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EP0421649B1 - Autocollage d'un non-tissé fibreux - Google Patents

Autocollage d'un non-tissé fibreux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0421649B1
EP0421649B1 EP19900310417 EP90310417A EP0421649B1 EP 0421649 B1 EP0421649 B1 EP 0421649B1 EP 19900310417 EP19900310417 EP 19900310417 EP 90310417 A EP90310417 A EP 90310417A EP 0421649 B1 EP0421649 B1 EP 0421649B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
web
bonded
basis weight
self
nonwoven web
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19900310417
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0421649A1 (fr
Inventor
Geraldine Mahany Eaton
Peter Walter Pascavage, Jr.
Walter Harris Stover
James Lane Harris
Larry Dupree Carter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Propex Fabrics Inc
Original Assignee
BP Corp North America Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0421649A1 publication Critical patent/EP0421649A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0421649B1 publication Critical patent/EP0421649B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods
    • D01D5/098—Melt spinning methods with simultaneous stretching
    • D01D5/0985—Melt spinning methods with simultaneous stretching by means of a flowing gas (e.g. melt-blowing)
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/18—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like by means of rotating spinnerets
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/56—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving in association with fibre formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion of staple fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/02—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
    • D04H3/16—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/903—Microfiber, less than 100 micron diameter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3707—Woven fabric including a nonwoven fabric layer other than paper
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/66—Additional nonwoven fabric is a spun-bonded fabric
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/668—Separate nonwoven fabric layers comprise chemically different strand or fiber material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/671—Multiple nonwoven fabric layers composed of the same polymeric strand or fiber material

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web, an improved process for producing same and composite products comprising the nonwoven web useful for product applications in the hygiene, medical, healthcare, agricultural and other markets.
  • Fibrous nonwoven webs are well known for a wide variety of end uses, such as wipes, surgical gowns, dressings, etc. Fibrous nonwoven webs have been formed by a variety of processes including meltblowing and spunbonding.
  • spunbonding In the spunbonding process a multiplicity of continuous thermoplastic polymer strands are extruded through a die in a downward direction onto a moving surface where the extruded strands are collected in a randomly distributed fashion. These randomly distributed strands are bonded together by thermobonding or by needlepunching to provide sufficient integrity in a resulting nonwoven web of continuous fibers.
  • One method of producing spunbonded nonwoven webs is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,563. Spunbonded webs are characterized by a relatively high strength/weight ratio, isotropic strength, high porosity, good abrasion resistance and are useful in a wide variety of applications including diaper liners, street repair fabric and the like.
  • the meltblowing process differs from the spunbonding process in that polymeric webs are produced by heating the polymer resin to form a melt, extruding the melt through a die orifice in a die head, directing a fluid stream, typically an air stream, toward the polymer melt exiting the die orifice to form filaments or fibers that are discontinuous and attenuated, and depositing the fibers onto a collection surface. Bending of the web to achieve integrity and strength occurs as a separate downstream operation.
  • a meltblown process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,241. Meltblown webs are characterized by their softness, bulk absorbency, and relatively poor abrasion resistance and are useful for product applications such as surgical drapes and wipes.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,785 discloses a nonwoven composite material with a melt-blown fabric layer sandwiched between two prebonded, spunbonded reinforcing layers, all continuously-bonded together.
  • the spunbonded material requires prebonding, and no parameters or methods of measurement of uniform basis weight are identified.
  • a major limitation that can be observed in many commercially available spunbonded webs is nonuniform coverage, such that areas of coverage in the fabric which are thicker or which are thinner are very noticeable, giving the webs a "cloudy" appearance.
  • Basis weight of the spunbonded webs can vary significantly from one region of the web to another. In many applications, attempts are made to compensate for the poor fabric aesthetics and physical properties that result from this nonuniformity of coverage and basis weight by using webs having a greater number of filaments and a heavier basis weight than would normally be required by the particular application if the web had a more uniform coverage and basis weight. This, of course, adds to the cost of the product and contributes to stiffness and other undesirable features.
