire surface area A circuit connecting LED lamp 2016 with other circuitry can thus be etched in the top layer 2006 of the pπnted circuit board 2001. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the circuits can be cut using a subtractive process, where electπcally conductive matenal is removed from the conductive layer using, as for example, chemical or laser etching. Alternatively, the circuit layer 2002 can be added to the non-conductive substrate layer 2004 using an additive process wherem electπcally conductive material is coated on the nonconductive substrate 2004 Similarly, the conductor layer 2006 can be etched to provide the heater element traces, or the conductive stnps can be added by coating the substrate layer 2004

The signal minor 2000 takes advantage of the circuit board conductor layer 2002, which can be a copper layer for example, to provide a heat sink for the heat extraction member 2018 of the LED lamp 2016 In the illustrated embodiment, the heat extraction member is positioned against an optional spacer 2020, which spacer must be thermally conductive The spacer is provided to insure a thermal coupling over much of the surface area of the heat extraction member that overlaps with the conductor layer 2002, and the spacer may be any suitable material having a low thermal resistance, and may be a metal spacer, an adhesive, or any other suitable material The heat extraction member 2018 is bonded to the spacer (if the spacer is provided by other than an adhesive or adhesive tape), which in turn is bonded to the conductor layer 2002. By attaching the LED lamp 2016 using a thermally conductive adhesive and spacer 2020, the thermal coupling to layer 2002 provides an additional, large heat dissipation surface for the LED lamp 2016.

The circuit board 2001 includes a circuit board conductor layer can provide several functions with respect to the LED lamp, the circuit and the minor. The conductor layer can include conductor traces to which the electπcal leads of the LED lamp 2016 can be attached, it can provide an additional heat sink to which the heat extraction member 2018 is thermally connected, and conductive traces m layer 2006 can provide the heater for clearing the minor surface of moisture. This circuit board 2001 can also be used for the earner for the transparent element 2008, and because the circuit board structure provides a strong, flat surface, the transparent element can be very thm. The minor can include a first or second surface reflector coating on the transparent element.

Fig 21 shows a signal minor substantially similar to signal minor 2000, wherein an LED lamp 2100 is mounted on the back of a circuit board 2101. The LED lamp 2100 differs from the LED lamp 2016 in that the lens 2115 of the LED lamp 2100 is offset relative to the emitter 2013, whereas the emitter 2013 is aligned with the center of the lens 2015 in LED lamp 2026 Because of the lens offset, the peak intensity optical axis of the lamp 2100 is directed at an angle β with respect to the front surface of the transparent element, whereas the peak intensity optical axis 2030 of LED lamp 2016 is directed orthogonal to the transparent element 2008 Additionally, an opaque coating 21 10 can be applied to a portion of the window region of the minor to provide a light baffle blocking the transmission of direct light from the LED lamp 2100 toward the driver The angle β can be 0 to 70 , and may advantageously be m the range from 20 to 50 and most preferably is between 30 to 40

In either signal minor 2000 or 2100, although not shown, it will be recognized that the circuit 1400, 1500 can be mounted on the conductor layer 2002, and electπcally connected to LED lamp 2016, 2100 by traces (not shown) etched in layer 2002. Although not shown in Fig. 21, the offset lens 2115 of LED lamp 2100 may be used in combination with the deviator element 2010 of Fig. 20.

An alternative signal minor 2200 including a bezel mounted LED lamp 218 is shown in Fig. 22. The signal minor 2200 includes a bezel 2202, a minor 2204, and a carrier 2206. The minor 2200 can be any type of minor, including electrochromic, dichroic, single element, multiple element, flat, convex, and/or aspheric. The carrier 2206 is of any suitable construction, such as molded of an organic polymer, stamped from a metal, or the like. The bezel 2202 may be molded from an organic polymer, stamped from metal, or of any other suitable known manufacture, and the bezel and canier may be of the same or different material. The bezel includes an aperture 2208, which is illustrated located in the lower right corner of the minor, but may alternately be positioned at any location on the bezel, such as the bottom center, bottom left corner, top left corner, top center, top right corner, or any location there between. The lens 2208 can be clear or colored, and of any suitable construction such as molded from an organic polymer. It is envisioned that the lens will be molded of a red transparent plastic, such as an acrylic or a polycarbonate, and that a red-orange LED lamp will be mounted so as to direct light outwardly therethrough. The lens 2210 is attached to the opening 2208 in bezel 2202 using a fastener, an adhesive, an adhesive tape, or the like. It will be recognized that the lens will be a filter if it is colored.

The LAMP module 2220 positioned behind the lens includes an LED lamp 218, with the leads bent at a right angel for insertion into openings 2225 in a circuit board 2222. The heat extraction member 223 of the LED lamp 218 is mounted to a passive heat sink 2224. In the illustrated embodiment, the LED lamp module 2220 is mounted adjacent to minor 2204 in a void thereof. The LED lamp 218 can be mounted in parallel with the lens, with a deviator element, such as deviator 2010, positioned between the lamp and the lens, or the lens can be a Fresnel lens, which directs light away from the driver and into viewing area C (Fig. 1). The LED lamp module 2220 is very compact, is resistant to damage from vibrations, and can be mounted in the bezel, but generates enough light to produce a signal of sufficient intensity to be readily visible in both daylight and night time ambient light conditions. The module 2220 can be attached to carrier 2206 in region 2240 using an adhesive, a fastener such as tape or snap connector, or the like. The snap connector (not shown) can be integrally molded in the bezel, and extend outwardly there from. The snap connecter will snap over the lamp 218 to hold the module 2200 on the bezel. Alternatively, the region 2230 can include an integrally molded socket, and in particular a recess shaped to receive the lamp 218 and heat sink 2224, and including female connectors to mate with the leads 234-236, such that the circuit board 2222 can be omitted. The heat sink 2224 can be active or passive. Additionally, the bezel mounted LED lamp 218 can take advantage of the air flowing around the perimeter of the minor to increase heat dissipation. This can for example be accomplished by positioning the heat extraction member 2224 in juxtaposition with the periphery edge 2232 of the bezel, which effect can be enhanced by making the bezel region adjacent the heat sink such that it has a low thermal conductivity. The low thermal conductivity can be achieved by having thermally conductive material embedded in the bezel 2202 adjacent the heat sink, or molding the bezel from a thermally conductive polymer such as the polymer composite commercially available from ChipCoolers, Inc., under the trademark CoolPoly, and more particularly available as an electrically conductive material E2 and a dielectric material D2. The LED lamp module, including a heat extraction member coupled to a heat sink, thus provides a small lamp that will fit into a bezel, and capable of producing a bright light, and doing so in a package the can be expected to have a long life even when subject to the thermal and mechanical shocks of the type experienced in door mounted minors, and more particularly, around the perimeter of such as minor.

Signal minor 2300 (Figs. 23-25) includes a bezel 2301 having a light pipe on one end thereof. Unlike the bezel mounting anangement of Fig. 22, wherein the lamp 218 is mounted within the bezel to provide light directly, which may in some circumstances reduce the size of the reflective surface of the minor, the signal minor 2300 has an LED lamp 218 positioned behind the minor 222 and uses a light pipe 2302 to emit the light through a surface 2304 on the front of the minor. The LED lamp 218 inputs light at one end of a light pipe 2302, which focuses the light on an end 2304 visible from viewing area C. In this anangement, the LED lamp 218 illuminates the bezel itself, and the bezel can be very small as it need not accommodate the lamp in the perimeter thereof.

The light pipe 2302 may be of any suitable construction, such as molded from an acrylic, a polycarbonate, or the like. As illustrated in Fig. 24, the light pipe includes an integrally formed rib 2309, which extends the length of the light pipe and grips the minor surface 227 in a friction fit. The high power LED lamp 218 is mounted to an end of the light pipe with the lens 230 directed into the light pipe. The heat sink 1704 is mounted to the back of the LED lamp 218. The LED lamp 218 electrical leads can be plugged into a connector 1802 or a receptacle 1910, which connector or receptacle has the circuit 1400, 1500 mounted on a circuit board which is preferably mounted internally of the connector/socket or, to which circuit board the socket/connector is mounted. The minor 222 may be aspheric, convex, flat, electrochromic, dichroic, single element reflector, or the like, and the light pipe 2304, like the bezel lamp 2220 of Fig. 22, is compatible with any type of minor commonly used with vehicles.

