EP0803618A2 - Modular element for the support and ventilation of floors - Google Patents
Modular element for the support and ventilation of floors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0803618A2 EP0803618A2 EP97105979A EP97105979A EP0803618A2 EP 0803618 A2 EP0803618 A2 EP 0803618A2 EP 97105979 A EP97105979 A EP 97105979A EP 97105979 A EP97105979 A EP 97105979A EP 0803618 A2 EP0803618 A2 EP 0803618A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- modular element
- supporting
- modular
- upper face
- reinforcing pillar
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/48—Special adaptations of floors for incorporating ducts, e.g. for heating or ventilating
Definitions
- This invention concerns a modular element for the support and ventilation of floors as set forth in the main claim.
- the modular element according to the invention is applied in the building trade, for both civil and industrial buildings and restructuring, so as to achieve structures suitable to insulate the floors from the underlying ground.
- the state of the art includes structures, commonly known as crawl spaces or interspaces, used to make the bases for floors. These structures are suitable to create an insulating interspace between the floor and the underlying ground so as to prevent humidity and/or concentrations of gas from rising inside the buildings.
- These structures define the interspaces inside which the air is able to circulate. They are generally made of building materials of a conventional type, such as, for example, lath bricks and lug bricks combined with supporting structures such as for example brick partitions and common joists. Such structures are costly to build and, apart from requiring a long time to complete, also require a large quantity of material. Moreover, it is not possible to cover structures of this type immediately with concrete as some time must elapse while they are consolidated.
- modular structures which comprise expendable formworks equipped with legs and able to be jointed together. These structures are easy and quick to install, and moreover the concrete can be cast immediately after they have been installed. Once the formworks have been joined to each other, they define, on the top, a substantially continuous plane which acts as a base for the cast concrete and a plurality of vertical fissures which determine the formation of pillars, uniformly distributed and able to increase the load capacity of the crawl space.
- the covering layer of concrete is reinforced with metal rods, consisting of an electronically welded mesh and/or iron round pieces, in order to consolidate the floor.
- the metal rod reinforcement is placed on the plane defined by the formworks and then incorporated into the covering layer of concrete. Often therefore, in order to completely cover the iron rods which define a thickness on top of the plane of the loose stone floor, it is necessary to cast a thicker layer of concrete than that given by the calculations of the floor, which causes an increase in the costs thereof.
- the iron rods can make the pouring of the layer of concrete difficult, as they constitute an obstacle both for the means employed to perform the casting and also for the movement of the workers.
- round pieces are used, as it is not possible to anchor these elements to the formworks, the round pieces are attached to each other by means of binding with metallic wire, welding or other operations in order to prevent them from moving from their original collocation during the laying of the concrete.
- crawl spaces can be of different heights or plan sizes, even considerably so, and that they must possess a high load capacity before the concrete is poured.
- these pre-fabricated elements include stiffening elements consisting generally of ribs or full ridges which, as such, protrude from the surface of the pre-fabricated elements.
- Pre-fabricated elements of the known type therefore need large spaces for storage, and are not very functional both when they are being transported and when they are temporarily stored on site.
- the purpose of the invention is to provide a modular element to achieve ventilated crawl spaces able to guarantee the desired insulation between the floor and the underlying ground, which will make possible the easy and rapid positioning of conduits, pipes and cables, and also an easy and exact positioning of those elements which serve to reinforce the covering layer of concrete; the modular element, according to the invention, will also be able to support high loads.
- Another purpose of the invention is to simplify and facilitate the pouring of the layer of concrete, and achieve a covering layer which is substantially level with the plane defined by the upper surfaces of the modular elements, therefore eliminating the irregularities or increases in height which can be caused on the upper part of the plane.
- a further purpose is to facilitate the operations to install and attach the modular elements to each other, and thus provide a structure which is extremely stable and long-lasting, both before and during the pouring of the concrete
- a further purpose of the invention is to considerably reduce the spaces needed for storage, and also to facilitate transport operations and make them more functional.
- the modular element for floors according to the invention is made advantageously of plastic material. It has a supporting base which is placed on the ground and which has a greater surface area than the upper surface.
- the upper surface is defined by a base plane, advantageously but not exclusively convex, which extends downwards in such a way that it extends as legs which function as supporting elements and which rest on the ground.
- the single structure thus obtained contains inside itself a space which guarantees a suitable insulating height between the ground and the floor, and also a ventilation area wherein the air can circulate.
- the base plane is equipped with first grooves, whose function is to stiffen the structure, which from a substantially central point of the plane extend substantially for the whole length of the legs.
- the first grooves substantially divide the upper face into four quadrants.
- the base plane also includes second grooves, substantially at a right angle to each other and passing through the central point of the base plane and substantially along the centre line of the quadrants defined by the first grooves.
- the function of the second grooves is to house the reinforcement elements, for example, the iron round pieces, employed to reinforce the covering layer.
- grooves thus allow the reinforcement elements to remain below the base plane and in a substantially constrained position. In this way, when the workers pour the covering layer, apart from being able to pour the concrete more easily, they run no risk of displacing the reinforcement elements since they are gripped by the grooves. Moreover, the covering layer is placed substantially level with the upper part of the base plane defined by the modular elements of the crawl space.
- the lower end of the legs is shaped in such a way as to guarantee a stable support on the ground, and to allow easy and rapid connections to be made, advantageously by jointing, so that two or more modular elements according to the invention can be associated together.
- Each leg has connection means cooperating with mating connection means on the adjacent modular element, so that a stable and air-tight connection is formed between the two elements.
- connection between several adjacent modular elements is further guaranteed by the inclusion of a groove which substantially follows the whole upper perimeter edge and which is able to be associated, advantageously super-imposed, with similar grooves on the other, adjacent modular elements.