  • meltblown fabrics in constrast, are mere uniform in coverage but have a limitation of low tensile strength.
  • Many lower basis weight meltblown webs are marketed as composite fabrics with the low basis weight meltblown web sandwiched between two layers of spunbonded fabric to provide sufficient strength for processing and end use.
  • Filament or fiber deniers ranging in value from 5 to 27 g/9000 m and a two-ply, lay-flat fabric having a basis weight of 0.75 oz/yd2 (25.43 g/m2) produced from nylon-6 polymer are disclosed.
  • These nonwoven webs have good strength and coverage, particularly at basis weights above 1 oz/yd2 (33.91 g/m2); however, greater uniformity of coverage at lower basis weights would be desirable.
  • a nonwoven web having uniform basis weight is taken to mean a nonwoven web which has a Basis Weight Uniformity Index (BWUI) of 1.0 ⁇ 0.05, wherein the BWUI is defined as a ratio of an average unit area basis weight determined on a unit area sample of the web to an average area basis weight determined on an area sample, N times as large as the unit area sample, wherein N is about 12 to about 18, the unit area sample has an area of 1 in2, and wherein standard deviations of the average unit area basis weight and the average area basis weight are less than 10% and the number of samples is sufficient to obtain average basis weights at a 0.95 confidence interval.
  • BWUI Basis Weight Uniformity Index
  • Another object of! the present invention is to provide a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web comprising a plurality of substantially continuous polymeric filaments having a uniform basis weight of 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391 g/m2) or greater wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, polyamide, polyester, a blend of polypropylene and polybutene, and a blend of polypropylene and linear low density polyethylene.
  • a thermoplastic selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, polyamide, polyester, a blend of polypropylene and polybutene, and a blend of polypropylene and linear low density polyethylene.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a uniform basis weight self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web for use in composite products in which the nonwoven web is bonded to at least one additional fabric, film or nonfabric material.
  • a still further object is to provide an improved method for producing a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web having a very uniform basis weight.
  • the invention provides a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web characterized in that the web has a basis weight of at least 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391g/m2) with a Basis Weight Uniformity Index of 1.0 ⁇ 0.05 determined from average basis weights having standard deviations of less than 10%.
  • the invention provides a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web comprising a plurality of substantially randomly disposed, substantially continuous polymeric filaments having a basis weight of 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391g/m2) or greater wherein the polymeric filaments comprise a thermoplastic selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, polyamide, polyester, a blend of polypropylene and polybutene, and a blend of polypropylene and linear low density polyethylene having balanced physical properties, such as tensile strength, for use in the hygienic materials market, for the medical and health care market, for weed control and seed crop cover in agricultural markets and for other markets.
  • the web has a Basis Weight Uniformity Index of 1.0 ⁇ 0.05 determined from average basis weights having standard deviations of less than 10%.
  • the invention provides a composite product comprising the uniform basis weight, self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web bonded to at least one additional fabric, film or nonfabric material.
  • the invention describes an improved method for forming self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven webs having a uniform basis weight of 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391 g/m2) or greater.
  • nonwoven web of the present invention are very uniform basis weight nonwoven webs of 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391 g/m2) or greater and good physical properties, such as tensile strength, in both MD and CD.
  • the self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web can be used for certain applications without secondary bonding in contrast to conventional spunbonding which typically requires a separate bonding step.
  • the self-bonded, nonwoven web has greater web strength than conventional meltblown products.
  • the nonwoven web of the present invention exhibits a desirable combination of uniformity in basis weight and coverage and, in particular embodiments, of nearly balanced physical properties in the MD and CD making it useful in a wide range of applications such as surgical gowns, weed control and crop cover, tents, housewrap and the like.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the system used to produce the self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of the system of FIG. 1.
  • the nonwoven web of the present invention is a self-bonded, fibrous web comprising a plurality of substantially randomly disposed, substantially continuous polymeric filaments having a denier in the range of about 0.5 to about 20.
  • the nonwoven web produced from these filaments has a basis weight of about 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391 g/m2) or greater, and a Basis Weight Uniformity Index (BWUI) of 1.0 ⁇ 0.05.
