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EP0605507B1 - Process and assembly for controlling and regulating the detergent supply to a dishwasher - Google Patents

Process and assembly for controlling and regulating the detergent supply to a dishwasher Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0605507B1
EP0605507B1 EP92919612A EP92919612A EP0605507B1 EP 0605507 B1 EP0605507 B1 EP 0605507B1 EP 92919612 A EP92919612 A EP 92919612A EP 92919612 A EP92919612 A EP 92919612A EP 0605507 B1 EP0605507 B1 EP 0605507B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
detergent
cycle
rinse
phase
concentration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP92919612A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0605507A1 (en
Inventor
Friedel Rings
Günther Hahn
Karl Helminger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Original Assignee
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Henkel AG and Co KGaA filed Critical Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Publication of EP0605507A1 publication Critical patent/EP0605507A1/en
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/24—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware with movement of the crockery baskets by conveyors
    • A47L15/241—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware with movement of the crockery baskets by conveyors the dishes moving in a horizontal plane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/0018—Controlling processes, i.e. processes to control the operation of the machine characterised by the purpose or target of the control
    • A47L15/0021—Regulation of operational steps within the washing processes, e.g. optimisation or improvement of operational steps depending from the detergent nature or from the condition of the crockery
    • A47L15/0028—Washing phases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/0018—Controlling processes, i.e. processes to control the operation of the machine characterised by the purpose or target of the control
    • A47L15/0055—Metering or indication of used products, e.g. type or quantity of detergent, rinse aid or salt; for measuring or controlling the product concentration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L2401/00—Automatic detection in controlling methods of washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware, e.g. information provided by sensors entered into controlling devices
    • A47L2401/30—Variation of electrical, magnetical or optical quantities
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L2501/00—Output in controlling method of washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware, i.e. quantities or components controlled, or actions performed by the controlling device executing the controlling method
    • A47L2501/07—Consumable products, e.g. detergent, rinse aids or salt

