EP0503481A1 - Method for applying wrap-around labels to articles - Google Patents
Method for applying wrap-around labels to articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0503481A1 EP0503481A1 EP92103782A EP92103782A EP0503481A1 EP 0503481 A1 EP0503481 A1 EP 0503481A1 EP 92103782 A EP92103782 A EP 92103782A EP 92103782 A EP92103782 A EP 92103782A EP 0503481 A1 EP0503481 A1 EP 0503481A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- labels
- carrier tape
- pretreatment
- corona discharge
- objects
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003851 corona treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004821 Contact adhesive Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009996 mechanical pre-treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009997 thermal pre-treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65C—LABELLING OR TAGGING MACHINES, APPARATUS, OR PROCESSES
- B65C9/00—Details of labelling machines or apparatus
- B65C9/0015—Preparing the labels or articles, e.g. smoothing, removing air bubbles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65C—LABELLING OR TAGGING MACHINES, APPARATUS, OR PROCESSES
- B65C9/00—Details of labelling machines or apparatus
- B65C9/20—Gluing the labels or articles
- B65C9/24—Gluing the labels or articles by heat
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the all-round labeling of objects, in particular cylindrical battery bodies, in which labels provided on the underside with a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive are glued to the objects and the underside edge regions of the labels in an overlap region to opposite top edge regions of the same labels in each case.
- the object of the invention is to avoid lifting the labels apart from one another in the overlapping areas.
- the surface energy of the upper sides of the labels is increased at least in the above-mentioned edge regions (not provided with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer) in order to increase the adhesive force of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on them by means of a pretreatment.
- the surface energy can be increased by a chemical, mechanical or thermal pretreatment, but preferably by an ionizing pretreatment.
- a chemical, mechanical or thermal pretreatment but preferably by an ionizing pretreatment.
- it has proven useful to increase the surface energy by sulfonating, fluorinating, roughening, flame treatment, plasma treatment, but preferably by corona treatment.
- the pretreatment is preferably carried out at least once immediately before the deflection.
- the carrier tape can be moved toward the objects continuously or step by step.
- At least one corona discharge wire is preferably arranged above the base plate at a distance from the labels on the carrier tape, transversely to the direction of movement of the carrier tape.
- the overlap area has a width of 3 to 5 mm, so that a distance between the overlap area and the corona discharge wire of approximately 10 mm is particularly suitable in order to achieve a uniform pretreatment in the said edge area.
- the corona treatment with a corona discharge wire or each corona discharge wire should be 2 to 5 ms, preferably 3 to 4 ms.
- the corona discharge wire with an electrical one Power of 100 W to 300 W per 100 mm length, preferably 150 to 200 W per 100 mm length at a voltage of 20 to 35 kV, in particular 25 to 30 kV, with a frequency of 15 to 25 kHz, in particular 18 to 22 kHz to feed.
- the surface energy should be increased considerably, namely to more than 40 mN per m, in particular more than 45 mN per m.
- the labels contain a metal layer, in particular a metal layer produced by vapor deposition and plastic layers adjacent to this metal layer, it can happen that the metal layers evaporate during the corona treatment and the plastic layers melt, as a result of which the labels are damaged at least at the edges.
- the overlap regions are preferably made wider than those edge regions of the labels which can receive edge defects through the pretreatment.
- a base plate 2 is shown in section, over which a carrier tape 4, on which there are labels 8 provided on the underside with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer 6, is drawn around a deflection edge 10.
- the labels 8 with their pressure-sensitive adhesive layer 6 detach from the carrier tape 4 in a known manner in order to be applied to objects to be labeled.
- a corona discharge device is located above the base plate 2 12 with a shielding housing 14 and two corona discharge wires 16, 18 arranged in the direction of movement of the carrier tape 4.
- the corona discharge wires 16, 18 are enclosed by quartz glass cylinders 20, 22.
- the front upper edge regions 24, 26 of the labels in the direction of movement are corona-treated in two steps.
- the dimensions and dimensions are preferably as stated above. Harmful gases released during the corona treatment are extracted by a suction device 28.
- the corona treatment can also be carried out in such a way that it is used for other purposes.
- the labels are still printed after they have been applied to the objects, for example by means of an inkjet printing process.