  • nonwoven web it is meant a web of material which has been formed without the use of weaving processes and which has a construction of individual fibers, filaments or threads which are substantially randomly disposed.
  • uniform basis weight nonwoven web it is meant a nonwoven web comprising a plurality of substantially randomly disposed, substantially continuous polymeric filaments having a basis weight of about 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391 g/m2) or greater with filament deniers in the range of 0.5 to 20, for polypropylene this range of filament deniers corresponds to filament diameters in the range of about 5 to about 220 microns, and a BWUI of 1.0 ⁇ 0.05.
  • BWUI is defined as a ratio of an average unit area basis weight determined on a unit area sample of web to an average basis weight determined on an area of web, N times as large as the unit area, wherein N is about 12 to about 18, the unit area is 1 in2 (6.45 cm2) and wherein standard deviations of the average unit area basis weight and the average basis weight are less than 10% and the number of samples is sufficient to obtain basis weights at a 0.95 confidence interval.
  • N is about 12 to about 18, the unit area is 1 in2 (6.45 cm2) and wherein standard deviations of the average unit area basis weight and the average basis weight are less than 10% and the number of samples is sufficient to obtain basis weights at a 0.95 confidence interval.
  • both the average unit area basis weight and the average area basis weight must have standard deviations of less than 10% where "average” and "standard deviation” have the definitions generally ascribed to them by the science of statistics.
  • the samples on which the basis weights are determined can be any convenient shape, such as square, circular, diamond and the like, with the samples randomly cut from the fabric by punch dies, scissors and the like to assure uniformity of the sample area size.
  • the larger area is about 12 to about 18 times the area of the unit area. The larger area is required to obtain an average basis weight for the web which will tend to "average out" the thick and thin areas of the web.
  • the BWUI is then calculated by determining the ratio of the average unit area basis weight to the average larger area basis weight.
  • a BWUI of 1.0 indicates a web with a very uniform basis weight. Materials having BWUI values of less than 0.95 or more than 1.05 are not considered to have uniform basis weights as defined herein.
  • the BWUI has a value of 1.0 ⁇ 0.03.
  • self-bonded it is meant that the crystalline and oriented filaments or fibers in the nonwoven web adhere to each other at their contact points thereby forming a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web.
  • Adhesion of the fibers may be due to fusion of the hot fibers as they contact each other, to entanglement of the fibers with each other or to a combination of fusion and entanglement. However, all contact points of the fiber do not result in fibers fusing together.
  • the adhesion of the fibers is such that the nonwoven web after being laid down but before further treatment has sufficient MD and CD strength to allow handling of the web without additional treatment.
  • substantially continuous in reference to the polymeric filaments of the webs, it is meant that a majority of the filaments or fibers formed by extrusion through orifices in the rotary die remain as continuous nonbroken fibers as they are drawn and then impacted on the collection device. Some fibers may be broken during the attenuation or drawing process, with a substantial majority of the fibers remaining continuous. Occasional breakage can occur; however, the process of forming of the nonwoven web is not interrupted.
  • This invention also provides an improved method of forming a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web of substantially randomly disposed, substantially continuous polymeric filaments comprising the steps of:
  • the fluid stream is supplied by a fluid delivery system comprising a radial aspirator surrounding the rotary die with the aspirator having an outlet channel with an exit and a blower for providing fluid to the aspirator.
  • a source of liquid fiber forming material such as a thermoplastic melt is provided and pumped into a rotating die having a plurality of spinnerets about its periphery.
  • the rotating die is rotated at an adjustable speed such that the periphery of the die has a spinning speed of about 150 to about 2000 m/min, calculated by multiplying the periphery circumference by the rotating die rotation speed measured in revolutions per minute.
  • the thermoplastic polymer melt is extruded through a plurality of spinnerets located about the circumference of the rotating die.
  • spinnerets located about the circumference of the rotating die.
  • the length-to-diameter ratio of the spinneret diameter is about 1:1 to about 10:1.
