Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca

Definitions

• This invention relates to the clinical treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic gingivitis; chronic periodontitis; chronic autoimmune gastritis; ileitis; inflammatory bowel disease, including colitis; interstitial cystitis; psoriasis; arthritis; tendinitis; carpel tunnel syndrome and other cumulative trauma disorders; lupus erythematosus; pneumoconiosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; inflammatory myopathies; inflammatory neuropathies, including Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis; epilepsy; as well as lessening of inflammatory site edema, and treatment of post-event ischemia and reperfusion symptomology resulting from acute central nervous system trauma, stroke, kidney ischemia or myocardial infarction.
• chronic inflammatory diseases including chronic gingivitis; chronic periodontitis; chronic autoimmune gastritis; ileitis; inflammatory bowel disease, including colitis; interstitial cystitis;
• the present disclosure describes the inventive concept of using the therapeutic technology of US Patent Application 07/906,909 in combination with pharmaceutical agents having some medicinal value for treatment of the disease entities noted above.
• the inventive concept embodied in my earlier US Patent Application 07/906,909 filed 30 June 1992 is the use of compositions consisting of a primary agent which sequesters carbonyl products in combination with co-agents that have known anti-oxidant properties.
• the primary agents of the present invention such as p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) , contain a primary amine group, so as to enable reaction with carbonyl groups of disease-related substances. No pharmacological treatment of comprehensive effectiveness is currently avail ⁇ able for any of the chronic inflammatory disorders discussed herein.
• a variety of pharmaceutical agents have been described which may offer at least some degree of symptomatic relief from the clinical effects of these diseases.
• SAZ drug sulfasalazine
• 5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acid
• SAZ is also recognized for use in treatment of ileitis (Budavari and coworkers, 1989, pg. 1412) .
• Ahnfelt- Ronne (1990) compared their in vivo 5-ASA metabolic products to products observed after .in vitro hydroxylation of 5-ASA by the Fenton reaction and tentatively identified 5-ASA metab ⁇ olites as being hydroxylated derivatives. They never at ⁇ tempted to look for evidence of in vivo trapping of carbonyl products.
• Asacol and the generic name mesalamine 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid in delayed-release tablets has also been marketed in the United States for use in treatment of CIBD (Dowd and coworkers, 1993, pgs. 1868-1869).
• Dull and coworkers (1987, pg. 2469) used mass spectrometry to definitively identify two of the several hydroxylation/oxida- tive deamination products which result from in vitro incuba ⁇ tion of 5-ASA with activated human mononuclear cells. They identified these products as gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxy- benzoic acid) and salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid) , while five other 5-ASA metabolic products remained uniden ⁇ tified (pg. 2470) .
• SAZ has been recog ⁇ nized, at least at the experimental level, for treatment of ileitis, radiation bowel disease, scleroderma, dermatitis herpetiformis and rheumatoid arthritis (Peppercorn, 1984, pgs. 380-381) .
• amine drugs recognized as having anti- inflammatory properties include para-substituted N-benzene- sulfonyl derivatives of anthrilic acid (Borne and coworkers, 1974) , 4-amino benzoic acid anilides (Thiele, 1971; Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideweg vorm. Roessler, 1972) , tinori- dine (Shimada and Yasuda, 1979) and benzothiazolinone deriva ⁇ tives (Takashima and coworkers, 1972) .
• the chemical struc ⁇ tures of these agents lie beyond those of the primary agents of the present invention. They are not presently recognized as carbonyl sequestering therapeutic agents. They have not been used in multiple ingredient compositions analogous to those of the present invention.
• Potassium p-aminobenzoate has been marketed as Po ⁇ aba (R) in the pure form as an antifibrotic, that is, skin softening, agent (Drug Information for the Health Care Professional, 8th ed., 1988, pgs. 111-113). As such it has been recognized for treatment of Peyronie's disease; diffuse systemic sclerosis; morphea and linear scleroderma; and dermatomyositis.
• Potaba is taken orally in average doses of 12 gm/day for up to two years, although human use of 15 - 20 gm/day is recognized.
• PABA has been marketed for domestic human use (300 mg/tablet) in Pabirin (R) buffered tablets (with aspirin) , in Pa alate (R) tablets (with sodium salicylate) and in Pabalate-SF (R) tablets (with potassium salicylate) , as described in Physicians' Desk Reference (Huff and coworkers, 1980, pgs. 849, with aspirin and 1430, with salicylates) .
• Five percent PABA in a cream base has also been marketed as a sunscreen product (Physicians' Desk Reference. Huff and coworkers, 1980, pg. 849) .
• Mechanism of action The mechanism by which aminobenzoate potassium exerts its antifibrotic effect is not known. It has been postulated that fibrosis results from an im ⁇ balance of serotonin and monoamine oxidase (MAO) mechan ⁇ isms at the tissue level. Fibrosis is believed to occur when an excessive serotonin effect is sustained over a period of time. This could be the result of too much serotonin or too little MAO activity. Aminobenzoate potassium increases oxygen utilization at the tissue level. It has been suggested that this increased oxygen utilization could enhance the degradation of serotonin by enhancing MAO activity or other activities that decrease the tissue concentration of serotonin.
• MAO monoamine oxidase
• Potassium aminobenzoate is possi- bly effective in the treatme rnt of scleroderma, dermato- myositis, morphea, linear scleroderma, pemphigus, and Peyronie's disease.
• POTABA offers a means of treatment of serious and often chronic entities involving fibrosis and nonsuppurative inflammation.
• P-Aminobenzoate is considered a member of the vitamin B complex. Small amounts are found in cereal, eggs, milk and meats. Detectable amounts are normally pre ⁇ sent in human blood, spinal fluid, urine, and sweat. PABA is a component of several biologically important systems, and it participates in a number of funda ⁇ mental biological processes. It has been suggested that the antifibrosis action of POTABA is due to its mediation of increased oxygen uptake at the tissue level. Fibrosis is believed to occur from either too much serotonin or too little monoamine oxidase activity over a period of time. Monoamine oxidase requires an adequate supply of oxygen to function properly. By increasing oxygen supply at the tissue level POTABA may enhance MAO activity and prevent or bring about re ⁇ gression of fibrosis.
• Certain amine agents have recognized anti-oxidant proper ⁇ ties. These include N, N' -di- (sec-butyl) -p-phenylenediamine (Scott, 1965, pg. 120), aniline (Scott, 1965, pg. 125), aniline N-substituted agents (Scott, 1965, pg. 125), N, N' - diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (Swingle and coworkers, 1985, pg. 112) and ethoxyquin (Swingle and coworkers, 1985, pg. 112) .
• Zarafonetis (1953) has reported some success in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by use of potassium p-aminobenzoate in combination with acetylsalicylic acid and cortisone.
• Zarafonetis also described some success in clinical treatment of dermatomyositis and scleroderma by use of potas ⁇ sium p-aminobenzoate alone, and referred to earlier work on these disorders and other clinically related syndromes, in ⁇ cluding forms of lupus erythematosus.
• Zarafonetis based his logic for diversifying clinical studies on PABA or its potassium salt solely on similarities of clinical symptoms, comparisons among clinical syndromes which feature some common symptomology (Zarafonetis, 1953, pgs. 667-668; Zarafonetis, 1964, pgs. 550 and 560; Priestley and Brown, 1979, pg. 161; Zarafonetis and coworkers, 1988, pg. 194) .
• Zarafonetis never stated an understanding or recognized that PABA has the physiological potential of serving as an aldehyde chemical trapping agent (Zarafonetis, 1953, pg. 671) .
• Zarafonetis failed to recognize the potential full scope of clinical applications of PABA.
• Zarafonetis (1953) also referred to an earlier study which used a combination of p-aminobenzoic acid and ⁇ -toco- pherol to treat scleroderma.
• Gougerot and Hewitt (1951) described the logic of their scleroderma treatment protocol as follows:
• Gougerot and Hewitt (1) failed to recognize that either of their therapeutic agents may interfere with the inflammatory cascade, (2) failed to recognize that primary amine and amine-related derivatives of benzoic acid, as a class, may bind to and sequester aldehydes which result from the inflammatory process, (3) failed to understand that the combination of a water soluble aldehyde-trapping primary amine agent and a lipophilic anti-oxidant agent may have clinical application to the treatment of a broad spectrum of chronic inflammatory diseases, and (4) failed to disclose the unique positions of the present invention.
• the inventor proposes that, to some degree, the beneficial effects of PABA in the Mel'nikova and Ryzhova study reflected an anti-inflam ⁇ matory property of PABA unrecognized by the investigators, and that such a beneficial effect may be optimized by use of the multi-component compositions as defined in the present inven ⁇ tion.
• hypoxia/reperfusion injury is now un ⁇ derstood to be an important aspect of several traumatic dis ⁇ ease states, including coronary infarction, ischemic acute renal failure and cerebral ischemia (Dowling and coworkers, 1990, pg. 466) .
• the present invention has significant clinical value in the post-event treatment of ischemia and reperfusion injury subsequent to myocardial infarction, acute kidney failure, and acute central nervous system trauma and stroke.
• hypoxia/reperfusion conditions are considered to be varieties of chronic inflammatory diseases within the context of this invention.
• Alzheimer's disease As the etiology of Alzheimer's disease is believed to have an autoimmune component, and use of drugs such as deferoxamine (McGeer and Rogers, 1992, pg. 448; Halliwell, 1991, pg. 593) and indomethacin (Schnabel, 1993) has been previously noted in this regard, this disease also will be considered to be a variety of chronic inflammatory disease within the context of this invention.
• PABA is not recognized as being a "slow acting" anti-inflammatory agent (Understanding Arthritis. Kushner, 1984, pgs. 55-57).
• Both PABA and D-penicillamine are primary amine agents which also function as anti-oxidant free radical trapping agents. Yet as anti-oxidant agents PABA and D-penicillamine are presently regarded as being of secondary, nominal value, due either to weak anti-oxidant properties or toxic side effects, respectively. Thus their use as anti-inflammatory agents has been quite limited. Their potential value for trapping the aldehyde products of inflammation-related lipid peroxidation has never been recognized.
• a new composition such as one having PABA as its primary agent, optionally having known anti-oxidant free radical scavenging chemicals as co-agents, lacking vitamin C in excess / of its RDA and additionally including a recognized medicament as defined herein, has never been previously described, and the potential for clinical use of such a novel composition in treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases has never been recognized.
• the primary amine agents described in the present invention are all derivatives of aminobenzoic acid or aminophenylacetic acid, which should facilitate their safe elimination from the body by normal kidney filtration.
• D- Penicillamine is not a derivative of aminobenzoic acid or aminophenylacetic acid.
• D-penicillamine has a reduced sulfhydryl group, unlike any of the primary agents claimed herein.
• the invention embodied herein constitutes an alternative slow-acting anti-inflammatory protocol which is believed to be inherently safer for the patient and to act via a mechanism not previously recognized or described.
• PABA is not among the antimalarial drugs discussed by Kushner (1984, pg. 57) , nor is it among the antimalarial drugs listed in the Merck Index (Budavari and coworkers, 1989, pg. THER-16) .
• NSAID's are known to commonly induce side effects which include gastrointestinal damage, liver toxicity and kidney toxicity (Brune and Beck, 1991; Kraag, 1985) . Most of these drugs antagonize the actions of many antihypertensive drugs (Houston, 1991) . A variety of less common side effects of these drugs have also been reported (O'Brien and Bagby, 1985) .
• Use of the present invention in combination with such previously recognized medicaments permits the effective use of such drugs at lower dosage levels, serves to permit use, in at least some cases, of previously known medicaments for more extended periods of time and serves to supplement the overall clinical benefit to patients.