- the compressive strength is increased if there are remnants of the corona treatment on the surfaces of the labels. Not only for such a reason, but above all in order not to obtain overlapping areas of overlap of the labels, it is necessary to carry out the pretreatment of at least the edge areas of the labels only shortly before the labels are stuck onto the objects, because such pretreatment only has a relatively short working life.
Landscapes
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
- Image Analysis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Rundumetikettieren von Gegenständen, insbesondere von zylindrischen Batteriekörpern, bei dem unterseitig mit einer Haftklebstoffschicht versehene Etiketten auf die Gegenstände und dabei unterseitige Randbereiche der Etiketten in einem Überlappungsbereich auf gegenüberliegende oberseitige Randbereiche der jeweils gleichen Etiketten geklebt werden.The invention relates to a method for the all-round labeling of objects, in particular cylindrical battery bodies, in which labels provided on the underside with a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive are glued to the objects and the underside edge regions of the labels in an overlap region to opposite top edge regions of the same labels in each case.
Verfahren dieser Art sind bekannt. Bei der Durchführhng solcher Verfahren hat sich gezeigt, daß sich gelegentlich die Überlappungsbereiche bei hohen Rückstellkräften der Etiketten voneinander abheben, wenn die Rückstellkräfte größer sind als die Klebekraft in den genannten Überlappungsbereichen. Diese Rückstellkräfte sind u. a. von der Biegesteifigkeit der verwendeten Etiketten sowie von der Krümmung der zu etikettierenden Gegenstände in dem Überlappungsbereich abhängig.Methods of this type are known. When such methods were carried out, it was found that the overlap areas occasionally stand out from one another at high restoring forces of the labels if the restoring forces are greater than the adhesive force in the mentioned overlap areas. These restoring forces are u. a. dependent on the bending stiffness of the labels used and on the curvature of the objects to be labeled in the overlap area.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, das Abheben der Etiketten voneinander in den Überlappungsbereichen zu vermeiden.The object of the invention is to avoid lifting the labels apart from one another in the overlapping areas.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird die Oberflächenenergie der Oberseiten der Etiketten wenigstens in den genannten oberseitigen (nicht mit einer Haftklebstoffschicht versehenen) Randbereiche zur Erhöhung der Klebekraft der Haftklebstoffschicht an ihnen durch eine Vorbehandlung erhöht.To achieve this object, the surface energy of the upper sides of the labels is increased at least in the above-mentioned edge regions (not provided with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer) in order to increase the adhesive force of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on them by means of a pretreatment.
Eine Erhöhung der Oberflächenenergie kann durch eine chemische, mechanische oder thermische Vorbehandlung erfolgen, bevorzugt jedoch durch eine ionisierende Vorbehandlung. Insbesondere hat sich bewährt, die Oberflächenenergie durch Sulfonieren, Fluorieren, Aufrauhen, Beflammen, Plasmabehandlung, bevorzugt jedoch durch Koronabehandlung, zu erhöhen.The surface energy can be increased by a chemical, mechanical or thermal pretreatment, but preferably by an ionizing pretreatment. In particular, it has proven useful to increase the surface energy by sulfonating, fluorinating, roughening, flame treatment, plasma treatment, but preferably by corona treatment.
Werden in bekannter Weise die Etiketten den Gegenständen auf einem Trägerband zugeführt, auf dem sie lösbar haften und vor den Gegenständen durch Umlenken des Trägerbands von dem Trägerband zum Aufkleben auf die Gegenstände gelöst, so erfolgt die Vorbehandlung bevorzugt mindestens einmalig unmittelbar vor dem Umlenken. Dabei kann das Trägerband bei entsprechender Steuerung der Vorbehandlung kontinuierlich oder schrittweise auf die Gegenstände zu bewegt werden.If the labels are fed to the objects on a carrier tape in a known manner, on which they releasably adhere and in front of the objects are detached from the carrier tape by deflecting the carrier tape to be glued onto the objects, the pretreatment is preferably carried out at least once immediately before the deflection. With appropriate control of the pretreatment, the carrier tape can be moved toward the objects continuously or step by step.
