EP0743999B1 - Structural frame - Google Patents
Structural frame Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0743999B1 EP0743999B1 EP95937593A EP95937593A EP0743999B1 EP 0743999 B1 EP0743999 B1 EP 0743999B1 EP 95937593 A EP95937593 A EP 95937593A EP 95937593 A EP95937593 A EP 95937593A EP 0743999 B1 EP0743999 B1 EP 0743999B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- struts
- strut
- cubic
- structures
- structural frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/1927—Struts specially adapted therefor of essentially circular cross section
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1978—Frameworks assembled from preformed subframes, e.g. pyramids
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1981—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework
Definitions
- This invention relates in general to structures such as load bearing frames and trusses and more particularly to structures that provide an enhanced trade off between the stress that can be safely carried in relation to the amount of material required for the structure.
- This enhanced strength to weight ratio is a goal of a large number of designs including many of those proposed and constructed by Richard Buckminster Fuller.
- failure occurs because of a failure in tension rather than in compression.
- the loads imposed primarily induce compressive stress in the material, that stress is resolved within the material by vectors which introduce tension.
- a dome subject to load will tend to deflect in such a fashion as to introduce tension along the trusses that constitute the dome. Failure will occur because of a failure in tension.
- a truss structure is also known from U.S. Patent No. 5,125,206.
- This invention is in a framework type of structure composed of a plurality of struts.
- Each strut is ideally equal in length and is deployed in such a fashion as to cause the stress applied to the structure to be resolved within the structure in a way that minimizes the creation of tensile stress.
- the set of struts can be analyzed as a plurality of interconnected sets of building blocks. These building blocks which when interconnected constitute the framework of this invention can be looked at in three different ways. That is, depending upon where one breaks apart the set of struts which constitutes the framework of the invention, one can end up with any one of three distinctly different sets of building blocks. Two of these sets are true building blocks. The other is a bit more abstract in that individual struts do double duty and are considered as constituting edges of two or more of the particular sub frames involved.
- a first set is a twenty strut building block which is called by Applicant a "Unicube". It is a frame in which twelve struts define a cube. From each of the eight corners of the cube, a single strut extends outward in such a fashion as to form an equal angle with each of three adjacent edge struts of the cube. A plurality of these unicubes connected by the outboard ends of the struts which extend from the corners of the cube creates a framework or truss in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
- a second set is composed of two buildings blocks. They are tetrax frames and cubic frames.
- Each tetrax frame is the four struts which extend from the center point of a tetrahedron to the four corners of a tetrahedron.
- Each cubic frame is the twelve struts that define the edges of a cube. The outboard end of each tetrax strut is connected to the corner of a cubic frame and, correspondingly, each corner of a cubic frame is connected to the outboard end of a strut of a tetrax frame.
- eight tetrax frames will extend outwardly.
- a third set is not exactly a building block.
- the third set is the edge frame of the truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD) that is disclosed in detail in the referenced patent application.
- TRD truncated rhombic dodecahedron
- a structure composed of the edge struts defining a plurality of truncated rhombic dodecahedra will generate the frame of this invention.
- each edge would be common to three of these TRDs.
- the framework of this invention is a framework which constitutes the common struts so that the three edges of adjacent TRDs are represented by a single strut rather than by three parallel coincident struts.
- FIGs. 1 through 6 illustrate these three sets or building blocks.
- FIGs. 1 and 2 show two views of a unicube.
- FIGs. 3 and 4 show the tetrax and cubic frame, respectively.
- FIGs. 5 and 6 show two views of a TRD frame.
- FIGs. 5 shows an opaque TRD representing only the visible edges of the TRD.
- the invention relates to a load bearing structural frame comprising twelve compression bearing struts defining the edges of a cubic frame having eight corners, and eight outwardly extending compression bearing struts, each extending outwardly from a seperate one of said eight corners, each of said outwardly extending struts having an outer end.
- the invention also relates to suitable embodiments of this basic frame. Further, the invention relates to a method of constructing such load bearing frame.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the unicube in which the center cube is in opaque form so that only visible struts can be seen.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the actual unicube showing all twelve struts of the center cube and the eight outwardly extending corner struts.
- FIG. 3 shows two views of the four strut tetrax which is also referred to herein as the tetrax frame.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a cubic frame; this cubic frame being the center cube of a unicube.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an opaque truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD) thereby representing only the visible edges of an opaque TRD.