- connection means on each leg in cooperation with the grooves give stability to each modular element so that no other support is required, not even when the workers installing the modular elements cut or remove one or even two supporting legs, in order to adapt the elements to the size of the site where they are to be installed.
- the lower ends of the legs include means to attach the modular element to the ground such as for example, holes for screws or nails.
- attachment means can also be employed to mount possible extensions, used to raise the plane defined by the modular elements.
- the smaller base of this hole is closed, and is located at the same height as the supporting base of the modular element.
- the hole is central; according to yet another variant, the invention has two or more holes.
- At least one hole makes it possible to place the elements one above the other and stack them temporarily, so as to make a stable and easily transportable stack.
- the hole is filled with concrete, possibly reinforced by a suitable metallic core, and this causes a pillar to be formed.
- the pillar is suitable to increase still further the load capacity of each individual modular element and therefore of the crawl space or interspace made by the modular elements.
- the smaller base of the hole is placed at a height slightly greater than that of the supporting base of the modular element, which compensates for any possible irregularities or unevenness of the ground.
- the modular element is guaranteed to be self-supporting, both before the concrete is poured and also during the subsequent operational step, since the pillar which is formed is resting on the ground, either because of the weight of the worker or of the concrete.
- the modular element before the modular element is laid, or before the covering layer of concrete is cast, it is possible to avoid the formation of the pillar by closing the hole with a mating plug and eliminating the underlying part which causes the formation of the pillar. By doing so, it is possible to increase the volume of the ventilation interspace, and to allow large pipes or other bulky elements to pass.
- the hole is closed by using at least the end part of the hole, that is to say, the part which constitutes the smaller, closed base, by detaching it from the modular element and jointing it into the hole.
- the supporting and reinforcing pillars are made with one or more autonomous elements, of whatever shape and section, constructed separately from the modular element and able to be connected thereto at any point whatsoever, by means of attachment elements of a known type.
- these autonomous elements are concave and cooperate with mating connection holes on the upper face of the modular element so that they can be filled with concrete.
- the autonomous elements serve only as supports.
- the supporting pillars whether they be autonomous elements or an integral part of the modular element, can be folded back on themselves according to requirements.
- the modular element 10 consists substantially of a single structure made of plastic or some other equivalent material, advantageously of a recyclable or environmental-friendly type.
- the structure is defined at the upper part by an upper face 11, convex and substantially circular in shape, with a centre 12, in the case shown in Figs. 1 to 7, consisting of a circular, concave surface.
- the upper face 11 extends downwards so as to constitute four supporting legs 13, respectively 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d.
- Each supporting leg 13 has at the lower part a supporting base 14 which includes at the side its own, specific connection means 15a and/or 15b, and is equipped with holes 27 to attach the element to the ground, by means of screws, nails or other means. These holes 27 can also be used to position possible extensions if it should be desired to increase the height of the plane defined by the elements 10.
- connection elements 15b consist of an extension of the supporting base 14 and are equipped with an abutment element 16 of a substantially semi-circular shape which delimits a supporting surface 17 for the mating elements 15a of the adjacent modular element 10.
- connection elements 15a also constitute an extension of the supporting base 14 but their supporting surface 18 is at a height, with respect to the ground on which the supporting base 14 is placed, substantially corresponding with the thickness of the supporting surface 17. In this way, when several modular elements 10 according to the invention are connected together, the connection elements 15a are super-imposed above the connection elements 15b.
- the legs 13a and 13c include both the connection element 15a and also 15b, the leg 13b includes two connection elements 15b, and finally the leg 13d includes two elements 15a, as shown in Fig. 2.
- Each of the legs 13 is connected to an adjacent leg 13 by means of an arch 19, as shown in Fig. 3.
- the function of these arches 19 is to define an area through which air can pass, underneath the upper face 11.
- the two arches 19 which converge towards the leg 13d are equipped with the appropriate grooves 20a so that, when several modular elements 10 are connected together, the grooves 20a are super-imposed over mating grooves 20b on the two arches 19 which converge towards the legs 13b (Fig. 6).
- connection elements 15a and the connection elements 15b The cooperation between the connection elements 15a and the connection elements 15b and, at the same time, the cooperation between the grooves 20a and the grooves 20b, guarantees a connection between the modular elements 10 which is stable and secure even under critical operational conditions.
- a modular element 110 cut substantially in correspondence with the centre line so as to adapt it to the surface of the installation site, is connected to the modular element 10.
- this modular element 110 has had two legs 13 removed and does not have any other auxiliary supporting means, its stability is guaranteed and it is completely self-supporting. This is due to the fact that, thanks to the particular conformation of the connection elements 15a, 15b, of the grooves 20a, 20b, and the supporting bases 14, it is solidly constrained to at least one adjacent modular element 10.
- the upper face 11 includes first stiffening means 21 consisting of first grooves 21 which extend from the centre 12 substantially for the whole length of the legs 13, thus reinforcing the structure.
- second slots 22 substantially at right angles to each other, extend from the centre 12 towards the arches 19, and substantially in correspondence with their centre line.
- These second slots 22 is to provide a stable housing for the iron round pieces 23 and/or the possible electrically welded mesh or other reinforcement means conventionally used to reinforce the covering layer of concrete 36.
- the round pieces 23 are thus arranged in a position underneath the upper surface defined by the upper face 11, and therefore allow the covering layer of concrete 36 to be poured substantially to the upper level of the modular element 10 (Fig. 7). It is thus possible to avoid pouring more concrete 36 than is necessary in order to completely cover the round pieces 23.
- Fig. 4 shows a crawl space for floors consisting of four modular elements 10.
- the concrete 36 can moreover penetrate into the hollows 29 delimited by the connection between the legs 13 forming pillars which rest on the ground 28 in the substantially circular areas defined by the connection between four of the supporting bases 14.
