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EP0635695A2 - Fighting vehicle, in particular howitzer, with ammunition magazines - Google Patents

Fighting vehicle, in particular howitzer, with ammunition magazines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0635695A2
EP0635695A2 EP94108753A EP94108753A EP0635695A2 EP 0635695 A2 EP0635695 A2 EP 0635695A2 EP 94108753 A EP94108753 A EP 94108753A EP 94108753 A EP94108753 A EP 94108753A EP 0635695 A2 EP0635695 A2 EP 0635695A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vehicle
magazine
weapon
turret
loading
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94108753A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0635695A3 (en
EP0635695B1 (en
Inventor
Heinrich Heldmann
Manfred Hopke
Erich Wallwey
Günter Dipl.-Ing. Hesse
Michael Dipl.-Ing. Kohlstedt
Peter Liebel
Olaf Schöppe
Heinz Jürgen Dipl.-Ing. Schlömer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wegmann and Co GmbH
Original Assignee
Wegmann and Co GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wegmann and Co GmbH filed Critical Wegmann and Co GmbH
Publication of EP0635695A2 publication Critical patent/EP0635695A2/en
Publication of EP0635695A3 publication Critical patent/EP0635695A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0635695B1 publication Critical patent/EP0635695B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A9/00—Feeding or loading of ammunition; Magazines; Guiding means for the extracting of cartridges
    • F41A9/01—Feeding of unbelted ammunition
    • F41A9/06—Feeding of unbelted ammunition using cyclically moving conveyors, i.e. conveyors having ammunition pusher or carrier elements which are emptied or disengaged from the ammunition during the return stroke
    • F41A9/09—Movable ammunition carriers or loading trays, e.g. for feeding from magazines
    • F41A9/20—Movable ammunition carriers or loading trays, e.g. for feeding from magazines sliding, e.g. reciprocating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A9/00—Feeding or loading of ammunition; Magazines; Guiding means for the extracting of cartridges
    • F41A9/82—Reloading or unloading of magazines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H7/00—Armoured or armed vehicles
    • F41H7/02—Land vehicles with enclosing armour, e.g. tanks