• Recognized nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs include aminoarylcarboxylic acid deriva ⁇ tives, arylacetic acid derivatives, arylbutyric acid deriva ⁇ tives, arylcarboxylic acids, arylpropionic acid derivatives, // pyrazoles, pyrazolones, salicylic acid derivatives, thiazine- carboxamides, e-acetamidocaproic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, amixetrine, bendazac, benzydamine, bucolome, difenpiramide, ditazol, emorfazone, guaiazulene, nabumetone, nimesulide, orgotein, oxaceprol, perisoxal, pifoxime and proquazone.
• nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs phenidone; ketoconazole; disodium azodisalicylate (a dimer of mesalamine) ; diazo sulfanilamide ethylene polymer of 5-aminosalicylate; cyclophosphamide; 6- (2,4-difluorophenoxy) -5-methylsulfonylamino-1-indanone; ditazol; droxicam; azapropazone; etoclofene; prenazone; 7- [3- (4-acetyl-3-methoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy] -3,4-dihydro-8- propyl-2fi * -l-benzopyran-2-carboxylicacid; W-acetylcysteine; S- carboxymethylcysteine; naphthypramide; flavonoids such as sideritoflavone, cir
• Glucocorticoid drugs are well known. A more complete listing of specific examples of such drugs, and of the various forms in which these therapeutic agents may be administered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• sanguinarine will include refer ⁇ ence to hydrated and salt derivatives thereof, such as for example sanguinarine monohydrate, sanguinarine chloride and sanguinarine chloride dihydrate.
• Co-agent use of all forms of amino-glycoside, amphenicol, ansamycin, 3-lactam, lincosamide, macrolide, polypeptide and tetracyclme anitbiotics are claimed within the scope of the present invention, as well as use of cycloserine, mupirocin and tuberin.
• the various forms of these antibiotics are known to those skilled in the art and information regarding them can be found in various reference works, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• prednisone will include reference to its pharmaceutically acceptable ester derivatives thereof, such as for example prednisone 21-acetate.
• prednisolone will include reference to its pharmaceu ⁇ tically acceptable ester and salt derivatives thereof, such as for example prednisolone 21-diethylaminoacetate, prednisolone 21-stearoylglycolate, prednisolone 21-tert-butylacetate, prednisolone 21-trimethylacetate, prednisolone 21-acetate, prednisolone sodium succinate, prednisolone sodium 21-m-sulfo- benzoate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate.
• prednisolone 21-diethylaminoacetate prednisolone 21-stearoylglycolate
• prednisolone 21-tert-butylacetate prednisolone 21-trimethylacetate
• prednisolone 21-acetate prednisolone sodium succinate
• prednisolone sodium 21-m-sulfo- benzoate pre
• cortisone will include reference to its pharma ⁇ ceutically acceptable ester and salt derivatives thereof, such as for example cortisone 21-acetate, 21-/S-cyclopentanepropion- ate cortisone, cortisone phosphate, cortisone monosodium phos ⁇ phate, cortisone disodium phosphate and cortisone phosphate dimethyl ester.
• pharma ⁇ ceutically acceptable ester and salt derivatives thereof such as for example cortisone 21-acetate, 21-/S-cyclopentanepropion- ate cortisone, cortisone phosphate, cortisone monosodium phos ⁇ phate, cortisone disodium phosphate and cortisone phosphate dimethyl ester.
• hydrocortisone will include reference to its pharmaceutically acceptable ester and salt derivatives thereof, such as for example hydrocortisone 21-acetate, hydrocortisone 21-bendazac, hydrocortisone 17- butyrate, hydrocortisone 17-valerate, hydrocortisone tebutate, hydrocortisone 21-sodium succinate, hydrocortisone disodium phosphate and its progenitor, hydrocortisone phosphate.
• ester and salt derivatives thereof such as for example hydrocortisone 21-acetate, hydrocortisone 21-bendazac, hydrocortisone 17- butyrate, hydrocortisone 17-valerate, hydrocortisone tebutate, hydrocortisone 21-sodium succinate, hydrocortisone disodium phosphate and its progenitor, hydrocortisone phosphate.
• methylprednisolone will include refer ⁇ ence to its pharmaceutically acceptable ester and salt deriva ⁇ tives thereof, such as for example methylprednisolone 21-acet ⁇ ate, methylprednisolone sodium 21-succinate and methylpredni ⁇ solone disodium 21-phosphate.
• triam- cinolone will include reference to its pharmaceutically ac- ceptable ester and ether deri nvatives thereof, such as for example triamcinolone 16 ⁇ ,21-diacetate, triamcinolone aceton- ide, triamcinolone acetonide 21-acetate, triamcinolone aceton- ide di-sodium 21-phosphate, triamcinolone acetonide 21-hemi- succinate, triamcinolone benetonide and triamcinolone ' hexace- tonide.
• triamcinolone 16 ⁇ ,21-diacetate such as for example triamcinolone 16 ⁇ ,21-diacetate, triamcinolone aceton- ide, triamcinolone acetonide 21-acetate, triamcinolone aceton- ide di-sodium 21-phosphate, triamcinolone acetonide 21-hemi- succinate, triamcino
• betamethasone will include reference to its pharmaceutically acceptable ester and salt derivatives thereof, such as for example betamethasone 21- acetate, betamethasone 21-adamantoate, betamethasone 17- benzoate, betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate, betamethasone 17- valerate, betamethasone 17,21-divalerate, betamethasone di ⁇ sodium phosphate and betamethasone monosodium phosphate.
• dexamethasone will include reference to its pharmaceutically acceptable ester and salt derivatives thereof, such as for example dexamethasone 21-acetate, dexa ⁇ methasone21- (3,3-dimethylbutyrate) , dexamethasonetetrahydro- phthalate, dexamethasone21-diethylaminoacetate, dexamethasone 21-isonicotinate, dexamethasone17,21-dipropionate, dexametha ⁇ sone 21-palmitate, dexamethasone 21-phosphate and dexametha ⁇ sone disodium 21-phosphate. Additional forms of glucocorti- coids are known to those skilled in the art and information regarding them can be found in various reference works, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and cowork ⁇ ers, 1989) .
• anticholinergic drugs such as sco- polamine, trihexyphenidyl, benztropinemesylate, procyclidine, biperiden, ethopropazine, propantheline and oxybutynin are known to those skilled in the art and information regarding them can be found in various reference works, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Salicylic acid is recognized as being both an antiseptic and a keratolytic agent (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• 5-thiopyridoxine may be regarded within the context of the present invention as an example of a non ⁇ steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
• Immunomodulator substances as defined within the context of the present invention include, for example, those noted in /Y
• Hydroxychloroquine, quinacrine, chloroquine and amodia- quine are examples of antimalarial drugs in the present in ⁇ vention.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of this group, and of the various forms in which the respective thera ⁇ plastic agents may be administered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• diazepam and lorazepam are regarded as anxiolytic drugs of the benzodiaze- pine variety.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs, and of the various forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be administered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, vigabatrin and zonisamide are anticonvulsant drugs.
• this drug may also be regarded within the context of this invention as an example of an anticonvulsant drug.
• acetazolamide is regarded as an al ⁇ ternative to ethosuximide, clonazepam or valproate for treat ⁇ ment of petit mal seizures
• this drug and its sodium salt derivative may also be regarded as examples of anticonvulsant drugs within the context of t /hTe present invention.
• Captopril and ketanserin are examples of antihypertensive drugs.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of anti- hypertensive drugs which may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as defined herein, and of the various forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be admin ⁇ istered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• ephedrine will include reference to derivatives thereof, such as, for example, ephedrine hydro- chloride, ephedrine sulfate and ephedrine tannate.
• Pyrido- stigmine and neostigmine are cholinergic drugs.
• a more com ⁇ plete listing of specific examples of cholinergic drugs, and of the various forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be administered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Atropine and propan- theline are anticholinergic drugs.
• Baclofen and tizanidine are skeletal muscle relaxant drugs.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of skeletal muscle relaxant drugs, and of the various forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be administered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Amitriptyline and imipramine are tricyclic anti-depressant drugs.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of tricyclic antidepressant drugs, and of the vari ⁇ ous forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be administered can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index, 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Cyproheptadine is an example of an antihistaminic drug of the tricyclic variety, and clemastine and setastine are exam ⁇ ples of anti-histaminic drugs of the aminoalkyl ether variety.
• clemastine and setastine are exam ⁇ ples of anti-histaminic drugs of the aminoalkyl ether variety.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of antico ⁇ agulant drugs beyond those disclosed below, and of the various forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be admin ⁇ istered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Tissue plasminogen activator and strep- tokinase are thrombolytic drugs.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of thrombolytic drugs than those disclosed below, and of the various forms in which the re ⁇ spective therapeutic agents may be administered can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Aminophylline is a member of the xanthine derivative class of bronchodilators.
• Isoproterenol is a member of the ephedrine class of bronchodilators.
• a more complete listing of specific examples of bronchodilator drugs, and of the various forms in which the respective therapeutic agents may be administered, can be found in various well known reference works such as, for example, the Merck Index. 11th edition (Bu ⁇ davari and coworkers, 1989) .
• aminophylline, isoproterenol and methohexital sodium may be regarded as examples of antithromb ⁇ tic drugs.
• S-adrenergic blockers are known to those skilled in the art and information regarding them can be found in various reference works, for example, the Merck Index, 11th edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• the various forms of calcium channel blockers are known to those skilled in the art and information regarding them can be found in various reference works, for example, the Merck Index, llth edition (Budavari and coworkers, 1989) .
• Glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate are examples of antianginal drugs.
• This invention involves use of orally administered amine derivatives of benzoic acid and partially or fully saturated analogs as carbonyl trapping agents. These primary therapeutic agents act by chemically binding to and sequestering the aldehyde and/or ketone prod ⁇ ucts of lipid peroxidation. Increased levels of lipid perox ⁇ idation have been repeatedly demonstrated as a part of the "inflammatory cascade” process which underlies the secondary etiology of chronic inflammatory diseases.
• p-Aminobenzoic acid or PABA is an example of the primary absorbable pharma ⁇ cological agent of the present invention.
• PABA has a small molecular weight, is water soluble, has a primary amine group which should react with carbonyl-containing metabolites under physiological conditions and is tolerated by the body in relatively high dosages and for extended periods.
• the present invention is directed to the use of carbonyl sequestering agents administered in oral dosages, optionally in combination with co-agents consisting of clinically effective anti-oxidant free radical trapping agents and agents related thereto, and in combination with medicaments so as to produce a physiologi ⁇ cal effect of an anti-inflammatory nature.
• Optional co-agents of the present invention include anti-oxidants (e.g., alpha- tocopherol) , suspending reagents (e.g., carboxymethyl cellu ⁇ lose) , other vitamins, vitamin-related agents, chemical con ⁇ jugating agents which may facilitate kidney drug elimination (e.g., glycine) , and orally administered non-absorbable /f polyamine or polyamine-related agents (e.g., chitosan or cholestyramine) .
• anti-oxidants e.g., alpha- tocopherol
• suspending reagents e.g., carboxymethyl cellu ⁇ lose
• other vitamins e.g., vitamin-related agents, chemical con ⁇ jugating agents which may facilitate kidney drug elimination (e.g., glycine)
• non-absorbable /f polyamine or polyamine-related agents e.g., chitosan or cholestyramine
• compositions comprising carbonyl trapping agents optionally but preferably in combination with known anti-oxidant free radical trapping co-agents, factors related to anti-oxidant free radical trap ⁇ ping co-agents, and additionally with known medicaments, so as to create compositions with additive or synergistic physiolog ⁇ ical therapeutic characteristics and so as to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.
• absorbable amine primary agents optional nonabsorb ⁇ able amine polymeric co-agents, co-agents which inhibit lipid peroxidation, vitamin co-agents which may be inadvertently depleted, co-agent metabolites such as glycine which may be depleted within the body, sulfhydryl co-agents as defined herein, co-agents which may facilitate glutathione activity; and various additional known medicament co-agents which have been shown to or may contribute to the alleviation of symptom- ology of the diseases addressed herein, thus improving upon the prior art.