- this pillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone is filled with the concrete 36, and possibly one or more metallic elements are inserted. In this way a solid pillar is formed, which is suitable to increase the load capacity of each individual modular element 10 and therefore of the crawl space obtained by associating several modular elements 10 together.
- the base 33 is at the same height as the supporting bases 14 of the legs 13 but, according to a variant, the base 33 can be at a slightly greater height than that of the supporting bases 14, so as to compensate for any unevenness or irregularity of the ground and improve the stability of the modular element 10.
- the lower portion 30a of the truncated cone once it has been detached, is inserted inside the hole 35 (Fig. 9) and serves as a plug. This makes it possible to avoid filling the pillar element and at the same time to pass large pipes 34 through the ventilation space or to install other possible bulky elements.
- the upper face 11 of the modular element 10 is more convex so as to allow a pipe 134 (Fig. 11b) to pass, or several pipes or conduits 134, even large ones (Fig. 11a), on the plane defined by the modular elements 10 destined to be covered with concrete 36.
- the pipe or conduit 134 placed above the modular element 10 is located at a height not greater than the maximum height defined by the pipe or conduit 34 placed under the modular element 10.
- the pillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone can be divided, starting from a point immediately below the lower part of the upper face 11, into several elements shaped like a truncated cone which can be reciprocally jointed so as to constitute a single plug to close the hole 35.
- the hole 35 is polygonal in shape and determines the formation of a pillar shaped like a truncated pyramid or any other shape or section.
- a pillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone or truncated pyramid or other shape and of any section, suitable to achieve a supporting and reinforcement pillar.
- the centre of the four holes 35b coincides with the bisecting lines of the angles formed on the upper face 11 by the grooves 22 with the stiffening grooves 21.
- the pillar elements 30 consist of elements which are constructed separately from the modular element 10 and are associated therewith in whatsoever position under the upper face 11, by means of any connection means whatsoever.
- the concave pillar element 30 is associated with the hole 35a on the upper face 11 of the modular element 10 by means of jointing, in such a way that the cast concrete 36 is able to fill the element 30.
- the hole 35a will be suitably closed by means of the lower portion 30a which is obtained by separating the latter from the pillar element 30 thanks to the pre-breakage furrow 32a, or will be closed by means of the appropriate plugs.
- the pillar element 30 which is constructed separate to the modular element 10 is of the solid body type and consists of a prop element 24, which can be associated with and dissociated from the modular element 10 by means of a mating housing seating 25.
- pillar elements 30 can be folded back on themselves, at least partly, for example to allow pipes, bundles of cables, stiffening elements or other elements to pass underneath.
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- Architecture (AREA)
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- Electromagnetism (AREA)
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- Structural Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
- This invention concerns a modular element for the support and ventilation of floors as set forth in the main claim.
- The modular element according to the invention is applied in the building trade, for both civil and industrial buildings and restructuring, so as to achieve structures suitable to insulate the floors from the underlying ground.
- The state of the art includes structures, commonly known as crawl spaces or interspaces, used to make the bases for floors. These structures are suitable to create an insulating interspace between the floor and the underlying ground so as to prevent humidity and/or concentrations of gas from rising inside the buildings.
- For it is well-known that the appropriate health authorities have passed health regulations, which apply both to residential buildings and places of work, specifying the minimum insulation heights which the floors must have with respect to the underlying ground.
- These structures define the interspaces inside which the air is able to circulate. They are generally made of building materials of a conventional type, such as, for example, lath bricks and lug bricks combined with supporting structures such as for example brick partitions and common joists. Such structures are costly to build and, apart from requiring a long time to complete, also require a large quantity of material. Moreover, it is not possible to cover structures of this type immediately with concrete as some time must elapse while they are consolidated.
- In order to overcome such shortcomings, modular structures have been invented which comprise expendable formworks equipped with legs and able to be jointed together. These structures are easy and quick to install, and moreover the concrete can be cast immediately after they have been installed. Once the formworks have been joined to each other, they define, on the top, a substantially continuous plane which acts as a base for the cast concrete and a plurality of vertical fissures which determine the formation of pillars, uniformly distributed and able to increase the load capacity of the crawl space.
- It is well-known that, in a large number of applications, the covering layer of concrete is reinforced with metal rods, consisting of an electronically welded mesh and/or iron round pieces, in order to consolidate the floor.
- The metal rod reinforcement is placed on the plane defined by the formworks and then incorporated into the covering layer of concrete. Often therefore, in order to completely cover the iron rods which define a thickness on top of the plane of the loose stone floor, it is necessary to cast a thicker layer of concrete than that given by the calculations of the floor, which causes an increase in the costs thereof.
- Moreover, the iron rods can make the pouring of the layer of concrete difficult, as they constitute an obstacle both for the means employed to perform the casting and also for the movement of the workers.
- Furthermore, when round pieces are used, as it is not possible to anchor these elements to the formworks, the round pieces are attached to each other by means of binding with metallic wire, welding or other operations in order to prevent them from moving from their original collocation during the laying of the concrete.
- All this causes problems which limit the complete and rational use of the crawl spaces with expendable formworks.
- Moreover, it is well-known that these crawl spaces can be of different heights or plan sizes, even considerably so, and that they must possess a high load capacity before the concrete is poured.
- With systems known to the state of the art, pre-fabricated elements made of thin plastic bend and give way, with a danger of breakages and damage, even to people.
- It is also well-known that these pre-fabricated elements include stiffening elements consisting generally of ribs or full ridges which, as such, protrude from the surface of the pre-fabricated elements.