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a combat vehicle, in particular a self-propelled howitzer, with a rotatable turret arranged on the vehicle in the area behind the center of the vehicle, on which a heavy weapon is pivotally arranged in elevation and in which at least some of the projectiles and the propellant charges are mounted inside the vehicle and a loading / unloading opening opening to the rear is arranged at the rear of the vehicle.
  • Such a self-propelled howitzer is described for example in EP 0 331 980 B1.
  • the projectiles are essentially stored in the area of the center of the vehicle and are conveyed from the projectile magazine by means of an automatic projectile feed device with multiple rotations to the area behind the weapon end and there, with alignment in azimuth and elevation to the current direction of the weapon in the Loading position raised.
  • the invention is based on the object, by means of a new concept of storing the projectiles and propellant charges within the combat vehicle, not only simplifying the process of conveying projectiles and propellant charges to the weapon, but also simplifying the loading and unloading of the vehicle with projectiles and propellant charges to reach. Furthermore, it should be achieved that the supply of projectiles and propellant charges to the weapon can be carried out by means of very simply constructed, possibly manually operated projectile supply devices.
  • the invention is based on the basic idea of arranging projectiles and propellant charges as close as possible to the loading / unloading opening arranged in the rear of the vehicle, in such a way that on the one hand the available storage space within the vehicle is optimally utilized and on the other hand simple loading and unloading by means of simple mechanical aids Unloading of projectiles and propellant charges is possible.
  • the ones arranged in the rear of the vehicle play transversely Bullet magazines that can be moved to the center of the vehicle and that overlap the chain boxes of the vehicle in the storage position play a preferred role.
  • the space above the chain boxes can be used for storing additional storeys and / or propellant charges.
  • the storage concept is supplemented by the storey magazine located in the rear of the tower. Due to this arrangement of the projectiles, the loading and unloading of the vehicle with projectiles and propellant charges as well as the transport of the projectiles from the outside or from one of the projectile magazines to the weapon can be carried out by means of very simply constructed projectile delivery devices.
  • an ammunition feed device can be used, for example, for loading and unloading the vehicle and for transporting projectiles from the storey magazines to the weapon, as used, for example, in the older, not prepublished German patent application P 43 24 572.2, "Projectile supply device for a self-propelled howitzer "by the same applicant (filed on July 21, 1993).
  • the self-propelled howitzer shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 consists of a vehicle F with a chain undercarriage FW, on which a tower T is rotatably mounted via a slewing ring D.
  • the tower T is arranged behind the center of the vehicle and on it a heavy weapon W, which is guided into the interior of the vehicle, is arranged so as to be pivotable in elevation.
  • the floors are preferably stored in the rear of the vehicle and the tower.
  • Some of the storeys are stored in the rear of the vehicle on both sides of the longitudinal median plane M of the vehicle in a storey magazine 3 or 4, the shape of which is selected such that, as shown in FIG. 3, it is possible to store several storeys in a particularly space-saving manner .
  • Each of the storey magazines 3 and 4 consists of a first part 3.1 or 4.1 which is perpendicular to the vehicle floor and a second part 3.2 or 4.2 which is arranged at the upper end of the first part and runs parallel to the vehicle floor and extends outwards.
  • both Parts of storeys G3 and G4 are stored with the projectile tip pointing forward.
  • Each of the two storey magazines 3 and 4 can be moved from a loading position directly in front of the loading / unloading opening B of the vehicle transversely to the longitudinal center plane M into a storage position and back (arrow direction Q1 and Q 2), as can be seen from FIGS. 2 and 3, in which the second part 3.2 or 4.2 of the storey magazine overlaps the chain case K1 or K2 running on the long sides of the vehicle interior.
  • the space above the chain boxes K1 and K2 is thus optimally used in its rear part as storage space.
  • the movement of the storey magazines 3 and 4 takes place via telescope guides which are connected to the vehicle and are not specifically shown and are known per se.
  • the projectile magazines 3 and 4 are each held in place by locking devices, not shown.
  • the longitudinal axis of the projectile magazines is offset outwards by a small acute angle ⁇ relative to the longitudinal center plane M of the vehicle.
  • the projectiles are held in the storey magazines by means of simple clamping devices known per se.
  • additional magazines 5 and 6 are arranged in the area in front of the storey magazines 3 and 4 above the chain boxes K1 and K2 to accommodate further storeys.
  • the storeys are also arranged with the storey tip at the front. The loading and unloading of these additional magazines 5 and 6 can take place via the storey magazines 3 and 4.
  • the propellant charges are also arranged inside the vehicle so that quick access is possible.
  • containers 9 for receiving propellant charges are arranged on one of the chain boxes.
  • Another container 7 for propellant charges is arranged in the transverse direction, seen from the top on the right, next to the end of the weapon W, while an additional container 8 for propellant charges is fastened in the longitudinal direction on the inside of the right chain case K1.
  • both storeys and propellant charges are also stored in the tower.
  • a turret magazine 1 is arranged in the rear of the turret behind the weapon for receiving projectiles G1 which point forward with the projectile tip and which lie one above the other in several rows.
  • a further container 2 for propellant charges is arranged above and next to The tower magazine 1 for propellant charges. It has proven to be advantageous here for reasons of space saving if the propellant charges TR arranged above the storeys G1 of the tower magazine are staggered with respect to the storeys.
  • the loading and unloading of the tower magazine 1 and the feeding of bullets both from the outside and from the tower magazine 1, the bullet magazines 3 and 4 and the additional magazines 5 and 6 can be carried out with the aid of a bullet feed device in the form of a loading aid, generally designated 10.
  • This loading aid 10 is arranged between the rear end of the weapon W and the turret magazine 1.
  • the projectile feeder is basically constructed so that a transverse guide 10.4 is attached to the inside of the roof plate of the turret T between the rear end of the weapon W and the turret magazine 1, on which a slide (arrow direction Q) is slidably guided, on which a support arm 10.1 extending downward into the tower is suspended, on which one Charging cradle receptacle is movably guided along the support arm 10.1, which carries a charging cradle 10.3.
  • the arrangement and suspension of the parts is such that the longitudinal axis of the charging cradle 10.3 can be brought into a position in alignment with the barrel core axis of the weapon in at least one elevation position of the weapon W.
  • the charging cradle can also be raised by means of a chain drive 10.2 on the support arm 10.1 in positions in which the rear end of the charging cradle lies directly in front of predetermined storage locations of the tower magazine 1. Furthermore, the charging cradle 10.3 can be brought into a position in which the rear end of the charging cradle directly adjoins the front end of a roller conveyor 11 arranged in the area of the loading / unloading opening B.
  • the charging cradle 10.3 is pivotally connected to the charging cradle receptacle about an axis parallel to the shield pin axis of the weapon W, so that it can assume different angular positions in elevation in the different positions.
  • the loading aid 10 described above can either be constructed as a simply constructed, purely manually operated unit. However, it is also possible to motorize individual movements, such as, for example, lifting the charging cradle 10.3. It has the task of relieving the operator when loading and unloading the tower magazine, when shooting from the tower magazine, when shooting from the stack and when storing the projectiles from the vehicle into the rear of the tower. With the charging cradle, which can be moved vertically on the support arm, it can still be used as a Serve preparation unit for the next floor (e.g. in the event of a fire). Furthermore, a shell-like inner charging shell part can be arranged within the charging shell in a manner not shown, which can be moved out of the charging shell in the direction of the weapon and makes it easier to attach the projectiles.
  • the loading and unloading as well as the direct delivery of projectiles to the weapon takes place from the outside via the roller conveyor 11, which can be locked in a tower-fixed holder in the region of the turret pivot bearing D. As a result, it can pivot along with the directional movements of the tower (T) within the loading / unloading opening B and remains aligned with the direction of the charging cradle 10.3.
  • the roller conveyor 11 can be released from its tower holder and stowed in or on the vehicle.
  • the propellant charge containers 7, 8 and 9 are preferably constructed as multi-chamber containers and are constructed in a manner not shown so that all propellant charges can be reached easily and quickly by folding down inner partition walls. This chamber design is inexpensive and the containers can be quickly replaced if necessary.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
  • Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)
  • Vehicle Waterproofing, Decoration, And Sanitation Devices (AREA)
  • Lighters Containing Fuel (AREA)