The bezel arms 2312, 2314 extend substantially transverse to a bezel shoulder 2318, such that the bezel arms and the bezel shoulder provide a substantially U shaped, integral member. The bezel arms 2312, 2314 and shoulder 2318 are preferably integrally molded from an organic polymer, although they can be of any suitable conventional manufacture, it being preferable that the bezel be manufactured of a resilient material. The distal end of the top and bottom arms 2312, 2314 of the U shaped member each include a projecting fmger 2313, 2315 to be inserted into a respective complementary bore 2319, 2321 in an opposite end of the light pipe.

To assemble the bezel 2301 to the light pipe 2302, the light pipe 2302, having the LED lamp 218 and the heat sink 1804 assembled to the light pipe 2302, is slid onto the end of the minor 222 such that the minor is lightly squeezed between the back of the light pipe 2302 and the rib 2309. The light pipe 2302 can be secured to an end of the minor using an adhesive, a connector, the friction fit, or the like. The bezel top arm 2312 and bottom arm 2314 are attached to the light pipe by inserting the fingers 2313, 2315 into bores 2319, 2321. The top arm and bottom are can be secured to the light pipe 2302 using an adhesive, a fastener such as tape or a mechanical connector, or the like. The bezel arms 2312, 2314, the shoulder 2318, and the light pipe 2302 form the bezel 2301 which circumscribes the minor 222. The bezel 2301 and minor 222 can be secured to the carrier 2316 using an adhesive.

Fig. 23 also discloses an LED lamp 2320 on the neck, or "sail", of the minor for use as a keyhole illuminator and/or a puddle lamp. The LED lamp 2320 can be implemented using any of the LED lamp modules 401, 1600, 1700. 2800, or components thereof, and being positioned to radiate light through opening 2322. The LED lamp 2320 may be mounted to bracket 204 (Fig. 2) to provide a heat sink for the LED lamp. This can be accomplished by attaching the heat extraction member of the LED lamp 2320 to a metal mounting bracket manufactured of a suitable thermally conductive material. It may be desirable to connect the LED lamp to the bracket using a thermally conductive, electrically non-conductive material. Alternatively, the LED lamp 2320 can be mounted to the rearview minor housing, or shell, 2308, or some other component in the minor post. A circuit 1400. 1500 is preferably mounted on a circuit board to which the LED lamp 2320 is connected. An LED lamp 2324 on the neck, or sail, can be provided in place of, or in addition to, the LED lamp 2320, where it is desired to provide a lamp below the minor. This might be desired where the surface of the post faces the driver. In such a situation, providing the lamp on the bottom surface of the mounting minor mounting post will produce light directed toward the ground adjacent the vehicle door, and in some cases, toward the door handle, without shinning on the vehicle operator.

With reference to Figs. 26-28, a minor 2600 includes a keyhole illuminator 2602, and an optional LED lamp 2604. The keyhole illuminator includes a high power LED lamp 2606 that produces light to illuminate the door handle 2702 (Fig. 27) and the keyhole 2704, or alternatively produces light directed toward the ground to effect a puddle lamp. The keyhole illuminator 2602 includes high power LED lamp 2606 positioned behind a window 2610. The LED lamp 2606 may include one or multiple emitters (not shown) under an encapsulant lens 2812 (Fig. 28). The LED lamp 2606 preferably produces white light, and thus includes: one or more phosphor emitters; binary complementary colored emitters; red, green and blue emitters; or the like, which are energized so as to produce white light.

With reference to Fig. 28, the lens 2812 of the LED lamp 2606 is preferably of a relatively small diameter to produce a focused light that can be targeted on an area to be illuminated. Alternatively, if the lamp is used to produce puddle light illumination, the lens will have a larger diameter producing a significantly less focused light. The keyhole illuminator or puddle lamp may turn ON responsive to a proximity detector, a remote keyless entry, manual actuation of the door handle, turning the vehicle off, or the like, and it can turn OFF automatically after a predetermined time period has elapsed.

The keyhole illuminator 2602 is preferably provided with a reflector 2800 to concentrate the light produced by LED lamp 2606 on the side of the door around the door handle 2702 and the keyhole 2704. The reflector 2602 (like the reflector 2017 of Fig. 20) may be implemented using any suitable conventional construction, such as a conventional flashlight reflector construction, or the inside surface of the reflector can be provided by applying a highly reflective coating, such as chrome, to the inside surface of a rigid body, such as a molded organic polymer body, or of any other suitable construction. The reflector is held against the LED lamp 218 by any suitable means, such as using an adhesive, a fastener, snap-fit connection, compression fit between the minor 222 and the LED lamp 218, or the like. The reflector 2800 preferably circumscribes the lens 214. An optional LED lamp 2608 to provide the minor 2600 with a supplemental turn/brake signal indicator, can be implemented as described above with respect to LED lamp 218 in Figs. 2-15. The LED lamp 2608 is mounted behind a window 2612 (Fig. 26). The LED lamps 2608, 2606 are small in size, such that the two lamps can be accommodated between the minor 2601 and the minor housing body 2603. Each of the LED lamps preferably includes a heat sink 2814, 2804 to increase the heat dissipation from the LED lamps, and thus increase the cunent capacity, and output intensity, of these LED lamps.

Although two LED lamps 2606. 2608 are illustrated in minor 2600, a single LED lamp can be used to provide both the puddle lamp/keyhole illuminator and the supplemental signal indicator. In particular, the LED lamp can include a plurality of emitters of different color. Driving separate emitters with independent signals allows the controller to change the color of light produced by the lamp. To provide a white light, binary-complementary (e.g, amber and blue emitters), red-green-blue (i.e., red, green and blue emitters) or a phosphor coated chip can be used in the LED lamp. To produce white light, all of the emitters are energized. To produce red light, only the red-orange emitters are energized. To produce amber light, only amber are illuminated. In the case of binary complementary white light, where amber and blue emitters are used, amber, blue and white light are readily produced by selectively energizing the emitters. The emitters may be energized to produce a light color matching the primary turn signal and brake signal lamps on the vehicle.

Another multiple lamp signal minor 2900 is disclosed in Figs. 29a-29d. The illustrated signal minor 2900 includes a minor assembly 2902 (Fig. 29b), having a lamp module 401 positioned to emit light through transparent element 2906 via window 2910 in reflector surface 2908. The LED lamp 218 is connected to circuit board 216 (not shown) and includes heat sink 220. The LED lamp 218 is preferably of the type emitting red-orange light, amber light, light the color of the primary signal lamp, or the like. It is envisioned that the LED lamp 218 can be attached to the carrier 2911 using snap connectors (not shown) integrally formed in the canier 291 1 during the molding thereof, an adhesive, adhesive tape, mechanical fastener such as a screw or clip, mounted by attaching the heat sink to the transparent element 2906, or the like. The minor assembly 2902 including carrier 2911, transparent element 2906, reflector surface 2908, and LED lamp 218, is carried on the motor 208 (not shown), which is mounted to support bracket 204, and mounted within minor body housing 2915 in the same manner as described above with respect to signal minor 100.

The minor body housing 2902 is molded from a clear polycarbonate, or other suitable transparent material. The inside surface of the minor has a coating 2930, which is for example an opaque paint that matches the exterior color of vehicle A. Those skilled in the art will recognize that this is a significantly different approach than commonly used to manufacture housings for vehicles. Typically a housing is painted on the exterior surface to match the vehicle body color. After the paint has dried, a clear coat is applied over the paint. A significant advantage to painting the interior surface of the minor body housing, is that paint chipping or scratching will not occur when the paint is on the interior surface. The prior art is subject to chipping or scratching when flying debris strikes the surface at high velocity. Although such an occunence may result in some minor surface damage to the minor body housing, the surface damage can be smoothed out. An additional advantage where the minor includes lamps to project light through the housing, windows such as windows 2930, 2932, 2934, and 2936 need only be provided in the paint coating. For example, the windows can be formed by applying masking material, such as tape, to the window regions 2930, 2932, 2934, and 2936, prior to applying the paint coating to the inside surface of the minor housing, and after applying the paint, removing the tape leaving the window opening. The LED lamps 2920, 2922, 2924, and 2926 can then be supported on the minor body housing adjacent the window, which will transmit light out through the transparent body housing.