- Therefore, when the pre-fabricated elements of the known type are transported or stored, in a super-imposed position, interspaces are formed which substantially coincide with the height of the ribs or ridges. This leads to the creation of stacks which are considerably bulky, even when there are a limited number of elements.
- Pre-fabricated elements of the known type therefore need large spaces for storage, and are not very functional both when they are being transported and when they are temporarily stored on site.
- The present applicants have designed, tested and embodied this invention to overcome the shortcomings of the state of the art and to provide further advantages.
- The invention is set forth and characterised in the main claim, while the dependent claims describe variants of the idea of the main embodiment.
- The purpose of the invention is to provide a modular element to achieve ventilated crawl spaces able to guarantee the desired insulation between the floor and the underlying ground, which will make possible the easy and rapid positioning of conduits, pipes and cables, and also an easy and exact positioning of those elements which serve to reinforce the covering layer of concrete; the modular element, according to the invention, will also be able to support high loads.
- Another purpose of the invention is to simplify and facilitate the pouring of the layer of concrete, and achieve a covering layer which is substantially level with the plane defined by the upper surfaces of the modular elements, therefore eliminating the irregularities or increases in height which can be caused on the upper part of the plane.
- A further purpose is to facilitate the operations to install and attach the modular elements to each other, and thus provide a structure which is extremely stable and long-lasting, both before and during the pouring of the concrete
- A further purpose of the invention is to considerably reduce the spaces needed for storage, and also to facilitate transport operations and make them more functional.
- It is also a purpose of the invention to arrange pipes and/or conduits so that fluids or cables or other means can pass.
- The modular element for floors according to the invention is made advantageously of plastic material. It has a supporting base which is placed on the ground and which has a greater surface area than the upper surface. The upper surface is defined by a base plane, advantageously but not exclusively convex, which extends downwards in such a way that it extends as legs which function as supporting elements and which rest on the ground.
- The single structure thus obtained contains inside itself a space which guarantees a suitable insulating height between the ground and the floor, and also a ventilation area wherein the air can circulate. The base plane is equipped with first grooves, whose function is to stiffen the structure, which from a substantially central point of the plane extend substantially for the whole length of the legs.
- The first grooves substantially divide the upper face into four quadrants. According to the invention, the base plane also includes second grooves, substantially at a right angle to each other and passing through the central point of the base plane and substantially along the centre line of the quadrants defined by the first grooves.
- According to the invention, the function of the second grooves is to house the reinforcement elements, for example, the iron round pieces, employed to reinforce the covering layer.
- These grooves thus allow the reinforcement elements to remain below the base plane and in a substantially constrained position. In this way, when the workers pour the covering layer, apart from being able to pour the concrete more easily, they run no risk of displacing the reinforcement elements since they are gripped by the grooves. Moreover, the covering layer is placed substantially level with the upper part of the base plane defined by the modular elements of the crawl space.
- When the modular elements, moreover, are transported or stored, they take up less space because these second grooves allow two of the modules to be stacked one on top of the other, and thus the vertical space occupied by a stack of modular elements is limited. The lower end of the legs is shaped in such a way as to guarantee a stable support on the ground, and to allow easy and rapid connections to be made, advantageously by jointing, so that two or more modular elements according to the invention can be associated together. Each leg has connection means cooperating with mating connection means on the adjacent modular element, so that a stable and air-tight connection is formed between the two elements.
- The connection between several adjacent modular elements is further guaranteed by the inclusion of a groove which substantially follows the whole upper perimeter edge and which is able to be associated, advantageously super-imposed, with similar grooves on the other, adjacent modular elements.
- In this way it is possible to connect the first side of each modular element with at least one side of another modular element.
- According to a variant, on the upper face of the element, or in another position which can easily be identified by the workers, there are means to identify the first side.
- According to the invention, the connection means on each leg in cooperation with the grooves give stability to each modular element so that no other support is required, not even when the workers installing the modular elements cut or remove one or even two supporting legs, in order to adapt the elements to the size of the site where they are to be installed.
- According to another variant, the lower ends of the legs include means to attach the modular element to the ground such as for example, holes for screws or nails.
- These attachment means can also be employed to mount possible extensions, used to raise the plane defined by the modular elements.
- According to another variant, in correspondence with the upper face there is at least a hole, of whatever section, whose inner surface defines a truncated cone, or a truncated pyramid.
- According to a first variant, the smaller base of this hole is closed, and is located at the same height as the supporting base of the modular element.
- According to another variant, the hole is central; according to yet another variant, the invention has two or more holes.
- When the elements are stored, at least one hole makes it possible to place the elements one above the other and stack them temporarily, so as to make a stable and easily transportable stack.
- During the operational step, before the concrete is poured, the independent load capacity is much higher.
- In the next operational step, the hole is filled with concrete, possibly reinforced by a suitable metallic core, and this causes a pillar to be formed. The pillar is suitable to increase still further the load capacity of each individual modular element and therefore of the crawl space or interspace made by the modular elements.
- According to another variant, the smaller base of the hole is placed at a height slightly greater than that of the supporting base of the modular element, which compensates for any possible irregularities or unevenness of the ground.
- In this case, not only is the stability of the modular element guaranteed on the installation site before the concrete is cast, but also the modular element is guaranteed to be self-supporting, both before the concrete is poured and also during the subsequent operational step, since the pillar which is formed is resting on the ground, either because of the weight of the worker or of the concrete.
- According to the invention, before the modular element is laid, or before the covering layer of concrete is cast, it is possible to avoid the formation of the pillar by closing the hole with a mating plug and eliminating the underlying part which causes the formation of the pillar. By doing so, it is possible to increase the volume of the ventilation interspace, and to allow large pipes or other bulky elements to pass.
- According to one variant of the invention, the hole is closed by using at least the end part of the hole, that is to say, the part which constitutes the smaller, closed base, by detaching it from the modular element and jointing it into the hole.