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling and regulating the supply of cleaning agent in a dishwasher and a control device for carrying out the method.
  • the rinse tank is filled with water and a predetermined first amount of detergent is supplied so that the rinse water in the rinse tank contains the desired detergent concentration after the start-up phase.
  • the detergent concentration is regulated to a first target value A by means of the metering device.
  • Stubborn food residues, especially accumulated starch, can not be removed with the method, so that the dishes have to be cleaned from time to time about once a month.
  • This basic cleaning uses a highly effective second cleaning agent that is added to the rinsing water by hand.
  • an operator distributes the second cleaning agent inside the dishwasher using a shovel or similar device.
  • the losses are continuously compensated by hand by further sprinkling in the second detergent.
  • a disadvantage of the prior art is that the detergent dosing for basic cleaning must be carried out manually by an operator and that this is exposed to health risks which are caused on the one hand by rinsing water vapors and on the other hand by rinsing water drops.
  • Another disadvantage is that different cleaning agents must be kept in stock.
  • the invention has for its object to facilitate basic cleaning in a dishwasher.
  • the method according to the invention works with a control device which carries out a basic cleaning cycle in addition to the normal cycle.
  • the same cleaning agent is used for the basic cleaning cycle as for the normal cycle.
  • a predetermined second quantity of cleaning agent is supplied, which is substantially larger than the first quantity of cleaning agent in the normal cycle. This gives the rinse water a detergent concentration with which the basic cleaning can be carried out in the basic cleaning cycle.
  • the cleaning agent concentration is raised to a second setpoint B, which is significantly greater than the first setpoint A of the normal cycle.
  • the same control and metering device is used both for the supply of the first and the second amount of detergent and for the regulation of the detergent concentration in the rinsing phase and the basic cleaning rinsing phase.
  • the presence and intervention of an operator is no longer necessary. In addition, it is no longer necessary to store a second detergent.
  • the dishwasher 1 shown in FIG. 1 is designed as a conveyor belt dishwasher and has three washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c. In each washing tank 2a, 2b, 2c there is an overflow 3a, 3b, 3c, via which washing water can overflow from one to another washing tank.
  • the overflow 3a of the (based on the running direction of the wash ware) first wash tank 2a is connected to a drain 4.
  • the fresh water supply takes place via the fresh water rinse 5 arranged at the outlet end of the items to be washed.
  • the washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c are arranged such that the rinsing water cascades from the fresh water rinsing 5 first into the third rinse tank 2c, from there into the middle rinse tank 2b and finally reaches the drain 4 via the first washing tank 2a.
  • a conveyor belt 6 is located above the washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c and moves the wash ware first over the first washing tank 2a, then the middle washing tank 2b and finally the third washing tank 2c to the fresh water rinse 5.
  • Spray registers 7a, 7b and 7c are arranged by pumps 8a, 8b and 8c are fed from the respective rinse tank 2a, 2b, 2c below.
  • Each spray register 7a, 7b, 7c is therefore assigned to a washing tank 2a, 2b, 2c and a pump 8a, 8b, 8c located therein.
  • the spray registers 7a, 7b, 7c remove the food residues from the items to be washed by means of washing water from spray nozzles which are directed against the items to be washed both from above and from below. With the fresh water rinse 5, the wash ware is also freed from detergent residues.
  • the rinsing water is transported from the rinsing tank to the rinsing tank in the opposite direction of the conveyor belt. It is thereby achieved that the third washing tank 2c is the cleanest, the coarsest food residues already being removed above the first washing tank 2a.
  • the cleaning agent is supplied for all washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c in the third (last) washing tank 2c. This is connected via pipes 9 to a metering device 10, which takes the detergent from a detergent container 11 and conveys it into the washing tank 2c.
  • the dosing device works with a constant delivery rate.
  • the cleaning agent can be liquid or in powder form. Powder cleaner containing caustic alkali is preferably used, which can also be added in dissolved form.
  • a measuring probe 12 is arranged in the third rinsing tank 2c.
  • the measuring probe 12 is designed as a conductivity measuring cell and, via the conductivity of the rinsing water, determines the detergent concentration, which is essentially proportional to the conductivity.
  • the supply of cleaning agent is controlled and regulated by means of a control and regulating device 13, which evaluates the measured values of the measuring probe 12.
  • the control and regulating device 13 evaluates the measurement signals of the measurement probe 12. For this purpose, the signals emanating from the measuring probe 12 are fed to a measured value amplifier 14 and a monitoring device 15.
  • a display part 16, which shows the current detergent concentration, is connected to the measured value amplifier 14. In addition, the display part 16 can display the target value for the detergent concentration.
  • the control and regulating device 13 is equipped with a selector switch 17 for the "normal cleaning" function and a selector switch 18 for the "basic cleaning" function, with which it can be selected whether a normal cycle or a basic cleaning cycle is to be carried out.
  • Each selector switch 17, 18 is connected to a measuring range presetting part 19a, 19b, which is connected to the measuring value amplifier 14 and, depending on the selected cycle, sets this to a predetermined measuring range when the respective selector switch 17, 18 has been pressed.
  • each selector switch 17, 18 has a setpoint generator 20a, 20b, which is adjustable and outputs the set detergent concentration when the selector switch 17, 18 has been pressed.
  • the signal representing the setpoint A, B for the detergent concentration, which is emitted by the setpoint generator 20a, 20b, is fed into the monitoring device 15.
  • the signal is also led to the display part 16 and there causes the display of the target value A, B for the detergent concentration.
  • Predosing means that the In the rinse tanks 2a, 2b, 2c, initially clear water is supplied for a time determined by a pre-metering timer 21a, 21b, in order to bring the concentration of the rinse liquor into the desired order.
  • a safety device is provided to prevent a constant supply of cleaning agent in the event of a defect.
  • This has a dosing time limiter 22, which is connected to a comparison timer 23.
  • the dosing time limiter 22 is also switched on by the monitoring device 15 in the rinsing phase during normal cleaning.
  • the dosing time limiter 22 compares the elapsed dosing time, that is the time that the dosing device 10 has been working, with the preset value from the comparison timer 23 and forwards a signal to the monitoring device 15 so that the controller 15, after exceeding the comparison time, the dosing device 10 turns off.
  • the comparison time can refer to the entire cycle or to a single conveying process.
  • the target value A for the set detergent concentration is between 2.5-8.5 g / l of caustic alkali powder cleaner, preferably about 5 g / l. This corresponds approximately to a conductivity of the rinsing water of 10 mScm -1 or 30 mScm -1 .
  • the measuring range of the measuring amplifier 14 is set to the range of 0 - 8.5 g / l or 0 - 30 mScm -1 contained in the measuring range presetting part 19a.
  • the setpoint A for the detergent concentration is supplied from the setpoint generator 20a of the selector switch 17 to the monitoring device 15.
  • the comparison time for the dosing time limit set on the selector switch 17 is fed to the dosing time limiter 22.
  • the pre-metering timer 21a determines the time for the pre-metering from the first target value A for the detergent concentration.
  • the control and regulating device 13 first carries out the start-up phase.
  • the monitoring device 15 switches on the metering device 10, which now delivers cleaning agent into the third washing tank 2c at a constant delivery rate.
  • the dosing time limit is switched off with the dosing time limiter 22.
  • the monitoring device 15 keeps the dosing device 10 switched on until the predefined dosing time has expired.
  • the rinsing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c are filled and brought to approximately the required detergent concentration.
  • the control and regulating device 13 then switches over to the rinsing phase 32.
  • the monitoring device 15 continuously monitors the cleaning agent concentration and keeps it constant by means of two-point control.
  • the signal emanating from the measuring probe 12 is compared in the monitoring device 15 with the setpoint A from the setpoint generator 20a and, depending on the comparison result, the metering device 10 on or off.
  • the washing phase is ended by switching off the dishwasher. However, if the dosing time has exceeded the predefined comparison time, that is to say the limit value given by the comparison timer 23, a warning signal is issued and the dishwasher 1 is switched off.
  • the basic cleaning cycle corresponds essentially to the normal cycle.
  • the contents of the setpoint generator 20b and the measuring range presetting part are transferred to the monitoring device 15, the predosing timer 21b, the display part 16 and the measuring value amplifier 14.
  • the value stored in the pre-metering timer 21b which corresponds to the pre-metering time determined on the basis of the target value B from the target value transmitter 20b, is correspondingly greater than the value stored in the pre-metering timer 21a.
  • the setpoint B set when the selector switch 18 is pressed in the setpoint generator 20b is fed to the display part 16, which displays the setpoint B.
  • the measuring range presetting part 19b is also actuated by pressing, so that the measuring value amplifier 14, which amplifies the signal of the measuring probe 12 and displays it on the display part 16, is set or switched over to a higher measuring range.
  • the set detergent concentration is 15 - 35 g / l, preferably 15 g / l.
  • the set measuring range therefore corresponds to a cleaning agent concentration of 0 - 35 g / l.
  • the detergent concentration is brought to a substantially higher value by supplying detergent by means of the metering device 10 than in the normal start-up phase.
  • the basic cleaning start-up phase which corresponds to the start-up phase, is followed by the basic cleaning rinse phase, which corresponds to the rinse phase.
  • the setpoint B from the setpoint generator 20b, which is fed to the monitoring device 15, is used for a two-point control at a high level.
  • the cleaning agent concentration is kept constant in the basic cleaning rinsing phase as in the rinsing phase.
  • the dosing time limiter 22 is always switched off in the basic cleaning cycle, i.e. also in the rinsing phase.
  • the fresh water supply is switched off via the fresh water rinse 5 and all the rinsing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c are emptied.