The minor body housing 2902 can advantageously be formed including one, or more, integral lens structures. For example, lenses 2933, 2935, and 2937 can be formed integrally with the transparent housing during molding of the housing, in the locations where it is desired to mount LED lamps, or alternatively, the lenses can be cut into the minor body housing 2915 using any suitable conventional means, such as laser etching after the housing is formed. The lenses will be described in greater detail herein below with respect to the lamps with which they are used. An LED lamp 2920 is in mounted adjacent the inside surface of minor housing 2915 at window 2930, which is aligned with lens 2933. An LED lamp 2922 is mounted in the minor housing body 2915 adjacent window 2932, which is aligned with lens 2935. The LED lamps 2920 and 2922 are preferably attached to the inside minor housing using respective mounting brackets or sockets 2940 and 2944. Each of the LED lamps 2920 and 2922 can be implemented using a respective lamp modulel800, without the Peltier cooler 1820. Accordingly, each of the LED lamps 2920, 2922 includes a heat extraction member 400 mounted directly against back wall 2942, 2945 of bracket/socket 2940, 2944, respectively. Additionally, each of the LED lamps 2920, 2922 is connected to a respective connector 1802 (not shown in Figs. 29a-29d). The respective conductors 1813 for each of the sockets 1802 associated with each of the LED lamps 2920, 2922 are connected either to the controller 304 or directly to the turn signal control for the vehicle (e.g., the vehicle signal bus). The circuit 1400, 1500 for each of the LED lamps 2920, 2922 is mounted in its respective connector 1802. The LED lamps 218, 2920, and 2922 are all preferably connected to receive a common control signal, although they could be connected to receive different control signals.

In operation, the LED lamps 218, 2920, 2922 provide a turn signal repeater. The peak intensity optical axes of the three signal lamps are intentionally at substantially different angles. Substantial angles as used herein refers to angles that are at least 5° apart, and may for example be more than 15° apart. By providing such a distribution of light, the light source has a higher visibility over a wider viewing angle than can be achieved by a single lamp. Additionally, by spacing the lamps and orienting them at different angles, in combination with using the LED having high power capabilities, from a distance the LEDs will appear to be a single light. The diffusing lenses 2933 and 2935 increase the viewing angle, and because the LED lamps 2920 and 2922 produce very bright light, this light will be visible even in low ambient light conditions.

More particularly, Fig. 29d shows an iso-candela plot for the LED lamps 218, 2920, and 2922 relative to a vehicle A. As can be seen therein, the LED lamp 218 produces light intensity distribution 2960 around peak intensity optical axis 2916, which is readily visible within viewing angle C. The LED lamp 2920 produces light that is dispersed by lens 2933 resulting in a broader intensity distribution 2961 around peak intensity optical axis 2917. The LED lamp 2922 similarly produces light that is dispersed by lens 2935 resulting in a light intensity distribution 2962 around peak intensity optical axis 2918 In these iso-candela plots, the line 2960 represents points at which the intensity of light emitted by LED lamp 218 is at a particular, equal intensity Similarly, the line 2961 represents points at which the intensity of light emitted by LED lamp 2920 is at a particular, equal intensity The line 2962 represents points at which the intensity of the light emitted by LED lamp 2922 is at a particular, equal intensity It will be recognized that the iso-candela plot for the combined LED lamps would be different because the light from the lamps would be added Nev ertheless, as can be seen from the distπbution, LED lamps 218, 2920, and 2922 produce a light distπbution that is visible from 180 around the minor 2900 This distribution can be enhanced by providing LED lamp 2922 with slightly different optics and/or moving the LED lamp 2922 more toward the front of the minor body housing 1915 such that the LED lamps 2920 and 2922 are farther apart Additionally, if desired, the LED lamp 218 can be a low power LED lamp or an anay of LED lamps that emit light through a plurality of openings or a dichroic minor Additionally, more than two LED lamps can be used on the minor housing body However, the high power LED lamp having a heat extraction member disclosed in the United States patent application Senal No 09/426,795 enables a single LED lamp on the minor body housing to be used with an lamp in the minor, such as LED lamp 218 or any conventional LED or incandescent lamp visible from the back, to provide a signal repeater visible from a significantly wider angle, thereby meeting the legal requirements for signal repeaters in countπes requiπng a wide viewing angle

The LED lamp 2924 is mounted on the front of the minor body housing 2926, and faces forwardly of the vehicle The LED lamp may produce high power infrared (IR) light for a communication system or a camera system, light for a turn signal/brake light repeater, or any other desired light The lamp is positioned to emit light through window 2934 of minor housing 2915 The IR LED lamp 2926 can produce IR light usable by an onboard camera dunng low ambient light conditions, and the strong IR emissions will increase the range of the camera Another advantageous use is in IR transceiver applications such as IR communication systems, wherem the intensity of the IR radiation will directly impact on communication signal quality, and thus the reliability of the communication link An exemplary vehicle application using the high power LED where reliable communication signal quality is important, is the drive-through toll booth wherem a toll payment is made without stopping Using a high power LED lamp increases the range of the IR link and makes communication more reliable increasing the amount of time that the vehicle can be in communication with the toll collecting equipment and significantly decreasing the chances of that toll collection not occurring. It is further envisioned that emitters producing visible light and emitters producing IR light may be mounted in the same LED lamp 2924 and provided with separate controls such that LED lamp 2924 can be controlled to produce visible light for signaling and/or illumination purposes and IR light for communication and/or illumination purposes.

The LED lamp 2926 (Fig. 29c) is mounted flush on window 2940 on the inside surface of the bottom wall of the minor body housing 2915. The LED lamp 2926 is a puddle lamp producing light directed downwardly to illuminate an area below the minor, and preferably adjacent the door of vehicle A. The LED lamp 2926 can be positioned anywhere along the length of the minor housing, and thus can be position anywhere between the minor post and the distal end of the minor which is remote from the car. IT can thus be seen that a great deal of flexibility is permitted in the location of the LED lamps on the minor housing. This LED lamp is preferably a high power, white light LED lamp, and most advantageously an LED lamp having a heat extraction member 2926 positioned against heat sink 2950. The LED lamp 2926 abuts with the inside surface of housing 2915 aligned with the lens 2937. The lens 2937 is a large radius lens illuminating a wide illumination area. The LED lamp may be mounted to the inside surface of the minor housing body using any suitable means, such as a transparent adhesive (not shown), a mechanical fastener such as integrally molded snap connectors or screws, or brackets attached to the housing 2915.

Each of the LED lamps 2920, 2922, 2924 and 2926 can be mounted to a bracket 2940, 2944, 2946, 2948, that is in turn mounted to the inside of minor body housing 2915. The mounting bracket or sockets 2940, 2944, 2946, 2948 are attached to the inside surface of the minor housing body using an adhesive, mechanical fastener such as a snap connector integrally molded with the mounting bracket and or the minor body housing 2915, or the like. The mounting bracket can be molded from an organic polymer, stamped from a metal or metal alloy, or manufactured by any other suitable means. It is envisioned that the mounting bracket can be formed integrally with the minor housing body 2915. In the illustrated embodiment, the back walls 2942, 2945 and 2946 are thermally conductive, but not electrically conductive. It is envisioned that where the brackets are molded from a dielectric material, a thermally conductive material can be interspersed in the non- conductive material so as to provide a thermal path through the back wall 2942. 2945. For example the plastic bracket can be impregnated with metal fragments, such as pieces of copper. The bracket, or socket, 2948 can include a hole through which the heat sink 2950 protrudes. The heat sink 2950 can for example be implemented using the heat sink 1704 illustrated in Fig. 17.

The bracket/sockets 2940, 2944, 2946 and 2948 provide an enclosure that seals the LED modules against moisture, dirt, and the like. Additionally, the bracket/sockets can be opaque to prevent ambient light from passing from the inside surface through the windows 2930, 2932, 2934 and 2936 such that it is visible from the exterior of the minor. The enclosures 2922, 2924 are mounted to the interior surface of the minor housing using an adhesive, adhesive tape, a fastener, or any other suitable means.

In operation, the LED lamps 218, 2920, and 2922 form a turn signal repeater that reproduces a flashing light synchronized with the primary turn signal on the vehicle. The turn signal repeater can optionally be illuminated with a steady light to repeat a brake light on the vehicle if desired. The LED lamp 2946 can be connected to an IR communication system associated with vehicle A to provide a high power IR transmitter. The heat extraction member and the heat sink enable the IR transmitter to produce a very strong communication signal. Finally, the puddle light 2926 in the housing 2915 can be used in place of, or in addition to, the puddle LED lamp 201. The puddle lamp 2926 thus turns ON responsive to a proximity detector, a remote keyless entry signal, manual actuation of the door handle, turning the vehicle off, or the like, and it can turn OFF automatically after a predetermined time period has elapsed.