- According to another variant, it is easy to separate the end part and other possible intermediate parts which have to be eliminated or jointed into the hole in cooperation with the end part, thanks to the pre-breakage furrows or ridges which are included on the circumference of the wall which defines the hole.
- According to another variant, the supporting and reinforcing pillars are made with one or more autonomous elements, of whatever shape and section, constructed separately from the modular element and able to be connected thereto at any point whatsoever, by means of attachment elements of a known type.
- According to a first embodiment, these autonomous elements are concave and cooperate with mating connection holes on the upper face of the modular element so that they can be filled with concrete.
- According to another embodiment, the autonomous elements serve only as supports.
- According to another variant, the supporting pillars, whether they be autonomous elements or an integral part of the modular element, can be folded back on themselves according to requirements.
- The attached figures are given as a non-restrictive example, and show a preferred embodiment of the invention as follows:
- Fig. 1
- shows a three-dimensional view of a modular element to support and ventilate floors according to the invention;
- Fig. 2
- shows a reduced scale view from above of the modular element in Fig. 1;
- Fig. 3
- shows a view from C of the element in Fig. 2;
- Fig. 4
- shows from above four joined elements from Fig. 2;
- Fig. 5
- shows a three-dimensional view of a particular connection of two elements of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 6
- shows a section from B to B of Fig. 4;
- Fig. 7
- shows a section from A to A of Fig. 4 following the concrete casting;
- Fig. 8
- shows a lengthwise cross section of a variant of Fig. 3 in its first configuration;
- Fig. 9
- shows Fig. 8 in its second configuration;
- Fig. 10
- shows a possible variant of Fig. 2;
- Fig. 11a
- shows a part view of a variant of Fig. 8;
- Fig. 11b
- shows a part view of another variant of Fig. 8;
- Figs. 12a and 12b
- show two variants of Fig. 8.
- The
modular element 10 according to the invention consists substantially of a single structure made of plastic or some other equivalent material, advantageously of a recyclable or environmental-friendly type. The structure is defined at the upper part by anupper face 11, convex and substantially circular in shape, with acentre 12, in the case shown in Figs. 1 to 7, consisting of a circular, concave surface. - At four points, two by two and diametrically opposed, the
upper face 11 extends downwards so as to constitute four supportinglegs 13, respectively 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d. - Each supporting
leg 13 has at the lower part a supportingbase 14 which includes at the side its own, specific connection means 15a and/or 15b, and is equipped withholes 27 to attach the element to the ground, by means of screws, nails or other means. Theseholes 27 can also be used to position possible extensions if it should be desired to increase the height of the plane defined by theelements 10. - The
connection elements 15b consist of an extension of the supportingbase 14 and are equipped with anabutment element 16 of a substantially semi-circular shape which delimits a supportingsurface 17 for themating elements 15a of the adjacentmodular element 10. - The
connection elements 15a also constitute an extension of the supportingbase 14 but their supportingsurface 18 is at a height, with respect to the ground on which the supportingbase 14 is placed, substantially corresponding with the thickness of the supportingsurface 17. In this way, when severalmodular elements 10 according to the invention are connected together, theconnection elements 15a are super-imposed above theconnection elements 15b. - In this case, so as to allow every
modular element 10 to be connected with the four adjacentmodular elements 10, thelegs connection element 15a and also 15b, theleg 13b includes twoconnection elements 15b, and finally theleg 13d includes twoelements 15a, as shown in Fig. 2. - Each of the
legs 13 is connected to anadjacent leg 13 by means of an arch 19, as shown in Fig. 3. The function of thesearches 19 is to define an area through which air can pass, underneath theupper face 11. - In this case, the two
arches 19 which converge towards theleg 13d are equipped with theappropriate grooves 20a so that, when severalmodular elements 10 are connected together, thegrooves 20a are super-imposed overmating grooves 20b on the twoarches 19 which converge towards thelegs 13b (Fig. 6). - The cooperation between the
connection elements 15a and theconnection elements 15b and, at the same time, the cooperation between thegrooves 20a and thegrooves 20b, guarantees a connection between themodular elements 10 which is stable and secure even under critical operational conditions. - In the case shown in Fig. 5, a
modular element 110, cut substantially in correspondence with the centre line so as to adapt it to the surface of the installation site, is connected to themodular element 10. - Although this
modular element 110 has had twolegs 13 removed and does not have any other auxiliary supporting means, its stability is guaranteed and it is completely self-supporting. This is due to the fact that, thanks to the particular conformation of theconnection elements grooves bases 14, it is solidly constrained to at least one adjacentmodular element 10. - The
upper face 11 includes first stiffening means 21 consisting offirst grooves 21 which extend from thecentre 12 substantially for the whole length of thelegs 13, thus reinforcing the structure. - In this case, further,
second slots 22, substantially at right angles to each other, extend from thecentre 12 towards thearches 19, and substantially in correspondence with their centre line. - The function of these
second slots 22 is to provide a stable housing for theiron round pieces 23 and/or the possible electrically welded mesh or other reinforcement means conventionally used to reinforce the covering layer ofconcrete 36. - The
round pieces 23 are thus arranged in a position underneath the upper surface defined by theupper face 11, and therefore allow the covering layer ofconcrete 36 to be poured substantially to the upper level of the modular element 10 (Fig. 7). It is thus possible to avoid pouring more concrete 36 than is necessary in order to completely cover theround pieces 23. - In order to make the connection between the
modular elements 10 easier and quicker, the side with the twogrooves 24 is identified by means ofarrows 26 printed on theupper face 11. - Fig. 4 shows a crawl space for floors consisting of four
modular elements 10. - The same Figure shows how the jointed connection of the
modular elements 10 defines a substantially continuous structure which guarantees a space separating theground 28 and the floor defined by the covering layer ofconcrete 36. - The concrete 36 can moreover penetrate into the