Abstract

A fighting vehicle, in particular an armoured howitzer, having a rotatable turret (T) which is arranged on the vehicle (F) in the region behind the vehicle centre and on which a heavy weapon (W) is arranged such that it can pivot in elevation. Located at the rear of the vehicle is a loading/unloading opening (B) which opens to the rear. The rounds (projectiles) are preferably stored in the rear part of the vehicle. Some of the rounds are arranged in the rear of the vehicle on both sides of the longitudinal centre plane, in one magazine (3, 4) for rounds, in each case, each of which magazines has a first part (3.1, 4.1), which is at right angles to the vehicle floor, and a second part (3.2, 4.2), which is arranged at the upper end of the first part and runs outwards parallel to the vehicle floor. Each magazine (3, 4) for rounds can be displaced from a loading position immediately in front of the loading/unloading (B) of the vehicle, transversely with respect to the longitudinal centre plane of the vehicle, into a storage position in which the second part (3.2, 4.2) of the magazine for rounds in each case engages over the track box (K1, K2) which runs on the longitudinal side of the vehicle interior. An additional magazine (5, 6) can in each case be arranged above the track box (K1, K2) of the vehicle, in the region in front of each magazine (3, 4) for rounds. Finally, a turret magazine for accommodating further rounds can be arranged in the rear of the turret, behind the weapon. Some of the propellent charges (cartridges) are arranged in propellent-charge containers (7, 8, 9) in the vehicle interior, and some in a propellent-charge container (2) in the turret. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Kampfahrzeug, insbesondere eine Panzerhaubitze, mit einem auf dem Fahrzeug im Bereich hinter der Fahrzeugmitte angeordneten drehbaren Turm, an dem eine schwere Waffe in Elevation schwenkbar angeordnet ist und bei der mindestens ein Teil der Geschosse und der Treibladungen im Fahrzeuginneren gelagert ist und am Fahrzeugheck eine sich nach hinten öffnende Be/Entladeöffnung angeordnet ist.The invention relates to a combat vehicle, in particular a self-propelled howitzer, with a rotatable turret arranged on the vehicle in the area behind the center of the vehicle, on which a heavy weapon is pivotally arranged in elevation and in which at least some of the projectiles and the propellant charges are mounted inside the vehicle and a loading / unloading opening opening to the rear is arranged at the rear of the vehicle.

Eine derartige Panzerhaubitze ist beispielsweise in EP 0 331 980 B1 beschrieben. Bei der bekannten Panzerhaubitze sind die Geschosse im wesentlichen im Bereich der Fahrzeugmitte gelagert und werden mittels einer automatischen Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung aus dem Geschoßmagazin unter mehrfacher Drehung bis in den Bereich hinter das Waffenende befördert und dort unter Ausrichtung in Azimut und Elevation auf die momentane Richtung der Waffe in die Ladeposition angehoben.Such a self-propelled howitzer is described for example in EP 0 331 980 B1. In the known self-propelled howitzer, the projectiles are essentially stored in the area of the center of the vehicle and are conveyed from the projectile magazine by means of an automatic projectile feed device with multiple rotations to the area behind the weapon end and there, with alignment in azimuth and elevation to the current direction of the weapon in the Loading position raised.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, durch ein neues Konzept der Lagerung der Geschosse und Treibladungen innerhalb des Kampffahrzeuges eine beträchtliche Vereinfachung nicht nur des Förderungsvorganges von Geschossen und Treibladungen zur Waffe, sondern auch eine Vereinfachung des Be- und Entladens des Fahrzeugs mit Geschossen und Treibladungen zu erreichen. Weiterhin sollte erreicht werden, daß die Zuführung von Geschossen und Treibladungen zur Waffe mittels sehr einfach aufgebauter, gegebenenfalls manuell betätigbarer Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtungen durchführbar ist.The invention is based on the object, by means of a new concept of storing the projectiles and propellant charges within the combat vehicle, not only simplifying the process of conveying projectiles and propellant charges to the weapon, but also simplifying the loading and unloading of the vehicle with projectiles and propellant charges to reach. Furthermore, it should be achieved that the supply of projectiles and propellant charges to the weapon can be carried out by means of very simply constructed, possibly manually operated projectile supply devices.

Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe geschieht erfindungsgemäß mit den Merkmalen aus dem kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruchs 1. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.This object is achieved according to the invention with the features from the characterizing part of patent claim 1. Advantageous developments of the invention are described in the subclaims.

Die Erfindung beruht auf dem Grundgedanken, Geschosse und Treibladungen möglichst in unmittelbarer Nähe der im Fahrzeugheck angeordneten Be/Entladeöffnung anzuordnen, und zwar in der Weise, daß einerseits der vorhandene Stauraum innerhalb des Fahrzeugs optimal ausgenutzt wird und andererseits mittel einfacher mechanischer Hilfsmittel das Be- und Entladen von Geschossen und Treibladungen möglich ist. Wie weiter unten anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert, spielen bei diesem neuen Konzept der Anordnung der Geschosse die im Fahrzeugheck angeordneten quer zur Fahrzeugmitte verschiebbaren und in der Lagerungsstellung die Kettenkästen des Fahrzeugs übergreifenden Geschoßmagazine eine bevorzugte Rolle. Weiterhin kann der Raum oberhalb der Kettenkästen zur Lagerung weiterer Geschosse und/oder Treibladungen ausgenutzt werden. Schließlich wird das Lagerungskonzept ergänzt durch das im Turmheck angeordnete Geschoßmagazin. Aufgrund dieser Anordnung der Geschosse kann das Be- und Entladen des Fahrzeugs mit Geschossen und Treibladungen sowie das Befördern der Geschosse von außen oder aus einem der Geschoßmagazine zur Waffe mittels sehr einfach aufgebauter Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtungen durchgeführt werden.The invention is based on the basic idea of arranging projectiles and propellant charges as close as possible to the loading / unloading opening arranged in the rear of the vehicle, in such a way that on the one hand the available storage space within the vehicle is optimally utilized and on the other hand simple loading and unloading by means of simple mechanical aids Unloading of projectiles and propellant charges is possible. As explained in more detail below with the aid of an exemplary embodiment, in this new concept of the arrangement of the storeys, the ones arranged in the rear of the vehicle play transversely Bullet magazines that can be moved to the center of the vehicle and that overlap the chain boxes of the vehicle in the storage position play a preferred role. Furthermore, the space above the chain boxes can be used for storing additional storeys and / or propellant charges. Finally, the storage concept is supplemented by the storey magazine located in the rear of the tower. Due to this arrangement of the projectiles, the loading and unloading of the vehicle with projectiles and propellant charges as well as the transport of the projectiles from the outside or from one of the projectile magazines to the weapon can be carried out by means of very simply constructed projectile delivery devices.