An interior signal minor 3000 is disclosed in Figs. 30 and 31. The interior signal minor 3000 is of the type producing information in window 3002 of a minor 3004. The minor 3004 may be any of the minor type, such as those disclosed in Figs. 7 and 9-13, and may advantageously be an electrochromic minor. The information displayed can be any information useful to the driver, such as tire pressure information if the vehicle includes an automatic tire pressure system or vehicle heading information. The exemplary display 3002 generates signals indicating whether the vehicle is heading N (north), S (south), E (east) or W (west), or combinations thereof such as the illustrated NE (northeast). The electrochromic minor can be implemented using any suitable electrochromic minor. The images are generated by a backlit liquid crystal display (LCD) 3100, which is for example a reverse mode, addressable LCD. The LCD is controlled to generate images by acting as a shutter to selectively block the passage of light therethrough. The backlighting is thus used to project a bright light in those areas where the LCD does not attenuate light. The LCD operates in this manner to generate graphic images, alpha numeric images, and even pictorial or video images.

The LCD 3100 is mounted to the back surface of the electrochromic minor element 3004 using a transparent optical coupling medium 3006. In particular, the optical coupling medium is a clear pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), such as that commercially available adhesive number 4910 from 3M, ultraviolet (UV) cure silicone or epoxy, or thermoplastic PVB laminate having a refractive index of approximately 1.5, which is substantially matched to the refractive index of the third surface transparent member 222. A transmissive diffuser 3106 is optionally mounted behind the LCD to diffuse the light produced by high power LED lamp 2200. This permits positioning of the LED lamp 2200 close to the LCD panel 3100, which is necessary where the minor 3000 does not have much depth behind the LCD panel 3100. The LED lamp 2200 can have a lens 3110 with a large radius. Alternatively, a flat lens LED lamp 3200 (Fig. 32), which will produce scattered light due to the wide beam resulting from flat surface 3201, can be used to illuminate the LCD. As mentioned above, it is envisioned that the lens will have a very large diameter, such that the lens provides some focusing of the radiation emitted thereby, but still disperses the light over the entire area of the LCD panel 3100. Combining such relatively unfocused light with a mild diffuser 3106 will insure that the entire area of the LCD panel is illuminated and that the image produced will be bright, easily viewable even through an electrochromic minor including a transflective window. The emitters (not shown) in the LED lamp 2200 are can be selected to produce any desired color, and thus may produce white light, or light matched to the color of the vehicle's interior lights, which may be some color other than white, such as tinted red-orange, blue, yellow or the like.

The LED lamp 3110 (Fig. 31) is mounted in a common housing with the minor 3004. The LED lamp may for example be mounted to the housing interior by conventional means, such as integral mounting brackets, snap connectors, adhesive, one or more screw, or the like.

The minor 3000 (Fig. 30) can advantageously include map lamps 3012 and 3014 located on the bottom of the minor to illuminate the front seat of the vehicle A. The map lamps are advantageously implemented using a high power LED having a heat sink which can be mounted in a vary small volume inside the minor housing 3009. In particular, the map lamp 3014 can be implemented using a non-prismatic optical assembly according to United States patent application Senal No 09/109,527, entitled Optical Assembly for Semiconductor Lighting Device Illuminator, filed on July 2, 1998, by John Roberts et al , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto Map lamp 3012 can be implemented using the prismatic optical assembly disclose in Patent Application Seπal No 09/109.527 Most preferably, the optical assemblies are modified to accommodate one or more LED lamps with heat extraction members as descπbed herein below with respect to Figs 41 and 42

Some additional components and assemblies for vehicles will now be descπbed with respect to a vehicle 3300 illustrated m Fig 33 and a vehicle 3400 illustrated in Fig 34 The vehicles include a large number of lamps, any and all of which can advantageously employ LED lamps having a heat sink to produce a bπghter light than can be produced with conventional LEDs In particular, the vehicle 3300 includes a dnver side signal minor 100 and a passenger side signal minor 3302 The dπver side signal minor 100 is descπbed in detail, in various embodiments, herein above, and includes a puddle lamp 201 and window 223 through which an LED lamp emits light The passenger side signal minor 3302 can be implemented using a conventional passenger side minor, such as an asphenc minor, and additionally includes a signal lamp window 3303 for passage of emissions from an LED lamp (not shown) and a puddle light 3304 The lamps of signal minor 3302 and window 3303 can be identical to LED lamps 218, 201 and window 223 of signal minor 100, and may for example be implemented according to any of the embodiments descπbed herein A CHMSL 3306 is illustrated located on the rear of the vehicle 3300 mounted adjacent the rear window, although it could be located to emit light through the rear window 3308, or on the trunk or rear fin in the case of a car It will be recognized that the CHMSL using the heat sink LED lamps is uniquely able to produce from only a few LED lamps a bπght light having a desired light pattern even through pπvacy glass of the types cunently used in vehicles, which glass detnmentally attenuates the light from less powerful lamps A rear view minor 3000 is positioned mside the vehicle and mounted in conventional manner such as being affixed to the vehicle windshield or the headlmer The vehicle also includes tail lights/stop lamps 3310, turn signal lamps 3312, and back up lights 3314 A license plate illuminator 3316 is positioned on the rear hatch adjacent the license plate 3318 A vehicle 3400 includes signal minors 100, 3302, brake lights 3310', turn signals 3312', back up lights 3314', and a CHMSL 3406. The vehicle also includes cargo lights 3404 and 3408 to illuminate the bed of the vehicle (the illustrated vehicle 3400 being a pick up truck), and as illustrated, the CHMSL 3406 and cargo lights are integrated into a lamp assembly 3402.

More particularly, the CHMSL 3306 includes housing 3500 (Fig.35). The housing is illustrated as an elongated box, but can be configured in any shape desired by the vehicle designer. The housing 3306 can be of any suitable conventional manufacture, such as molded of an organic polymer. The LED lamps 3502-3505 are mounted on a printed circuit board 3506 that is mounted on housing 3500 using a mechanical fastener, an adhesive, or any other suitable mechanism. An optional member 3508, is illustrated as a rectangular substantially flat opaque shroud shaped to extend over the entire opening of the housing except for the lens portion of the LED lamps 3502-3505. Member 3508 may for example be a molded black plastic piece, paper, or optionally a reflector of a manufacture similar to that used to manufacture a flash light reflector of the type extending around the flash light lamp. If the member 3508 is a reflector, it will be recognized that member will be shaped so as to reflect light form the LED lamps 3502- 3505 forwardly through lens 3509. A lens 3509 is positioned on the housing and extends over the opening therein to operate with the LED lamps to create a desired light pattern for the CHMSL 3306 as described in greater detail hereinbelow. The lens can be manufactured from clear or colored material, and may for example be a red transparent acrylic or polycarbonate.

With continued reference to Fig. 35, the LED lamps 3502-3505 are preferably high power LED lamps of the type including a heat extraction member 3510-3513. Each of the LED lamps 3502-3505 can advantageously have one or more red-orange emitters (e.g., 3604 in Fig. 36) mounted on heat extraction members 3510-3513. The emitters for each LED lamp are positioned to radiate light through a lens 3514-3517. The lens has a radius of curvature that produces a moderately focused light beam. The heat extraction member 3512-3513 of each LED lamp is positioned on a respective heat sink 3520-3523. The heat sinks can be etched out of a conductive layer of the circuit board 3506 using conventional circuit etching techniques, particularly where the circuit board has conductive layers on both sides thereof, or the heat sinks can be formed by coating the circuit board substrate to form a thermally conductive plate on the exterior surface of the dielectric substrate. The electrical leads 3525-3527 (only numbered for one of the LED lamps to reduce clutter in the drawing) of the LED lamps 3502-3505 are bent to extend through vias the circuit board 3506. and may be electπcally connected to circuitry 3612 (Fig. 36) surface mounted to the back of the circuit board 3506 The leads 3525-3527 are electncally coupled to the circuitry 3612 by circuit traces etched in the conductive layer on the back of the circuit board by conventional means. Circuitry 3612 may for example implement circuit 1400. 1500

The lens 3509 is preferably a large radius cylindrical or asphenc surface. The lens can be colored or clear.

To assemble the CHMSL 3306, the circuitry 3612 and the LED lamps 3502-3505 are mounted on opposite sides of board 3506. In particular, the exposed surface of the heat extraction member on the underside of each of the LED lamps 3502-3505 is in juxtaposition with a respective heat sink 3520-3523 on the pnnted circuit board, and the leads 3526-3527 for each lamp are soldered onto the board. The circuit board is snapped into the connectors 3600, 3602, two of which are shown, but it will be recognized that more than two connectors can be provided, the actual number depending on the ngidity and size of the board. The shroud is preferably resilient, such that it can be bent slightly and inserted between projecting tabs 3614 and 3616 and when released will be held by the tabs 3600, 3602 m the housing A respective opening 3536-3539 is aligned with each lens 3514-3517 to pass the light produced by the LEDs. The optional lens 3509 is mounted to the housing 3500 using a mechanical fastener, a snap connection, an adhesive, or the like. The lens closes the housing, providing some environmental protection against insects and dirt.