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  • Washing And Drying Of Tableware (AREA)

Abstract

A process and device (13) are disclosed for controlling and regulating the supply of detergent to a dish-washer (1). The process works with a control and regulating device (13) that carries out a in-depth washing cycle besides the normal cycle. The same detergent is used during the in-depth washing cycle as during the normal cycle and the detergent is supplied by means of the same dosing device (100) during the normal cycle and the initial washing cycle. For the same detergent to be used in the normal cycle and in the in-depth washing cycle, the concentration of detergent supplied during the in-depth washing cycle is many times higher than during the normal cycle. The cycle to be carried out is selected by depressing a selection switch.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Steuerung und Regelung der Reinigungsmittelzufuhr einer Geschirrspülmaschine sowie eine Steuereinrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for controlling and regulating the supply of cleaning agent in a dishwasher and a control device for carrying out the method.

In Großküchen u.dgl. werden Transportband-Geschirrspülmaschinen eingesetzt, in denen das Spülgut auf einem Transportband nacheinander mehrere Reinigungsstationen durchläuft. Zur Steuerung und Regelung der Reinigungsmittelzufuhr bei derartigen Geschirrspülmaschinen ist ein Verfahren bekannt, das mit einer Dosiereinrichtung für das Reingungsmittel und mit einer Steuereinrichtung für die Einstellung und Konstanthaltung der Reinigungsmittelkonzentration und zur Durchführung von Anlaufphasen und Spülphasen arbeitet. Die Steuereinrichtung steuert die Reinigungsmittelzufuhr zu dem oder den Spültanks der Geschirrspülmaschine, in der das Spülgut in einem Normalzyklus einer Normalreinigung unterzogen wird. In dem Normalzyklus wird das Spülgut bei einer geringen Reinigungsmittelkonzentration gespült. Der Normalzyklus ist in eine Anlaufphase und eine Spülphase gegliedert. In der Anlaufphase wird der Spültank mit Wasser aufgefüllt und eine vorherbestimmte erste Reinigungsmittelmenge zugeführt, so daß nach Ablauf der Anlaufphase in dem Spültank das Spülwasser die gewünschte Reinigungsmittelkonzentration enthält. Während der anschließenden Spülphase, in der das Spülgut gereinigt wird und in der Spülwasserverluste kontinuierlich ausgeglichen werden, wird die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration mittels der Dosiereinrichtung auf einen ersten Sollwert A geregelt.In canteen kitchens and the like conveyor belt dishwashers are used in which the items to be washed pass through several cleaning stations in succession on a conveyor belt. For controlling and regulating the detergent supply in such dishwashers, a method is known which works with a dosing device for the detergent and with a control device for setting and keeping the detergent concentration constant and for carrying out start-up and rinsing phases. The control device controls the supply of cleaning agent to the washing tank or tanks of the dishwasher in which the items to be washed are in undergoes a normal cleaning cycle. In the normal cycle, the dishes are washed at a low detergent concentration. The normal cycle is divided into a start-up phase and a rinse phase. In the start-up phase, the rinse tank is filled with water and a predetermined first amount of detergent is supplied so that the rinse water in the rinse tank contains the desired detergent concentration after the start-up phase. During the subsequent rinsing phase, in which the wash ware is cleaned and the rinsing water losses are continuously compensated for, the detergent concentration is regulated to a first target value A by means of the metering device.

Hartnäckige Speiserückstände, insbesondere kumulierte Stärke, können jedoch mit dem Verfahren nicht entfernt werden, so daß das Spülgut von Zeit zu Zeit etwa monatlich einer Grundreinigung zu unterziehen ist. Bei dieser Grundreinigung wird ein hochwirksames zweites Reinigungsmittel benutzt, das von Hand dem Spülwasser zugeführt wird. Eine Bedienungsperson verteilt dazu mit einer Schaufel oder einem ähnlichen Gerät das zweite Reinigungsmittel im Innern der Geschirrspülmaschine. Um die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration auf dem erforderlichen hohen Niveau zu halten, werden die Verluste kontinuierlich von Hand durch weiteres Einstreuen des zweiten Reinigungsmittels ausgeglichen.Stubborn food residues, especially accumulated starch, can not be removed with the method, so that the dishes have to be cleaned from time to time about once a month. This basic cleaning uses a highly effective second cleaning agent that is added to the rinsing water by hand. For this purpose, an operator distributes the second cleaning agent inside the dishwasher using a shovel or similar device. In order to keep the detergent concentration at the required high level, the losses are continuously compensated by hand by further sprinkling in the second detergent.

Nachteilig beim Stand der Technik ist, daß die Reinigerdosierung für die Grundreinigung von Hand von einer Bedienungsperson durchzuführen ist und daß diese gesundheitlichen Risiken ausgesetzt ist, die einerseits durch Spülwasserdämpfe und andererseits durch Spülwassertropfen hervorgerufen werden. Nachteilig ist außerdem, daß unterschiedliche Reinigungsmittel bevorratet werden müssen.A disadvantage of the prior art is that the detergent dosing for basic cleaning must be carried out manually by an operator and that this is exposed to health risks which are caused on the one hand by rinsing water vapors and on the other hand by rinsing water drops. Another disadvantage is that different cleaning agents must be kept in stock.

Ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren und eine gattungsgemäße Vorrichtung sind aus der US-A-4 076 146 bekannt.A generic method and a generic device are known from US-A-4 076 146.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einer Geschirrspülmaschine die Grundreinigung zu erleichtern.The invention has for its object to facilitate basic cleaning in a dishwasher.