- TRD opaque truncated rhombic dodecahedron
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an actual TRD showing all edges thereof.
- FIG. 7 is a two dimensional aggregation of the FIG. 1 unicubes showing the connection of the outwardly extending struts 14 of adjacent unicubes in essentially a shell.
- a unicube consists of twenty equal struts connected to one another. Twelve of the struts define the edges of a cube and thus are a cubic frame. Eight of the struts extend outward from the eight corners of the cube in a direction so that each of these outwardly extending struts forms an equal angle with each of the three cubic frame struts to which it is connected.
- the twelve struts that define the cube are called cubic struts and the eight struts that extend outward from the corners of the cube are called outwardly extending struts.
- the outwardly extending struts of a single unicube each have an outer end.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a unicube.
- a cubic frame consists of a set of struts defining the twelve edges of a cube.
- a cubic frame constitutes one of two building blocks of an optimum structure of this invention. The other building block is the tetrax, defined below.
- a cubic frame is illustrated in FIG. 4.
- the tetrax is the four equal sized axes extending from the center point of a tetrahedron to the four corners of the tetrahedron.
- the mutual angle between any two of the struts or legs of the tetrax is 109.47°.
- a plurality of tetraxes and a plurality of cubic frames can be combined to create an optimum structural frame of the invention.
- This tetrax is also called a tetrax frame herein.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a tetrax.
- a tetrax structure is a four strut structure or building block that approximates a tetrax.
- the four struts are all connected to a common point. But the struts may not be equal in length and may deviate somewhat from the 109.47° angle between any two of the struts.
- a tetrax structure may be used as a building block in an embodiment of the invention which is less than optimum. The limits of how much a tetrax structure can deviate from a tetrax frame and still be usable in some embodiment of this invention is discussed in greater detail under the detailed description.
- FIGs. 1 and 2 illustrate one form of the building block of the load bearing structural frame of this invention. It is referred to herein as a unicube 10. As shown in FIG. 1, there are twelve struts 12 which form the edges of a cube. There are eight struts 14 which extend outward from the eight corners of the cube. Each outwardly extending strut 14 forms an equal angle with each of the three cube edge struts 12 that form the corner from which the strut 14 extends. The struts 14 and 12 are all equal in length.
- FIG. 1 shows the cube as opaque. Since the structure itself is a series of struts, FIG. 2 is the more accurate representation.
- the outboard ends 14E of each of the struts 14 is attached to an outboard end 14E of three other unicubes.
- FIG. 7 is designed to illustrate and suggest this arrangement. In FIG. 7 only three, not four, ends 14E are illustrated as being connected in order to provide a clearer presentation.
- FIG. 2 unicubes 10 connected by their strut ends 14E to each other will create an optimum frame embodiment of this invention. It should be noted that each end 14E is connected to three other ends 14E of three other unicubes. Thus any set of four connected unicubes will share only one common point.
- FIGs. 3 and 4 illustrate elements of the building blocks of this invention.
- Each cubic frame consists of twelve struts 12 defining the edges of a cube.
- Each cubic frame 16 has eight corners.
- Each tetrax frame 18 is constituted by four struts 14 which comprise the corner axes of a tetrahedron.
- the four struts are equal in length, extend out from a center point 14E to which all four struts are connected and in which any two of the struts have a mutual angle of 109.47°. That is, there are six angles involved in these four struts, taking two at a time. Each angle has a value of 109.47°.
- these four struts are the four lines which extend from the center of the tetrahedron to the four vertices of the tetrahedron.
- each tetrax is connected to a corner of a cubic frame and the corner of each cubic frame is connected to an end point 14c of a tetrax. Since there are four end points 14C to each tetrax and eight corners to a cubic frame, there are twice as many tetrax frames as there are cubic frames in the structure of this invention.
- the tetrax frame is a true tetrax in which each strut is equal in length and has internal angles of 109.47°.
- the internal angle is the angle between any two of the four struts.
- Each strut 14 of a 'tetrax is an outwardly extending strut of a unicube in the assembled structure.
- FIG. 7 may aid in seeing this relationship.
- the same reference number "14" is used for the struts.
- the cubic struts 12 of the unicube are the cubic frame 16 in the assembled structure.
- the end point 14E of the strut 14 in the unicube is the center point of the tetrax struts.
- the end point 14C of the tetrax struts is the corner point of the cubic frame 16.