The CHMSL requirements for candelas emitted at different angles is represented by Fig. 37. The center, C, is at 0 , 0 on the chart, and represents the candelas emitted straight out from center of the CHMSL The center cross represents the candelas emitted 5 upwardly and 5 downwardly of center, and 5 to the left and 5 to the right of center. The U-shaped area to the left includes the points 5 left and 5 down, 10 left and 5 down, 10 left, 10 left and 5 up, and 5 left and 5 up. The U-shaped area to the πght of the center cross includes the right hand points conesponding to the left hand points. The πbbon across the top includes points 10 upwardly from center at 5 intervals from 10 left to 10 πght. The number at each axis of the chart represents the candelas (cd) required to be emitted in each direction, and the actual emission must be at least 60% of the number given for each point Thus, the emissions m a direction straight out from the center of the CHMSL must be at least 15 candelas . n additional requirement is that the sum of area 1 must be at least 125 cd, the sum of points within area 2 must be greater than 98 cd, the sum of points in area 3 must be at least 98 cd, and the sum of points within area 4 must be at least 32 cd. An additional requirement is that the minimum area of the CHMSL must be at least 4.5 in^". Another requirement is that the total output is no more than 130 cd at an angle greater than .25 from any of the measuring points in the field extending from 10 up to 5 down, and 10 left to 10 right. Maximums are measured within 60 seconds of an "ON" event within a temperature range from 18 of 38 C. Minimums are measured at thermal equilibrium or 30 minutes, whichever occurs first, with ambient temperature within a temperature range from 18 to 38 C.

An iso-candela emission plot using a dual red-orange chip LED lamp implemented according to United States patent application Serial No. 09/426,795 which is incorporated herein by reference, is set forth in Fig. 38. In particular, the plot is for an LED lamp with whose emitter is a cube, the lens has a radius of 2.5 mm, the center 0.4 mm below the top of the body curve, the aperture is 4.9356 mm at the top of the cube, the cube is 3.8 mm high, and the distance from the top of the cube to the base of the lens is 2.77 mm. The illumination profile of this LED lamp is illustrated in Fig. 39. As can be seen from Figs. 38 and 39, the focused output is directional. Having an intensity of approximately 13 cd at a viewing angle of 0 and falling off to 0 cd at angles over 45 . The intensity is approximately 8 cd at an angle of 10 to the left or right. The intensity is approximately 11 cd at an angle of approximately 10 up. Because the output of the LED lamps will be additive, it can be seen that a pair of such LEDs can be used to produce the required CHMSL signal intensity. The LED lamp from which the plot was taken was mounted on a circuit board, with the top layer of the circuit board providing a heat sink. Providing four LEDs thus enables redundancy, and permits a significant amount of flexibility in the CHMSL implementation. In particular, the power supply to the LED can be reduced, single chip LEDS can be used instead of double chip LEDs, and the CHMSL having only four LED lamps can be positioned behind dark privacy glass and still produce the required light intensity. The output can be further increased by improving the heat sink.

With reference to Figs. 40a and 40b, the CHMSL and cargo lamp assembly 3402 includes circuit board 4000 in housing 4002. The LED lamps 4004 and 4005 provide the illumination for the left side cargo lamp 3404. The LED lamps 4006-4009 provide the illumination for the CHMSL. The LED lamps 4010 and 401 1 provide the illumination for the πght side cargo lamp Each of the LED lamps can be implemented using an LED lamp having a heat extraction member The LED lamps are mounted in the same manner as described above with respect to CHMSL 3306, each of the LED lamps having a heat extraction member positioned on a heat sink 4021-4027 located on a surface of the pnnted circuit board The LED lamps 4004. 4005, 4010 and 401 1 preferably direct light downwardly toward the bed of vehicle 3400, whereas the CHMSL LED lamps emit light as descπbed above with lespect to Fig 37 It is envisioned that this downwardly directed illumination will be provided using optical means where the cargo light LED lamps 4004, 4005, 4010 and 4011 are mounted in parallel, such as on a common circuit board with the CHMSL lamps 4006-4009 An example of an optical assembly that can be used will be descπbed with respect to Figs 41 and 42

The cargo lamp assembly 3402 (Fig 40a) includes LED lamps 4004-4011 as mentioned above An alternate mounting anangement of LED lamps 4004-401 1 will be descπbed with respect to LED lamp 4004 in Fig 40b LED lamps 4005-401 1 can be mounted in the same manner as LED lamp 4004, or all or a portion of the LED lamps 4004-4011 can be mounted in the same manner as LED lamps 3502-3505 LED lamp 4004 (Fig 40b) includes a heat sink plate 4030, an electπcal insulator layer 4032, circuit board 4000' having a dielectπc substrate layer 4036 and a conductor layer 4034, and a thermally conductive, electπcally nonconductive layer 4038 The circuit board 4000' in this anangement includes a hole cut at the mounting position for each of the LED lamps 4004-4011 Each of the holes is preferably larger than the heat extraction member of each of the LED lamps Each of the LED lamps is mounted to the circuit board on an electronically non-conductive side thereof, with the leads bent 90 for insertion into vias m the circuit board The leads are electπcally connected to conductors in the conductor layer 4034 of circuit board 4034, which conductors are formed by etching the conductor layer 4034 or application of conductive ink to the substrate layer 4038, or application of a conductive coating, or the like A resilient, thermally conductive, electπcally nonconductive, matenal, layer 4038, is inserted into the opening under the LED lamp The layer 4038 can be provided using a preformed thermal coupler such as a silicon based, cut resistant matenal commercially available from Bergquist, and identified as Sihpad 600 Two sides of the matenal 4038 can hav e an adhesive applied thereto, such that it sticks to the LED lamp and the circuit board or heat sink plate 4030 Additionally, a screw (not shown), such as a nylon screw, can be inserted through the heat extraction member and the board, and held in place when tightened into a threaded aperture in heat sink plate 4030 or received in a bolt (not shown). Where the board is 0.062 inches thick, and the Silipad is 0.009 inches thick the bolt and screw can be used to squeeze the LED lamp, the layer 4038. and the plate into engagement. The thermally conductive material can include a thermally conductive adhesive coating to bond the layer to the heat extraction member 4040.

An electrical insulator layer 4032 is coated on the heat sink, at least in those regions of the heat extraction member that would otherwise contact the circuit board conductive layer 4034. The insulating coating can be any suitable dielectric, and may for example be porcelain, powder, a suitable polymeric adhesive, or the like. Although the hole in the board, and the heat extraction member, are preferably larger than the heat extraction member 4040, to provide the maximum amount of heat transfer through the board to the plate 4030, they can be made smaller. A smaller opening could be provided to permit mounting of the LED lamp extraction member to the surface of the circuit board for example.

Another alternative mounting anangement for the LED lamps 4004-4011 and LED lamps 3502-3505 is illustrated in Figs. 40c and 40d. This alternate mounting anangement is described with reference to the CHMSL and cargo lamp assembly 3402. It will be recognized that the anangement of Fig 40c is applicable to the CHMSL lamps 3502-3505 and 4006-4007, whereas the anangement of Fig. 40d effects the downwardly projecting illumination desired for LED lamps 4004, 4005, 4010, and 4011. In this alternative mounting anangement, the circuit board 4060 is mounted in housing 4002 generally orthogonal to the CHMSL LED lamps 4006-4009. The leads 4041, 4041 ', 4043, 4043', 4045, and 4045' (numbered only for lamp 4004 and 4006 to improve drawing readability) of the LED lamps 4004-4011 can thus be inserted into the boards using conventional automated radial insertion equipment. As illustrated in Fig. 40c, the LED lamps 4006-4009 are mounted to a heat sink 4070 using suitable adhesive, such as a thermally conductive adhesive. The heat sink is supported on housing 4002 by legs 4072, 4074. The legs are attached to housing 4002 by feet 4076. 4078, which may be mounted using any suitable conventional means such as a fastener, an adhesive, or the like. The heat sink is of any suitable construction and material having a low thermal resistance and providing a heat dissipation path to from the LED lamp emitter to the ambient environment, and may for example be stamped from a metal, such as copper, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or molded from a thermally conductive material, or the like.