Die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe wird durch das Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 sowie durch die Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 7 gelöst.The object on which the invention is based is achieved by the method having the features of patent claim 1 and by the device for carrying out the method having the features of patent claim 7.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren arbeitet mit einer Steuereinrichtung, die zusätzlich zu dem Normalzyklus einen Grundreinigungszyklus durchführt. Dabei wird beim Grundreinigungszyklus das gleiche Reinigungsmittel verwendet wie beim Normalzyklus.The method according to the invention works with a control device which carries out a basic cleaning cycle in addition to the normal cycle. The same cleaning agent is used for the basic cleaning cycle as for the normal cycle.

In einer Grundreinigungs-Anlaufphase wird eine vorherbestimmte zweite Reinigungsmittelmenge zugeführt, die wesentlich größer ist als die erste Reinigungsmittelmenge im Normalzyklus. Dadurch erhält das Spülwasser eine Reinigungsmittelkonzentration, mit der im Grundreinigungszyklus die Grundreinigung durchgeführt werden kann. In einer Grundreinigungs-Spülphase wird die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration auf einen zweiten Sollwert B angehoben, der wesentlich größer ist als der erste Sollwert A des Normalzyklus.In a basic cleaning start-up phase, a predetermined second quantity of cleaning agent is supplied, which is substantially larger than the first quantity of cleaning agent in the normal cycle. This gives the rinse water a detergent concentration with which the basic cleaning can be carried out in the basic cleaning cycle. In a basic cleaning rinsing phase, the cleaning agent concentration is raised to a second setpoint B, which is significantly greater than the first setpoint A of the normal cycle.

Sowohl für die Zufuhr der ersten und der zweiten Reinigungsmittelmenge als auch für die Regelung der Reinigungsmittelkonzentration in der Spülphase und der Grundreinigungs-Spülphase wird dieselbe Regel- und Dosiereinrichtung verwendet. Die Anwesenheit einer Bedienungsperson und deren Eingreifen ist nicht mehr erforderlich. Darüberhinaus ist es nicht mehr erforderlich, ein zweites Reinigungsmittel zu bevorraten.The same control and metering device is used both for the supply of the first and the second amount of detergent and for the regulation of the detergent concentration in the rinsing phase and the basic cleaning rinsing phase. The presence and intervention of an operator is no longer necessary. In addition, it is no longer necessary to store a second detergent.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen sowie aus der Zeichnung im Zusammenhang mit der Beschreibung. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine schematische Darstellung einer Transportbandgeschirrspülmaschine mit drei Spültanks und
Fig. 2
ein Blockdiagramm für eine Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Steuereinrichtung.
Advantageous refinements and developments of the invention result from the subclaims and from the drawing in connection with the description. Show it:
Fig. 1
is a schematic representation of a conveyor belt dishwasher with three washing tanks and
Fig. 2
a block diagram for an embodiment of the control device according to the invention.

Die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Geschirrspülmaschine 1 ist als Transportband-Geschirrspülmaschine ausgeführt und weist drei Spültanks 2a,2b,2c auf. In jedem Spültank 2a,2b,2c befindet sich ein Überlauf 3a,3b,3c, über den Spülwasser von einem in einen anderen Spültank überlaufen kann. Der Überlauf 3a des (bezogen auf die Laufrichtung des Spülguts) ersten Spültanks 2a ist mit einem Abfluß 4 verbunden. Die Frischwasserzufuhr erfolgt über die am Austrittsende des Spülguts angeordnete Frischwasser-Klarspülung 5. Die Saültanks 2a,2b,2c sind so angeordnet, daß das Spülwasser kaskadenartig von der Frischwasser-Klarspülung 5 zuerst in den dritten Spültank 2c, von dort in den mittleren Spültank 2b und schließlich über den ersten Spültank 2a in den Abfluß 4 gelangt.The dishwasher 1 shown in FIG. 1 is designed as a conveyor belt dishwasher and has three washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c. In each washing tank 2a, 2b, 2c there is an overflow 3a, 3b, 3c, via which washing water can overflow from one to another washing tank. The overflow 3a of the (based on the running direction of the wash ware) first wash tank 2a is connected to a drain 4. The fresh water supply takes place via the fresh water rinse 5 arranged at the outlet end of the items to be washed. The washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c are arranged such that the rinsing water cascades from the fresh water rinsing 5 first into the third rinse tank 2c, from there into the middle rinse tank 2b and finally reaches the drain 4 via the first washing tank 2a.

Ein Transportband 6 befindet sich oberhalb der Spültanks 2a,2b,2c und bewegt das Spülgut zuerst über den ersten Spültank 2a, dann den mittleren Spültank 2b und schließlich den dritten Spültank 2c zu der Frischwasser-Klarspülung 5. Über den Spültanks 2a,2b,2c sind Spritzregister 7a,7b und 7c angeordnet, die von Pumpen 8a,8b und 8c aus dem jeweils darunter befindlichen Spültank 2a,2b,2c gespeist werden. Jedes Spritzregister 7a,7b,7c ist also einem Spültank 2a,2b,2c und einer darin befindlichen Pumpe 8a,8b,8c zugeordnet. Die Spritzregister 7a,7b,7c entfernen die Speisereste von dem Spülgut mittels Spülwasser aus Spritzdüsen, die sowohl von oben als auch von unten gegen das Spülgut gerichtet sind. Mit der Frischwasser-Klarspülung 5 wird das Spülgut auch von Reinigungsmittelresten befreit.A conveyor belt 6 is located above the washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c and moves the wash ware first over the first washing tank 2a, then the middle washing tank 2b and finally the third washing tank 2c to the fresh water rinse 5. Above the washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c Spray registers 7a, 7b and 7c are arranged by pumps 8a, 8b and 8c are fed from the respective rinse tank 2a, 2b, 2c below. Each spray register 7a, 7b, 7c is therefore assigned to a washing tank 2a, 2b, 2c and a pump 8a, 8b, 8c located therein. The spray registers 7a, 7b, 7c remove the food residues from the items to be washed by means of washing water from spray nozzles which are directed against the items to be washed both from above and from below. With the fresh water rinse 5, the wash ware is also freed from detergent residues.