• compositions that may be used to provide increased clinical value in the treatment of disease sy ptomology for disorders featuring lipid peroxidation and resultant formation of toxic carbonyl compounds, including: chronic gingivitis; chronic periodontitis; chronic autoimmune gastritis; ileitis; inflam ⁇ matory bowel disease, including colitis; interstitial cysti ⁇ tis; psoriasis; arthritis; tendinitis; carpel tunnel syndrome and other cumulative trauma di ts9orders; lupus erythematosus; pneumoconiosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; inflam ⁇ matory myopathies; inflammatory neuropathies, including Alz ⁇ heimer's disease, myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis; epilepsy; as well as lessening of inflammatory site edema, and treatment of post-event ischemia and reperfusion symptomology resulting from acute central nervous system trauma, stroke, kidney
• absorb ⁇ able amine and amine-related substances and derivatives there ⁇ of described herein when used in combination with specified co-agents may be clinically applied to treat veterinary dis ⁇ orders comparable to at least some of those human disorders described above.
• aldehyde chemical metabolites which contain carbonyl functional groups, are generated during the process of chronic inflammation. These aldehyde products result from pathologically increased lipid peroxidation, which may be initiated by a variety of activated oxygen chemical species such as the hydroxyl radical, HO- (Halliwell and Gut- teridge, 1985, pp. 119-120) .
• activated oxygen chemical species such as the hydroxyl radical, HO- (Halliwell and Gut- teridge, 1985, pp. 119-120) .
• HO- activated oxygen chemical species
• the reactive cascade of free radical propagation -> lipid peroxidation -> aldehyde forma ⁇ tion and other subsequent effects of inflammation is well documented in the prior art (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1985, pp. 102-103) .
• the secondary carbonyl products of lipid peroxidation include saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, dialdehydes, epoxyaldehydes, lactones, furans, ketones and oxo acids (Merry and coworkers, 1999-01, pg. 362S) .
• reactive oxygen species are generated in vivo during states of limited oxygen availability, followed by reperfusion, a similar series of reactions takes place at sites of hypoxia/reperfusion injury (Demopoulos and coworkers, 1980; Dowling and coworkers, 1990, pg. 465) .
• Aldehyde products of this reactive cascade are known to react with amino acids to form Schiff bases, and to react with free amino groups of proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids (Hatherill and coworkers, 1991, pg. 352) .
• the invention embodied herein is based on use of a com ⁇ position of a primary amine derivative as defined herein as a primary agent for chemically binding to and sequestering alde ⁇ hyde products of inflammation site lipid peroxidation together with a medicament, and optionally their use in combination with anti-oxidant free radical trapping co-agents.
• This unique, multiple-level approach to interference with certain steps in the inflammatory cascade has not been previously recognized by other research investigators.
• This is, in fact, the first anti-inflammatory agent invention which addresses the issue of aldehyde formation at inflammation sites.
• aldehydes are highly reactive molecules capable of reacting with proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (Jellum and coworkers, 1973, pg. 200; Carden and coworkers, 1986; Halliwell and Gut- teridge, 1985, pg. 123) , their increased formation at inflam ⁇ mation sites can be a significant contributing factor in the evolution of the clinical pathology of inflammatory disorders.
• Ischemia/reperfusion damage to various tissues appears to occur by a common mechanism, involving generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation (Fleckenstein and coworkers, 1991) .
• Increased lipid peroxidation has also been demon ⁇ strated in acute central nervous system trauma (Hall, 1987, pgs. 421 and 424; Demopoulos and coworkers, 1980, pgs. 97 and 112; Kontos and coworkers, 1981, pg. 2329), as a result of stroke (Zivin and Choi, 1991, pg.
• Alzheimer's disease may include an autoimmune component, thus establishing a conceptual link to disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (Saso and coworkers, 1993) .
• Evidence of an etiological role for lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer's disease has been dis ⁇ closed (Ceballos and coworkers, 1990) .
• nonabsorbable carbonyl trapping agents may serve to prevent absorption of dietary aldehydes and ketones from the alimentary tract into the body, thus complementing the intended therapeutic results, (i) Mechanism of Action of Primary Agents
• the small molecular weight, absorbable, primary amine compounds described herein have analogous behavior in vivo, as well as an additional characteristic which facilitates dispos ⁇ al as urine metabolites. All of these compounds contain a carboxylic acid group to facilitate uptake and processing by the kidneys.
• the metabolic fate of PABA in humans has been actively investigated and well reported in the biomedical literature (Young and coworkers, 1971; Howie and Bourke, 1979) . It is so actively metabolized via several mechanisms and quantitatively removed in urine (Bingham and Cummings, 1983; Weizman and coworkers, 1985) that PABA excretion has become a widely recognized standard for measuring urinary clearance. Small amounts of PABA are normally present in the human diet.
• Primary agents of this invention are selected from the group consisting of six-carbon cyclic compounds containing a primary amino substituent group and a carboxylic substituent group wherein the carbon ring can be phenyl, cyclohexane, cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene.
• the carboxyl group can be attached directly to the carbon ring, or can be separated from the ring by one carbon atom.
• the primary amino group can be attached directly to the carbon ring, or it can be part of a larger functional group that is a substituent of the ring, either in the omega position or at some intermediate point in the larger functional group.
• the primary amino group may be attached to the six-member carbon ring at the p-, o- or m- position relative to the carboxyl substituent group.
• p-Amino- benzoic acid is an example of this group.
• p-Amino- benzoic acid is known as a water-soluble B vitamin, and sever ⁇ al published studies have presented evidence to the effect that PABA functions, in part, as a weak anti-oxidant and a weak free radical trapping agent (Maksimov and Rebachuk, 1985, Table 2; Pryor and coworkers, 1976, pg. 201) .
• the pharmaceuti ⁇ cally acceptable salt forms, pharmaceutically acceptable ester and amide derivatives thereof are useful.
• the class of pri ⁇ mary agents of the present invention are water soluble com ⁇ pounds (molecular weight range 100 to 1,400) of the formula:
• R 2 is H; -OH; -0-CH 3 ; -O-R' wherein R' is alkyl of 2-10 carbons; aminoalkyl wherein the alkyl group is 1-10 carbons; -S0 3 H; -CH3; and -(CH 2 ) r CH 3 wherein n is 1-10;
• R' and R" are -H, OH or CH 3 ; and n is 0 or 1.
• These compounds are used in the compositions of the present invention in dosage levels of from 600 mg to about 20 gm per day in one or more divided doses, preferably from about 1 gm to about 20 gm per day, more preferably from about 3 gm to about 20 gm per day, and most preferably from about 6 gm to about 20 gm per day.
• the dosage of these compounds is in the range of 15 mg/kg daily to about 800 mg/kg daily, preferably 30 mg/kg daily to about 800 mg/kg, more preferably 60 mg/kg daily to about 800mg/kg, and most preferably 120 mg/kg daily to about 800 mg/kg.
• nonabsorb ⁇ able polyamine trapping substances may be divided into three classes; naturally occurringpolyamine polysaccharides, chemi ⁇ cal derivatives of naturally occurring polysaccharides, and synthetic polyamine polymers.
• the fate of malondialdehyde given orally to rats may serve as an example of the metabolism of dietary aldehydes, and how an understanding of this process can be used to define nonabsorbable carbonyl-trapping drugs.
• Studies by Draper and coworkers (1986) demonstrated that the primary form of "bound" MDA in rat or human urine is N- ⁇ -acetyl- e - (2-propenal)lysine. This is the biologically acetylated derivative of the MDA- lysine adduct N- e - (2-propenal)lysine.
• Draper and coworkers (1986) were able to generate N- e - (2-propenal)lysine in vitro by exposing beef muscle protein to MDA, followed by treatment with pepsin and hog intestinal juice.
• MDA MDA
• pepsin and hog intestinal juice MDA
• chemically analogous primary amine groups on nonabsorbable drugs should also be capable of coval ⁇ ently binding dietary aldehydes under conditions to ' be found in the intestinal tract.
• the bound carbonyl species would be excreted in the feces, thus prevent ⁇ ing subsequent in vivo exposure to dietary carbonyl agents.
• Naturally Occurring Amine-Containing Polysaccharides Any naturally occurring polysaccharide featuring ⁇ -1,2, S-1,3, S-1,4 and/or ⁇ -1,6 linkages which contains aminosugars may be regarded as a non-digestible, potentially active car ⁇ bonyl trapping agent.
• the chitin class of biopolymers may be cited as an example of such an agent, having the general structure of poly-S- (l->4) -W-acetyl-D-glucosa ine
• a form of microcrystalline chitin has been described in which some of the acetyl groups have been removed, revealing free amine groups (Austin and coworkers, 1981, pg. 750) .
• Chitins obtained from different sources feature different degrees of amine deacetylation (Austin and coworkers, 1981, pg. 752) .
• Polysaccharides Various pretreatment procedures may be applied to natur ⁇ ally occurring polysaccharides prior to generation of chemical derivatives.
• Generation of microcrystalline polysaccharides is one example of such a pretreatment procedure.
• cellulose or chitin As applied to cellulose or chitin (Yalpani, 1988, pg. 389), this yields a colloidal processed form of polysaccharide featuring high porosity and enhanced susceptibility to chemical reactions.
• Generation of "microfibrillated" cellulose or chitin is another example of a pretreatment procedure which produces enhanced surface area, increased water retention capacity and enhanced chemical accessibility (Yalpani, 1988, pg. 39O) .
• Use of strong (> 18%) sodium hydroxide is still another recognized pretreatment, or activation, procedure found to be helpful as a starting point for preparing chemical derivatives of poly ⁇ saccharides (Yalpani, 1988, pg. 214) .
• chitin is a cellulose-like biopolymer the composition of which consists mostly of JV-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues covalvently linked by ⁇ -1,4 bonds. Chemical deacylation re ⁇ moves acetate, generating primary amine groups still covalent ⁇ ly bound to the polysaccharide. Chitosan has recognized uses in water treatment, in photographic emulsions, and in improv ⁇ ing the dyability of synthetic fabrics and fibers. The free amine groups in this substance also give it chelating proper ⁇ ties (Austin and coworkers, 1981) . ii. Chondroitin sulfate.
• This mammalian glycosaminoglycan con ⁇ sists of a repeating disaccharide unit of a C-6 sulfated C-2 N-acetylated sugar residue and a galactose residue linked by S-1,4 bonds (Yalpani, 1988, pp. 27-28) .
• Aminodeoxy polysac ⁇ charides can also be prepared via azide or hydrazide inter ⁇ mediates or by reductive amination using sodium cyanoboro- hydride (Yalpani, 1988, pg. 281) .
• other non-digestible polysaccharides such as curdlan (Yalpani, 1988, pg. 22) may be aminated by such chemical procedures.
• sucrose polyester Mixtures of fatty acid hexa-, hepta- and octaesters of sucrose, known as sucrose polyester, are not hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase enzymes and are not absorbed in the intes ⁇ tine (Jandacek, 1984) . It is disclosed and claimed herein that primary amine, aminoguanidine and guanidine derivatives of sucrose polyesters are of benefit in reduction of dietary carbonyl substances, analogous to the proposed action of other nonabsorbable agents described herein.
• sucrose polyesters Such derivatives of sucrose polyesters would include structures in which the carbonyl trapping functional group is in the ⁇ -, ⁇ -1 or other isomeric position(s) within the fatty acyl chains, fatty acyl chains having more than one nitrogen functional group and fatty acyl chains having hydroxyl groups.
• aminated 3 ⁇ sucrose polyesters may be used in pure form as a dietary supplement, or may be prepared as a coating on a particulate carrier such as, for example, cellulose or styrene divinyl- benzene copolymer resin, (c) Synthetic Polyamine Polymers
• Synthetic polysaccharides consisting partly or entire ⁇ ly of aminosugars bound by S-1,2, ⁇ -1,3, /S-1,4 and/or jS-1,6 linkages may be regarded as nonabsorbable carbonyl trapping agents.