- center point of the cubic frames 16 is the center point of the cubes of the unicube.
- the center point of all of the cubic frames 16 is a set of points having a relationship to each other such that each member of this set of center points will be equal distant from the twelve neighboring members of the set of points. This relationship is important because that set of points must always be spaced from the set of struts 12, 14 so as to avoid transmission of forces along a strut through those points. By avoiding the transmission of forces through the set of center points, the forces are steered in such a fashion as to minimize the development of tension.
- tetrax structure is used herein to refer to a four strut structure based on the tetrax 18 but having less than ideal equal length struts and/or less than ideal internal angles.
- a tetrax structure is a tetrax modelled structure that provides a significant improvement in the stress steering.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a panel approximately two unicubes deep constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
- This network of struts 12, 14 can be used to produce a number of a wide range of building structures such as a wall truss, a floor truss, a dome and an arch as well as many other structural components.
- the structures can be made extremely light compared to comparable structures made by other techniques because they resolve loads in terms of compression rather than in terms of tension. Thus the structures take full advantage of the high compressive strength to weight ratios as opposed to much lower tensile strength to weight ratios.
- the struts can be made of any suitable material such as steel, aluminum, fiber, reinforced plastic or ordinary plastic struts.
- the strut material as well as its length and cross-sectional size will be a function of the particular design requirements of the structure involved.
- the struts can be joined to one another using any known technique such as bolting, welding, or being cast as integral cubic and tetrax building blocks.
- the surface of the structural frame created in accordance with this invention would normally be closed and preferably smooth in some sense.
- the struts 12 or 14 will connect to some structure that is not part of the structural frame of this invention.
- the framework of this invention steers stresses due to loads in such a fashion as to minimize the development of tension and resolve these stresses as stresses in compression.
- the TRD is a closed structure having six square frames and twelve hexagon frames. Pairs of these square frames and pairs of the hexagon frames are parallel to one another. All edges are exactly equal in length.
- the set of struts 12, 14 that form an optimum embodiment of this invention (that is, true cubic frames and tetraxes with all equal struts) will also define TRDs.
- the TRDs are not strictly building blocks because each strut 12 and 14 will be common to three TRDs.
- additional reinforcing struts that do not conform to the pattern of the struts described above will normally provide no useful benefit and will usually result in some degradation from optimum performance.
- a diagonal strut along the surface of the cubic frame 16 might appear to provide additional rigidity and strength.
- Applicant believes that the main result of such an additional strut would be to deflect the optimum force steering created by the struts 12, 14 of this invention and thereby increase the development of tension in certain strut members. At the best such additional struts would provide no improvement in reducing tension yet create additional cost and weight.
- the tetrax and cubic frame strut building blocks are so connected that each end point of a tetrax leg or strut is connected to a corner of a cubic frame strut and each corner of a cubic frame strut is connected to an end point of a tetrax strut.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
- Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
- Door And Window Frames Mounted To Openings (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
Abstract
Description
building blocks of an optimum structure of this invention. The other building block is the tetrax, defined below. A cubic frame is illustrated in FIG. 4.
Claims (13)
- Load bearing structural frame comprising:twelve compression bearing struts (12) defining the edges of a cubic frame (16) having eight corners, andeight outwardly extending compression bearing struts (14), each extending outwardly from a separate one of said eight corners (14C), each of said outwardly extending struts (14) having an outer end (14E).
- Load bearing structural frame according to claim 1, wherein each of said twelve struts (12) is equal in length.
- Load bearing structural frame according to claim 1, wherein the angles between each of said outwardly extending struts (14) and the three cubic struts (12) to which it is connected are all equal.
- Load bearing structural frame assembly comprising:a plurality of frames (16) according to claim 1, wherein each outer end (14E) of each of said outwardly extending struts (14) is connected to three other outer ends (14E) of said outwardly extending struts, thus forming a four strut structure (18).
- Load bearing structural frame assembly according to claim 4, comprising:at least six spaced apart four strut structures (18), said structures (18) having four compression bearing struts (14) extending from a common origin, each of said struts in each of said four strut structures (18) having an end point,said end points of said struts of eight adjacent ones of said four strut structures (18) constituting a first set of eight points, there being a plurality of said first set of eight points,each of said first set of eight end points interconnected by a predetermined compression bearing structure.