Der Spülwassertransport von Spültank zu Spültank erfolgt entgegen der Laufrichtung des Transportbandes. Dadurch wird erreicht, daß der dritte Spültank 2c der sauberste ist, wobei die gröbsten Speiserückstände schon über dem ersten Spültank 2a entfernt werden.The rinsing water is transported from the rinsing tank to the rinsing tank in the opposite direction of the conveyor belt. It is thereby achieved that the third washing tank 2c is the cleanest, the coarsest food residues already being removed above the first washing tank 2a.

Die Reinigungsmittelzufuhr erfolgt für sämtliche Spültanks 2a,2b,2c im dritten (letzten) Spültank 2c. Dieser ist über Rohrleitungen 9 mit einer Dosiereinrichtung 10 verbunden, die das Reinigungsmittel einem Reinigungsmittelbehälter 11 entnimmt und in den Spültank 2c fördert. Die Dosiereinrichtung arbeitet mit konstanter Förderrate. Das Reinigungsmittel kann flüssig sein oder in Pulverform vorliegen. Vorzugsweise wird ätzalkalihaltiger Pulverreiniger verwendet, der auch in aufgelöster Form zugeführt werden kann. Zur Bestimmung der Reinigungsmittelkonzentration, die in Gramm pro Liter (g/l) Wasser angegeben wird, ist in dem dritten Spültank 2c eine Meßsonde 12 angeordnet. Die Meßsonde 12 ist als Leitfähigkeitsmeßzelle ausgeführt und bestimmt über die Leitfähigkeit des Spülwassers die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration, die im wesentlichen proportional zur Leitfähigkeit ist. Mittels einer Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 13, die die Meßwerte der Meßsonde 12 auswertet, wird die Reinigungsmittelzufuhr gesteuert und geregelt.The cleaning agent is supplied for all washing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c in the third (last) washing tank 2c. This is connected via pipes 9 to a metering device 10, which takes the detergent from a detergent container 11 and conveys it into the washing tank 2c. The dosing device works with a constant delivery rate. The cleaning agent can be liquid or in powder form. Powder cleaner containing caustic alkali is preferably used, which can also be added in dissolved form. In order to determine the detergent concentration, which is given in grams per liter (g / l) of water, a measuring probe 12 is arranged in the third rinsing tank 2c. The measuring probe 12 is designed as a conductivity measuring cell and, via the conductivity of the rinsing water, determines the detergent concentration, which is essentially proportional to the conductivity. The supply of cleaning agent is controlled and regulated by means of a control and regulating device 13, which evaluates the measured values of the measuring probe 12.

Die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 13, deren Blockdiagramm in Fig. 2 gezeigt ist, wertet die Meßsignale der Meßsonde 12 aus. Dazu werden die von der Meßsonde 12 ausgehenden Signale einem Meßwertverstärker 14 und einer Überwachungseinrichtung 15 zugeführt. An dem Meßwertverstärker 14 ist ein Anzeigeteil 16 angeschlossen, das die aktuelle Reinigungsmittelkonzentration anzeigt. Außerdem kann das Anzeigeteil 16 den Sollwert für die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration anzeigen.The control and regulating device 13, the block diagram of which is shown in FIG. 2, evaluates the measurement signals of the measurement probe 12. For this purpose, the signals emanating from the measuring probe 12 are fed to a measured value amplifier 14 and a monitoring device 15. A display part 16, which shows the current detergent concentration, is connected to the measured value amplifier 14. In addition, the display part 16 can display the target value for the detergent concentration.

Die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 13 ist mit einem Wahlschalter 17 für die Funktion "Normalreinigung" und einem Wahlschalter 18 für die Funktion "Grundreinigung" ausgestattet, mit denen ausgewählt werden kann, ob ein Normalzyklus oder ein Grundreinigungszyklus durchgeführt werden soll. Jeder Wahlschalter 17,18 ist mit einem Meßbereich-Voreinstellteil 19a,19b verbunden, das mit dem Meßwertverstärker 14 verbunden ist und diesen je nach gewähltem Zyklus auf einen vorherbestimmten Meßbereich einstellt, wenn der betreffende Wahlschalter 17,18 gedrückt worden ist. Außerdem weist jeder Wahlschalter 17,18 einen Sollwertgeber 20a,20b auf, der einstellbar ist und die eingestellte Reinigungsmittelkonzentration ausgibt, wenn der Wahlschalter 17,18 gedrückt worden ist. Das den Sollwert A,B für die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration repräsentierende Signal, das von dem Sollwertgeber 20a,20b ausgeht, wird in die Überwachungseinrichtung 15 eingespeist. Das Signal wird auch zu dem Anzeigeteil 16 geführt und bewirkt dort die Anzeige des Sollwerts A,B für die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration.The control and regulating device 13 is equipped with a selector switch 17 for the "normal cleaning" function and a selector switch 18 for the "basic cleaning" function, with which it can be selected whether a normal cycle or a basic cleaning cycle is to be carried out. Each selector switch 17, 18 is connected to a measuring range presetting part 19a, 19b, which is connected to the measuring value amplifier 14 and, depending on the selected cycle, sets this to a predetermined measuring range when the respective selector switch 17, 18 has been pressed. In addition, each selector switch 17, 18 has a setpoint generator 20a, 20b, which is adjustable and outputs the set detergent concentration when the selector switch 17, 18 has been pressed. The signal representing the setpoint A, B for the detergent concentration, which is emitted by the setpoint generator 20a, 20b, is fed into the monitoring device 15. The signal is also led to the display part 16 and there causes the display of the target value A, B for the detergent concentration.