• Functional group spacer groups may include alkene as well as alkyl groups.
• Non-polysaccharide polymeric derivatives Primary amine, aminoalkyl (one to ten carbons per alkyl group) , aminohydroxyalkyl (one to ten carbons per alkyl group and one to ten hydroxyl groups per alkyl group) , aminoguanidine, aminoguanidinylalkyl (one to ten carbons per alkyl group) , aminoalkylguanidinyl (one to ten carbons per alkyl group) , guanidine, aminobenzene and aminoalkylbenzene (one to ten carbons per alkyl group) functional groups may be covalently attached to a wide variety of synthetic non-digestible poly ⁇ mers.
• Functional group spacer groups may include alkene as well as alkyl groups. Like their sugar-based counterparts, these agents should be capable of reacting with dietary carbonyl compounds. Nitrogen-containing functional groups may be covalently attached to synthetic supports such as, for example, polystyrene, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, poly- vinyl alcohol and crosslinked derivatives thereof.
• nonabsorbable polyamine compounds that sequester carbonyl substances present in the diet are used in the compo ⁇ sitions of the present invention in dosage levels of from 600 mg to about 20 gm per day i .n o 3ne 3or more divided doses, pre ⁇ ferably from about 1 gm to about 20 gm per day, more prefer ⁇ ably from about 3 gm to about 20 gm per day, and most prefer ⁇ ably from about 6 gm to about 20 gm per day.
• the dosage of these compounds is in the range of 15 mg/kg daily to about 800 mg/kg daily, preferably 30 mg/kg daily to about 800 mg/kg, more preferably 60 mg/kg daily to about 800mg/kg, and most preferably 120 mg/kg daily to about 800 mg/kg.
• anti-oxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibitor co-agents As regards the use of anti-oxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibitor co-agents, vitamin co-agents, co-agents which are metabolites at risk of depletion, sulfhydryl co-agents, and co-agents which may facilitate glutathione activity, it is assumed herein that these substances are administered orally unless stated otherwise. Dosage ranges for these co-agents refer to human use and may be adjusted accordingly for use by other mammals on a per kilogram basis. It is claimed herein that the therapeutic value of the primary amine agents of the present invention can be maximized by administration in conjunction with recognized anti-oxidant free radical trapping compounds such as ⁇ -tocopherol (Ferrari and coworkers, 1991, pg.
• dosage range from 100 I. U. daily to 3,500 I. U. daily, or other agents previously recognized as adjunts which facilitate in vivo capability to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
• the dosage range noted above for ⁇ -tocopherol is also claimed for other vitamin E derivatives such as j ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopher-ol, ⁇ -tocopherol, e-toco- pherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, f 2 -tocopherol and 17-tocopherol, as well as ester derivatives thereof such as the corresponding acet ⁇ ate, succinate and nicotinate forms.
• Citric acid dosage range from 200 mg daily to 20 gm daily, may be included in this catagory of co-administered agents, as it is recognized as having anti-oxidant properties (Merck Index. Budavari, 1989, pg. 363) .
• this co-agent may be consumed as a combination of potassium citrate monohydrate and citric acid monohydrate in a weight ratio of 3.3 to 1 , or other weight ratio selected so as to alkalinize ⁇ a composition.
• Citric acid is also recognized as an inhibitor of Maillard reactions (Stuckey, 1968, pg. 210) .
• ubiquinol seleho-amino acids and sulfhydryl compounds (e.g., glutathione, sulfhydryl proteins, cysteine and methionine) .
• An intravenous, intramuscu ⁇ lar, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily for glutathione is proposed herein.
• dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1 gm daily; ⁇ -carotene, dosage range from 20 mg daily to 300 mg daily (Frankel, 1987, pg. 82); dihydrolipoic acid (Sies, 1991, pgs.
• intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily; iV-acetyl-cysteine (Le Guen and coworkers, 1992) , dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 150 mg/kg daily; prostaglandin B oligomers (also known as poly ⁇ meric 15-keto prostaglandin B or PGB X ) , intravenous, intramus ⁇ cular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily; 2-aminomethyl-4-tert-butyl-6-iodophenol, dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg daily to 600 mg/kg daily (Swingle and coworkers, 1985, pg.
• ethoxyquin dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily (Swingle and coworkers, 1985, pg. 118) ; probucol, a synthetic anti-oxidant (Halliwell, 1991, pg.
• dosage range from 25 mg daily to 1 gm daily; ebselen, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily; 5- [ [3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) -4- hydroxyphenyllmethylene] -3- (dimethylamino) -4-thiazolidinone (LY221068; Panetta and coworkers, 1991), dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily; 5- [ [3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl ⁇ ethyl) -4-hydroxyphenyljmethylene] -3- (methylamino) -4-thiazo- lidinone (LY269415, Panetta and coworkers, 1991) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily; D-myoinositol-1.2.6- trisphosphate (Claxson and coworkers, 1990) , intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or
• Selenium may also be in ⁇ cluded in this group, dosage range from 25 ⁇ g daily to 0.5 mg daily, as it has recognized indirect anti-oxidant properties (Stuckey, 1968, pg. 236).
• Some in vivo experimental data has been presented which indicates that ⁇ -tocopherol; butylated- hydroxytoluene; propyl gallate; 2-aminomethyl-4- ert-butyl-6- iodophenol; 2-aminomethyl-4-tert-butyl-6-propionylphenol; 2,6- di-tert-butyl-4- [2' -thenoyl] -phenol; N, N' -diphenyl-p-phenyl ⁇ enediamine; ethoxyquin; ebselen; 5- [3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl ⁇ ethyl) - 4 -hydroxyphenyljmethylene] -3- (dimethylamino)-4-thiazo- lidin
• vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) dermal, subcutaneous, in ⁇ travenous, intramuscular or oral dosage range from 10 ⁇ g/kg daily to 1 mg/kg daily;
• vitamin A acid retinoic acid
• dermal subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular or oral dosage range from 10 ⁇ g/kg daily to 1 mg/kg daily;
• -retinyl acetate dermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, in ⁇ tramuscular or oral dosage range from 10 ⁇ g/kg daily to 1 mg/kg daily;
• vitamin B 1 (thiamine HCl) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• -thiamine propyl disulfide dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• -thiamine disulfide dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• -thiamine disulfide 0,O-diisobutyrate dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• -thiamine disulfide hydrochloride dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• -thiamine disulfide phosphate dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily; -thiamine mononitrate, do 3sa9ge range from 1 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• vitamin B 2 riboflavin
• -riboflavin tetrabutyrate dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• -riboflavine 5'-phosphate ester monosodium salt dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine HCl) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -pyridoxal dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -pyridoxal HCl dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -pyridoxal 5-phosphate dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -pyridoxal 5-phosphate calcium salt dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -pyridoxamine dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -pyridoxamine phosphate dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily;
• -vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) , intravenous or oral dosage range from 1 ⁇ g daily to 1 mg daily;
• intravenous or oral dosage range from 1 ⁇ g daily to 1 mg daily;
• -vitamin H (biotin) , intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 150 ⁇ g daily to 200 mg daily;
• -vitamin K x (phytonadione) , intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -diacetyl dihydro vitamin K l t intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -vitamin K oxide intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• vitamin(s) K 2 menaquinones
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily 100 mg daily;
• -vitaminK 2(35) dihydrodiacetate intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -vitaminK 2(30) dihydrodiacetate intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -vitamin K 5 hydrochloride intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -vitamin K 6 dihydrochloride intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -vitamin K 7 hydrochloride intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g daily to 100 mg daily;
• -vitamin L lf dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily; -vitamin L 2 , dosage range 3 ⁇ ?from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• -vitamin U dosage range from 25 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• - ⁇ -carotene dosage range from 20 mg daily to 300 mg daily;
• -j ⁇ -carotene dosage range from 20 mg daily to 300 mg daily;
• - ⁇ -carotene dosage range from 20 mg daily to 300 mg daily;
• - ⁇ -carotene dosage range from 20 mg daily to 300 mg daily;
• vitamin B ⁇ ; Carnitor, Sigma-Tau Pharma ⁇ ceuticals
• -acetyl-L-carnitine dosage range from 100 mg daily to 3 gm daily;
• vitamin Be -folic acid
• -folinic acid dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily;
• -folinic acid calcium salt pentahydrate dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily;
• -niacinamide dosage range from 100 mg daily to 10 gm daily;
• vitamin B 3 Nicolar, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer
• dosage range from 100 mg daily to 10 gm daily;
• -nicotinic acid sodium salt sesquihydrate dosage range from 100 mg daily to 10 gm daily;
• -nicotinic acid monoethanolamine salt dosage range from 100 mg daily to 10 gm daily;
• -pantothenic acid dosage range from 5 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• -pantothenic acid sodium salt dosage range from 5 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• -pantothenic acid calcium salt dosage range from 5 mg daily to 2 gm daily.
• glycine a metabolites
• Use of glycine within the dosage range of from 1 gm daily to 20 gm daily is claimed herein.
• Coenzyme A is a required cofactor for hippuric- ase, the liver enzyme which adds glycine to benzoic acid derivatives.
• L-methionine dosage range from 200 mg daily to 4 gm daily and homocysteine, dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily may also be of clinical benefit as absorbable drugs capable of covalently binding aldehyde or ketone agents.
• Homocysteine contains a free sulfhydryl group.
• acetyl-homocysteine thio- lactone intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg da Vil/y to 25 mg/kg daily may also be included in this group.
• Methionine is converted in vivo to homocysteine by several enzymatic reactions which remove a methyl group.
• L-Methionine also has a demonstrated ability to scavenge hypochlorous acid, a reactive oxygen specie which may contribute to the degradation of hyaluronic acid seen in rheumatoid arthritis (Saari and coworkers, 1993, pgs. 404 and 408) .
• Thioctic acid also known as ⁇ -lipoic acid, is also included in this category in a dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily, including its sodium salt and ethylenediamine derivatives, as its structure includes a disulfide group.
• This agent a recognized growth factor (Budavari and cowork ⁇ ers, 1989, pg. 1469) , may tend to be depleted in the tissues of patients having chronic inflammatory diseases involving etiologies which include dysfunction of aldehyde and/or ketone metabolism.
• the present invention includes use of vari ⁇ ous co-agents which may facilitate glutathione activity.
• Use of iV-acetylcysteine (Dansette and coworkers, 1990) dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 150 mg/kg daily, has been report ⁇ ed to increase the levels of plasma cysteine, plasma glutathi ⁇ one and red blood cell glutathione (Bernard, 1991) , and to induce a 100-fold increase in myocardial glutathione subse ⁇ quent to experimental ischemia and reperfusion (Ferrari and coworkers, 1991) .
• N-Acetylcysteine reacts with hypochlorous acid, HO- and H 2 0 2 (Bernard, 1991) , as well as with reactive aldehydes found in tobacco smoke (Ohman and coworkers, 1992) .
• Other substances in this class include L-2-oxothiazolidine-4- carboxylic acid, reported to hydrolyse in vivo to cysteine (Halliwell, 1991, pg.
• timonacic also known as 4-thi- azolidinecarboxylic acid (Dansette and coworkers, 1990) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily; cysteamine (Dansette and coworkers, 1990) , dosage range from 200 mg daily to 4 gm daily; lipoamide derivatives (Dansette and coworkers, 1990) such as malotilate (Kantec) , dosage range from 100 mg daily to 2 gm daily; sulfarlem (ADT; Dansette and coworkers, 1990) , intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 mg/kg daily to 1 gm/kg daily; and oltipraz (Dansette and coworkers, 1990) , intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 mg/kg daily to 1 gm/kg daily, as these co-agents may further serve to improve the invention described herein,
• a daily protocol of amine and amine-related drug consump ⁇ tion in combination with co-agents defined herein, may be defined such that drug products are administered in timed- release and/or color coded tablets or capsules, so as to facilitate patient compliance and maximize therapeutic value.
