Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
  • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
  • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
  • G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
  • G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
  • G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
  • G03G5/0627—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered
  • G03G5/0631—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered containing two hetero atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a photosensitive recording material suited for use in electrophotography.
• photoconductive materials are used to form a latent electrostatic charge image that is developable with finely divided colouring material, called toner.
• the developed image can then be permanently affixed to the photoconductive recording material, e.g. photoconductive zinc oxide-binder layer, or transferred from the photoconductor layer, e.g. selenium layer, onto a receptor material, e.g. plain paper and fixed thereon.
• the photoconductive recording material is reusable.
• a photoconductor layer In order to permit a rapid multiple printing or copying a photoconductor layer has to be used that rapidly looses its charge on photo-exposure and also rapidly regains its insulating state after the exposure to receive again a sufficiently high electrostatic charge for a next image formation.
• the failure of a material to return completely to its relatively insulating state prior to succeeding charging/imaging steps is commonly known in the art as "fatigue".
• the fatigue phenomenon has been used as a guide in the selection of commercially useful photoconductive materials, since the fatigue of the photoconductive layer limits the copying rates achievable.
• Another important property which determines whether or not a particular photoconductive material is suited for electrophotographic copying is its photosensitivity that must be high enough for use in copying apparatus operating with a copying light source of fairly low intensity.
• the photoconductive layer has a chromatic sensitivity that matches the wavelength(s) of the light of the light source, e.g. laser or has panchromatic sensitivity when white light is used e.g. to allow the reproduction of all colours in balance.
• Organic photoconductor layers of which poly(N-vinylcarbazole) layers have been the most useful were less interesting because of lack of speed, insufficient spectral sensitivity and rather large fatigue.
• TNF acts as an electron acceptor whereas PVCz serves as electron donor.
• Films consisting of said charge transfer complex with TNF:PVCz in 1:1 molar ratio are dark brown, nearly black and exhibit high charge acceptance and low dark decay rates. Overall photosensitivity is comparable to that of amorphous selenium (ref. Schaffert, R. M. IBM J. Res. Develop., 15, 75 (1971).
• a water-insoluble pigment dye of e.g. one of the following classes :
• the charge transporting layer can comprise either a polymeric material or a nonpolymeric material.
• a polymeric binder In the case of nonpolymeric materials the use of such materials with a polymeric binder is generally preferred or required for sufficient mechanical firmness and flexibility.
• This binder may be "electronically inert" (that is incapable of substantial transport of at least one species of charge carrier) or can be “electronically active” (capable of transport of that species of charge carriers that are neutralized by a uniformly applied electrostatic charge).
• conductive support - charge generating layer - charge transport layer the polarity of electrostatic charging that gives the highest photosensitivity to the arrangement has to be such that negative and positive charging is applied to an electron conducting (n-type) charge transport layer.
• GB-P 874,634 an electrophotographic material is described which contains a support and a photoconductive insulating layer adherent thereto, said layer comprising oxazoles according to one of the following general formulae : in which R is aminophenyl or dialkylaminophenyl, R1 is phenyl or substituted phenyl, R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl or a heterocyclic group, and R3 and R4 are phenyl or substituted phenyl in one or both of which amino or dialkylamino is the substituent, R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, and wherein general formula (IV) comprises 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazoles in which at least one of the phenyls is substituted with an amino or dialkylamino group.
• It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic recording material comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer containing an organic photoconductor compound that has a high p-type charge transport capacity.
• It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic composite layer material comprising on a conductive support a charge generating layer in contiguous relationship with a charge transporting layer containing at least one 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole having high p-type charge transport capacity.
• an electrophotographic recording material which comprises an electrically conductive support having thereon a photoconductive layer, characterized in that said layer contains a 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compound corresponding to the following general formula (A): wherein : each of R1 and R2 and R3 (same or different) is a member selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, halogen and the group -NR4R5, wherein each of R4 and R5 (same or different) represents an aryl, an aralkyl or a heterocyclic group; each of m, n and p (same or different) represents 0, 1, 2 or 3; with the provision that at least one of the phenyl groups in the formula (A) is substituted with said -NR4R5 group.
• each of R1 and R2 and R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, hal
• an electrophotographic recording material which comprises an electrically conductive support having thereon a charge generating layer in continuous relationship with a charge transporting layer, characterized in that said charge transporting layer contains a 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compound within the scope of said general formula (A) as defined above.