  • the particular geometrical configuration of the spinneret orifice can be circular, elliptical, trilobal or any ether suitable configuration.
  • the configuration of the spinneret orifice is circular or trilobal.
  • the rate of polymer extruded through the spinneret orifices measured in lb/hr/orifice (0.45 kg/hr/orifice) can range from about 0.05 to about 5.0 lb/hr/orifice (0.023 - 2.27 kg/hr/orifice). Preferably, the rate is about 0.2 lb/hr/orifice (0.091 kg/hr/orifice) or greater.
  • a fluid delivery system having a radial aspirator surrounding the rotary die, with the aspirator having an outlet channel with an exit and a blower for providing fluid to the aspirator so that the velocity of the fluid at the exit of the outlet channel of the aspirator is about 14,000 ft/min (71.12 m/s) or greater.
  • the fluid is ambient air.
  • the air can also be conditioned by heating, cooling, humidifying, or dehumidifying.
  • the preferred velocity of the air at the exit of the outlet channel of the aspirator is about 20,000 to about 25,000 ft/min (101.6 - 127 m/s).
  • the blower can be a pressure air blower fan capable of generating over 50 inches (127 cm) of water gauge at volumetric flow rates of 3000 cubic feet (84.9 m3) per minute or more.
  • Polymer fibers extruded through the spinneret orifices of the rotary die are contacted by the quench air stream of the aspirator.
  • the quench air stream can be directed around, above or essentially parallel to the extruded fibers. It is also contemplated to extrude the filaments into the air stream.
  • the quench air stream is directed radially above the fibers which are drawn toward the high velocity air stream as a result of a partial vacuum created in the area of the fiber by the air stream as it exits the aspirator.
  • the polymer fibers then enter the high velocity air stream and are drawn, quenched and transported to a collection surface.
  • the high velocity air accelerated and distributed in a radial manner, contributes to the attenuation or drawing of the radially extruded thermoplastic melt fibers.
  • the accelerated air velocities contribute to the placement or "laydown" of fibers onto a circular fiber collector surface or collector plate such that nonwoven webs are formed that exhibit improved properties including increased tensile strength, lower elongation, and more balanced physical properties in the MD and CD from fibers having deniers ranging from about 1.0 to about 3.0.
  • the fibers are conveyed to the collector plate at elevated air speeds of 14,000 ft/min (71.12 m/s) or greater to promote entanglement of the fibers for web integrity and produce a fibrous nonwoven web with more balanced strength properties in the machine direction and cross-machine direction, with a slight predominance in the machine direction tensile strength.
  • While the fibers are moving at a speed dependent upon the speed of rotation of the die as they are drawn down, by the time the fibers reach the outer diameter of the orbit, they are not moving circumferentially, but are merely being laid down in that particular orbit basically one on top of another.
  • the particular orbit may change depending upon variation of rotational speed, extrudate input, temperature, etc. External forces such as electrostatic charge or air pressure may be used to alter the orbit and, therefore, deflect the fibers into different patterns.
  • the self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven webs are produced by allowing the extruded thermoplastic fibers to contact each other as the fibers are deposited on a collection surface. Many of the fibers, but not all, adhere to each other at their contact points thereby forming a self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven web. Adhesion of the fibers may be due to fusion of the hot fibers as they contact each other, to entanglement of the fibers with each other or to a combination of fusion and entanglement. Generally, the adhesion of the fibers is such that the nonwoven web after being laid down but before further treatment has sufficient MD and CD strength to allow handling of the web without additional treatment.
  • the nonwoven fabric will conform to the shape of the collection surface.
  • the collection surface can be of various shapes such as a cone-shaped inverted bucket, a moving screen or a flat surface in the shape of an annular strike plate located slightly below the elevation of the die and with the inner diameter of the annular strike plate being at an adjustable, lower elevation than the outer diameter of the strike plate.
  • annular strike plate When an annular strike plate is used as the collection surface, many of the fibers are bonded together during contact with each other and with the annular strike plate producing a nonwoven fabric which is drawn back through the aperature of the annular strike plate as a tubular fabric.