Wie ebenfalls weiter unten anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels erläutert, kann beispielsweise zum Be- und Entladen des Fahrzeugs sowie zur Beförderung von Geschossen aus den Geschoßmagazinen zur Waffe eine Munitionszuführungsvorrichtung verwendet werden wie sie beispielsweise in der älteren, nicht vorveröffentlichten deutschen Patentanmeldung P 43 24 572.2 "Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung für eine Panzerhaubitze" der gleichen Anmelderin (eingereicht am 21.07.1993) beschrieben ist.As also explained further below with the aid of an exemplary embodiment, an ammunition feed device can be used, for example, for loading and unloading the vehicle and for transporting projectiles from the storey magazines to the weapon, as used, for example, in the older, not prepublished German patent application P 43 24 572.2, "Projectile supply device for a self-propelled howitzer "by the same applicant (filed on July 21, 1993).

Im folgenden wird anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen ein Ausführungsbeispiel für ein Kampffahrzeug nach der Erfindung näher erläutert.An exemplary embodiment of a combat vehicle according to the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In den Zeichnungen zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 in stark schematisierter Darstellung einen Vertikalschnitt durch die Längsmitte einer Panzerhaubitze;
  • Fig. 2 die Panzerhaubitze nach Fig. 1 in einem Horizontalschnitt durch das Fahrzeuginnere;
  • Fig. 3 einen Querschnitt durch die Panzerhaubitze nach Fig. 1 gesehen aus Richtung X.
The drawings show:
  • Figure 1 is a highly schematic representation of a vertical section through the longitudinal center of a self-propelled howitzer.
  • 2 shows the self-propelled howitzer according to FIG. 1 in a horizontal section through the interior of the vehicle;
  • 3 shows a cross section through the self-propelled howitzer according to FIG. 1 seen from the direction X.

Die in den Fig. 1 bis 3 dargestellte Panzerhaubitze besteht aus einem Fahrzeug F mit Kettenfahrwerk FW, auf dem über einen Drehkranz D ein Turm T drehbar gelagert ist. Der Turm T ist hinter der Fahrzeugmitte angeordnet und an ihm ist eine in das Fahrzeuginnere hineingeführte schwere Waffe W in Elevation schwenkbar angeordnet. Im Fahrzeugheck befindet sich eine nach hinten öffende Be/Entladeöffnung B.The self-propelled howitzer shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 consists of a vehicle F with a chain undercarriage FW, on which a tower T is rotatably mounted via a slewing ring D. The tower T is arranged behind the center of the vehicle and on it a heavy weapon W, which is guided into the interior of the vehicle, is arranged so as to be pivotable in elevation. There is a loading / unloading opening B opening in the rear of the vehicle.

Wie bereits den Zeichnungen zu entnehmen sind die Geschosse vorzugsweise im hinteren Teil des Fahrzeugs und des Turmes gelagert. Ein Teil der Geschosse ist im Fahrzeugheck zu beiden Seiten der Längsmittelebene M des Fahrzeugs jeweils in einem Geschoßmagazin 3 bzw. 4 gelagert, dessen Form so gewählt ist, daß es, wie Fig. 3 zu entnehmen, eine Lagerung mehrerer Geschosse in besonders platzsparender Weise ermöglicht. Jedes der Geschoßmagazine 3 und 4 besteht aus einem senkrecht zum Fahrzeugboden stehenden ersten Teil 3.1 bzw. 4.1 und einem am oberen Ende des ersten Teils angeordneten parallel zum Fahrzeugboden nach außen verlaufenden zweiten Teil 3.2 bzw. 4.2. In den beiden Teilen sind jeweils Geschosse G3 bzw. G4 mit nach vorne weisender Geschoßspitze gelagert. Jedes der beiden Geschoßmagazine 3 und 4 ist aus einer Beladungsstellung unmittelbar vor der Be/Entladeöffnung B des Fahrzeugs quer zur Längsmittelebene M in eine Lagerungsstellung und zurück (Pfeilrichtung Q1 und Q 2) verschiebbar, wie sie aus den Fig. 2 und 3 ersichtlich ist, in welcher der zweite Teil 3.2 bzw. 4.2 des Geschoßmagazins jeweils den an den Längsseiten des Fahrzeugsinneren verlaufenden Kettenkasten K1 bzw. K2 übergreift. Damit ist der Raum oberhalb der Kettenkästen K1 und K2 bereits in seinem hinteren Teil optimal als Stauraum genutzt. Die Bewegung der Geschoßmagazine 3 und 4 erfolgt über mit dem Fahrzeug verbundene, nicht eigens dargestellte und an sich bekannte Teleskopführungen. In den beiden Endstellungen der Bewegung, also der Beladungsstellung, vor der Be/Entladeöffnung und der Lagerungsstellung sind die Geschoßmagazine 3 und 4 jeweils durch nicht dargestellte Arretiervorrichtungen festgehalten. Aus Platzgründen und um eine ungehinderte Bewegungsmöglichkeit der Geschoßmagazine zu erreichen, hat es sich als zweckmäßig erwiesen, daß die Längsachse der Geschoßmagazine gegenüber der Längsmittelebene M des Fahrzeugs um einen kleinen spitzen Winkel α nach außen versetzt ist.As can be seen from the drawings, the floors are preferably stored in the rear of the vehicle and the tower. Some of the storeys are stored in the rear of the vehicle on both sides of the longitudinal median plane M of the vehicle in a storey magazine 3 or 4, the shape of which is selected such that, as shown in FIG. 3, it is possible to store several storeys in a particularly space-saving manner . Each of the storey magazines 3 and 4 consists of a first part 3.1 or 4.1 which is perpendicular to the vehicle floor and a second part 3.2 or 4.2 which is arranged at the upper end of the first part and runs parallel to the vehicle floor and extends outwards. In both Parts of storeys G3 and G4 are stored with the projectile tip pointing forward. Each of the two storey magazines 3 and 4 can be moved from a loading position directly in front of the loading / unloading opening B of the vehicle transversely to the longitudinal center plane M into a storage position and back (arrow direction Q1 and Q 2), as can be seen from FIGS. 2 and 3, in which the second part 3.2 or 4.2 of the storey magazine overlaps the chain case K1 or K2 running on the long sides of the vehicle interior. The space above the chain boxes K1 and K2 is thus optimally used in its rear part as storage space. The movement of the storey magazines 3 and 4 takes place via telescope guides which are connected to the vehicle and are not specifically shown and are known per se. In the two end positions of the movement, ie the loading position, in front of the loading / unloading opening and the storage position, the projectile magazines 3 and 4 are each held in place by locking devices, not shown. For reasons of space and in order to achieve unimpeded movement of the projectile magazines, it has proven to be expedient that the longitudinal axis of the projectile magazines is offset outwards by a small acute angle α relative to the longitudinal center plane M of the vehicle.