• 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compounds with melting point of at least 100 °C are preferred in order to prevent unacceptable softening of the charge transporting layer and diffusion of said compound out of the recording material at elevated temperature.
• 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazoles according to the above general formula (A) can be prepared according to the following reaction scheme : except in the case of one or more of R1, R2 and R3 representing NR4R5 in which case the group in the above scheme is NO2 which is converted into NR4R5 by reduction followed by aryl substitution.
• a synthesis of 2,4,5-tris(4'-aminophenyl)-oxazole is described in published EP-A 155,522.
• the electrophotographic recording material comprises an electrically conductive support having thereon a photosensitive charge generating layer in contiguous relationship with a charge transporting layer, characterized in that said charge transporting layer contains one or more 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compounds corresponding to general formula (A) as defined above.
• the electrophotographic recording material comprises an electrically conductive support having thereon a negatively chargeable photoconductive recording layer which contains in an electrically insulating organic polymeric binder material at least one photoconductive n-type pigment substance and at least one p-type photoconductive charge transport substance, wherein (i) at least one of the p-type charge transport substances is a 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compound corresponding to said general formula (A) as defined above, (ii) the half wave oxidation potentials of in admixture applied p-type charge transport substances relative to the standard saturated calomel electrode do not differ by more than 0.400 V, (iii) said layer has a thickness in the range of 4 to 40 ⁇ m and comprises 8 to 80 % by weight of said n-type pigment substance and 0.01 to 40 % by weight of at least one of said p-type charge transport substance(s) that is (are) molecularly distributed in said electrically insulating organic polymeric binder material that has a volume resist
• the n-type pigment may be inorganic or organic and may have any colour including white. It is a finely divided substance dispersible in the organic polymeric binder of said photoconductive recording layer.
• the support of said photoconductive recording layer is pre-coated with an adhesive and/or a blocking layer (rectifier layer) reducing or preventing positive hole charge injection from the conductive support into the photoconductive recording layer, and optionally the photoconductive recording layer is overcoated with an outermost protective layer, more details about said layers being given furtheron.
• a blocking layer rectifier layer
• the photoconductive recording layer is overcoated with an outermost protective layer, more details about said layers being given furtheron.
• said photoconductive recording layer has a thickness in the range of 5 to 35 ⁇ m and contains 10 to 70 % by weight of said n-type pigment material(s) and 1 to 30 % by weight of said p-type transport substance(s).
• n-type material is understood a material having n-type conductance, which means that the photocurrent (I n ) generated in said material when in contact with an illuminated transparent electrode having negative electric polarity is larger than the photocurrent (I p ) generated when in contact with a positive illuminated electrode (I n /I p > 1).
• p-type material is understood a material having p-type conductance, which means that the photocurrent (I n ) generated in said material when in contact with an illuminated transparent electrode having positive electric polarity is larger than the photocurrent (I p ) generated when in contact with a negative illuminated electrode (I p /I n > 1).
• At least one of the 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compounds according to said general formula (A) is applied in combination with a resin binder to form a charge transporting layer adhering directly to a charge generating layer on an electrically conductive support.
• a resin binder to form a charge transporting layer adhering directly to a charge generating layer on an electrically conductive support.
• the charge transporting layer obtains sufficient mechanical strength and obtains or retains sufficient capacity to hold an electrostatic charge for copying purposes.
• the specific resistivity of the charge transporting layer is not lower than 109 ohm.cm.
• the resin binders are selected with the aim of obtaining optimal mechanical strength, adherence to the charge generating layer and favourable electrical properties.
• Suitable electronically inactive binder resins for use in the charge transporting layer are e.g. cellulose esters, acrylate and methacrylate resins, e.g. cyanoacrylate resin, polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride, e.g. copolyvinyl/acetate and copolyvinyl/maleic anhydride, polyester resins, e.g. copolyesters of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid with glycol , aromatic polycarbonate resins and polyester carbonate resins.
• cellulose esters e.g. cellulose esters, acrylate and methacrylate resins, e.g. cyanoacrylate resin, polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride, e.g. copolyvinyl/acetate and copolyvinyl/maleic anhydride, polyester resins, e.g. copolyesters of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid with glycol
• a polyester resin particularly suited for use in combination with aromatic polycarbonate binders is DYNAPOL L 206 (registered trade mark of Dynamit Nobel for a copolyester of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid with ethylene glycol and neopentyl glycol, the molar ratio of tere- to isophthalic acid being 3/2).