Erfolgt das Umlenken des Trägerbands - wie an sich bekannt - am Ende einer Unterlagsplatte, so wird bevorzugt oberhalb der Unterlagsplatte in Abstand von den auf dem Trägerband befindlichen Etiketten wenigstens ein Koronaentladungsdraht quer zur Bewegungsrichtung des Trägerbands angeordnet.If the carrier tape is deflected - as is known per se - at the end of a base plate, at least one corona discharge wire is preferably arranged above the base plate at a distance from the labels on the carrier tape, transversely to the direction of movement of the carrier tape.
Dabei hat es sich bewährt, den Koronaentladungsdraht in einem dielektrischen Zylinder einzubetten. In der Praxis wurden besonders gute Ergebnisse erzielt, wenn das Verhältnis der Abmessungen von Abstand zu Überlappungsbereich 0,5 bis 4, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2, beträgt und wenn der Durchmesser des dielektrischen Zylinders das 0,6- bis 1,4-fache, vorzugsweise das 0,8- bis 1,2-fache des Abstands beträgt.It has proven useful to embed the corona discharge wire in a dielectric cylinder. In practice, particularly good results have been achieved if the ratio of the dimensions from the distance to the overlap region is 0.5 to 4, preferably 1 to 2, and if the diameter of the dielectric cylinder is 0.6 to 1.4 times, preferably is 0.8 to 1.2 times the distance.
In der Mehrzahl der Fälle hat der Überlappungsbereich eine Breite von 3 bis 5 mm, so daß ein Abstand zwischen Überlappungsbereich und Koronaentladungsdraht von etwa 10 mm besonders geeignet ist, um eine gleichmäßige Vorbehandlung in dem genannten Randbereich zu erzielen.In the majority of cases, the overlap area has a width of 3 to 5 mm, so that a distance between the overlap area and the corona discharge wire of approximately 10 mm is particularly suitable in order to achieve a uniform pretreatment in the said edge area.
Dabei sollte die Koronabehandlung mit einem Koronaentladungsdraht bzw. jedem Koronaentladungsdraht 2 bis 5 ms, vorzugsweise 3 bis 4 ms, betragen.The corona treatment with a corona discharge wire or each corona discharge wire should be 2 to 5 ms, preferably 3 to 4 ms.
Um die Oberflächenenergie hinreichend zu erhöhen, hat es sich bewährt, dem Koronaentladungsdraht eine elektrische Leistung von 100 W bis 300 W pro 100 mm Länge, vorzugsweise 150 bis 200 W pro 100 mm Länge bei einer Spannung von 20 bis 35 kV, insbesondere 25 bis 30 kV, mit einer Frequenz von 15 bis 25 kHz, insbesondere 18 bis 22 kHz, zuzuführen.In order to increase the surface energy sufficiently, it has proven useful to provide the corona discharge wire with an electrical one Power of 100 W to 300 W per 100 mm length, preferably 150 to 200 W per 100 mm length at a voltage of 20 to 35 kV, in particular 25 to 30 kV, with a frequency of 15 to 25 kHz, in particular 18 to 22 kHz to feed.
In der Regel soll die Oberflächenenergie erheblich erhöht werden, nämlich auf mehr als 40 mN pro m, insbesondere mehr als 45 mN pro m.As a rule, the surface energy should be increased considerably, namely to more than 40 mN per m, in particular more than 45 mN per m.
Enthalten die Etiketten eine Metallschicht, insbesondere eine durch Bedampfung erzeugte Metallschicht und an dieser Metallschicht angrenzende Kunststoffschichten, so kann es geschehen, daß die Metallschichten bei der Koronabehandlung verdampfen und die Kunststoffschichten schmelzen, wodurch die Etiketten wenigstens randseitig beschädigt werden. Um dennoch die erhöhte Oberflächenenergie aufbringen zu können, ohne daß solche Schäden am etikettierten Gegenstand bemerkbar und schädlich werden, werden bevorzugt die Überlappungsbereiche breiter gemacht als diejenigen Randbereiche der Etiketten, die durch die Vorbehandlung Randfehler erhalten können.If the labels contain a metal layer, in particular a metal layer produced by vapor deposition and plastic layers adjacent to this metal layer, it can happen that the metal layers evaporate during the corona treatment and the plastic layers melt, as a result of which the labels are damaged at least at the edges. In order nevertheless to be able to apply the increased surface energy without such damage to the labeled object becoming noticeable and harmful, the overlap regions are preferably made wider than those edge regions of the labels which can receive edge defects through the pretreatment.