Die Halterung der Geschosse in den Geschoßmagazinen erfolgt mittels einfacher an sich bekannter Spanneinrichtungen.The projectiles are held in the storey magazines by means of simple clamping devices known per se.

Wie den Zeichnungen zu entnehmen, ist die Lagerungsmöglichkeit von Geschossen oberhalb der Kettenkästen K1 und K2 noch weiter ausgenutzt, indem jeweils im Bereich vor den Geschoßmagazinen 3 und 4 über den Kettenkästen K1 und K2 Zusatzmagazine 5 und 6 zur Aufnahme weiterer Geschosse angeordnet sind. In diesen Zusatzmagazinen sind die Geschosse ebenfalls mit nach vorne gelagerter Geschoßspitze angeordnet. Das Beladen und Entladen dieser Zusatzmagazine 5 und 6 kann über die Geschoßmagazine 3 und 4 erfolgen.As can be seen from the drawings, the storage possibility of storeys above the chain boxes K1 and K2 is further utilized, in that additional magazines 5 and 6 are arranged in the area in front of the storey magazines 3 and 4 above the chain boxes K1 and K2 to accommodate further storeys. In these additional magazines, the storeys are also arranged with the storey tip at the front. The loading and unloading of these additional magazines 5 and 6 can take place via the storey magazines 3 and 4.

Auch in den Zusatzmagazinen sind die Geschosse durch einfache manuell bedienbare Klemm- oder Spannvorrichtungen gehaltert.In the additional magazines, too, the floors are held by simple, manually operated clamping or clamping devices.

Auch die Treibladungen sind im Fahrzeuginneren so angeordnet, daß ein rascher Zugriff möglich ist. So sind, wie Fig. 2 zu entnehmen, auf einem der Kettenkästen Behälter 9 zur Aufnahme von Treibladungen angeordnet. Ein weiterer Behälter 7 für Treibladungen ist in Querrichtung, von oben gesehen rechts, neben dem Ende der Waffe W angeordnet, während an der Innenseite des rechten Kettenkastens K1 noch ein zusätzlicher Behälter 8 für Treibladungen in Längsrichtung befestigt ist.The propellant charges are also arranged inside the vehicle so that quick access is possible. 2, containers 9 for receiving propellant charges are arranged on one of the chain boxes. Another container 7 for propellant charges is arranged in the transverse direction, seen from the top on the right, next to the end of the weapon W, while an additional container 8 for propellant charges is fastened in the longitudinal direction on the inside of the right chain case K1.

Bei der dargestellten Panzerhaubitze sind auch im Turm sowohl Geschosse als auch Treibladungen gelagert. Hierzu ist im Turmheck hinter der Waffe ein Turmmagazin 1 zur Aufnahme von mit der Geschoßspitze nach vorne weisenden Geschossen G1 angeordnet, die in mehreren Reihen übereinanderliegen. Oberhalb und neben dem Turmmagazin 1 ist ein weiterer Behälter 2 für Treibladungen angeordnet. Hierbei hat es sich aus Platzersparungsgründen als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die oberhalb der Geschosse G1 des Turmmagazins angeordneten Treibladungen TR gegenüber den Geschossen auf Lücke versetzt angeordnet sind.In the armored howitzer shown, both storeys and propellant charges are also stored in the tower. For this purpose, a turret magazine 1 is arranged in the rear of the turret behind the weapon for receiving projectiles G1 which point forward with the projectile tip and which lie one above the other in several rows. Above and next to The tower magazine 1 is arranged a further container 2 for propellant charges. It has proven to be advantageous here for reasons of space saving if the propellant charges TR arranged above the storeys G1 of the tower magazine are staggered with respect to the storeys.

Das Be- und Entladen des Turmmagazins 1 sowie das Zuführen von Geschossen sowohl von außen als auch aus dem Turmmagazin 1, den Geschoßmagazinen 3 und 4 und den Zusatzmagazinen 5 und 6 kann mit Hilfe einer Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung in Form einer allgemein mit 10 bezeichneten Ladehilfe erfolgen.The loading and unloading of the tower magazine 1 and the feeding of bullets both from the outside and from the tower magazine 1, the bullet magazines 3 and 4 and the additional magazines 5 and 6 can be carried out with the aid of a bullet feed device in the form of a loading aid, generally designated 10.

Diese Ladehilfe 10 ist zwischen dem hinteren Ende der Waffe W und dem Turmmagazin 1 angeordnet.This loading aid 10 is arranged between the rear end of the weapon W and the turret magazine 1.