hollows 29 delimited by the connection between thelegs 13 forming pillars which rest on theground 28 in the substantially circular areas defined by the connection between four of the supportingbases 14. - In the variant shown in Fig. 8, on the
upper face 11 in correspondence with thecentre 12, instead of the circular surface proposed in the preceding embodiment, there is ahole 35, in this case with a circular section, which defines in cooperation with a wall 31 aconcave pillar element 30 to act as a support and reinforcement, in this case shaped like a truncated cone, closed at the bottom by abase 33. - While the layer of
concrete 36 is being poured, thispillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone is filled with the concrete 36, and possibly one or more metallic elements are inserted. In this way a solid pillar is formed, which is suitable to increase the load capacity of each individualmodular element 10 and therefore of the crawl space obtained by associating severalmodular elements 10 together. - In the case shown here, the
base 33 is at the same height as the supportingbases 14 of thelegs 13 but, according to a variant, thebase 33 can be at a slightly greater height than that of the supportingbases 14, so as to compensate for any unevenness or irregularity of the ground and improve the stability of themodular element 10. - According to the invention, along the
pillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone there is afurrow 32a on the circumference of thewall 31 which allows thelower portion 30a of the truncated cone to be easily separated from themodular element 10. - The
lower portion 30a of the truncated cone, once it has been detached, is inserted inside the hole 35 (Fig. 9) and serves as a plug. This makes it possible to avoid filling the pillar element and at the same time to passlarge pipes 34 through the ventilation space or to install other possible bulky elements. - In this case, in order to further increase the space available for the
pipes 34 to pass, it is possible to detach and eliminate from themodular element 10 an intermediatetruncated cone element 30b, as anotherpre-breaking furrow 32b is included. - According to a variant, the
upper face 11 of themodular element 10 is more convex so as to allow a pipe 134 (Fig. 11b) to pass, or several pipes orconduits 134, even large ones (Fig. 11a), on the plane defined by themodular elements 10 destined to be covered withconcrete 36. - According to the embodiment shown in Figs. 11a and 11b, it is thus possible to arrange the pipes and/or
conduits modular element 10. - However, in this case, the pipe or
conduit 134 placed above themodular element 10 is located at a height not greater than the maximum height defined by the pipe orconduit 34 placed under themodular element 10. - According to another variant which is not shown here, the
pillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone can be divided, starting from a point immediately below the lower part of theupper face 11, into several elements shaped like a truncated cone which can be reciprocally jointed so as to constitute a single plug to close thehole 35. - According to a further variant, the
hole 35 is polygonal in shape and determines the formation of a pillar shaped like a truncated pyramid or any other shape or section. - According to the variant shown in Fig. 10, as an alternative to the
hole 35 or in cooperation therewith, there are several holes, advantageously arranged at an equal distance and symmetrically with respect to thecentre 12 of theupper face 11, each of which defines apillar element 30 shaped like a truncated cone or truncated pyramid or other shape and of any section, suitable to achieve a supporting and reinforcement pillar. - According to a first embodiment there are four
holes 35a arranged along the fourgrooves 22. - According to another embodiment there are four
holes 35b arranged along the four stiffeninggrooves 21. - According to another variant which is not shown here, the centre of the four
holes 35b coincides with the bisecting lines of the angles formed on theupper face 11 by thegrooves 22 with the stiffeninggrooves 21. - According to still another variant, the
pillar elements 30 consist of elements which are constructed separately from themodular element 10 and are associated therewith in whatsoever position under theupper face 11, by means of any connection means whatsoever. - In the case shown in Fig. 12b, the
concave pillar element 30 is associated with thehole 35a on theupper face 11 of themodular element 10 by means of jointing, in such a way that thecast concrete 36 is able to fill theelement 30. - In the event that the
pillar element 30 is to be connected to themodular element 10, for example so as to allow apipe 34 to pass, thehole 35a will be suitably closed by means of thelower portion 30a which is obtained by separating the latter from thepillar element 30 thanks to thepre-breakage furrow 32a, or will be closed by means of the appropriate plugs. - According to another variant shown in Fig. 12a, the
pillar element 30 which is constructed separate to themodular element 10 is of the solid body type and consists of aprop element 24, which can be associated with and dissociated from themodular element 10 by means of amating housing seating 25. - According to a further variant, at least some of the
pillar elements 30 can be folded back on themselves, at least partly, for example to allow pipes, bundles of cables, stiffening elements or other elements to pass underneath.
Claims (19)
- Modular element for the support and ventilation of floors, the element being suitable to support a layer of reinforced concrete (36) defining a space wherein the air circulates and which separates the underlying ground and the layer of concrete (36), the modular element comprising at least an upper face and supporting legs (13) a plurality of modular elements being able to be associated so as to achieve a substantially continuous structure, the upper face of the modular element including first stiffening means passing through the centre of the upper face and extending along the legs (13), the modular element being characterised in that the upper face (11) includes at least a supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) in an underlying position.
- Modular element as in Claim 1, in which the upper face (11) includes at least second, through grooves (22) arranged substantially at right angles to each other and defining the seating for the reinforcement rods (23) for the layer of concrete (36), the depth of the second grooves (22) being functionally correlated to the size of the reinforcement rods (23) in such a way that they are below the upper surface of the upper face (11).
- Modular element as in Claim 1 or 2, in which each supporting leg (13) includes at the end a supporting base (14) equipped at the sides with its own, specific connection elements (15a, 15b) which can be super-imposed and functionally associated with mating connection means (15b, 15a) on the mating supporting legs (13) of an adjacent modular element (10).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which there is a supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) at the centre of the upper face (11).