• a therapeutic composition may be incorporated into a foodstuff product, so as to encourage regular, long term patient compliance, (xi) Therapeutic Utilization
• the present invention is intended for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and is useful for this purpose in various animal species, e. g., rodents, cats, dogs, cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, monkeys and other primates.
• the correct dose of antioxidants for effective arthritis therapy must be determined by experi ⁇ mentation.
• the effective dose may be quite high.
• a friend of ours who is a well-known artist in his fifties developed arthritis in his hands. This man's hands became so painful and stiff he could no longer use his fingers to remove the caps from his tubes of paint.
• patient L.S. began taking 800 I.U. vitamin E, 1. gm of methionine and 1.1 gm PABA per day for two months. Subsequently, vitamin E and methion ⁇ ine usage remained the same and PABA usage was increased to 2.2 gm per day, with the protocol continued on an indefinite basis.
• ...Lumbar spine X-Rays in AP and lateral views show extensive degenerative arthritic changes at multiple levels of the lumbar spine...severe arthritic changes lumbar spine. Bursitis left greater trochanter clin ⁇ ically...She will always have a problem related to her underlying degenerative disease involving her lower back...She is favoring her left leg...Her straight leg raising is limited on the left side...
• PABA many of the other amine primary agents, the anti- oxidant free radical trapping co-agents, substances related thereto and previously known medicaments described herein are chemicals which have been previously synthesized and des ⁇ cribed. Yet the present invention recognizes a new and novel combination of therapeutic properties, never recognized previ ⁇ ously, and the clinical applications thereof.
• My original invention as defined in US patent application 07/906,909, constitutes a significant and practical advancement of clini ⁇ cal therapeutic technology available for treating chronic inflammatory diseases, and the present invention constitutes a further practical extension of the original inventive concept.
• dosage ranges listed below refer to adult usage and that in particular cases it may be desirable to go beyond the dos ⁇ age ranges noted below.
• Various oral compositions as noted below which exemplify the present invention may be formulated with additional components or coatings so as to function in a slow acting, delayed release manner. Except where stated otherwise, the drugs listed in the following examples are to be administered orally. It is understood, however, that var ⁇ ious combinations of administration via oral route and admin ⁇ istration via injected route or topical route may be en ⁇ visioned for the compositions listed below.
• Example 1 Example 1
• Clinical treatment of chronic gingivitis and/or chronic periodontitis can be improved by use of a composition, admin ⁇ istered in various oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intralesional combinations, comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat chronic gingivitis and/or chronic periodontitis, such as, for example, (a) antibiotics such as penicillin G potassium ⁇ Pfizerpen, Roerig) , intramuscular, intravenous, local infusion or intrathecal dosage range from one million units daily to twenty million units daily; penicillin G benzathine and penicillin G procaine combination (Bicillin C-R, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories) , intramuscular dos ⁇ age range
• ⁇ ugment i SmithKline Beecham
• dosage range from 750 mg amoxicillin and 187.5 mg clavulanate potassium daily to 1.5 grams amoxicillin and 375 mg clavulanate potassium daily
• tetracycline Achromycin V, Lederle
• dosage range 500 mg daily to 2 gm daily
• doxycycline Vibramycin, Pfizer
• dosage range from 50 mg daily to 300 mg daily
• minocycline Minocin, Lederle
• nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole (Flagyl , Searle) , dosage range from 250 mg daily to 2.5 gm daily;
• antiseptics such as chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex oral rinse, Proctor & Gamble) , one to three oral rinses per day;
• surfactants such as triclosan, as ingredient in mouthwash or toothpaste, dosage range of one to three applications of 0.01% to 5% solution or suspension daily; and sanguinarine, as ingredient in mouthwash or toothpaste, dosage range of one to three applications of 0.01% to 5% solution or suspension daily;
• ebselen intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily, or application of 1% to 25% topical compositions;
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administered orally including suprofen dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• corticosteroid preparations such as hydrocortisone acetate, 0.5% (Ora ase HCA, Colgate-Hoyt/Gel-
• Clinical treatment of chronic autoimmune gastritis can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent compris ⁇ ing a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option ⁇ ally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat autoimmune gastritis, such as, for example,
• ebselen intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily.
• Clinical treatment of ileitis, including Crohn's disease can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat ileitis, including Crohn's disease, such as, for example,
• methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol , Upjohn) , intra- synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• metronidazole Frayl , Searle
• dosage range from 250 mg daily to 2.5 gm daily
• ebselen intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• cortisone (Cortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily; 5
• prednisone (Deltasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (1) methylprednisolone ( ⁇ fedrol, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (m) triamcinolone (Aristocort, Fujisawa) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (n) triamcinolone diacetate (Aristocort suspensions, Fujisawa) , intramuscular, intrasynovial or intralesional dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone (Celestone Soluspan suspension, Schering) , intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramuscular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone
• intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• prednisolone Hydeltrasol injection, Merck & Co.
• intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily
• diphenoxylate dosage range from 2.5 mg daily to 20 mg daily;
• (x) codeine dosage range from 1 mg daily to 150 mg daily;
• cyclosporin A (Sandimmune, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 15 mg/kg daily;
• methotrexate (Lederle) dosage range from 2.5 mg daily to 30 mg daily, or doses from 5 mg to 50 mg once or twice weekly;
• methotrexate sodium (Methotrexate LPF, Lederle), intra ⁇ muscular, intravenous, intra-arterial or intrathecal dosage range from 2.5 mg daily to 30 mg daily, or doses from 5 mg to 50 mg once or twice weekly.
• a form of inflammatory bowel disease can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat ulcerative colitis, a form of inflammatory bowel disease, such as, for example,
• sulfasalazine (Azulfidine EN- tabs delayed release tablets and Azulfidine tablets, Kabi Pharmacia) , dosage range from 1 gm daily to 5 gm daily;
• olsalazine (Dipentum, Pharmacia Ltd.), dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• disodium azodisalicylate dosage range from 200 mg daily to 4 gm daily;
• eicosapentaenoic acid or commercial products containing this substance as the active ingredient, including MaxEPA capsules, 18 gm of which contains 3.2 gm eicosapentaenoic acid
• dosage range from 500 mg daily to 10 gm daily
• salicylsulfapyridine (Salazopyrin, Pharmacia AB) , dosage range from 1 gm daily to 5 gm daily
• eicosapentaenoic acid or commercial products containing this substance as the active ingredient, including MaxEPA capsules, 18 gm of which contains 3.2 gm eicosapentaenoic acid
• sustained-release tablets of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine; Asacol delayed-release tablets, a composition consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid coated with Eudragit-S, an acrylic-based resin pH-dependent delayed release substance; Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals) , dosage range from 500 mg daily to 5 gm daily;
• diazo sulfanilamide ethylene polymer of 5-aminosalicylic acid dosage range from 500 mg daily to 5 gm daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• cortisone (Cortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (r) methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (s) methylprednisolone acetate (Depo -Medrol, Upjohn), intra- synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• triamcinolone Aristocort, Fujisawa
• dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• triamcinolone diacetate Aristocort suspensions, Fujisa ⁇ wa
• intramuscular, intrasynovial or intralesional dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone (Celestone Soluspan suspension, Schering) , intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck & Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• cyclosporinA (Sandimmune, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 15 mg/kg daily;
• m' procyclidine (Kemadrin, Burroughs Wellcome) , dosage range from 2 mg daily to 50 mg daily;
• n' biperiden (Akineton, Knoll Pharmaceuticals) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• (o') ethopropazine dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• r' biperiden lactate (parenteral Akineton, Knoll Pharmaceu ⁇ ticals) , intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• Clinical treatment of interstitial cystitis can be im ⁇ proved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat interstitial cystitis, such as, for example,
• benztropine mesylate (Cogentin, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• procyclidine (Kemadrin, Burroughs Wellcome) , dosage range from 2 mg daily to 50 mg daily;
• biperiden (Akineton, Knoll Pharmaceuticals) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• ethopropazine dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily
• scopolamine dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 1 mg daily
• benztropine mesylate (Cogentin injection, Merck & Co.), intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• biperiden lactate parenteral Akineton, Knoll Pharmaceu ⁇ ticals
• intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily.
• Clinical treatment of psoriasis can be improved by use of a corn-position, administered in various oral, topical, intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intralesional combina ⁇ tions, comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat psoriasis, such as, for example,
• methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Lederle Laboratories)', dosage range from 1 mg weekly to 20 mg weekly;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily
• cortisone ( Cortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (i) methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (j) methylprednisolone acetate (Depo -Medrol, Upjohn), intra- synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• triamcinolone Aristocort, Fujisawa
• dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• triamcinolone diacetate Aristocort suspensions, Fujisa ⁇ wa
• intramuscular, intrasynovial or intralesional dosage range from l mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone Celestone Soluspan suspension, Schering
• intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• dexamethasone (Decadron phosphate injection, Merck & Co.) , intramuscular, intravenous or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck £*. Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone acetate suspension, Merck & Co.), intra-articular, intralesional or soft tissue injection dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• prednisolone Hydel trasol injection, Merck & Co.
• intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional'and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily
• triamcinolone acetonide Aristocort A topical cream, Fujisawa
• alclometasone 17,21-dipropionate (Aclovate, Glaxo Derma ⁇ tology) , dosage range of from one to three applications per day;
• hydrocortisone (Anusol -HC, Parke-Davis) , dosage range of from one to four applications per day;
• fluticasone propionate (w) fluticasone propionate (Cutivate cream, Glaxo Derma ⁇ tology) , dosage range of from one to three applications per day;
• betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate (Diprolene, Schering), dosage range of from one to three applications per day; (y) mometasone 17- (2-furoate) (Elocon, Schering), dosage range of from once weekly to once daily;
• coal tar topical composition (a') 0.05% coal tar topical composition (DHS Tar Gel Shampoo, Person & Covey) , dosage range of from one use per day to one use per week;
• coal tar topical composition (Denorex Extra Strength Shampoo, Whitehall Laboratories) , dosage range of from one use per day to one use per week;
• methoxsalen (Oxsoralen lotion, 1%, ICN) , dosage range from a topical application plus ultraviolet light exposure once per month to applications plus ultraviolet light exposure three times per week;
• etretinate Tegison, Roche Dermatologies
• dosage range 0.125 mg/kg daily to 1.5 mg/kg daily;
• isotretinoin (Accutane, Roche Dermatologies), dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 2 mg/kg daily;
• anthralin (Dri thocreme topical creams, American Dermal) , dosage range of from one application per week to one application per day for each concentration of drug, ranging from 0.1% to 1%;
• cyclosporinA (Simmune, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 15 mg/kg daily;
• vitamin D 3 0.001% to 0.5 % in cream, lotion or gel base, topical application from once weekly to four times daily;
• Clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis can be im ⁇ proved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent compris ⁇ ing a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optional ⁇ ly at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat rheumatoid arthritis, such as, for example,
• meclofenamate (Meclomen) , dosage range from 100 mg daily to 800 mg daily;
• amfenac dosage range from 1 ⁇ g/kg daily to 1 mg/kg d ily;
• diclofenac Voltaren
• etodolac Lidine, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
• metiazinic acid dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• indomethacin Indocin
• (k) isofezolac dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 25 mg/kg daily;
• sulindac Clinoril , Merck & Co.