Während der Durchführung einer Anlaufphase wird eine Vordosierung durchgeführt. Vordosierung heißt, daß dem in den Spültanks 2a,2b,2c befindlichen, zunächst klaren Wasser für eine von einem Vordosierzeitgeber 21a,21b festgelegte Zeit Reinigungsmittel zugeführt wird, um die Konzentration der Spülflotte in die gewünschte Größenordnung zu bringen.A pre-metering is carried out during the implementation of a start-up phase. Predosing means that the In the rinse tanks 2a, 2b, 2c, initially clear water is supplied for a time determined by a pre-metering timer 21a, 21b, in order to bring the concentration of the rinse liquor into the desired order.

Um zu vermeiden, daß bei einem Defekt eine ständige Reinigungsmittelzufuhr erfolgt, ist eine Sicherheitseinrichtung vorgesehen. Diese weist einen Dosierzeitbegrenzer 22 auf, der mit einem Vergleichszeitgeber 23 verbunden ist. Mit dem Einschalten der Dosiereinrichtung wird in der Spülphase in der Normalreinigung von der Überwachungseinrichtung 15 auch der Dosierzeitbegrenzer 22 eingeschaltet. Der Dosierzeitbegrenzer 22 vergleicht die verstrichene Dosierzeit, das ist die Zeit, die die Dosiereinrichtung 10 gearbeitet hat, mit dem voreingestellten Wert aus dem Vergleichszeitgeber 23 und leitet ein Signal an die Überwachungseinrichtung 15 weiter, so daß der Regler 15 nach Überschreiten der Vergleichszeit die Dosiereinrichtung 10 ausschaltet. Die Vergleichszeit kann auf den gesamten Zyklus oder auf einen einzelnen Fördervorgang bezogen sein.A safety device is provided to prevent a constant supply of cleaning agent in the event of a defect. This has a dosing time limiter 22, which is connected to a comparison timer 23. When the dosing device is switched on, the dosing time limiter 22 is also switched on by the monitoring device 15 in the rinsing phase during normal cleaning. The dosing time limiter 22 compares the elapsed dosing time, that is the time that the dosing device 10 has been working, with the preset value from the comparison timer 23 and forwards a signal to the monitoring device 15 so that the controller 15, after exceeding the comparison time, the dosing device 10 turns off. The comparison time can refer to the entire cycle or to a single conveying process.

Im folgenden wird der Ablauf des Verfahrens beschrieben. Nach der Auswahl des Zyklus (Normalzyklus oder Grundreinigungszyklus) erfolgt je nach gewähltem Zyklus die Durchführung einer Anlaufphase oder einer Grundreinigungs-Anlaufphase.The sequence of the method is described below. After selecting the cycle (normal cycle or basic cleaning cycle), depending on the cycle selected, a start-up phase or a basic cleaning start-up phase is carried out.

Im Normalzyklus, also beim normalen Spülvorgang, beträgt der Sollwert A für die eingestellte Reinigungsmittelkonzentration zwischen 2,5 - 8,5 g/l ätzalkalihaltigen Pulverreinigers, vorzugsweise etwa 5 g/l. Dies entspricht etwa einer Leitfähigkeit des Spülwassers von 10 mScm-1 bzw. 30 mScm-1.In the normal cycle, that is to say during the normal rinsing process, the target value A for the set detergent concentration is between 2.5-8.5 g / l of caustic alkali powder cleaner, preferably about 5 g / l. This corresponds approximately to a conductivity of the rinsing water of 10 mScm -1 or 30 mScm -1 .

Wenn der Wahlschalter 17 zum Einleiten des Normalzyklus gedrückt wird, wird der Meßbereich des Meßverstärkers 14 auf den im Meßbereich-Voreinstellteil 19a enthaltenen Bereich von 0 - 8,5 g/l bzw. 0 - 30 mScm-1 eingestellt. Der Sollwert A für die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration wird von dem Sollwertgeber 20a des Wahlschalters 17 der Überwachungseinrichtung 15 zugeführt. Die an dem Wahlschalter 17 eingestellte Vergleichszeit für die Dosierzeitbegrenzung wird dem Dosierzeitbegrenzer 22 zugeführt. Aus dem ersten Sollwert A für die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration wird von dem Vordosierzeitgeber 21a die Zeit für die Vordosierung ermittelt.When the selector switch 17 is pressed to initiate the normal cycle, the measuring range of the measuring amplifier 14 is set to the range of 0 - 8.5 g / l or 0 - 30 mScm -1 contained in the measuring range presetting part 19a. The setpoint A for the detergent concentration is supplied from the setpoint generator 20a of the selector switch 17 to the monitoring device 15. The comparison time for the dosing time limit set on the selector switch 17 is fed to the dosing time limiter 22. The pre-metering timer 21a determines the time for the pre-metering from the first target value A for the detergent concentration.

Die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 13 führt zunächst die Anlaufphase durch. Hierbei schaltet die Überwachungseinrichtung 15 die Dosiereinrichtung 10 ein, die nun mit konstanter Förderrate Reinigungsmittel in den dritten Spültank 2c fördert. Hierbei ist mit dem Dosierzeitbegrenzer 22 die Dosierzeitbegrenzung abgeschaltet. Die Überwachungseinrichtung 15 hält die Dosiereinrichtung 10 so lange eingeschaltet, bis die festgelegte Vordosierzeit abgelaufen ist. Nach Ablauf der Vordosierung sind die Spültanks 2a,2b,2c gefüllt und annähernd auf die erforderliche Reinigungsmittelkonzentration gebracht.The control and regulating device 13 first carries out the start-up phase. Here, the monitoring device 15 switches on the metering device 10, which now delivers cleaning agent into the third washing tank 2c at a constant delivery rate. Here, the dosing time limit is switched off with the dosing time limiter 22. The monitoring device 15 keeps the dosing device 10 switched on until the predefined dosing time has expired. After the pre-metering, the rinsing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c are filled and brought to approximately the required detergent concentration.