Im folgenden wird eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens unter Hinweis auf die beigefügten Zeichnung beschrieben.An apparatus for carrying out the method is described below with reference to the accompanying drawing.
In der Zeichnung ist im Schnitt eine Unterlagsplatte 2 dargestellt, über die ein Trägerband 4, auf dem sich unterseitig mit einer Haftklebstoffschicht 6 versehene Etiketten 8 befinden, um eine Umlenkkante 10 gezogen wird. An der Umlenkkante 10 lösen sich die Etiketten 8 mit ihrer Haftklebstoffschicht 6 in bekannter Weise vom Trägerband 4, um auf zu etikettierende Gegenstände aufgebracht zu werden.In the drawing, a
Über der Unterlagsplatte 2 ist eine Koronaentladungseinrichtung 12 mit einem Abschirmgehäuse 14 und in Bewegungsrichtung des Trägerbands 4 zwei Koronaentladungsdrähten 16, 18 angeordnet. Die Koronaentladungsdrähte 16, 18 sind von Quarzglaszylindern 20, 22 umschlossen.A corona discharge device is located above the
In dem dargestellten Zustand werden die in Bewegungsrichtung vorderen oberen Randbereiche 24, 26 der Etiketten in zwei Schritten koronabehandelt. Die Abmessungen und Bemessungen sind bevorzugt so, wie oben angegeben. Bei der Koronabehandlung freiwerdende schädliche Gase werden durch eine Absaugvorrichtung 28 abgesaugt.In the state shown, the front
Die Koronabehandlung kann auch so durchgeführt werden, daß sie noch anderen Zwecken nutzt. Beispielsweise werden die Etiketten nach ihrem Aufbringen auf die Gegenstände noch bedruckt, etwa mittels eines Tintenstrahl-Druckverfahrens. Die Druckfestigkeit wird erhöht, wenn sich noch Reste der Koronabehandlung auf den Oberflächen der Etiketten befinden. Nicht nur aus einem solchen Grunde, sondern vor allem, um nicht sich voneinander abhebende Überlappungsbereiche der Etiketten zu erhalten, ist es erforderlich, die Vorbehandlung wenigstens der Randbereiche der Etiketten erst kurz vor dem Aufkleben der Etiketten auf die Gegenstände vorzunehmen, weil eine solche Vorbehandlung nur eine verhältnismäßig kurze Wirklebensdauer hat.The corona treatment can also be carried out in such a way that it is used for other purposes. For example, the labels are still printed after they have been applied to the objects, for example by means of an inkjet printing process. The compressive strength is increased if there are remnants of the corona treatment on the surfaces of the labels. Not only for such a reason, but above all in order not to obtain overlapping areas of overlap of the labels, it is necessary to carry out the pretreatment of at least the edge areas of the labels only shortly before the labels are stuck onto the objects, because such pretreatment only has a relatively short working life.
Claims (11)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Oberflächenenergie der Oberseiten der Etiketten (8) wenigstens in den oberseitigen Randbereichen (24, 26) zur Erhöhung der Klebekraft der Haftklebstoffschicht (6) an ihnen durch eine Vorbehandlung erhöht wird.Method for all-round labeling of objects, in particular cylindrical battery bodies, in which labels (8) provided on the underside with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (6) on the objects and in this case on the underside edge regions of the labels (8) in an overlap region on opposite top edge regions (24, 26) of the the same labels (8) are stuck in each case,
characterized,
that the surface energy of the upper sides of the labels (8) is increased at least in the upper edge regions (24, 26) to increase the adhesive force of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (6) on them by a pretreatment.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4107531 | 1991-03-08 | ||
DE4107531A DE4107531C1 (en) | 1991-03-08 | 1991-03-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0503481A1 true EP0503481A1 (en) | 1992-09-16 |
EP0503481B1 EP0503481B1 (en) | 1994-07-20 |
Family
ID=6426831
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP92103782A Expired - Lifetime EP0503481B1 (en) | 1991-03-08 | 1992-03-05 | Method for applying wrap-around labels to articles |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0503481B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE108740T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE4107531C1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2057935T3 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1994027807A1 (en) * | 1993-05-20 | 1994-12-08 | Pacimex Verpackungen Gmbh | Method of manufacturing plastic articles fitted with labels, in particular containers and bottles |