• Said polyester resin improves the adherence to aluminium that may form a conductive coating on the support of the recording material.
• Suitable aromatic polycarbonates can be prepared by methods such as those described by D. Freitag, U. Grigo, P. R. Müller and W. Nouvertné in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Vol. II, pages 648-718, (1988) published by Wiley and Sons Inc., and have one or more repeating units within the scope of following general formula (VI) : wherein : X represents S, R19, R20, R21, R22, R25 and R26 each represents (same or different) hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group, and R23 and R24 each represent (same or different) hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group or together represent the necessary atoms to close a cycloaliphatic ring, e.g. cyclohexane ring.
• Aromatic polycarbonates having a molecular weight in the range of 10,000 to 200,000 are preferred. Suitable polycarbonates having such a high molecular weight are sold under the registered trade mark MAKROLON of Wegriken Bayer AG, W-Germany.
• binder resins are silicone resins, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride and copolymers of butadiene and styrene.
• An example of an electronically active resin binder is poly-N-vinylcarbazole or copolymers of N-vinylcarbazole having a N-vinylcarbazole content of at least 40 % by weight.
• the ratio wherein the charge-transporting 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compound and the resin binder are mixed can vary. However, relatively specific limits are imposed, e.g. to avoid crystallization.
• the content of the 2,4,5-triphenyl-oxazole compound used according to the present invention in a positive charge transport layer is preferably in the range of 20 to 70 % by weight with respect to the total weight of said layer.
• the thickness of the charge transport layer is in the range of 5 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
• spectral sensitizing agents can have an advantageous effect on the charge transport.
• these dyes are used in an amount not substantially reducing the transparency in the visible light region (420 - 750 nm) of the charge transporting layer so that the charge generating layer still can receive a substantial amount of the exposure light when exposed through the charge transporting layer.
• the charge transporting layer may contain compounds substituted with electron-acceptor groups forming an intermolecular charge transfer complex, i.e. donor-acceptor complex wherein the hydrazone compound represents an electron donating compound.
• Useful compounds having electron-accepting groups are nitrocellulose and aromatic nitro-compounds such as nitrated fluorenone-9 derivatives, nitrated 9-dicyanomethylenefluorenone derivatives, nitrated naphthalenes and nitrated naphthalic acid anhydrides or imide derivatives.
• the optimum concentration range of said derivatives is such that the molar donor/acceptor ratio is 10 : 1 to 1,000 : 1 and vice versa.
• UV-stabilizers Compounds acting as stabilising agents against deterioration by ultra-violet radiation, so-called UV-stabilizers, may also be incorporated in said charge transport layer.
• UV-stabilizers are benztriazoles.
• silicone oils For controlling the viscosity of the coating compositions and controlling their optical clarity silicone oils may be added to the charge transport layer.
• the charge transport layer used in the recording material according to the present invention possesses the property of offering a high charge transport capacity coupled with a low dark discharge. While with the common single layer photoconductive systems an increase in photosensitivity is coupled with an increase in the dark current and fatigue such is not the case in the present double layer arrangement wherein the functions of charge generation and charge transport are separated and a photosensitive charge generating layer is arranged in contiguous relationship to a charge transporting layer.
• any of the organic pigment dyes belonging to one of the classes a) to n) mentioned hereinbefore may be used.
• Further examples of pigment dyes useful for photogenerating positive charge carriers are disclosed in US-P 4,365,014.
• Inorganic substances suited for photogenerating positive charges in a recording material according to the present invention are e.g. amorphous selenium and selenium alloys e.g. selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-arsenic and selenium-arsenic and inorganic photoconductive crystalline compounds such as cadmium sulphoselenide, cadmiumselenide, cadmium sulphide and mixtures thereof as disclosed in US-P 4,140,529.
• Said photoconductive substances functioning as charge generating compounds may be applied to a support with or without a binding agent.
• they are coated by vacuum-deposition without binder as described e.g. in US-P 3,972,717 and 3,973,959.
• the photoconductive substances When dissolvable in an organic solvent the photoconductive substances may likewise be coated using a wet coating technique known in the art whereupon the solvent is evaporated to form a solid layer.
• the binding agent(s) should be soluble in the coating solution and the charge generating compound dissolved or dispersed therein.