  • a stationary spreader can be supported below the rotary die to spread the fabric into a flat two-ply composite which is collected by a pull roll and winder.
  • a knife arrangement can be used to cut the tubular two-ply fabric into a single-ply fabric which can be collected by the pull roll and winder.
  • Temperature of the thermoplastic melt affects the process stability for the particular thermoplastic used.
  • the temperature must be sufficiently high so as to enable drawdown, but not too high so as to allow excessive thermal degradation of the thermoplastic.
  • Process parameters which control the fiber formation from thermoplastic polymers include: the spinneret orifice design, dimension and number; the extrusion rate of polymer through the orifices; the quench air velocity; and the rotary die rotational speed.
  • Fiber denier can be influenced by all of the above parameters with fiber denier typically increasing with larger spinneret orifices, higher extrusion rates per orifice, lower air quench velocity and lower rotary die rotation with other parameters remaining constant.
  • Productivity is influenced by the dimension and number of spinneret orifices, the extrusion rate and for a given denier fiber the rotary die rotation.
  • the system provides process parameters whereby various fiber deniers can be attained simply by varying die rotation and/or pumping rate and/or air quench velocity.
  • the denier for individual filaments within a given web can range from about 0.5 to about 20 denier for 90% or greater of the fibers.
  • the average value for filament denier is in the range of about 1 to about 7.
  • the average filament deniers are in range of about 1.0 to about 3.0 denier.
  • the nonwoven webs exhibit balanced physical properties such that the ratio of the machine direction (MD) tensile strength to the cross direction (CD) tensile strength is close to 1.
  • MD/CD ratio can be varied by varying the quench air velocity to produce webs with predominantly MD or CD strength.
  • the ratio of MD to CD tensile strength is about 1:1 to about 1.5:1.
  • thermoplastic resins include polyolefins of branched and straight-chained olefins such as low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyamides, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, combinations thereof and the like.
  • polyolefins is meant to include homopolymers, copolymers and blends of polymers prepared from at least 50 wt.% of an unsaturated hydrocarbon monomer.
  • examples of such polyolefins include polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polybutene-1, polybutene-2, polypentene-1, polypentene-2, poly-3-methylpentene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-1, polyisoprene, polychloroprene and the like.
  • thermoplastic resins and, optionally, thermoplastic elastomers such as polyurethanes and the like, elastomeric polymers such as copolymers of an isoolefin and a conjugated polyolefin, and copolymers of isobutylenes and the like can also be used.
  • thermoplastic elastomers such as polyurethanes and the like
  • elastomeric polymers such as copolymers of an isoolefin and a conjugated polyolefin
  • copolymers of isobutylenes and the like can also be used.
  • thermoplastic resins include polyolefins such as polypropylene, linear low density polyethylene, blends of polypropylene and polybutene, and blends of polypropylene and linear low density polyethylene.
  • Additives such as colorants, pigments, dyes, opacifiers such as TiO2, UV stabilizers, fire retardant compositions, processing stabilizers and the like can be incorporated into the polypropylene, thermoplastic resins and blends.
  • the polypropylene used by itself or in blends with polybutene (PB) and/or linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) preferably has a melt flow rate in the range of about 10 to about 80 g/10 min as measured by ASTM D-1238.
  • Blends of polypropylene and polybutene and/or linear low density polyethylene provide self-bonded nonwoven webs with softer hand such that the web has greater flexibility and/or less stiffness.
  • the blends of polypropylene and PB can be formulated by metering PB in liquid form into a compounding extruder by any suitable metering device by which the amount of PB being metered into the extruder can be controlled.
  • PB can be obtained in various molecular weight grades with high molecular weight grades typically requiring heating to reduce the viscosity for ease of transferring the PB.
  • a stabilizer additive package can be added to the blend of polypropylene and PB if desired.
  • Polybutenes suitable for use can have a number average molecular weight (M n ) measured by vapor phase osmometry of about 300 to about 3000.