Sie wird im folgenden nur kurz erläutert und ist in verschiedenen Ausführungsformen in einer älteren, nicht vorveröffentlichten Patentanmeldung der gleichen Anmelderin unter der Bezeichnung "Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung für eine Panzerhaubitze" näher beschrieben.It is only briefly explained below and is described in more detail in various embodiments in an older, non-prepublished patent application by the same applicant under the name "projectile feeder for a self-propelled howitzer".

Die Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung ist grundsätzlich so aufgebaut, daß an der Innenseite der Dachplatte des Turms T zwischen dem hinteren Ende der Waffe W und dem Turmmagazin 1 eine in Querrichtung verlaufende Führung 10.4 befestigt ist, an welcher ein Schlitten (Pfeilrichtung Q) verschiebbar geführt ist, an dem ein sich nach unten in das Turminnere erstreckender Tragarm 10.1 aufgehängt ist, an welchem eine Ladeschalenaufnahme entlang des Tragarms 10.1 bewegbar geführt ist, die eine Ladeschale 10.3 trägt. Die Anordnung und Aufhängung der Teile ist so, daß die Längsachse der Ladeschale 10.3 in mindestens einer Elevationsstellung der Waffe W in eine Position fluchtend zur Rohrseelenachse der Waffe bringbar ist. Die Ladeschale ist weiterhin mittels eines Kettentriebs 10.2 am Tragarm 10.1 anhebbar in Positionen, in denen das hintere Ende der Ladeschale unmittelbar vor vorgegebenen Lagerplätzen des Turmmagazins 1 liegt. Weiterhin ist die Ladeschale 10.3 in eine Position bringbar, in welcher das hintere Ende der Ladeschale unmittelbar an das vordere Ende einer im Bereich der Be/Entladeöffnung B angeordneten Rollenbahn 11 anschließt. Die Ladeschale 10.3 ist mit der Ladeschalenaufnahme um eine Achse parallel zur Schildzapfenachse der Waffe W verschwenkbar verbunden, so daß sie in den verschiedenen Positionen verschiedene Winkelstellungen in Elevation einnehmen kann.The projectile feeder is basically constructed so that a transverse guide 10.4 is attached to the inside of the roof plate of the turret T between the rear end of the weapon W and the turret magazine 1, on which a slide (arrow direction Q) is slidably guided, on which a support arm 10.1 extending downward into the tower is suspended, on which one Charging cradle receptacle is movably guided along the support arm 10.1, which carries a charging cradle 10.3. The arrangement and suspension of the parts is such that the longitudinal axis of the charging cradle 10.3 can be brought into a position in alignment with the barrel core axis of the weapon in at least one elevation position of the weapon W. The charging cradle can also be raised by means of a chain drive 10.2 on the support arm 10.1 in positions in which the rear end of the charging cradle lies directly in front of predetermined storage locations of the tower magazine 1. Furthermore, the charging cradle 10.3 can be brought into a position in which the rear end of the charging cradle directly adjoins the front end of a roller conveyor 11 arranged in the area of the loading / unloading opening B. The charging cradle 10.3 is pivotally connected to the charging cradle receptacle about an axis parallel to the shield pin axis of the weapon W, so that it can assume different angular positions in elevation in the different positions.

Die oben beschriebene Ladehilfe 10 kann entweder als einfach konstruierte rein manuell bedienbare Einheit aufgebaut sein. Es ist aber auch möglich, einzelne Bewegungen, wie beispielsweise das Anheben der Ladeschale 10.3, motorisch zu bewirken. Sie hat die Aufgabe, den Bediener beim Be- und Entladen des Turmmagazins, beim Schießen aus dem Turmmagazin, beim Schießen vom Stapel und beim Umverstauen der Geschosse aus dem Fahrzeug in das Turmheck zu entlasten. Mit der am Tragarm in vertikaler Richtung verfahrbar gelagerten Ladeschale kann sie weiterhin als Bereitstellungseinheit für das nächste Geschoß (z.B. bei einem Feuerschlag) dienen. Weiterhin kann innerhalb der Ladeschale in nicht dargestellter Weise ein schalenartig ausgebildetes Ladeschaleninnenteil angeordnet sein, das in Richtung auf die Waffe aus der Ladeschale heraus bewegbar ist und das Ansetzen der Geschosse erleichtert.The loading aid 10 described above can either be constructed as a simply constructed, purely manually operated unit. However, it is also possible to motorize individual movements, such as, for example, lifting the charging cradle 10.3. It has the task of relieving the operator when loading and unloading the tower magazine, when shooting from the tower magazine, when shooting from the stack and when storing the projectiles from the vehicle into the rear of the tower. With the charging cradle, which can be moved vertically on the support arm, it can still be used as a Serve preparation unit for the next floor (e.g. in the event of a fire). Furthermore, a shell-like inner charging shell part can be arranged within the charging shell in a manner not shown, which can be moved out of the charging shell in the direction of the weapon and makes it easier to attach the projectiles.

Das Be- und Entladen sowie das Direktzuführen von Geschossen zur Waffe von außen erfolgt über die Rollenbahn 11, die im Bereich des Turmdrehlagers D in einer turmfesten Halterung arretiert sein kann. Dadurch kann sie bei Seitenrichtbewegungen des Turmes (T) innerhalb der Be/Entladeöffnung B mitschwenken und bleibt auf die Richtung der Ladeschale 10.3 ausgerichtet. Beim Beendigen des Be- oder Entladevorgangs kann die Rollenbahn 11 aus ihrer Turmhalterung gelöst und in oder am Fahrzeug verstaut werden.The loading and unloading as well as the direct delivery of projectiles to the weapon takes place from the outside via the roller conveyor 11, which can be locked in a tower-fixed holder in the region of the turret pivot bearing D. As a result, it can pivot along with the directional movements of the tower (T) within the loading / unloading opening B and remains aligned with the direction of the charging cradle 10.3. When the loading or unloading process has ended, the roller conveyor 11 can be released from its tower holder and stowed in or on the vehicle.