• the binding agent(s) may be the same as the one(s) used in the charge transport layer which normally provides best adhering contact.
• a plasticizing agent e.g. halogenated paraffin, polybiphenyl chloride, dimethylnaphthalene or dibutyl phthalate.
• the thickness of the charge generating layer is preferably not more than 10 ⁇ m, more preferably not more than 5 ⁇ m.
• an adhesive layer or barrier layer may be present between the charge generating layer and the support or the charge transport layer and the support.
• Useful for that purpose are e.g. a polyamide layer, nitrocellulose layer, hydrolysed silane layer, or aluminium oxide layer acting as blocking layer preventing positive or negative charge injection from the support side.
• the thickness of said barrier layer is preferably not more than 1 micron.
• the conductive support may be made of any suitable conductive material.
• Typical conductors include aluminum, steel , brass and paper and resin materials incorporating or coated with conductivity enhancing substances, e.g. vacuum-deposited metal, dispersed carbon black, graphite and conductive monomeric salts or a conductive polymer, e.g. a polymer containing quaternized nitrogen atoms as in Calgon Conductive polymer 261 (trade mark of Calgon Corporation, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.) described in US-P 3,832,171.
• the support may be in the form of a foil, web or be part of a drum.
• An electrophotographic recording process comprises the steps of :
• the photo-exposure of the charge generating layer proceeds preferably through the charge transporting layer but may be direct if the charge generating layer is uppermost or may proceed likewise through the conductive support if the latter is transparent enough to the exposure light.
• the development of the latent electrostatic image commonly occurs preferably with finely divided electrostatically attractable material, called toner particles that are attracted by coulomb force to the electrostatic charge pattern.
• the toner development is a dry or liquid toner development known to those skilled in the art.
• toner particles deposit on those areas of the charge carrying surface which are in positive-positive relation to the original image.
• toner particles migrate and deposit on the recording surface areas which are in negative-positive image value relation to the original.
• the areas discharged by photo-exposure obtain by induction through a properly biased developing electrode a charge of opposite charge sign with respect to the charge sign of the toner particles so that the toner becomes deposited in the photo-exposed areas that were discharged in the imagewise exposure (ref. : R.M. Schaffert "Electrophotography” - The Focal Press - London, New York, enlarged and revised edition 1975, p. 50-51 and T.P. Maclean "Electronic Imaging” Academic Press - London, 1979, p. 231).
• electrostatic charging e.g. by corona
• the imagewise photo-exposure proceed simultaneously.
• Residual charge after toner development may be dissipated before starting a next copying cycle by overall exposure and/or alternating current corona treatment.
• Recording materials according to the present invention depending on the spectral sensitivity of the charge generating layer may be used in combination with all kinds of photon-radiation, e.g. light of the visible spectrum, infra-red light, near ultra-violet light and likewise X-rays when electron-positive hole pairs can be formed by said radiation in the charge generating layer.
• photon-radiation e.g. light of the visible spectrum, infra-red light, near ultra-violet light and likewise X-rays when electron-positive hole pairs can be formed by said radiation in the charge generating layer.
• they can be used in combination with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, laser light sources or light emitting diodes by proper choice of the spectral sensitivity of the charge generating substance or mixtures thereof.
• the toner image obtained may be fixed onto the recording material or may be transferred to a receptor material to form thereon after fixing the final visible image.
• a recording material according to the present invention showing a particularly low fatigue effect can be used in recording apparatus operating with rapidly following copying cycles including the sequential steps of overall charging, imagewise exposing, toner development and toner transfer to a receptor element.
• the evaluations of electrophotographic properties determined on the recording materials of the following examples relate to the performance of the recording materials in an electrophotographic process with a reusable photoreceptor.
• the measurements of the performance characteristics were carried out as follows :
• the photoconductive recording sheet material was mounted with its conductive backing on an aluminium drum which was earthed and rotated at a circumferential speed of 10 cm/s.
• the recording material was sequentially charged with a negative scorotron at a voltage of -5.7 kV operating with grid voltage of 600 V.
• the recording material was exposed (simulating image-wise exposure) with a light dose of monochromatic light obtained from a monochromator positioned at the circumference of the drum at an angle of 45° with respect to the corona source.
• the photo-exposure lasted 200 ms.
• the exposed recording material passed an electrometer probe positioned at an angle of 180° with respect to the corona source.