  • the PB can be prepared by well-known techniques such as the Friedel-Crafts polymerization of feedstocks comprising isobutylene, or they can be purchased from a number of commercial suppliers such as Amoco Chemical Company, Chicago, Illinois, which markets polybutenes under the tradename Indopol®.
  • a preferred number average molecular weight for PB is in the range of about 300 to about 2500.
  • the PB can be added directly to polypropylene or it can be added via a masterbatch prepared by adding PB to polypropylene at weight ratios of 0.2 to 0.3 based on polypropylene in a mixing device such as a compounding extruder with the resulting masterbatch blended with polypropylene in an amount to achieve a desired level of PB.
  • the weight ratio of PB typically added to polypropylene can range from about 0.01 to about 0.15. When a weight ratio of PB below about 0.01 is added to polypropylene, little beneficial effects such as better hand and improved softness are shown in the blends, and when polybutene is added at a weight ratio above about 0.15, minute amounts of PB can migrate to the surface which may detract from the fabric appearance.
  • Blends of polypropylene and PB can have a weight ratio of polypropylene in the range of about 0.99 to about 0.85, preferably about 0.99 to about 0.9, and a weight ratio of PB in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.15, preferably about 0.01 to about 0.10.
  • Blends of polypropylene and LLDPE can be formulated by blending polypropylene resin in the form of pellets or powder with LLDPE in a mixing device such as a drum tumbler and the like.
  • the resin blend of polypropylene and LLDPE with optional stabilizer additive package can be introduced to a polymer melt mixing device such as a compounding extruder of the type typically used to produce polypropylene product in a polypropylene production plant and compounded at temperatures between about 300°F and about 500°F.
  • blends of polypropylene and LLDPE can range from a weight ratio of nearly 1.0 for polypropylene to a weight ratio of nearly 1.0 for LLDPE
  • the blends of polypropylene and LLDPE useful for making self-bonded webs used in the coated self-bonded nonwoven web composites of the instant invention can have a weight ratio of polypropylene in the range of about 0.99 to about 0.85, preferably in the range of about 0.98 to about 0.92, and a weight ratio of LLDPE in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.15, preferably in the range of about 0.02 to about 0.08.
  • For weight ratios less than 0.01 the softer hand properties imparted from the LDPE are not obtained, and for weight ratios above 0.15 less desirable physical properties and a smaller processing window are obtained.
  • the linear low density polyethylenes which can be used in making the self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven webs of the present invention can be random copolymers of ethylene with 1 to 15 weight percent of higher olefin comonomers such as propylene, n-butene-1, n-hexene-1, n-octene-1 or 4-methylpentene-1 produced over transition metal coordination catalysts.
  • Such linear low density polyethylenes can be produced in liquid phase or vapor phase processes.
  • the preferred density of the linear low density polyethylene is in the range of about 0.91 to about 0.94 g/cc.
  • Appendix for the self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven webs of this invention and for composite products comprising the nonwoven web of the present invention bonded to at least one additional material selected from the group consisting of fabric, film and nonfabric material
  • coverstock in the hygienic market wraps for surgical instruments, surgical caps, gowns, patient drapes, surgical table covers, isolation gowns, robe lining and facings, mattress pads, covers, tickings, shower curtains, drapes, drapery liners, pillow cases, bedspreads, quilts, sleeping bags, liners, weed control and seed/crop cover in the agricultural market, house wrap in the construction market, coating substrate for a variety of wipes, recreational fabric applications including tents, outer wear, tarpulins and the like.
  • the self-bonded, fibrous nonwoven webs of the present invention can be used as one or more layers bonded to each other or bonded to at least one material selected from the group consisting of fabric, film and nonfabric material to form a composite product.
  • the bonding can be accomplished by thermal bonding, point embossing, needle punching or any other suitable bonding technique used in woven and nonwoven technology.
  • the additional layers can be one or more like or different materials such as a woven fabric, a spunbonded nonwoven fabric, a meltblown nonwoven fabric, a carded web, a porous film, an impervious film, metallic foils and the like.