- Load bearing structural frame assembly according to claim 4, wherein:said predetermined connecting structure is a set of interconnecting struts, each of said interconnecting struts connecting end points (14E) of struts (14) from separate ones of said four strut structures (18).
- Load bearing structural frame assembly according to claim 4, wherein:each strut (14) of said four strut structure (18) is substantially 109.47° from each of the other three connecting struts of the four strut structure.
- Load bearing structural frame assembly according to claim 4, wherein:each of said four strut structure (18) struts (14) is substantially equal in length to one another.
- Load bearing structural frame assembly according to claim 6, wherein:said predetermined compression bearing connecting structure is the cubic frame (16).
- Load bearing structural frame assembly according to any one of claims 4 to 9, comprising:a plurality of interconnected four strut structures (18) and cubic frames (16), each four strut structure (18) having four compression bearing struts (14) extending from a common origin and each cubic frame (16) having twelve compression bearing edge struts (12), all struts of said cubic frames and four strut structures being substantially equal to one another,said cubic frames (16) and four strut structures (18) being interconnected such that the outboard end of each strut (14) of a four strut structure (18) is connected to a corner (14C) of a cubic frame (16) and the corner (14C) of each cubic frame (16) is connected to the outboard end of a strut (14) of a four strut structure (18),whereby each strut of a four strut structure (18) extends from the center point of each four strut structure (18) and, except at the outer extremes of the structure, each strut of a four strut structure (18) extends from the corner of each cubic frame (16),whereby the set of points determined by the center point of each cubic frame is such that each member of said set of points is spaced an equal distance from twelve and only twelve adjacent members of said set of points.
- Method of constructing a load bearing structural frame assembly according to any one of claims 4 to 10, characterized by the steps of:selecting a set of compression bearing struts (12, 14) having an appropriate strength and being substantially equal in size to one another,creating a set of building blocks from said set of struts, each said block having twelve struts (12) defining the edges of a cube and eight diagonal struts (14) extending outwardly from each of the eight corners of the struts (12) defining the edges of the cube, each of said eight outwardly extending struts (14) having an outboard end,assembling said set of building blocks by connecting said outboard ends of one outwardly extending strut (14) of four separate building blocks such that the outwardly extending strut of each corner of each building block forms one strut of a four strut structure (18) with three outwardly extending struts of three other adjacent building blocks.
- Method of manufacturing a load bearing structural frame assembly according to claim 11, characterized by:connecting a first selected set of compression bearing struts (12, 14) into a set of cubic frames (16),connecting a second selected set of said compression bearing struts (12, 14) into a set of four strut structure frames, there being approximately twice as many four strut structures (18) as cubic frames (16),connecting an end point of each strut of each four strut structure (18) to a corner of a cubic frame (16) and connecting each corner of a cubic frame (16) to an end point of a four strut structure (18).
- Method of manufacturing a load bearing structural frame assembly according to claims 11 and 12, characterized by:assembling a first set of said struts (12, 14) into a set of four strut structures (18),assembling a second set of said struts (12, 14) into a second set of predetermined structures, having eight predetermined corner points, andconnecting an end of a strut of eight separate ones of said four strut structures (18) to said eight corner points of each of said second set of structures, said step of connecting including connecting each four strut structure (18) strut end to a corner point of one of said second set of structures.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/338,408 US5615528A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1994-11-14 | Stress steering structure |
US338408 | 1994-11-14 | ||
US08/399,048 US5660003A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-03-08 | Structural frame based on plurality of tetrax structures |
US399048 | 1995-03-08 | ||
PCT/US1995/013614 WO1996015333A1 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0743999A1 EP0743999A1 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
EP0743999B1 true EP0743999B1 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
Family
ID=26991179
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95937593A Expired - Lifetime EP0743999B1 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0743999B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3773952B2 (en) |
CN (2) | CN1074490C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE237044T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU700621B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2180638C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69530287T2 (en) |
IL (1) | IL115937A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996015333A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4108101B2 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2008-06-25 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 3D tube building structure |
EP2716828B1 (en) * | 2012-10-02 | 2017-08-23 | FESTO AG & Co. KG | Lightweight construction structure |
CN109162347B (en) * | 2018-10-12 | 2023-09-26 | 北京科技大学 | Method for modularly constructing tension integral structure |
CN109853725A (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2019-06-07 | 南京工业大学 | Self-control energy dissipation element suitable for unbonded prestressed concrete frame |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4809146A (en) * | 1986-04-07 | 1989-02-28 | Johnson David W | Enclosure with interlocking frame joints |