Die Treibladungsbehälter 7, 8 und 9 sind vorzugsweise als Mehrkammerbehälter aufgebaut und sind in nicht dargestellter Weise so konstruiert, daß durch Umklappen innerer Trennwände alle Treibladungen einfach und schnell erreicht werden können. Diese Kammerbauweise ist kostengünstig und die Behälter können, wenn erforderlich, schnell getauscht werden.The propellant charge containers 7, 8 and 9 are preferably constructed as multi-chamber containers and are constructed in a manner not shown so that all propellant charges can be reached easily and quickly by folding down inner partition walls. This chamber design is inexpensive and the containers can be quickly replaced if necessary.

Claims (12)

Kampffahrzeug insbesondere Panzerhaubitze mit einem auf dem Fahrzeug im Bereich hinter der Fahrzeugmitte angeordneten drehbaren Turm, an dem eine schwere Waffe in Elevation schwenkbar angeordnet ist und bei der mindestens ein Teil der Geschosse und der Treibladungen im Fahrzeuginneren gelagert ist und am Fahrzeugheck eine sich nach hinten öffnende Be/Entladeöffnung angeordnet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Teil der Geschosse (G3, G4) im Fahrzeugheck zu beiden Seiten der Längsmittelebene (M) jeweils in einem Geschoßmagazin (3,4) angeordnet ist, welches einen senkrecht zum Fahrzeugboden stehenden ersten Teil (3.1, 4.1) sowie einen am oberen Ende des ersten Teils angeordneten parallel zum Fahrzeugboden nach außen verlaufenden zweiten Teil (3.2, 4.2) aufweist, wobei im ersten und zweiten Teil Geschosse mit nach vorne weisender Geschoßspitze angeordnet sind und jedes Geschoßmagazin (3,4) aus einer Beladungsstellung unmittelbar vor der Be/Entladeöffnung (B) des Fahrzeugs quer zur Längsmittelebene (M) des Fahrzeugs in eine Lagerungsstellung verschiebbar ist, in welcher der zweite Teil (3.2, 4.2) des Geschoßmagazins jeweils den an der Längsseite des Fahrzeuginneren verlaufenden Kettenkasten (K1, K2) übergreift.Combat vehicle, in particular armored howitzer with a rotatable turret arranged on the vehicle in the area behind the center of the vehicle, on which a heavy weapon is pivotably arranged in elevation and in which at least some of the projectiles and propellant charges are stored inside the vehicle and an opening at the rear of the vehicle opens towards the rear Loading / unloading opening is arranged, characterized in that a part of the storeys (G3, G4) in the rear of the vehicle is arranged on both sides of the longitudinal center plane (M) in each case in a storey magazine (3, 4) which has a first part perpendicular to the vehicle floor ( 3.1, 4.1) and a second part (3.2, 4.2) arranged at the upper end of the first part and running parallel to the vehicle floor, wherein storeys with a projectile tip pointing forward are arranged in the first and second part and each storey magazine (3, 4) transversely from a loading position immediately in front of the loading / unloading opening (B) of the vehicle is displaceable to the longitudinal center plane (M) of the vehicle into a storage position in which the second part (3.2, 4.2) of the storey magazine overlaps the chain case (K1, K2) running on the longitudinal side of the vehicle interior. Kampffahrzeug nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Geschoßmagazine (3,4) im Fahrzeugheck über Teleskopführungen mit dem Fahrzeug verbunden sind und sowohl in der Beladungsstellung als auch in der Lagerungsstellung über Arretiervorrichtungen festgehalten sind.Combat vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that the projectile magazines (3, 4) in the rear of the vehicle are connected to the vehicle via telescopic guides and both in the loading position and are held in the storage position via locking devices. Kampffahrzeug nach Anspruch 1 oder 2 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Längsachse der Geschoßmagazine (3,4) gegenüber der Längsmittelebene (M) des Fahrzeugs um einen kleinen spitzen Winkel (α) nach außen versetzt ist.Combat vehicle according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the longitudinal axis of the projectile magazines (3, 4) is offset outwards by a small acute angle (α) with respect to the longitudinal center plane (M) of the vehicle. Kampffahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeweils im Bereich vor jedem Geschoßmagazin (3,4) über dem Kettenkasten (K1, K2) des Fahrzeugs ein Zusatzmagazin (5,6) zur Aufnahme weiterer Geschosse angeordnet ist, die in Längsrichtung mit nach vorne weisender Geschoßspitze gelagert sind.Combat vehicle according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that an additional magazine (5, 6) is arranged in the area in front of each storey magazine (3, 4) above the chain case (K1, K2) of the vehicle for receiving further storeys, which is in the longitudinal direction are stored with the bullet tip facing forward. Kampffahrzeug nach Anspruch 4 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß auf mindestens einem der Kettenkästen (K2) des Fahrzeugs jeweils vor dem Zusatzmagazin (6) für Geschosse mindestens ein Behälter (9) für Treibladungen in Längsrichtung angeordnet ist.Combat vehicle according to Claim 4, characterized in that at least one container (9) for propellant charges in the longitudinal direction is arranged on at least one of the chain boxes (K2) of the vehicle in front of the additional magazine (6) for projectiles. Kampffahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Bereich neben der Waffe (W) zusätzlich ein weiterer Behälter (7) für Treibladungen in Querrichtung angeordnet ist.Combat vehicle according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a further container (7) for propellant charges in the transverse direction is additionally arranged in the region next to the weapon (W). Kampffahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an der Innenseite mindestens eines der Kettenkästen (K1) ein weiterer Behälter (8) für Treibladungen in Längsrichtung verlaufend angeordnet ist.Combat vehicle according to one of claims 1 to 6 characterized in that a further container (8) for propellant charges is arranged in the longitudinal direction on the inside of at least one of the chain boxes (K1). Kampffahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Turmheck hinter der Waffe (W) ein Turmmagazin (1) zur Aufnahme von mit der Geschoßspitze nach vorne weisenden Geschossen (G1) angeordnet ist.Combat vehicle according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a turret magazine (1) is arranged in the rear of the turret behind the weapon (W) for receiving projectiles (G1) pointing forward with the projectile tip. Kampffahrzeug nach Anspruch 8 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß oberhalb und/oder neben dem Turmmagazin (1) ein weiterer Behälter (2) für Treibladungen angeordnet ist.Combat vehicle according to claim 8, characterized in that a further container (2) for propellant charges is arranged above and / or next to the tower magazine (1). Kampffahrzeug nach Anspruch 9 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die oberhalb der Geschosse (G1) des Turmmagazins (1) angeordneten Treibladungen gegenüber den Geschossen auf Lücke versetzt angeordnet sind.Combat vehicle according to Claim 9, characterized in that the propellant charges arranged above the storeys (G1) of the tower magazine (1) are offset from the storeys by a gap. Kampffahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 8 bis 10 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen dem hinteren Ende der Waffe (W) und dem Turmmagazin (1) eine Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung (10) angeordnet ist.Combat vehicle according to one of Claims 8 to 10, characterized in that a projectile feed device (10) is arranged between the rear end of the weapon (W) and the turret magazine (1). Kampffahrzeug nach Anspruch 11 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Geschoßzuführungsvorrichtung eine an der Innenseite der Dachplatte des Turms (T) zwischen dem hinteren Ende der Waffe (W) und dem Turmmagazin (1) befestigte in Querrichtung verlaufende Führung (10.4) aufweist, an welcher ein Schlitten verschiebbar geführt ist und an dem Schlitten ein sich nach unten in das Turminnere erstreckender Tragarm (10.1) aufgehängt ist, an welchem eine Ladeschalenaufnahme entlang des Tragarms (10.1) bewegbar geführt ist, die eine Ladeschale (10.3) trägt derart, daß die Längsachse der Ladeschale in mindestens einer Elevationsstellung der Waffe (W) in eine Position fluchtend zur Rohrseelenachse der Waffe bringbar ist, sowie in Positionen, in denen das hintere Ende der Ladeschale (10.3) unmittelbar vor vorgegebenen Lagerplätzen des Turmmagazins liegt und in eine Position, in welcher das hintere Ende der Ladeschale (10.3) unmittelbar an das vordere Ende einer im Bereich der Be/Entladeöffnung (B) angeordneten Rollenbahn (11) anschließt.Combat vehicle according to claim 11, characterized in that the projectile feeding device is fastened transversely to the inside of the roof plate of the turret (T) between the rear end of the weapon (W) and the turret magazine (1) has a running guide (10.4), on which a carriage is slidably guided and on which a support arm (10.1), which extends down into the interior of the tower, is suspended, on which a charging cradle receptacle is movably guided along the supporting arm (10.1), which is a charging cradle (10.3) bears in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the charging cradle can be brought into a position in alignment with the barrel core axis of the weapon in at least one elevation position of the weapon (W), as well as in positions in which the rear end of the charging cradle (10.3) immediately in front of predetermined storage locations of the Tower magazine lies and in a position in which the rear end of the charging cradle (10.3) directly adjoins the front end of a roller conveyor (11) arranged in the area of the loading / unloading opening (B).
EP94108753A 1993-07-24 1994-06-08 Fighting vehicle, in particular howitzer, with ammunition magazines Expired - Lifetime EP0635695B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4324966 1993-07-24
DE4324966A DE4324966A1 (en) 1993-07-24 1993-07-24 Combat vehicle, in particular howitzer howitzer