• glucametacin dosage range from 50 mg daily to 600 mg daily;
• cinmetacin dosage range from 2 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily;
• (p) fenclofenac dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• ketorolac tromethamine iTofradol, Syntex
• (t) tinoridine dosage range from 2.5 mg/kg daily to 250 mg/kg daily;
• fenoprofen (Nalfon) , dosage range from 250 mg daily to 3.2 gm daily;
• flurbiprofen (Ansaid) , dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• ibuprofen (w) ibuprofen (Motrin) , dosage range from 200 mg daily to 3.2 gm daily;
• ketoprofen Orudis
• bucloxic acid dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• (d' ) feprazone dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• (g' ) sulfasalazine dosage range from 200 mg daily to 3 gm daily;
• piroxicam (i') piroxicam (Feldene) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 25 mg daily;
• (j') isoxicam, dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• (m' ) gold sodium thiomalate (Myochryisine, Merck & Co.), intramuscular dosage range from 1 mg weekly to 50 mg weekly;
• (n' ) hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil , SanofiWinthrop Pharmaceu ⁇ ticals) , dosage range from 50 mg (equivalent to 39 mg base) daily to 600 mg (equivalent to 465 mg base) daily;
• (o' ) chloroquine dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Lederle Laboratories) , dosage range from 1 mg weekly to 20 mg weekly;
• cyclophosphamide Cytoxan, Bristol-Myers Oncology
• dos ⁇ age range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• dexamethasone (Decadron, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 18 mg daily;
• cyclosporinA (Sandimmune, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 250 mg/kg daily or three times weekly;
• (c'') aloxiprin dosage range from 1 gm daily to 7 gm daily;
• (g' ' ) aceclofenac dosage range from 0.2 mg/kg daily to 10 mg/kg daily;
• (h' ' ) apocynin dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• (k' ' ) dapsone dosage range from 20 mg daily to 200 mg daily;
• (1'') solubilized chicken type II collagen dosage range from 50 ⁇ g daily to 20 mg daily;
• (n' ' ) diacetyl-splenopentin intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 100 ⁇ g/kg daily to 3 mg/kg daily;
• (o' ' ) diaveridine dosage range from 25 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily;
• (s'') ebselen intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily;
• (u' ' ) etoclofene intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily;
• (v' ' ) felbinac dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1.25 gm daily;
• (w' ' ) fenclorac dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily
• (x'') fenclozic acid dosage range from 2.5 mg/kg daily to 250 mg/kg daily;
• (y' ' ) fendosal, dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 200 mg/kg daily;
• (a' / ; ) leflunomide dosage range from 50 ⁇ g daily to 50 mg daily;
• (c''') lonazolac-Ca dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• (g' ' ' ) azapropazone dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• eicosapentaenoic acid (as commercial products contain ⁇ ing this substance as the active ingredient, including MaxEPA capsules, 18 gm of which contains 3.2 gm eicosapentaenoic acid) , dosage range of eicosapentaenoic acid from 500 mg daily to 10 gm daily;
• (j''') ibufenac dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• (1''') oxametacine dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• (m' ' ' ) oxaprozin dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• (p' ' ' ) proquazone dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• (r' ' ' ) suprofen dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• (s' ' ' ) tenoxicam dosage range from 5 mg daily to 40 mg daily;
• (t''') tiaprofenic acid dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• (u' ' ' ) tolfenamic acid dosage range from 100 mg daily to 600 mg daily;
• V ' ' difenpiramide, dosage range from 250 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• (x' ' ' ) tiopronin intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• intrasynovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• intramuscular, intrasynovial or intralesional dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone Celestone Soluspan suspension, Scher ⁇ ing
• intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck & Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dos ⁇ age range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone acetate suspension, Merck & Co.), intra-articular, intralesional or soft tissue injec ⁇ tion dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily; (m' ' ' ' ) aspirin, dosage range from 300 mg daily to 6.5 gm daily;
• cyclophosphamide Cytoxan for injection, Bristol-Myers Oncology
• dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily, 2 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg twice weekly or 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg every seven to ten days
• (u' ' ' ' ) N, N' -diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 250 mg/kg daily;
• V ' ' ' ) tenidap (Pfizer) dosage range from 25 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• ketorolac tromethamine Toradol IM, Syntex
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 150 mg daily
• (x' ' ' ' ) carprofen dosage range from 0.2 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily;
• Clinical treatment of ankylosing spondylitis can be im ⁇ proved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat ankylosing spondylitis, such as, for example,
• ketoprofen dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• diclofenac dosage range from 25 mg daily to 500 mg daily
• fenclofenac dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily
• prenazone dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to ' 00 mg/kg daily;
• nabumetone dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily
• indomethacin dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily
• sulindac Clinoril , Merck & Co.
• proquazone dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• ibuprofen dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily
• tenoxicam dosage range from 5 mg daily to 50 mg daily
• piroxicam dosage range from 5 mg daily to 50 mg daily
• tiaprofenic acid dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily;
• cortisone ( Cortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (w) methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (x) methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol , Upjohn) , intra ⁇ synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg; (y) triamcinolone (Aristocort, Fujisawa) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (z) triamcinolone diacetate (Aristocort suspensions, Fujisa ⁇ wa) , intramuscular, intrasynovial or intralesional dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone (Celestone Sol uspan suspension, Schering), intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone
• intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• prednisolone Hydel trasol injection, Merck & Co.
• intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily
• aspirin dosage range from 300 mg daily to 6.5 gm daily
• calcium acetylsalicylate dosage range from 300 mg daily to 6.5 gm daily
• prednisolone Hydel trasol injection, Merck & Co.
• choline salicylate dosage range from 500 mg daily to 4 gm daily;
• choline magnesium trisalicylate Trilisate, Purdue Fred ⁇ erick
• dosage range 500 mg daily to 4 gm daily
• magnesium salicylate dosage range from 500 mg daily to 4 gm daily
• Clinical treatment of osteoarthritis can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat osteoarthritis, such as, for example,
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• nabumetone (Relafen, SmithKline Beecham) , dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 grams daily;
• ketoprofen Orudis
• dosage range from 25 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• diclofenac Vol taren
• dosage range from 10 mg daily to 200 mg daily;
• diphenpyramide dosage range from 250 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• indomethacin Indocin
• (m) gluca etacin dosage range from 50 mg daily to 600 mg daily;
• isoxicam dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily
• lonazolac-Ca dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily
• proquazone dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• nimesulide dosage range from 100 mg daily to 2 gm daily
• oxametacine dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily
• (w) pirprofen dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• (x) prenazone dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• sulindac Clinoril , Merck & Co.
• suprofen dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily
• (a') tenoxicam dosage range from 5 mg daily to 40 mg daily
• (b' ) tiaprofenic acid dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from l mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily;
• methylprednisolone (Afedrol, Upjohn), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (g') methylprednisolone acetate (Depo -Medrol, Upjohn), intrasynovi-al, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 g;
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone (Celestone Sol uspan suspension, Schering), intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• (m' ) cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• (n' ) hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck & Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone acetate suspension, Merck & Co.), intraarticular, intralesional or soft tissue injection dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Hydrocortisone (Hydel trasol injection, Merck & Co.) , intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily;
• q' aspirin, dosage range from 300 mg daily to 6.5 gm daily;
• calcium acetylsalicylate dosage range from 300 mg daily to 6.5 gm daily;
• (s') choline salicylate dosage range from 500 mg daily to 4 gm daily;
• choline magnesium trisalicylate Trilisate, Purdue Fred ⁇ erick
• dosage range 500 mg daily to 4 gm daily
• magnesium salicylate dosage range from 500 mg daily to 4 gm daily
• Clinical treatment of tendinitis or tenosynovitis can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat tendinitis or tenosynovitis, such as, for example,
• diclofenac Vol taren
• nimesulide dosage range from 100 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• pirprofen dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• proquazone dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• sulindac Clinoril , Merck & Co.
• tenoxicam dosage range from 5 mg daily to 40 mg daily
• tiaprofenic acid dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily.
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily
• cortisone (n) cortisone ( Cortone, Merck S* Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (p) methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (q) methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol , Upjohn) , intra ⁇ synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• triamcinolone Aristocort, Fujisawa
• dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• triamcinolone diacetate Aristocort suspensions, Fuji- sawa
• intramuscular, intrasynovial or intralesional dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone Celestone Soluspan suspension, Schering
• intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• dexamethasone (Decadron phosphate injection, Merck & Co.) , intramuscular, intravenous or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck &• Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone acetate suspension, Merck & Co.), intra-articular, intralesional or soft tissue injection dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Hydel trasol injection, Merck & Co.
• intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily;
• dexamethasone acetate Decadron-LA, Merck & Co.
• intra ⁇ muscular and local soft tissue injected dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• (k' ) pyridoxamine phosphate dosage range from 10 mg daily to 1.75 gm daily.
• Clinical treatment of carpel tunnel syndrome and other cumulative trauma disorders can be improved by use of a com ⁇ position comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat carpel tunnel syndrome and other cumulative trauma disorders, such as, for example,
• diclofenac Voltaren
• dosage range from 10 mg daily to 200 mg daily;
• dexamethasone acetate (Decadron-LA, Merck & Co.), intra ⁇ muscular and local soft tissue injected dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• hydrocortisone acetate Hydrocortisone acetate (Hydrocortone suspension, Merck & Co.), intramuscular or local soft tissue injection dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol , Upjohn) , intra ⁇ muscular or local soft tissue dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• vitamin B 6 pyridoxine HCl
• Clinical treatment of chronic discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus can be improved by use of a composition compris ⁇ ing from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recog-nized as effective to treat chronic discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus, such as, for example,
• amodiaquine dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• triquine composition tablets each tablet consisting of 25 mg quinacrine, 65 mg chloroquine and 50 mg hydroxychloroquine, dosage range from one quarter tablet daily to two tablets daily;
• leflunomide dosage range from 50 ⁇ g daily to 50 mg daily;
• cyclosporin A dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 100 mg daily;
• methylprednisolone Medrol , Upjohn
• dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• eicosapentaenoic acid or commercial products containing this substance as the active ingredient, including MaxEPA capsules, 18 gm of which contains 3.2 gm eicosapentaenoic acid
• dosage range from 500 mg daily to 10 gm daily.
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• cortisone Cortone, Merck & Co.
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck & Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone acetate suspension, Merck & Co.), intra-articular, intralesional or soft tissue injection dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Hydeltrasol injection, Merck & Co.
• intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily;
• betamethasone valerate Be tatrex ointment, Savage Labor- atones) , dosage range of from one to four applications per day to affected skin areas;
• betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate (Diprolene, Schering), dosage range of from one to three applications per day;
• (d' ) aspirin dosage range from 300 mg daily to 6.5 gm daily;
• cyclophosphamide dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily.
• Clinical treatment of pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of asbestos particles (asbestosis) , inhalation of stone dust or quartz (silic-osis) or inhalation of other causitive agents such as graphite, coal dust, particles produced by metal grinding, talc or corn dust can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of asbestos parti ⁇ cles (asbestosis) , inhalation of stone dust or quartz (silico- sis) or inhalation of other causitive agents such as graphite, coal dust, particles produced by metal grinding, talc or corn dust, such as, for example,
• iV-acetylcysteine dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 150 mg/kg daily;
• indomethacin Indocin
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck & Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• dexamethasone (Decadron phosphate injection, Merck & Co.) , intramuscular, intravenous or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily.
• Clinical treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as, for example,
• N-acetylcysteine dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 150 mg/kg daily;
• indomethacin Indocin
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• dexamethasone (Decadron phosphate injection, Merck &
• intramuscular, intravenous or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• Clinical treatment of inflammatory myopathies can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat inflammatory myopathies disease, such as, for example,
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Lederle Laboratories) , dosage range from 1 mg weekly to 20 mg weekly;
• methotrexate sodium (Methotrexate LPF, Lederle) , intra ⁇ muscular, intravenous, intra-arterial or intrathecal dosage range from 2.5 mg daily to 30 mgydaily, or doses from 5 mg to 50 mg once or twice weekly;
• cyclophosphamide (Cyt ⁇ xan, Bristol-Myers Oncology) , dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily;
• cyclophosphamide Cytoxan for injection, Bristol-Myers Oncology
• dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily, 2 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg twice weekly or 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg every seven to ten days;
• azathioprine (Imuran, Burroughs Wellcome) , dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 2.5 mg/kg daily;
• diazepam (Valium injectable, Roche Products) , dosage range from 2 mg daily to 40 mg daily;
• Clinical treatment of inflammatory neuropathies can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent compris ⁇ ing a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option ⁇ ally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat inflammatory neuropathies disease, such as, for example,
• cortisone (Cortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol , Upjohn) , intra ⁇ synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• triamcinolone (e) triamcinolone (Aristocort, Fujisawa) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 200 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• betamethasone Celestone, Schering
• dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• betamethasone (Celestone Soluspan suspension, Schering) , intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• dexamethasone (Decadron, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 18 mg daily;
• cortisone Cortone suspension, Merck & Co.