US5747192A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-05 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Single ply PSA labels for battery applications |
JP2002104349A (en) * | 2000-10-04 | 2002-04-10 | Fuji Seal Inc | Method for adhering thermo adhesive label and pet bottle to which thermo adhesive label is adhered |
CN110626585A (en) * | 2019-08-20 | 2019-12-31 | 黄诚 | Automatic labeling machine for food production |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4314346A1 (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1994-11-03 | Zweckform Etikettiertechnik | Process for providing individual labels and for feeding these labels to molded parts |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1927476A (en) * | 1931-12-05 | 1933-09-19 | American Tobacco Co | Surface treatment of sheet materials |
EP0145635A2 (en) * | 1983-11-17 | 1985-06-19 | James River Corporation of Nevada | Subjecting film to corona discharge prior to compression rolling |
EP0208261A2 (en) * | 1985-07-12 | 1987-01-14 | CERAMI COLOR Gesellschaft für Hartfaserbeschichtung m.b.H. | Method and device for coating flat objects |
FR2589431A1 (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1987-05-07 | Owens Illinois Inc | Method and appliance for applying a plastic label around a container |
EP0235872A1 (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-09 | Owens-Illinois, Inc. | Method and apparatus for applying a flexible plastic label to a round container |
US4944829A (en) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-07-31 | Rorer Pharmaceutical Corporation | Apparatus for applying wrappers |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE414380B (en) * | 1973-09-28 | 1980-07-28 | Dennison Mfg Co | LAMINATE PRODUCT IN THE FORM OF A HEAT TRANSFER LABEL COVERING A STICK LAYER, A PRINTING LAYER AND A PROTECTIVE LAYER OF TWO POLYMER COMPONENTS |
DE3430162A1 (en) * | 1983-06-21 | 1986-02-27 | Zweckform Werk Gmbh, 8150 Holzkirchen | Multi-layer adhesive label which is shrinkable onto a circumferential surface of a body |
-
1991
- 1991-03-08 DE DE4107531A patent/DE4107531C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1992
- 1992-03-05 AT AT92103782T patent/ATE108740T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-05 ES ES92103782T patent/ES2057935T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-05 EP EP92103782A patent/EP0503481B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-05 DE DE59200286T patent/DE59200286D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1927476A (en) * | 1931-12-05 | 1933-09-19 | American Tobacco Co | Surface treatment of sheet materials |
EP0145635A2 (en) * | 1983-11-17 | 1985-06-19 | James River Corporation of Nevada | Subjecting film to corona discharge prior to compression rolling |
EP0208261A2 (en) * | 1985-07-12 | 1987-01-14 | CERAMI COLOR Gesellschaft für Hartfaserbeschichtung m.b.H. | Method and device for coating flat objects |
FR2589431A1 (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1987-05-07 | Owens Illinois Inc | Method and appliance for applying a plastic label around a container |
EP0235872A1 (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-09 | Owens-Illinois, Inc. | Method and apparatus for applying a flexible plastic label to a round container |
US4944829A (en) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-07-31 | Rorer Pharmaceutical Corporation | Apparatus for applying wrappers |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1994027807A1 (en) * | 1993-05-20 | 1994-12-08 | Pacimex Verpackungen Gmbh | Method of manufacturing plastic articles fitted with labels, in particular containers and bottles |
US5747192A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-05 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Single ply PSA labels for battery applications |
JP2002104349A (en) * | 2000-10-04 | 2002-04-10 | Fuji Seal Inc | Method for adhering thermo adhesive label and pet bottle to which thermo adhesive label is adhered |
CN110626585A (en) * | 2019-08-20 | 2019-12-31 | 黄诚 | Automatic labeling machine for food production |
CN110626585B (en) * | 2019-08-20 | 2021-06-22 | 安徽春谷食品健康技术研究有限公司 | Automatic labeling machine for food production |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE4107531C1 (en) | 1992-08-27 |
ATE108740T1 (en) | 1994-08-15 |
EP0503481B1 (en) | 1994-07-20 |
DE59200286D1 (en) | 1994-08-25 |
ES2057935T3 (en) | 1994-10-16 |
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