Anschließend schaltet die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 13 auf die Spülphase 32 um. Dabei überwacht die Überwachungseinrichtung 15 die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration ständig und hält diese mittels Zweipunktregelung konstant. Während der Regelung wird das von der Meßsonde 12 ausgehende Signal in der Überwachungseinrichtung 15 mit dem Sollwert A aus dem Sollwertgeber 20a verglichen und in Abhängigkeit von dem Vergleichsergebnis die Dosiereinrichtung 10 ein- oder ausgeschaltet. Die Spülphase wird durch Ausschalten der Geschirr-Spülmaschine beendet. Hat jedoch die Dosierzeit die vorgegebene Vergleichszeit, das ist der von dem Vergleichszeitgeber 23 abgegebene Grenzwert, überschritten, so wird ein Warnsignal abgegeben und die Geschirrspülmaschine 1 abgeschaltet.The control and regulating device 13 then switches over to the rinsing phase 32. The monitoring device 15 continuously monitors the cleaning agent concentration and keeps it constant by means of two-point control. During the control, the signal emanating from the measuring probe 12 is compared in the monitoring device 15 with the setpoint A from the setpoint generator 20a and, depending on the comparison result, the metering device 10 on or off. The washing phase is ended by switching off the dishwasher. However, if the dosing time has exceeded the predefined comparison time, that is to say the limit value given by the comparison timer 23, a warning signal is issued and the dishwasher 1 is switched off.

Nach einer Vielzahl von Spülvorgängen wird durch Drücken des Wahlschalters 18 eine Grundreinigung eingeleitet. Der Grundreinigungszyklus entspricht im wesentlichen dem Normalzyklus. Durch das Drücken des Wahlschalters 18 werden die Inhalte des Sollwertgebers 20b und des Meßbereichs-Voreinstellteils in die Überwachungseinrichtung 15, den Vordosierzeitgeber 21b, das Anzeigeteil 16 und den Meßwertverstärker 14 überführt. Wegen der hohen Reinigungsmittelkonzentration ist der im Vordosierzeitgeber 21b gespeicherte Wert, der der aufgrund des Sollwerts B aus dem Sollwertgeber 20b ermittelten Vordosierzeit entspricht, entsprechend größer als der im Vordosierzeitgeber 21a gespeicherte Wert. Der beim Drücken des Wahlschalters 18 im Sollwertgeber 20b eingestellte Sollwert B wird dem Anzeigeteil 16 zugeführt, das den Sollwert B anzeigt. Durch das Drücken wird auch das MeßbereichVoreinstellteil 19b betätigt, so daß der Meßwertverstärker 14, der das Signal der Meßsonde 12 verstärkt und an dem Anzeigeteil 16 zur Anzeige bringt, auf einen höheren Meßbereich eingestellt bzw. umgeschaltet wird. In dem Grundreinigungszyklus (bei 55°C Spülwassertemperatur) beträgt die eingestellte Reinigungsmittelkonzentration nämlich 15 - 35 g/l, vorzugsweise 15 g/l. Der eingestellte Meßbereich entspricht daher einer Reinigungsmittelkonzentration von 0 - 35 g/l.After a large number of rinsing processes, basic cleaning is initiated by pressing the selector switch 18. The basic cleaning cycle corresponds essentially to the normal cycle. By pressing the selector switch 18, the contents of the setpoint generator 20b and the measuring range presetting part are transferred to the monitoring device 15, the predosing timer 21b, the display part 16 and the measuring value amplifier 14. Because of the high detergent concentration, the value stored in the pre-metering timer 21b, which corresponds to the pre-metering time determined on the basis of the target value B from the target value transmitter 20b, is correspondingly greater than the value stored in the pre-metering timer 21a. The setpoint B set when the selector switch 18 is pressed in the setpoint generator 20b is fed to the display part 16, which displays the setpoint B. The measuring range presetting part 19b is also actuated by pressing, so that the measuring value amplifier 14, which amplifies the signal of the measuring probe 12 and displays it on the display part 16, is set or switched over to a higher measuring range. In the basic cleaning cycle (at 55 ° C rinse water temperature) the set detergent concentration is 15 - 35 g / l, preferably 15 g / l. The set measuring range therefore corresponds to a cleaning agent concentration of 0 - 35 g / l.

In der Grundreinigungs-Anlaufphase wird die Reinigungsmittelkonzentration durch Reinigungsmittelzufuhr mittels der Dosiereinrichtung 10 auf einen wesentlich höheren Wert gebracht als in der normalen Anlaufphase.In the basic cleaning start-up phase, the detergent concentration is brought to a substantially higher value by supplying detergent by means of the metering device 10 than in the normal start-up phase.

Auf die Grundreinigungs-Anlaufphase, die der Anlaufphase entspricht, folgt die Grundreinigungs-Spülphase, die der Spülphase entspricht. Der Sollwert B aus dem Sollwertgeber 20b, der der Überwachungseinrichtung 15 zugeführt ist, wird für eine Zwei-Punkt-Regelung auf hohem Niveau herangezogen.Die Konstanthaltung der Reinigungsmittelkonzentration erfolgt in der Grundreinigungs-Spülphase also wie in der Spülphase. Im Gegensatz zu dem Normalzyklus ist beim Grundreinigungszyklus aber der Dosierzeitbegrenzer 22 immer abgeschaltet, d.h. auch in der Spülphase.The basic cleaning start-up phase, which corresponds to the start-up phase, is followed by the basic cleaning rinse phase, which corresponds to the rinse phase. The setpoint B from the setpoint generator 20b, which is fed to the monitoring device 15, is used for a two-point control at a high level. The cleaning agent concentration is kept constant in the basic cleaning rinsing phase as in the rinsing phase. In contrast to the normal cycle, the dosing time limiter 22 is always switched off in the basic cleaning cycle, i.e. also in the rinsing phase.