• intramus ⁇ cular dosage range from 5 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone phosphate injection, Merck & Co.), intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• prednisolone Hydrocortisone (Hydel trasol injection, Merck & Co.) , intra- venous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily;
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• dosage range from 1 mg daily or every other day to 250 mg daily
• (p) ebselen intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily.
• Clinical treatment of epilepsy can be improved by use of a com-position comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat epilepsy, such as, for example,
• phenytoin (Dilantin-125, Parke-Davis) , dosage range from 50 mg daily to 625 mg daily;
• phenytion in combination with phenobarbital in combination with phenobarbital (Dilantin capsules, Parke-Davis) , dosage range from 100 mg phenytoin sodium and 16 mg phenobarbital daily to 600 mg phenytoin sodium and 192 mg phenobarbital daily;
• phenobarbital (Lilly) dosage range from 5 mg daily to 200 mg daily;
• clonazepam (Klonopin, Roche Laboratories) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 20 mg daily;
• valproic acid (Depakene, Abbott Laboratories), dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 60 mg/kg daily;
• divalproex sodium (Depa ote, Abbott Laboratories) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 60 mg/kg daily;
• acetazolamide (Diamox, Lederle) , dosage range from 50 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• acetazolamide sodium (Diamox, Lederle) , intravenous dosage range from 50 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• corticotropin intramuscular dosage range from 5 units daily to 60 units daily;
• lorazepam (Ativan, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories) , intravenous dosage range from 50 ⁇ g/kg daily to 300 ⁇ g/kg daily;
• felbamate (s) felbamate (Felbatol , Wallace Laboratories) , intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g/kg daily to 2 mg/kg daily;
• (t) zonisamide (Excegran, Dainippon) , intravenous, intramus ⁇ cular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 ⁇ g/kg daily to 2 mg/kg daily;
• gabapentin iYeuron in, Warner-Lambert
• lamotrigine Lamictal , Burroughs Wellcome
• Clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option ⁇ ally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat Alzheimer's disease, such as, for example,
• vasodilator or other nootropic direct brain metabolic enhancer drugs such as idebenone, dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 150 mg/kg daily; propentophylline, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 50 mg daily to 3 gm daily; pentoxifylline, dosage range from 50 mg daily to 3 gm daily; citicoline, dosage range from 50 mg daily to 5 gm daily; ebiratide, subcutaneous dosage range from 3 ⁇ g/kg daily to 1 mg/kg daily; vinpocetine ( Cavinton, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter, Ltd.) , intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 300 mg/kg daily; bromvincamine, dosage range from 25 mg daily to 3 gm daily; cyclandelate, dosage range from 25 mg daily to 3 gm daily; isoxsuprene, dosage range from 25 mg daily to 3 gm daily; nafronyl, dosage range
• neurotransmission enhancer drugs such as amantadine (Symmetrel , Du Pont Multi-Source Products) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 400 mg daily; calcium hopantenate, dosage range from 100 mg daily to 4 gm daily; lisuride, dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 2 mg daily; and indeloxazine, dosage range from 50 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• psychotherapeutic drugs such as haloperidol (Haldol , McNeil Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 15 mg daily; bromperidol, dosage range from 20 ⁇ g/kg daily to 0.25 mg/kg daily; thioridazine (Mellaril, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 800 mg daily; thiothixene (Navane, Roerig) , dosage range from 2 mg daily to 60 mg daily; fluphenazine (Prolixin, Apothecon) , dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 40 mg daily; perphenazine in amitriptyline/perphenazine combinations (Etrafon, Schering) , dosage range from 4 mg perphenazine and 50 mg amitriptyline daily to 16 mg perphenazine and 100 mg amitriptyline daily; and molindone (MoJban, Du Pont Multi-Source Products) , dosage range from 3 mg daily to 225 mg daily;
• acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine (Antilirium Injectable, Forest Pharmaceuticals) , oral dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 20 mg daily, or intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 5 ⁇ g daily to 3 mg daily, optionally with phosphatidylcholine co-agent, oral dosage range from zero to 15 gm daily; heptylphysostigmme, dosage range from 1 mg daily to 1 gm daily; tacrine ( Cognex, Warner-Lambert) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 200 mg daily, optionally with phosphatidylcholine co-agent, dosage range from zero to 15 gm daily;
• calcium channel blocker agents such as diltiazem ( Cardizem or Cardizem SR) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 360 mg daily; verapamil ( Calan or Calan SR) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 480 mg daily; nifedipine (Procardia) , dosage range from 3 mg daily to 180 mg daily; nifedipine (Procardia XL) , dosage range from 3 mg daily to 90 mg daily; nicardipine ( Cardene) , dosage range from 6 mg daily to 120 mg daily; isradipine (DynaCirc) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 20 mg daily; amlodipine (Norvasc, Pfizer Labs Division) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily; and felodipine (Plendil , Merck & Co.), dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 20 mg daily;
• diltiazem Cardizem or Cardizem SR
• biogenic amines and substances related thereto such as clonidine ( Catapres, Boehringer Ingelheim) , dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 2.4 mg daily; guanfacine ( Tenex, Robins) , dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 3 mg daily; alaproclate, dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 3 mg daily; fipexide, dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 3 mg daily; zimeldine, dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 3 mg daily; and citalopram, dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 3 mg daily; (h) antirage drugs such as propranolol (Inderal , Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories) , dosage range from 30 mg daily to 640 mg daily; carbamazepine (Tegrretol, Geigy) , dosage range from 40 mg daily to 1.6 gm daily; and fluoxetine (Prozac Pulvules, Dista) , dosage range from 20 mg daily to 80 mg daily;
• minor tranquilizers such as benzodiazepine agents including diazepam ( Valium, Roche Products), dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 40 mg daily; lorazepam (Ativan, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily; prazepam ( Centrax, Parke-Davis), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 60 mg daily; ' - ? chlordiazepoxide (Libri tabs, Roche Products) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 300 mg daily; chlordiazepoxide/clidinium combination (Librax, Roche
• dosage range from 5 mg chlordiazepoxide and 2.5 mg clidinium daily to 20 mg chlordiazepoxide and 10 mg clidinium daily; chlordiazepoxide/amitriptyline combination (Limbi trol DS,
• angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril ( Capoten, Squibb) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to
• enalaprilat dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 100 mg daily
• enalapril maleate/hydrochlorothiazide combination Vaseretic, Merck & Co.
• hydrochlorothiazide daily to 20 mg enalapril maleate and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide daily
• fosinopril Monopril , Mead Johnson Pharmaceuticals
• lisinopril dosage range from 1 mg daily to
• ramipril (Altace, Hoechst-Roussel) , dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily; epi-captopril, dosage range fro? ⁇ mY1 mg daily to 300 mg daily; alacepril, dosage range from 5 mg daily to 300 mg daily; quinapril, dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 40 mg daily; perindopril, dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 40 mg daily; delapril, dosage range from 4 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily; cilazapril, dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 40 mg daily; pivalopril, dosage range from 2 mg daily to 250 mg daily; rentiapril, dosage range from 1 mg daily to 150 mg daily; zofenopril, dosage range from 1 mg daily to 150 mg daily; and zofenoprilat, dosage range from 1 mg daily to 150 mg daily; (k) substances which may enhance acetylcholine synthesis, storage or release such as phosphatidyl
• postsynaptic receptor agonists such as arecoline, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 2 mg daily to 25 mg daily; oxotremorine, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 1 ⁇ g/kg daily to 0.2 mg/kg daily; ethyl nipecotate, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 2 mg daily to 250 mg daily; bethanechol ( Urecholine, Merck & Co.), dosage range from 5 mg daily to 200 mg daily; and ' " levacecarnine (acetyl-L-carnitine or Alcar, Sigma-Tau) , dosage range from 500 mg daily to 5 gm daily;
• mixed cow brain gangliosides Cronassial , Fidia Pharma ⁇ ceutical, marketed in several countries in Western Europe, South America and the Far East) , intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 20 mg daily to 200 mg per day;
• specific monoamine oxidase-A inhibitors such as moclobemide (Aurorix, Hoffmann-La Roche) , dosage range from 50 mg daily to 600 mg daily;
• iV-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists ad ⁇ ministered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly or subcuta- neously such as milacemide, dosage range from 50 mg daily to 2.5 gm daily; trihexyphenidyl (Artane, Lederle), dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 20 mg daily; ethopropazine (Paridol) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 400 mg daily; procyclidine (Kemadrin, Burroughs Wellcome) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 40 mg daily; diphenhydramine (Benadryl , Parke-Davis) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 200 mg daily; dizocilpine (Neurogard, Merck Sharp & Dohme) , dosage range from 0.1 ⁇ g/kg daily to 10 mg/kg daily; amantadine (Symmetrel , Du Pont Multi-Source Products) , dosage range from 10 mg daily, dosage
• D-penicillamine ( Cuprimine, Merck & Co.) , dosage range from 25 mg daily to 2 gm daily; oxaprozin (Daypro, Searle) , dosage range from 25 mg ' daily to
• indomethacin Indocin, Merck & Co.
• indomethacin Indocin, Merck & Co.
• dosage range from 10 mg daily to 200 mg daily
• etodolac Lodine, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
• meclofenamate sodium Meclomen, Parke-Davis
• ibuprofen Motrin, Upjohn
• fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon, Dista) , dosage range from 100 mg daily to 3.2 gm
• naproxen sodium (Anaprox, Syntex) , dosage range from 50 mg daily to 1.65 gm daily
• naproxen Naprosyn, Syntex
• ketoprofen Orudis, Wyeth-Ayerst
• mefenamie acid Ponstel , Parke-Davis
• nabumetone Relafen, SmithKline Beecham
• thiamine dosage range from 500 mg daily to 3 gm daily
• anfacine intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 350 mg/kg daily
• sulbutiamine (Arcalion, Laboratories Servier) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 350 mg/kg daily
• anti-oxidant agents which may be used in combination such as ascorbic acid, dosage range from 1 mg daily to 60 mg daily
• ⁇ -tocopherol dosage range from 100 I. U. daily to 3,500 I. U.
• iV-acetylcysteine dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1 gm daily
• j ⁇ -carotene dosage range from 20 mg daily to 300 mg daily
• penicillamine dosage range from 25 mg daily to 2 gm daily
• cysteamine dosage range from 200 mg daily to 4 gm daily
• deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal , CIBA Pharmaceutical) , intra ⁇ venous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 100 mg daily to 2 gm daily; and ebselen, dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 1 gm/kg daily
• (w) specific monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors such as lazabemide (Hoffmann-La Roche) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 200 mg daily;
• (z) serotonergic receptor antagonists such as ketanserin (Ketan, Janssen Pharmaceutica) , intravenous, intra ⁇ muscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 20 mg/kg daily; and mianserin (Mian, Organon International), intravenous, intra ⁇ muscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 20 mg/kg daily; and (a') estrogen, dosage range fro fmf0.2 mg daily to 1.2 mg daily.