The cargo light LED lamps 4004, 4005, 4010, and 4011 are mounted at a downwardly directed angle as illustrated in Fig. 40d. The downwardly directed angle is provided by bending the leads 4041, 4043 and 4045 such that the LED lamps can be focused on the bed of the vehicle 3400. The LED lamps 4004, 4005, 4010 and 4011 include a heat sink 4080 mounted directly thereto, and are supported on a reflector 4082 used to focus light on the desired illumination region of the bed of vehicle 3400. The reflector can be of any suitable construction, such as a molded organic polymer having a chrome coating, or any conventional construction such as those used to make flashlight reflectors. As can be seen, the LED lamp and the reflector are directed downwardly. The reflector can be mounted to the LED lamp encapsulant, the housing 4002, and/or the lens 3509', and such mountings can be made using an adhesive, an adhesive tape, a mechanical connector such as a snap connector or a screw, or the like.

The lens 3509' is implemented using a large radius, cylindrical or aspheric, member transparent at the wavelength of interest, and may be a clear transparent element across its entire length if the LED lamps 4006-4009 include red-orange or red elements. For example, the lens 3509' may be molded of a clear polymer material, such as an acrylic, and can include a diffusing surface on the exterior side of the element. An advantage to using a clear lens 3509' with red LEDs is that the brake lamp area will be clear when it is not illuminated by the LEDs and red when it is illuminated, thus providing a significant contrast between the illuminated and not illuminated states. A disadvantage to the clear element is that some observers expect the brake light to be red when it is not illuminated. Accordingly, the lens can be clear over the cargo lamp 3404, 3408 areas and red over the CHMSL 3406 area.

An optical assembly 4100 is illustrated in Figs. 41 and 42 that can be used to produce downwardly directed cargo lamps from the LED lamps 4004, 4005, 4010, 4011 of Fig. 40a, or the map lights 3012, 3014 of Fig. 30. The optical assembly is used with a high power LED lamp 4102 and optical assembly 4100. The optical assembly is described in copending United States patent application 09/109,527, although it is modified herein to accommodate the high power LED lamp including a heat extraction member. The LED lamp 4102 includes an emitter 4104 mounted on a top planar surface of heat extraction member 4106. The heat extraction member 4106 is mounted flat on circuit board 4110. The heat extraction member 4106 is juxtaposed with the heat sink layer 41 12 on the substrate 41 14 of the circuit board 41 10. The emitter 4104 is covered by a transparent encapsulant 4108, which is preferably cylindrical to be accommodated within the TIR 4117, 4202. In particular, the optical assembly includes one or more columnator lens 4116, 4020 (two being shown), one or more TIR lens 4117, 4202 (two being shown) and a prism 4118. The columnator lens and TIR direct the light radiated from emitter 4104 forward, and the prism redirects the light at the desired angle. The final surface 4130 of the optical assembly is preferably a diffuser. The emitter 4104 can be a phosphor LED chip which produces white light, an LED using red, green, and blue elements, or a binary complementary LED emitters. A respective LED lamp is positioned in each TIR 4116, 4202.

It will be recognized that the optical assembly 4100, including the prism 4118, will be used for map light 3014, whereas the prism is omitted for map lamp 3012. The prism 4118 can be non-prismatic by changing the angle of surface 4130 to extend orthogonally to the light rays produced by columnating lens 4116 (Fig. 41) and TIR 4117. Additionally, the map lamps 3012, 3014 can each be implemented using a single LED lamp, such that only half of the optical assembly 4100 would be provided, or two or more LED lamps using the full optical assembly 4100. It will be recognized that the optical assembly accommodate three or more LED lamps by adding a columnating lens and TIR onto a longer housing for each additional LED lamp.

An iso-candela emission plot for a binary complementary white light lamp implemented according to United States patent application Serial No. 09/426,795 which is incorporated herein by reference, is illustrated in Fig. 43. In particular, the plot is for an LED lamp with a lens having a radius of 4.25 mm. The illumination profile of this LED lamp is illustrated in Fig. 44. The LED lamp is mounted on a circuit board with a conductor layer providing a heat sink. It can be seen that two such LED lamps will produce sufficient illumination. With additional heat sinking, the LED lamp can produce significantly more light.

A lamp assembly 4500 (Figs. 45-47) that can be used to implement a dome light, a brake light, a turn signal, a license plate illuminator, or any other light. The lamp assembly includes a housing 4502 having an integral socket 4504 for receipt of a lamp 4506. The side walls 4510-4513 circumscribe the socket and extend upwardly to define a rectangular opening. The LED lamp 4506 may be implemented using any suitable high power LED, and is preferably implemented using a high power LED lamp having an integral heat extraction member, and may be implemented in accordance with United States patent application 09/426,795. The LED lamp includes a heat extraction member 4520, an emitter (4602, Fig. 46) carried on the heat extraction member, and an encapsulant 4522 covering the emitter. Electrical leads 4523. 4524 extend outwardly from the encapsulant and are bent downwardly for connection to contacts 4530, 4531. The socket 4504 includes openings 4532-4535 for each of the four leads (only two of which are visible) on the LED lamp and respective contacts (only two of which 4530,4531 are shown) into which the leads are inserted. The contacts 4530,4531 are mounted on a circuit board 4540, which may for example include contact pads 4542-4545 to which respective contacts (only 4530, 4531 being shown) are connected. The circuit components 4550 are connected to the circuit board on a lower surface, and in particular can be surface mounted according to conventional techniques. When fully assembled, the contacts 4530, 4531 hold the LED lamp 4520 within the socket as best shown in Fig. 47.

A reflective coating 4550 (Fig. 46) is applied to the inner surface of side walls 4510-4513. This coating and/or the housing may be manufactured of a thermally conductive material that extends into the socket to provide a large heat dissipation member for the LED lamp 4506. The heat extraction member of the LED lamp 4506 is mounted in juxtaposition with the heat extraction member to facilitate the removal of heat from the emitter of the LED lamp. A diffusing lens 4604 is mounted to the housing 4502. The lens can be manufactured according to known, conventional techniques, and may for example be molded of a transparent polycarbonate or acrylic.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the shape of the housing 4502 can be altered to provide the appropriate size for the application. Additionally, for an application such as a license plate illuminators, the reflector and lens can be small and shaped to have a low profile. License plate illuminators are shaped so-as to direct light onto the license plate while blocking light from being directly radiated outwardly from the back of the vehicle. It will be further recognized that the lamp may be assembled to include more than one socket 4504, or the socket can have room to receive more than one lamp. In either case, more than one lamp can be accommodated within the socket whereby more light may be produced.

A step down circuit is disclosed in Fig. 48. The step down circuit provides a regulated cunent to the LED lamps of the CHMSL, puddle lamp, map light, license plate illuminator, back-up light, turn signal lamp, brake lamp, or any other lamp in the vehicle. The circuit is described in the copending United States Patent Application Serial No. 09/426,794 entitled "POWER SUPPLY FOR ELECTROCHROMIC MIRRORS IN HIGH VOLTAGE AUTOMOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS" and filed on October 22, 1999, by Robert Turnbull, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The circuit 4800 preferably differs from the circuit of the other United States application in the inclusion of shunt transistors Q5 and Q6, and the value of capacitor C5. In particular, the transistors Q5 and Q6 are connected in parallel with respective emitters D7 and D8. These emitters can for example be binary complementary LED chips selected such that together they produce white light. Alternatively, they can be different colors selected such that together they produce a desired color, or they can be two chips that produce the same color light. The cunent controller 4802 generates control signals input to shunt transistors Q5 and Q6 to dynamically adjust the output thereof. By selecting a small enough capacitor value for the output capacitor C5, the shunt transistors can be used to turn the LED lamp 218' OFF. Additionally, the shunt transistors Q5 and Q6 can be used to adjust the cunent in each of the emitters, by diverting cunent in a parallel bypass path through the transistors. Additionally, one or both of the transistors Q5 and Q6 can be turned OFF such that the full cunent flows through the respective LED emitter connected in parallel therewith. The controller can thus control the cunent through the transistor switches and the LED lamps. This is advantageous where it may be desirable to flash the LEDs responsive to a control signal generated by controller 304 in Fig. 3, instead of the vehicle turn signal control, in an application such as a signal minor turn signal repeater. Additionally, the light output of the LED lamp 218' used for an illuminator may be controlled to a desired intensity, either responsive to a manual control by a user or automatically to produce an "opera" effect wherein the lights gradually fade out when the lamps are turned OFF. Another application where the independent LED emitter control is desirable is where it is necessary to change the color of the LED lamp. Where two or more different colored LED chips are used in a single LED lamp, the cunent input to each of the LED lamps can be independently varied to change the color emitted by the LED lamp. For example, white light can be produced from the lamp under one condition and color light can be produced under another condition. By selecting amber and blue emitters, for example, both emitters may be energized to produce binary complementary light whereas only one of the LED lamps can be illuminated to produce blue or amber light. In these and other applications, the independent cunent control can be provided for the series connected emitters. The use of binary complementary emitters to produce white light is described in United States Patent 5,803,579, entitled ILLUMINATOR ASSEMBLY INCORPORATING LIGHT EMITTING DIODES, issued to Roberts et al. on 8 September 1998, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.