Nach dem Ende des Normalzyklus bzw. des Grundreinigungszyklus wird die Frischwasserzufuhr über die Frischwasser-Klarspülung 5 ausgeschaltet und sämtliche Spültanks 2a,2b,2c werden entleert.After the end of the normal cycle or the basic cleaning cycle, the fresh water supply is switched off via the fresh water rinse 5 and all the rinsing tanks 2a, 2b, 2c are emptied.

Claims (7)

  1. A process for controlling and regulating the supply of detergent in a dishwashing machine (1) comprising a metering system (10) for the detergent, a control and regulating system (13) for establishing the detergent concentration and keeping it constant and for carrying out startup phases and rinse phases, the arrangement being such that, in a normal cycle,
    - the startup phase begins with the filling up of previously empty rinse tanks (2a, 2b, 2c) when detergent is supplied and ends after a first quantity of detergent determined in advance has been supplied with the rinse tanks (2a, 2b, 2c) full and
    - the rinse phase, in which the concentration of detergent in at least one rinse tank (2c) is adjusted to a first preset value (A) by measurement of the conductivity of the rinsing water and - independently thereof - addition of more detergent, begins after the end of the startup phase,
    characterized by the completion of a thorough cleaning cycle in which the same detergent as in the normal cycle is supplied by the metering system (10) controlled by the control and regulating system (13) and
    - a second quantity of detergent considerably larger than the first is supplied in a thorough cleaning startup phase and,
    - in a through cleaning rinse phase, the concentration of detergent is adjusted to a second preset value (B) considerably greater than the first preset value (A).
  2. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a limit to the metering time is imposed, responding when the sum of the supply times exceeds a limit within a predetermined interval.
  3. A process as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the metering time limiter is switched off during the startup phase and throughout the thorough cleaning cycle.
  4. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, when the thorough cleaning cycle is switched on, the measuring range of a measured-value amplifier (14) for the concentration of detergent is changed over.
  5. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the first preset value (A) for the detergent concentration is in the range from 2.5 to 8.5 g of detergent powder per litre of water.
  6. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the second present value (B) is at least twice and preferably three times greater than the first preset value (A).
  7. A control and regulating system (13) for a dishwashing machine (1) for carrying out the process claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, comprising
    - a metering unit (10), a measuring probe (12) connected to a measured-value amplifier (14) and a metering time limiter (22),
    - the control and regulating system (13) controlling the sequence of startup and rinse phases as a function of time and being used to control the supply of detergent in the startup phase and to keep the concentration of detergent in the rinse phase constant,
    characterized in that the control and regulating system (13) is designed to be switched by selector switches (17,18) into the thorough cleaning mode and into the normal cycle, the measured-value amplifier (14) being switchable by the selector switches (17,18) into a relatively large and a relatively small measuring range and the metering time limiter (22) being designed to be switched off during the thorough cleaning cycle.
EP92919612A 1991-09-27 1992-09-18 Process and assembly for controlling and regulating the detergent supply to a dishwasher Revoked EP0605507B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4132306A DE4132306A1 (en) 1991-09-27 1991-09-27 METHOD FOR CONTROLLING AND REGULATING THE DETERGENT SUPPLY OF A DISHWASHER
DE4132306 1991-09-27
PCT/EP1992/002160 WO1993005696A1 (en) 1991-09-27 1992-09-18 Process for controlling and regulating the detergent supply to a dish-washer

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0605507A1 EP0605507A1 (en) 1994-07-13
EP0605507B1 true EP0605507B1 (en) 1996-07-03

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EP92919612A Revoked EP0605507B1 (en) 1991-09-27 1992-09-18 Process and assembly for controlling and regulating the detergent supply to a dishwasher

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EP (1) EP0605507B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE139891T1 (en)
DE (2) DE4132306A1 (en)
DK (1) DK0605507T3 (en)
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WO (1) WO1993005696A1 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
PL314528A1 (en) * 1993-11-20 1996-09-16 Unilever Nv Machine dish-washing process
DE19652733C2 (en) * 1996-12-18 2001-03-01 Lang App Bau Gmbh Dosing method for adding a detergent to a dishwasher
US8092613B2 (en) 2002-05-31 2012-01-10 Ecolab Usa Inc. Methods and compositions for the removal of starch
WO2012160498A2 (en) 2011-05-20 2012-11-29 Ecolab Usa Inc. Acid formulations for use in a system for warewashing
AU2012351758B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2016-03-17 Ecolab Usa Inc. Concentrated warewashing compositions and methods

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3490467A (en) * 1966-07-11 1970-01-20 Intercontinental Chem Corp Method of monitoring and maintaining concentration of depletable work solutions
US4076146A (en) * 1976-03-03 1978-02-28 Gibson Chemicals International Pty. Limited Dishwashers and detergent dispensers
CH665547A5 (en) * 1984-11-22 1988-05-31 Electrolux Ag Automatic dish-washer with at least three programs - has additional washing parameter selection buttons for increased flexibility
US4733798A (en) * 1986-02-05 1988-03-29 Ecolab Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling the concentration of a chemical solution
DE3938755A1 (en) * 1989-11-23 1991-05-29 Henkel Kgaa METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS MACHINE CLEANING OF CLEANING UTENSILS

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ES2088592T3 (en) 1996-08-16
DE59206716D1 (en) 1996-08-08
EP0605507A1 (en) 1994-07-13
ATE139891T1 (en) 1996-07-15
DK0605507T3 (en) 1996-11-04
WO1993005696A1 (en) 1993-04-01
DE4132306A1 (en) 1993-04-08

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