• ketanserin Ketan, Janssen Pharmaceutica
• mianserin Mian, Organon International
• Clinical treatment of myasthenia gravis can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option ⁇ ally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat myasthenia gravis, such as, for example,
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• pyridostigmine (Mestinon injectable, ICN) , intramusular or slow intravenous dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• neostigmine bromide (Prostigmin, ICN) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 375 mg daily;
• neostigmine methylsulfate (Prostigmin injectable, ICN) , intramuscular or subcutaneous fdofsage range from 0.5 mg daily to 10 mg daily;
• ephedrine dosage range from 10 mg daily to 100 mg daily.
• Clinical treatment of multiple sclerosis can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option ⁇ ally at least one sub-stance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recog ⁇ nized as effective to treat multiple sclerosis, such as, for example,
• leflunomide dosage range from 50 ⁇ g daily to 50 mg daily;
• methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• corticotropin (Depo-ACTH, Upjohn) , intravenous, intramus ⁇ cular or subcutaneous dosage range from from 10 units daily to 150 units daily;
• cyclosporinA (Sandimmune, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 15 mg/kg daily;
• amantadine (Symmetre!, Du Pont Multi-Source Products) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 400 mg daily; (i) diazepam (Valiu ⁇ , Roche Products), dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 40 mg daily;
• phenytoin (Dilantin-125, Parke-Davis) , dosage range from 50 mg daily to 625 mg daily;
• propantheline Pro-Banthine, Schiapparelli Searle
• dosage range from 2.5 mg daily to 75 mg daily
• imipramine dosage range from 2 mg daily to 150 mg daily
• carbachol dosage range from 50 ⁇ g/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily;
• phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline, SmithKline Beecham) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 150 mg daily; (w) tizanidine, dosage range from 50 ⁇ g/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily; / ⁇
• baclofen (Atrofen, Athena Neurosciences) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 80 mg daily;
• alfa-N3 interferon Alferon N Injection, Purdue Frederick
• intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 250,000 IU daily to 2,500,000 IU daily
• beta interferon Betaseron, Berlex
• intravenous, intra ⁇ muscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 5,000 U/kg daily to 50,000 U/kg daily
• alfa-N3 interferon Alferon N Injection, Purdue Frederick
• beta interferon Betaseron, Berlex
• gamma-lb interferon (e') gamma-lb interferon (Actimmune, Genentech) , intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 5,000 U/kg daily to 50,000 U/kg daily;
• copolymer-1 random polymer of L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine and L-tyrosine, ratio of 6.0:1.9:4.7:1.0, of molecular weight between 14,000 and 23,000 Daltons
• intra ⁇ venous, subcutaneous or intramuscular dosage range 2 mg daily to 40 mg daily;
• cyclophosphamide Cytoxan, Bristol-Myers Oncology
• dos ⁇ age range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily
• cyclophosphamide Cytoxan for injection, Bristol-Myers Oncology
• intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily, 2 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg twice weekly or 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg every seven to ten days
• prednisolone Pediapred, Fisons
• intramuscular or intravenous maintenance dosage range from 0.25 mg/kg daily to 3 mg/kg daily;
• Clinical treatment of inflammatory site edema can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent compris ⁇ ing a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option- ally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat inflammatory site edema, such as, for example,
• cyproheptadine intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily;
• clemastine intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 20 mg/kg daily to 200 mg/kg daily;
• indomethacin intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• piroxicam intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 20 mg/kg daily to 200 mg/kg daily;
• phenylbutazone intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 50 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily;
• phenidone intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 25 mg/kg daily to 1 gm/kg daily
• nordihydroguaiaretic acid intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 mg/kg daily to 2 gm/kg daily
• phenidone intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 25 mg/kg daily to 1 gm/kg daily
• nordihydroguaiaretic acid intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 mg/kg daily to 2 gm/kg daily
• ketoconazole intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 100 mg/kg daily to 2 gm/kg daily
• suprofen dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily
• ketoprofen dosage range from 2 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily;
• (m) indoprofen dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 30 mg/kg daily;
• (o) naproxen dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• ibuprofen dosage range from 15 mg/kg daily to 150 mg/kg daily
• diclofenac dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 25 mg/kg
• fenoprofen dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily
• bucloxic acid dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• (x) carprofen dosage range from 0.2 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily;
• (a') loxoprofen dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 25 mg/kg daily;
• (b' ) diaveridine dosage range from 25 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily;
• (d' ) droxicam dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily;
• ebselen intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 500 mg/kg daily
• g' l-p-chlorobenzyl-2-dimethyl-aminomethylcyclohexen-l,2, dosage range from 2.5 mg/kg daily to 250 mg/kg daily
• h' etoclofene, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily
• flufenamic acid dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily
• benzydamine dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 1 gm/kg daily; /of
• (m' ) fenbufen dosage range from 250 mg daily to 1.25 gm daily;
• (n') felbinac dosage range from 100 mg daily to 1.25 gm daily;
• (o') fenclorac dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg daily to 50 mg/kg daily;
• (p' ) fenclozic acid dosage range from 25 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• (r' ) isoxepac dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• (u' ) tolmetin dosage range from 50 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• (v' ) leflunomide dosage range from 50 ⁇ g daily to 50 mg daily;
• (w' ) isofezolac dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 25 mg/kg daily;
• (a' ' ) diacetylrhein dosage range from 10 mg daily to 500 mg daily;
• (b' ' ) cinmetacin dosage range from 2 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily;
• (d' ' ) nimesulide dosage range from 100 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• (g' ' ) perisoxal dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg daily to 400 mg/kg daily;
• (h' ' ) proquazone dosage range from 150 mg daily to 1.5 gm daily;
• ketorolac dosage range from 20 ⁇ g/kg daily to 2 mg/kg daily;
• hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Merck &Co.), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 400 mg daily;
• (m' ' ) prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• (n' ' ) methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn), dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing
• (o'') methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol , Upjohn), intra ⁇ synovial, intralesional or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg daily to 50 mg daily, or weekly dosage of from 20 mg to 120 mg;
• betamethasone (r' ' ) betamethasone ( Celestone, Schering), dosage range from 0.2 mg daily to 12 mg daily, or alternate day dosing; (s'') betamethasone ( Celestone Sol uspan suspension, Schering), intramuscular or intralesional dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 10 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intralesional and soft tissue dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily;
• Clinical treatment of post-event acute central nervous system trauma, including stroke and spinal cord trauma can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent compris ⁇ ing a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and option ⁇ ally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat post-event acute central nervous system trauma, including stroke and spinal cord trauma, such as, for example,
• heparin calcium Calciparine, Du Pont Multi-Source
• intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 5,000 units daily to 40,000 units daily;
• heparin sodium Heparin Lock Flush solution, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
• intravenous or subcutaneous dosage range from 5,000 units daily to 40,000 uni /t ⁇ sidaily;
• warfarin (c) warfarin ( Coumadin, Du Pont) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 15 mg daily;
• aminophylline intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 75 mg/kg daily;
• isoproterenol (I ⁇ uprel , Sanofi Winthrop) , intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 10 ⁇ g daily to 1 mg daily;
• ( ) aspirin dosage range from 50 mg daily to 1.3 gm daily
• (n) sulfinpyrazone (Anturane, CIBA) dosage range from 50 mg daily to 800 mg daily;
• tissue plasminogen activator Activase, Genentech
• Activase tissue plasminogen activator
• streptokinase Streptase, Astra
• intravenous dosage range from 50,000 IU daily to 500,000 IU daily
• iV-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists ad- ministered orally, intramuscul /a0rlfy, subcutaneously or lntra- veneously such as trihexyphenidyl (Artane, Lederle), dosage range from 0.1 mg daily to 20 mg daily
• ethopropazine Parentidol
• procyclidine Kemadrin, Burroughs Wellcome
• Clinical treatment of post-event consequences of kidney ischemia and reperfusion can be improved by use of a composi ⁇ tion comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat post- event consequences of kidney ischemia and reperfusion, such as, for example,
• trimetazidine dosage range from 100 ⁇ g/kg daily to 3.0 mg/kg daily;
• bucloxic acid dosage range from 200 mg daily to 2 gm daily;
• indometacin dosage range from 25 mg daily to 300 mg daily;
• methylprednisolone (Medrol , Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• methylprednisolone (Solu Medrol , Upjohn) , intramuscular or intravenous dosage range from 0.25 mg/kg daily to 3 mg/kg daily;
• prednisone (Del tasone, Upjohn) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 250 mg daily, or alternate day dosing;
• cyclophosphamide Cytoxan, Bristol-Myers Oncology
• dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily;
• intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous dosage range from 0.1 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily, 2 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg twice weekly or 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg every seven to ten days;
• cyclosporin A ( Sandimmune, Sandoz Pharmaceutical) , dosage range from 1 mg/kg daily to 15 mg/kg daily;
• azathioprine Imuran, Burroughs Wellcome
• N, N' -diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine dosage range from 10 mg/kg daily to 250 mg/kg daily.
• Clinical treatment of post-event consequences of reper ⁇ fusion subsequent to myocardial infarction can be improved by use of a composition comprising from about 1 gm to about 20 gm of at least one primary therapeutic agent comprising a primary amine benzoic acid derivative having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1,400 Daltons, and optionally at least one substance selected from those noted above in section (v) through section (ix) , and a medicament recognized as effective to treat post-event consequences of reperfusion subsequent to myocardial infarction, such as, for example,
• trimetazidine dosage range from 100 ug/kg daily to 3.0 mg/kg daily;
• lidocaine Liignocainum, Polfa
• intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg to 1 mg/kg until ectopy resolves, followed by intravenous continuous infusion at a rate of from 20 ⁇ g/kg/min to 50 ug/kg/min;
• procainamide Procan SR extended-release tablets, Parke- Davis
• dosage range from 200 mg daily to 5 gm daily;
• S-adrenoceptor blockers such as acebutolol (Sectral), dosage range from 20 mg daily to 1.2 gm daily; alprenolol, dosage range from 0.5 mg/kg daily to 5 mg/kg daily; atenolol ( Tenormin) , dosage range from 2.5 mg daily to 200 mg daily; betaxolol (Jerlone) , dosage range from 1 mg daily to 20 mg daily; carteolol (Car rol) , dosage range from 0.25 mg daily to 10 mg daily; esmolol (Brevibloc, Du Pont Pharmaceuticals) , intravenous dosage range from 50 ⁇ g/kg/min to 0.2 mg/kg/min; labetalol (Normodyne) , dosage range from 20 mg daily to 1.8 gm daily; metoprolol (Lopressor) , dosage range from 5 mg daily to 200 mg daily; nadolol ( Corgard) , dosage range from 4 mg daily to 240 mg daily
• timolol (Blocadren) dosage range from 1 mg daily to 60 mg daily;
• nitrates such as sodium nitroprusside, intravenous dosage range from 1 mg daily to 100 mg daily; isosorbide 5-mononitrate, dosa/ge range from 10 mg daily 100 mg daily; isosorbide dinitrate, dosage range from 2 mg daily to 240 mg daily; and sustained-release trinitroglycerin, dosage range from 1 mg daily to 540 mg daily;
• calcium antagonists such as diltiazem ( Cardizem or Cardizem SR) , dosage range from 10 mg daily to 360 mg daily; verapamil ( Calan or Calan SR) , dosage range from 10 mg to 480 mg; nifedipine (Procardia) , dosage range from 3 mg daily to 180 mg daily; nifedipine (Procardia XL) , dosage range from 3 mg daily to 90 mg daily; nicardipine ( Cardene) , dosage range from 6 mg daily to 120 mg daily; isradipine (DynaCirc) , dosage
• N, N'-dimethylthiourea intravenous, intramuscular, sub ⁇ cutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;
• W-2-mercaptopropionylglycine intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral dosage range from 5 mg/kg daily to 100 mg/kg daily;

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• 1995
  • 1995-05-11 EP EP95921256A patent/EP0759750A4/de not_active Ceased
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