Although the circuit 4800 disclosed is for series connected emitters, those skilled in the art will recognize that the circuit can be modified to accommodate common cathode LED lamps as well. For common cathode emitters, the transistors Q5 and Q6 would be connected in series with the respective emitters as opposed to the parallel connection shown. Additionally, the emitters may be provided by connecting a plurality of emitters in parallel in place of emitter 1502 and/or 1504.

The lamp housings disclosed throughout this application can be manufactured of a thermally conductive material. It is envisioned that the housing for lamps 3306, 3406 and 4500, for example, can be molded using the thermally conductive polymer materials described hereinabove, such as those commercially available from ChipCoolers, Inc., of Warwick, Rhode Island. The heat extraction member of the LED lamps can then be mounted directly to the housing to implement an effective heat sink without additional components. Alternatively, the housing can be thermally conductive to help increase heat dissipation from the lamp assemblies even where other heat sink techniques are used.

While the invention has been described in detail herein in accordance with certain embodiments thereof, many modifications and changes may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, the high power LED lamp including a heat extraction member can be employed in minor structures such as United States patents 5,497,306; 5,361, 190; and 5,788,357, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, to significantly improve the performance thereof. Additionally, although these devices are disclosed in vehicle applications, the lamps disclosed herein have equal application to home, industrial, business, and other environments, and thus the lamp assemblies disclosed herein will find a multitude of applications. Accordingly, it is our intent to be limited only by the scope of the appending claims and not by way of details and instrumentalities describing the embodiments shown herein.

Claims

CLAIMS We claim

1 A signal minor, compnsmg a minor, and a high power LED lamp, the high power LED lamp including a heat extraction member, at least one emitter earned on the heat extraction member, and two or more electrical leads having a thermal resistance higher than the heat extraction member electπcally coupled to the emitter, and wherein the LED lamp positioned to produce a visible signal

2 The signal minor as defined in claim 1 , wherem the minor includes a reflective surface having at least one window, the LED lamp positioned to emit light through the at least one window

3 The signal minor as defined in claim 2, wherein the at least one window has a higher transmittance than the other regions of the reflective surface

4 The signal minor as defined in claim 3, wherein the at least one window is shaped to provide a directional indicator

5 The signal minor as defined m claim 4, wherein the at least one window includes a plurality of openings that together provide a directional indicator

6 The signal minor as defined m claim 2, wherein the window includes one or more layers of matenal that are partially transmissive and reflective

7 The signal minor as defined in claim 6, wherein the one or more layers comprise metals, oxides or metallic oxides

8 The signal minor as defined in claim 7, wherem the one or more layers compnse a dichroic coating and the LED lamp is positioned to generate light passed through the dichroic coating

9 The signal minor as defined in claim 2, wherem the window compnses interleaved reflective material and openings

10 The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherem the minor is an electrochromic minor and the LED lamp is positioned to transmit a visual signal through the electrochromic minor

11 The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherem the minor includes one or more layers of material that are partially transmissive and reflective

12 The signal minor as defined in claim 11 , wherem the one or more layers comprise metals, oxides or metallic oxides

13 The signal minor as defined in claim 12, wherein the one or more layers compnse a dichroic coating and the LED lamp is positioned to generate light passed by the dichroic coating

14 The signal minor as defined in claim 1, further compnsmg a bezel around at least a portion of the peπmeter of the minor, where the high power LED lamp is positioned to transmit a visual signal through the bezel

15 The minor assembly defined in claim 14,whereιn the LED lamp transmits a visual signal through the bezel via a light pipe

16 The signal minor as defined in claim 1, further including a deviator film, and wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned to emit light through the deviator film to obtain an output peak intensity optical axis at an angle of 0 to 70°

17 The signal minor as defined in claim 16, further including a holographic optical element (HOE), wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned to emit light through the HOE to obtain an output peak intensity optical axis at an angle of 0 to 70°

18 The signal minor as defined in claim 16, further including a grating, and wherem the high power LED lamp is positioned to emit light through the grating to obtain an output peak intensity optical axis at an angle of 0 to 70°

19 The signal minor as defined in claim 16, further including a pnsm, and wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned to emit light through the pnsm to obtain an output peak intensity optical axis at an angle of 0 to 70°

20 The signal minor as defined m claim 1, wherein the LED lamp is mounted to a surface of a heat sink, and the heat sink is mounted to a surface of the minor, and wherem surface of the heat sink is at a desired angle for the LED lamp with respect to the surface of the minor

21 The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherem the LED lamp is mounted to a minor assembly earner plate at a desired angle with respect to the surface of the minor

22 The signal minor as defined in claim 21, wherem the desired angle is greater than 0 and less than 70 .

23 The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherem the LED lamp is inserted mounted into a socket on a pπnted circuit board

24. The signal minor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the minor is inserted into a socket of a housing.

25. The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherein said socket includes a thermally conductive material.

26. The signal minor as defined in claim 22, further including a bezel, the minor canied in the bezel, and wherein the socket is integral to the bezel.

27. The signal minor as defined in claims 1, further including a control circuit coupled to the lamp.

28. The signal minor as defined in claim 27, wherein the control circuit comprises a constant cunent source.

29. The signal minor as defined in claim 27, wherein the LED lamp includes multiple emitters connected in series.

30. The signal minor as defined in claim 29, further including at least one transistor connected in parallel with at least on of the emitters to control the cunent.

31. The signal minor as defined in claim 29, further including at least one transistor connected in parallel with the emitters.

32. The signal minor as defined in claim 27, wherein the LED lamp includes multiple emitters.

33. The signal minor as defined in claim 32, wherein the LED lamp includes respective cunent control for each of the emitters such that the emitters can be controlled independently.

34. The signal minor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the LED lamp is carried in the housing so as to emit light from the neck of the signal minor.

35. The signal minor as defined in claim 1 , further including partial reflecting surface for providing an indirect reflection of the signal produced by the high power light emitting device to the driver to confirm signal operation to the driver.

36. The signal minor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the LED lamp includes multiple emitters, all of the emitters being energized to produce white light emitted from the minor and selected emitters being illuminated to generate colored light.

37. The signal minor as defined in claim 36, wherein the LED lamp emits light through the minor and is selectively operable to provide a supplemental signal and an illumination.

38. The signal minor as defined in claim 1, further including an ambient light sensor for controlling the intensity of the light according to the ambient light conditions.

39. The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherein the high power LED lamp dissipates 0.6 Watt or more through the heat extraction member during the ON state.

40. The signal minor as defined in claim 1, wherein the high power LED lamp dissipates 0.3 Watt or more through the heat extraction member in the ON state.

41. The signal minor as defined in claim 1, further including a heat sink, the heat extraction member mounted on the heat sink to dissipate heat through the heat sink.

42. The signal minor as defined in claim 41, wherein the heat sink is passive.

43. The signal minor as defined in claim 41, wherein the heat sink is active.

44. The signal minor as defined in claim 42, wherein the LED lamp dissipates more than 1 W during the ON state.

45. The signal minor as defined in claim 1, further including a second high power LED lamp positioned adjacent the minor, the second high power LED lamp providing illumination.

46. The signal minor as defined in claim 45, wherein the signal minor is adapted to be mounted on a vehicle and where the second high power LED lamp illuminates the keyhole area of the vehicle.

47. The signal minor as defined in claim 45, wherein the second high power LED lamp illuminates the ground adjacent the vehicle.

48. A minor assembly, comprising: a minor disposed in a housing; a high power LED lamp, the high power LED lamp positioned adjacent the minor to generate a visible signal, wherein the LED lamp is capable of producing light having an intensity of 12 candelas from a single LED lamp.

49. The minor assembly as defined in claim 48, wherein the minor has a reflective surface and the high power LED lamp is positioned to project light through the reflective surface.

50. The minor assembly as defined in claim 48, wherein the minor assembly is adapted to be mounted on a vehicle and wherein the high power LED lamp illuminates the keyhole area of the vehicle.

51. The minor assembly as defined in claim 48, wherein the minor assembly is adapted to be mounted on a vehicle where the high power LED lamp illuminates the ground adjacent the vehicle.

52. A minor assembly, comprising: a housing; a minor disposed in the housing; and an LED lamp disposed in the housing, wherein the LED lamp is capable of operating continuously at greater than approximately 100 mW.

53. A minor assembly comprising: a housing; a minor positioned in the housing; and a high power LED lamp positioned in to transmit light out of the minor assembly, the high power LED lamp having a heat extraction member onto which the LED lamp emitter is mounted.

54. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the housing is adapted to be mounted on a vehicle and where the transmitted light illuminates an area adjacent the vehicle.

55. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned in the housing to illuminate an area below the minor housing.

56. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned in a perimeter opening of the housing.

57. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned on the housing to emit light outwardly from the housing.

58. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the housing is thermally conductive, the LED lamp mounted to the housing whereby the housing provides a heat sink thermally coupled to the heat extraction member of the LED lamp.

59. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the LED lamp is mounted in the minor neck.

60. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the LED lamp is carried within the minor housing and projects light from the bottom of the minor.

61. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, wherein the LED lamp is attached to an overhang of the minor housing.

62. The minor assembly as defined in claim 53, including a first LED lamp on the minor neck and a second LED lamp to project light through the minor.

63. A minor assembly, comprising: a housing; a minor positioned in the housing, the minor including a surface, at least a portion of the surface being partially reflective; a high power LED lamp, the high power LED lamp including a heat extraction member; and a heat sink positioned in the housing, the heat extraction member positioned against the heat sink such that the high power LED lamp emits radiation that is visible.

64. The minor assembly as defined in claim 63, wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned behind the minor such that radiation is emitted through the minor.

65. The minor assembly as defined in claim 63, wherein the high power LED lamp is positioned in the bezel.

66. The minor assembly as defined in claim 63, wherein the housing is thermally conductive to facilitate heat dissipation.

67. A signal minor, comprising: two or more lamps each having a peak intensity optical axis at which light is projected, at least one of the lamps being an LED lamp; and at least one support, the two or more lamps mounted to the at least one support such that the axis of peak intensity of a first one of the lamps is at an angle greater than 5 with respect to the axis of peak intensity of a second one of the lamps.

68. The signal minor as defined in claim 67, wherein the axis of peak intensity of the first LED lamp and the axis of peak intensity of the second LED lamp are in a same plane.

69. The signal minor as defined in claim 67, wherein the support comprises a housing and a minor, a first one of the lamps carried on the minor and a second one of the lamps carried on the housing.

70. The signal minor as defined in claim 69, further including a third LED lamp carried on the housing.

71. The signal minor as defined in claim 69, wherein the third LED lamp emits an infrared communication signal.

72. The signal minor as defined in claim 67, wherein the second LED lamp is a puddle light.

73. The signal minor as defined in claim 70, wherein the first, second and third lamps provide a supplemental signal lamp visible over a wide viewing angle.

74. A minor assembly, comprising: a minor including a reflective surface; and a lamp positioned adjacent the minor, the lamp including an emitter and a lens, the lens having a peak intensity optical axis offset from the center of the emitter whereby light produced by the emitter is emitted from the lens at an angle that is a function of the offset.

75. A signal minor, comprising: a transparent housing defining an interior volume; at least one lamp carried on the interior housing to project light through the transparent housing; and a minor positioned within the housing.

76. The signal minor as defined in claim 75, further including a coating applied to at least a portion of the interior surface of the transparent housing, the at least one lamp positioned adjacent a region of the interior surface which is transparent after the coating is applied.

77. The signal minor as defined in claim 75, wherein the coating is opaque, and wherein regions of the interior surface are not coated.

78. The signal minor as defined in claim 75, wherein the transparent housing includes an integral lens in a region adjacent to the lamp such that the lamp emits light through the lens.

79. The signal minor as defined in claim 75, wherein the lens further comprises a prism.

80. A lamp assembly, comprising: a housing; and an LED lamp carried in the housing, the LED lamp including an emitter and a heat extraction member.

81. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the LED lamp is a high power LED lamp.

82. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the lamp assembly is a CHMSL.

83. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the lamp assembly is a puddle light.

84. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the lamp assembly is a dome light.

85. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the lamp assembly is a license plate illuminator.

86. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the lamp assembly is a brake light.

87. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the lamp assembly comprises a turn signal light.

88. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the housing includes at least a first housing portion and a second housing portion, and wherein at least one first LED lamp having a heat extraction member is carried in the first housing portion and at least one second LED lamp having a heat extraction member is positioned in the second housing portion.

89. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 88, wherein the first one of the LED lamps produces white light and the second one of the LED lamps produces red light.

90. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 89 wherein the first LED lamp comprises a phosphor white emitter chip.

91. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 89 wherein the first LED lamp comprises binary complementary emitters.

92. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the LED lamp is positioned on an outside rearview minor to illuminate a keyhole, and the housing is the minor housing.

93. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the LED lamp is positioned on an outside minor to illuminate the ground.

94. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, further including a control circuit, the control circuit coupled to the LED lamp.

95. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 94, wherein the LED lamp comprises multiple emitters, and wherein the control circuit generates independent control signals to .drive the emitters whereby the intensity of the respective emitters is independently adjustable to vary the light produced by the respective emitters.

96. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 95, wherein the emitters are independently controlled to produce different colors of light.

97. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, further including a reflector positioned in the housing, the semiconductor emission package positioned in front of the reflector.

98. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, further including a thermally conductive coating in the housing, the heat extraction member thermally coupled to the thermally conductive coating.

99. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 98, wherein the thermally conductive coating provides a reflector surface.

100. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, further including a lens, the LED lamp emitting light through the lens.

101. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is a diffractive lens.

102. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is a refractive lens.

103. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, further including a TIR positioned adjacent the LED lamp.

104. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is a Fresnel lens.

105. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is a pillow lens.

106. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, further including a diffuser.

107. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is a filter.

108. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is integral with the LED lamp.

109. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 100, wherein the lens is attached to the housing spaced from the LED lamp.

110. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, further including a heat sink in the housing, the heat extraction member positioned on the heat sink.

111. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 1 10, wherein the heat sink is passive.

112. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 1 1 1. wherein the heat sink is integral with the housing.

113. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 111, wherein the heat sink is an active heat sink.

114. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 111, wherein the heat sink is a Peltier cooler.

115. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 11 1, wherein the heat sink is a phase change heat sink.

116. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 1 1 1, wherein the heat sink is carried on a circuit board.

117. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80 wherein the LED lamp is mounted in a receptacle.

118. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 117, wherein the receptacle is attached to a cable.

119. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 117, wherein the receptacle is integral with the housing.

120. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 84, wherein the control circuit is coupled to a control for manually dimming the LED lamp.

121. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 84, wherein the control circuit automatically dims the LED lamp.

122. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the housing includes a thermally conductive material.

123. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 122, wherein the LED lamp is mounted to the housing such that the heat extraction member is thermally connected to the housing and the housing provides a heat sink for the LED lamp.

124. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 123, wherein the housing includes a polymer.

125. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 123, wherein the housing includes a metal.

126. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 80, wherein the LED lamp is mounted on a circuit board.

127. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 126, further including a heat sink carried on the circuit board.

128. The lamp assembly as defined in claim 127, further including a thermally conductive, electrically non-conductive member, positioned between the heat extraction member and the heat sink.

129. A method of assembling a component assembly including a circuit board, a heat sink and an LED lamp including a heat extraction member and electrical leads, said method comprising the steps of: mounting the LED lamp such that the heat extraction member is positioned against said heat sink; and connecting the electrical leads to a circuit.

130. The method as defined in claim 129, wherein said step of connecting includes attaching the LED lamp to a circuit board.

131. The method as defined in claim 129, wherein said step of connecting includes soldering leads of the LED lamp to the circuit board.

132. The method as defined in claim 129, further including the step of attaching the heat sink to a circuit board.

133. The method as defined in claim 129, further including the step of positioning the heat extraction member to be carried on a circuit board.

134. The method as defined in claim 129, further including the step of attaching the heat sink to a minor.

135. The method as defined in claim 129, further including the step of attaching the heat extraction member to a thermally conductive housing.

136. The method as defined in claim 135, further including the step of molding the thermally conductive housing.

137. A signal minor, comprising: a minor; a high power LED lamp, the high power LED lamp including a heat extraction member, a plurality of emitters carried on the heat extraction member, and two or more electrical leads having a thermal resistance higher than the heat extraction member electrically coupled to the emitter, and wherein the LED lamp is positioned adjacent the minor to produce a visible signal; and a control circuit coupled to the signal minor, wherein the control circuit is operable to independently control the emitters whereby the LED lamp is selectively controlled to produce different light.

138. The signal minor as defined in claim 137, wherein the high power LED lamp includes emitters to produce white light and color light, wherein the LED lamp is controlled to produce white light and color light to generate a signal.

139. The signal minor as defined in claim 137, wherein the high power LED lamp includes emitters to produce infrared and visible light.