- Modular element as in any Claim from 1 to 3 inclusive, in which there are at least two supporting and reinforcing pillar elements (30) cooperating with the upper face (11) in a symmetrical position.
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which at least one edge of the upper face (11) defines a housing seating for pipes or conduits (134), this seating being positioned at a greater height than the maximum height defined by the pipe or conduit (34) which can be inserted under the modular element (10).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the section at right angles to the axis of the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) can be of any value whatsoever.
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the lower end of the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) is positioned at the same height as the supporting bases (14) of the modular element (10).
- Modular element as in any Claim from 1 to 7 inclusive, in which the lower end of the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) is positioned at a greater height than that of the supporting bases (14) of the modular element (10).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) is closed at the end by a base (33).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) has at least an area of preferential pre-breaking (32) so as to define at least a sub-element (30a).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) cooperates with a hole (35) on the upper face (11).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which at least the sub-element (30a) with the base (33) can be detached from the modular element (10) and inserted as a plug to close the hole (35).
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) is made in a single piece with the modular element (10).
- Modular element as in any Claim from 1 to 13 inclusive, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) is made separately from the modular element (10).
- Modular element as in any Claim from 13 to 15 inclusive, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) and the upper face (11) of the modular element (10) have reciprocal positioning means.
- Modular element as in any Claim from 13 to 16 inclusive, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar element (30) and the upper face (11) of the modular element (10) have reciprocal anchoring means.
- Modular element as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the supporting and reinforcing pillar means (30) can be at least partly folded back upon itself.
- Modular element as in Claim 1, in which the first stiffening means are stiffening grooves (21), opening upwards.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITUD960054 | 1996-04-23 | ||
ITUD960054 IT1288881B1 (en) | 1996-04-23 | 1996-04-23 | Modular element for support and ventilation of floors - has upper face with stiffening grooves and supporting legs, and number of modular elements being associated with number of modular elements of similar type to achieve continuous structure |
IT96UD000168 IT1292348B1 (en) | 1996-09-04 | 1996-09-04 | Modular support and aeration element for pavements |
ITUD960168 | 1996-09-04 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0803618A2 true EP0803618A2 (en) | 1997-10-29 |
EP0803618A3 EP0803618A3 (en) | 1998-04-08 |
EP0803618B1 EP0803618B1 (en) | 2000-08-02 |
Family
ID=26332523
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19970105979 Expired - Lifetime EP0803618B1 (en) | 1996-04-23 | 1997-04-11 | Modular element for the support and ventilation of floors |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0803618B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69702681T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2151201T3 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3034301T3 (en) |
Cited By (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2000052279A1 (en) * | 1999-03-03 | 2000-09-08 | Valerio Pontarolo | Modular element for crawl spaces and floor structures |
EP1092817A2 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-04-18 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Improved formwork for the construction of floors, roofings and the like |
EP0969157A3 (en) * | 1998-07-03 | 2001-05-02 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Modular prefabricated element for building construction uses |
EP1092816A3 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-08-22 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Improved formwork for the construction of floors, roofings and the like |
WO2001088298A1 (en) * | 2000-05-16 | 2001-11-22 | Valerio Pontarolo | Accessory for modular elements for the support and ventilation of crawl spaces, floor structures, floors or similar articles in the building field |
EP1199420A1 (en) * | 2000-09-25 | 2002-04-24 | GEOPLAST S.r.l. | Modular element for the construction of ventilated and/or insulated floor |
EP1236843A2 (en) | 2000-12-13 | 2002-09-04 | Studio Tecnico Ing. Giorgio Cristalli | System, method and modular forms for the production of floors |
WO2003044305A1 (en) * | 2001-11-22 | 2003-05-30 | Donatella Sinigaglia | Modular element to support building products, such as flooring, floors or similar |
WO2003048471A1 (en) * | 2001-12-05 | 2003-06-12 | Daliform S.R.L. | Embedment-type mould for manufacturing building slab structures |
NL1020177C2 (en) * | 2002-03-14 | 2003-09-16 | Tipspit Holding B V | Roof insulation, comprises dome shaped parts with roof supported by legs connected via arches |
EP1476605A1 (en) * | 2002-02-15 | 2004-11-17 | Tipspit Holding B.V. | Assembly of structural elements, structural element and use of such an assembly |
FR2856092A1 (en) * | 2003-06-16 | 2004-12-17 | Rector | Concrete floor or concrete slab thinning unit for construction e.g. house, has air evacuation unit to prevent entry of concrete into cavity, and to permit outlet of air from cavity in case of high pressure in cavity, during fire |
EP1605113A1 (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2005-12-14 | GEOPLAST S.p.A. | System of modular elements for making raised and/or aerated reinforced concrete floor |
WO2009106670A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-03 | Industrias Tomas Morcillo S.L. | Access floor and installation method therefor |
EP1978174A3 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2009-10-21 | T.P.S. S.R.L. | Method for obtaining a modular covering element, particularly for providing ventilated floors or floor slabs of buildings |
CN1955393B (en) * | 2005-07-25 | 2010-05-12 | 邱则有 | Light permanent case for concrete filling |
CN1970916B (en) * | 2005-07-25 | 2010-07-14 | 邱则有 | Light permanent tyrecarcass for concrete filling |