• each measurement relates to 80 copying cycles in which the photoconductor is exposed to the unmoderated light source intensity for the first 5 cycles, then sequentially to the light source intensity moderated by 14 grey filters of optical densities between 0.21 and 2.52 each for 5 cycles and finally to zero light intensity for the last 5 cycles.
• the electro-optical results quoted in the EXAMPLES hereinafter refer to charging level at zero light intensity (CL) and to discharge at a light intensity corresponding to the light source intensity moderated by a grey filter with an optical density of 1.0 to a residual potential RP except in the case of 780 nm exposure in which the grey filter has an optical density of 1.5.
• the % discharge is : For a given corona voltage, corona current, separating distance of the corona wires to recording surface and drum circumferential speed the charging level CL is only dependent upon the thickness of the charge transport layer and its specific resistivity. In practice CL expressed in volts should be preferably ⁇ 30 d, where d is the thickness in ⁇ m of the charge transport layer.
• Differential scanning calorimetry was used both to determine the glass transition temperature of the charge transport layers and to investigate the solubility of the charge transport substances in the polycarbonate binding resin used.
• a melt peak is observed in the scan, which corresponds to the melting point of the charge transport substance.
• the latent heat of melting/g of this peak is a measure of the insolubility of the charge transport substance.
• the half-wave oxidation potential measurements were carried out using a polarograph with rotating (500 rpm) disc platinum electrode and standard saturated calomel electrode at room temperature (20 °C) using a product concentration of 10 ⁇ 4 mole and an electrolyte (tetrabutylammonium perchlorate) concentration of 0.1 mole in spectroscopic grade dichloromethane or acetonitrile. Ferrocene was used as a reference substance having a half-wave oxidation potential of +0.515 V in dichoromethane and + 0.430 V in acetonitrile.
• a photoconductor sheet was produced by first doctor blade coating a 100 ⁇ m thick polyester film pre-coated with a vacuum-deposited conductive layer of aluminium with a 1 % solution of ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxy silane in aqueous methanol. After solvent evaporation and curing at 100 °C for 30 minutes, the thus obtained adhesion/blocking layer was doctor blade coated with a dispersion of charge generating pigment to thickness of 0.6 micron.
• Said dispersion was prepared by mixing 5 g of 4,10-dibromo-anthanthrone, 0.75 g of aromatic polycarbonate MAKROLON CD 2000 (registered trade mark) and 29.58 g of dichloromethane for 40 hours in a ball mill. Subsequently a solution of 4.25 g of MAKROLON CD 2000 (registered trade mark) in 40.75 g of dichloromethane was added to the dispersion to produce the composition and viscosity for coating.
• this layer was coated with a filtered solution of charge transporting material and MAKROLON 5700 (registered trade mark) in dichloromethane at a solids content of 12 % by wt. This layer was then dried at 50 °C for 16 hours.
• the characteristics of the thus obtained photoconductive recording material were determined with a light dose of 10 mJ/m2 of 540 nm light as described above.
• the photoconductive recording materials of Examples 7 to 12 were produced as for Examples 1 to 6 except that the ⁇ -form of metal-free phthalocyanine was used as the charge generating material instead of 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone and the charge generating material dispersion was mixed for 16 h instead of 40 h.
• the characteristics of the thus obtained photoconductive recording material were determined as described above but in the photo-exposure step a light dose of 20 mJ/m2 of 780 nm light (I780t) was used.
• the photoconductive recording materials of Examples 13 to 18 were produced as for Examples 1 to 6 except that the adhesion/blocking layer was produced by coating the aluminium-coated polyester film with a 3 % solution of ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane in aqueous methanol instead of a 1 % solution, the ⁇ -form of metal-free triazatetrabenzoporphine (already described in unpublished EP-A 89121023.7) was applied at a concentration of 40 % in the charge generating layer instead of 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone at a concentration of 50 % by weight and that the charge generating material dispersion was mixed for 16 h instead of 40 h before coating.
• the adhesion/blocking layer was produced by coating the aluminium-coated polyester film with a 3 % solution of ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane in aqueous methanol instead of a 1 % solution
• the characteristics of the thus obtained photoconductive recording material were determined as described above but in the photo-exposure a light dose of 20 mJ/m2 of 650 nm or 780 nm light (I650t or I780t) was used.

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• 1991
  • 1991-09-24 EP EP91202471A patent/EP0534005A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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