US5125206A (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1992-06-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Truss structure |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3139959A (en) * | 1961-06-12 | 1964-07-07 | United Aircraft Corp | Construction arrangement |
US3354591A (en) * | 1964-12-07 | 1967-11-28 | Fuller Richard Buckminster | Octahedral building truss |
US3757476A (en) * | 1970-12-17 | 1973-09-11 | Nasa | Expandable space-frames |
WO1981000130A1 (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-01-22 | Allied Chem | Structural element,tetrahedral truss constructed therefrom and method of construction |
US4903452A (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1990-02-27 | Huang Yen T | Modular space framed earthquake resistant structure |
-
1995
- 1995-10-20 CA CA002180638A patent/CA2180638C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-20 AU AU39658/95A patent/AU700621B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-10-20 EP EP95937593A patent/EP0743999B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-10-20 JP JP51607596A patent/JP3773952B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-20 WO PCT/US1995/013614 patent/WO1996015333A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-10-20 AT AT95937593T patent/ATE237044T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-10-20 CN CN95191596.7A patent/CN1074490C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-20 DE DE69530287T patent/DE69530287T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-09 IL IL11593795A patent/IL115937A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-04-12 CN CNB011165383A patent/CN1179104C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4809146A (en) * | 1986-04-07 | 1989-02-28 | Johnson David W | Enclosure with interlocking frame joints |
US5125206A (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1992-06-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Truss structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1140479A (en) | 1997-01-15 |
EP0743999A1 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
JPH09507889A (en) | 1997-08-12 |
CN1074490C (en) | 2001-11-07 |
AU700621B2 (en) | 1999-01-07 |
CN1179104C (en) | 2004-12-08 |
CA2180638C (en) | 2007-07-31 |
IL115937A0 (en) | 1996-01-31 |
JP3773952B2 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
IL115937A (en) | 1999-11-30 |
DE69530287T2 (en) | 2004-02-12 |
CN1312419A (en) | 2001-09-12 |
WO1996015333A1 (en) | 1996-05-23 |
ATE237044T1 (en) | 2003-04-15 |
CA2180638A1 (en) | 1996-05-23 |
AU3965895A (en) | 1996-06-06 |
DE69530287D1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US5660003A (en) | Structural frame based on plurality of tetrax structures | |
US5921048A (en) | Three-dimensional iso-tross structure | |
US7992353B2 (en) | Space frame hub joint | |
US7143550B1 (en) | Double network reticulated frame structure | |
US4012872A (en) | Geodesic dome-like panels | |
US20090145073A1 (en) | Architectural Structure, Structural Unit and Method for Constructing the Same | |
US3925941A (en) | Modular curved surface space structures | |
US3729876A (en) | Structural component and structures comprising the same | |
EP0743999B1 (en) | Structural frame | |
US4438616A (en) | Space frames | |
US4622795A (en) | Space frames | |
US4071986A (en) | Building structure | |
JPH06200563A (en) | Construction method for trussed structure | |
CA1100713A (en) | Unit construction steel bridges | |
JP3636495B2 (en) | Tetrahedron module for tensegrity structures | |
US4866902A (en) | Joint for space frame | |
US20220275629A1 (en) | Triangular pyramidal structure, a system and method for fabricating same | |
AU593522B2 (en) | Improvements in and relating to building structures | |
Saidani et al. | Investigation into a new type of multi-reciprocal grid | |
JP3024059B2 (en) | Space truss | |
KR900002277B1 (en) | Structural modules | |
JP2963344B2 (en) | Unit frame of space truss and space truss frame | |
JP3613434B2 (en) | Construction method and structure of building | |
JPH08270892A (en) | Module for constructing structure body | |
JPH10205004A (en) | Connector to be used in truss structural body or the like |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19960814 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI NL PT SE |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19990922 |
|
GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI NL PT SE |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030409 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030409 Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED. Effective date: 20030409 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030409 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030409 Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030409 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030709 Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030709 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030709 Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20030709 |
|
NLV1 | Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20031020 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20031030 |
|
ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20040112 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: MM4A |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20091015 Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20091014 Year of fee payment: 15 Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20091029 Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20101020 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20101102 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST Effective date: 20110630 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20101020 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R119 Ref document number: 69530287 Country of ref document: DE Effective date: 20110502 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20110502 |