CN1865622B (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2010-09-01 | 邱则有 | Stereo bearing shuttering for reinforced concrete |
CN1958988B (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2010-11-03 | 邱则有 | Lightweight permanent embryonic shell in use for filling concrete |
CN1982580B (en) * | 2005-07-25 | 2010-12-15 | 湖南邱则有专利战略策划有限公司 | Light permanent tubing shell for filling concrete |
EP2322733A1 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2011-05-18 | M. Federica Da Dalt | Modular building element for forming cavities, for example in ventilated under-floor spaces, floors and ceilings |
CN1958987B (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2011-08-03 | 湖南邱则有专利战略策划有限公司 | Lightweight permanent embryonic shell in use for filling concrete |
CN1982572B (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2011-10-05 | 湖南邱则有专利战略策划有限公司 | Light permanent tubing shell for filling concrete |
CN1982573B (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2012-07-04 | 湖南邱则有专利战略策划有限公司 | Light permanent tubing shell for filling concrete |
WO2012095882A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 | 2012-07-19 | Michele Caboni | Spacing element for making structural, aerated heat-insulation crawl spaces |
EP2602396A1 (en) | 2011-12-06 | 2013-06-12 | T.P.S. S.R.L. | A mating and fixing device for disposable forms |
US8881483B2 (en) | 2010-11-25 | 2014-11-11 | Michele Caboni | Variable-geometry modular structure composed of thermo-acoustic caissons, particularly for buildings |
WO2015138427A1 (en) * | 2014-03-12 | 2015-09-17 | Miskovich Joseph S | Modular construction conduit unit |
US9279243B2 (en) | 2011-01-13 | 2016-03-08 | Michele Caboni | Modular construction system for reinforcing foundation, pillars, isolated footings and anti-seismic separators, intended for variable-geometry heat-insulation formwork |
US9739046B2 (en) | 2014-03-12 | 2017-08-22 | Joseph S. Miskovich | Modular stormwater retention and management system |
US9775304B2 (en) | 2013-04-04 | 2017-10-03 | Strata Innovations Pty Limited | Modular cell and matrix for supporting a load bearing feature |
USD840498S1 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-12 | J.M. Sales Associates, Inc. | Modular fluid retention and management tray |
US10415260B2 (en) | 2017-11-13 | 2019-09-17 | Strata Innovations Pty Limited | Structural cells, matrices and methods of assembly |
US10584487B2 (en) | 2011-01-13 | 2020-03-10 | Michele Caboni | Modular system for assembling a transpiring, disposable heat-insulation shuttering mould / formwork used for surface casting |
US10597861B2 (en) | 2014-03-12 | 2020-03-24 | J.M. Sales Associates, Inc. | Modular stormwater retention system |
US10982453B2 (en) | 2011-01-13 | 2021-04-20 | Michele Caboni | Variable-geometry spacing connector for formwork and modular formwork system including such connector |
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- 1997-04-11 ES ES97105979T patent/ES2151201T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-11 DE DE1997602681 patent/DE69702681T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP0969157A3 (en) * | 1998-07-03 | 2001-05-02 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Modular prefabricated element for building construction uses |
AU757709B2 (en) * | 1999-03-03 | 2003-03-06 | Valerio Pontarolo | Modular element for crawl spaces and floor structures |
WO2000052279A1 (en) * | 1999-03-03 | 2000-09-08 | Valerio Pontarolo | Modular element for crawl spaces and floor structures |
US6550207B1 (en) | 1999-03-03 | 2003-04-22 | Valerio Pontarolo | Modular element for crawl spaces and floor structures |
EP1092816A3 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-08-22 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Improved formwork for the construction of floors, roofings and the like |
EP1092817A3 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-08-22 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Improved formwork for the construction of floors, roofings and the like |
EP1092817A2 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-04-18 | DALIFORM S.r.l. | Improved formwork for the construction of floors, roofings and the like |
US6941705B2 (en) | 2000-05-16 | 2005-09-13 | Valerio Pontarolo | Accessory for modular elements for the support and ventilation of crawl spaces, floor structures, floors or similar articles in the building field |
WO2001088298A1 (en) * | 2000-05-16 | 2001-11-22 | Valerio Pontarolo | Accessory for modular elements for the support and ventilation of crawl spaces, floor structures, floors or similar articles in the building field |
EP1199420A1 (en) * | 2000-09-25 | 2002-04-24 | GEOPLAST S.r.l. | Modular element for the construction of ventilated and/or insulated floor |
EP1236843A2 (en) | 2000-12-13 | 2002-09-04 | Studio Tecnico Ing. Giorgio Cristalli | System, method and modular forms for the production of floors |
WO2003044305A1 (en) * | 2001-11-22 | 2003-05-30 | Donatella Sinigaglia | Modular element to support building products, such as flooring, floors or similar |
WO2003048471A1 (en) * | 2001-12-05 | 2003-06-12 | Daliform S.R.L. | Embedment-type mould for manufacturing building slab structures |
EP1476605A1 (en) * | 2002-02-15 | 2004-11-17 | Tipspit Holding B.V. | Assembly of structural elements, structural element and use of such an assembly |
NL1020177C2 (en) * | 2002-03-14 | 2003-09-16 | Tipspit Holding B V | Roof insulation, comprises dome shaped parts with roof supported by legs connected via arches |
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CN1958988B (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2010-11-03 | 邱则有 | Lightweight permanent embryonic shell in use for filling concrete |
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CN1982572B (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2011-10-05 | 湖南邱则有专利战略策划有限公司 | Light permanent tubing shell for filling concrete |
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CN1970916B (en) * | 2005-07-25 | 2010-07-14 | 邱则有 | Light permanent tyrecarcass for concrete filling |
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EP1978174A3 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2009-10-21 | T.P.S. S.R.L. | Method for obtaining a modular covering element, particularly for providing ventilated floors or floor slabs of buildings |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69702681T2 (en) | 2000-12-28 |
EP0803618A3 (en) | 1998-04-08 |
EP0803618B1 (en) | 2000-08-02 |
DE69702681D1 (en) | 2000-09-07 |
GR3034301T3 (en) | 2000-12-29 |
ES2151201T3 (en) | 2000-12-16 |
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