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EP0635695A2 true EP0635695A2 (en) 1995-01-25
EP0635695A3 EP0635695A3 (en) 1995-05-24
EP0635695B1 EP0635695B1 (en) 1996-11-06

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EP94108753A Expired - Lifetime EP0635695B1 (en) 1993-07-24 1994-06-08 Fighting vehicle, in particular howitzer, with ammunition magazines

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EP (1) EP0635695B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE145055T1 (en)
DE (2) DE4324966A1 (en)
NO (1) NO302976B1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3267141A1 (en) * 2016-07-05 2018-01-10 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG Weapon system
EP3267140A1 (en) * 2016-07-05 2018-01-10 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG Military vehicle

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011050537B3 (en) * 2011-05-20 2012-10-25 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Gmbh & Co. Kg Gun and military vehicle

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2367837A (en) * 1943-08-20 1945-01-23 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Gun carrier
EP0331980B1 (en) * 1988-03-08 1991-12-27 Wegmann & Co. GmbH Combat vehicle, especially an armoured houwitzer

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2367837A (en) * 1943-08-20 1945-01-23 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Gun carrier
EP0331980B1 (en) * 1988-03-08 1991-12-27 Wegmann & Co. GmbH Combat vehicle, especially an armoured houwitzer

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WT/WEHRTECHNIK, Bd.20, Nr.6, Juni 1988, BONN Seite 58-63 E. NEUGEBAUER 'Die Panzerhaubitze 2000' *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3267141A1 (en) * 2016-07-05 2018-01-10 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG Weapon system
EP3267140A1 (en) * 2016-07-05 2018-01-10 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG Military vehicle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE4324966A1 (en) 1995-01-26
EP0635695A3 (en) 1995-05-24
EP0635695B1 (en) 1996-11-06
DE59400986D1 (en) 1996-12-12
NO942229D0 (en) 1994-06-14
NO942229L (en) 1995-01-25
NO302976B1 (en) 1998-05-11
ATE145055T1 (en) 1996-11-15

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