  • the bonding parameters e.g., temperature, pressure, dwell time in the nip, number of bonds or perforations per square inch and percent area coverage are determined by the polymer material used and by the characteristics preferred in the finished product.
  • Composite products combine the nonwoven web of the present invention which has very uniform basis weight properties and balanced physical properties such as tensile strength with one or more distinct materials.
  • the nonwoven web of the present invention has a uniform basis weight and improved physical properties
  • the web can be used by itself without further processing.
  • processes typically used in the production of nonwoven webs such as calendering1 embossing, uniaxial and biaxial stretching can be used in post-treatment of the nonwoven webs of the present invention.
  • System 300 includes an extruder 310 which extrudes a fiber forming material such as a thermoplastic polymer melt through feed conduit and adapter 312 to a rotary union 315.
  • a positive displacement melt pump 314 may be located in the feed conduit 312 if the pumping action provided by extruder 310 is not sufficiently accurate for the desired operating conditions.
  • An electrical control can be provided for selecting the rate of extrusion and displacement of the extrudate through the feed conduit 312.
  • Rotary drive shaft 316 is driven by motor 320 at a speed selected by a control means (not shown) and is coupled to rotary die 330.
  • Radial air aspirator 335 is located around rotary die 330 and is connected to air blower 325. Air blower 325, air aspirator 335, rotary die 330, motor 320 and extruder 310 are supported on or attached to frame 305.
  • fibers are extruded through and thrown from the rotary die 330 by centrifugal action into a high velocity air stream provided by aspirator 335.
  • the air drag created by the high velocity air causes the fibers to be drawn down from the rotary die 330 and also to be stretched or attenuated.
  • a web forming plate 345 in the shape of an annular ring surrounds the rotary die 330.
  • Web forming plate 345 is attached to frame 305 with support arm 348. Fibers 340 are self-bonded during contact with each other and plate 345 thus forming a tubular non-woven web 350.
  • the tubular nonwoven web 350 is then drawn through the annulus of web forming plate 345 by pull rolls 370 and 365 through nip rolls 360 supported below rotary die 330 which spreads the fabric into a flat two-ply composite 355 which is collected by pull rolls 365 and 370 and may be stored on a roll (not shown) in a standard fashion.
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of system 300 of FIG. 1 schematically showing fibers 340 being extended form rotary die 330, attentuated by the high velocity air from aspirator 335, contacting of fibers 340 on web forming plate 345 to form tubular nonwoven web 350.
  • Tubular nonwoven web 350 is drawn through nip rolls 360 by pull rolls 370 and 365 to form flat two-ply composite 355.
  • the self-bonded, nonwoven web can be supplied directly from the process described above or from product wound on an unwind roll.
  • the self-bonded nonwoven web can be either a single-ply or a multi-ply nonwoven web.
  • a two-ply web is used such that a layer of a self-bonded web having a nominal basis weight of 0.2 oz/yd2 (6.782 g/m2) or greater comprises two plies of a self-bonded web each having a nominal basis weight of 0.1 oz/yd2 (3.391 g/m2) or greater.
  • the two-ply self-bonded web enhances the excellent uniform basis weight of the single plies that make up the two-ply, self-bonded nonwoven webs.
  • the self-bonded, nonwoven web can have post-treatment, such as thermal bonding, point-bonding and the like.
  • One embodiment produces a two-ply, nonwoven web of the present invention and uses no post-treatment before the web is used to form composite structures.
  • Tensile and Elongation - Test specimens are used to determine tensile strength and elongation according to ASTM Test Method D-1682. Grab tensile strength can be measured in MD on 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide samples of the fabric or in the CD and is reported in units of lbs. A high value is desired for tensile strength.
  • Elongation can also be measured in the MD or in the CD and is reported in units of %. Lower values are desired for elongation.
  • Trapezoidal Tear Strength The trapezoidal tear strength is determined by ASTM Test Method D-1117.14 and can be measured in the MD or in the CD and is reported in units of lbs (0.45 kg) with a high value desired.
  • Fiber Denier The fiber diameter is determined by comparing a fiber specimen sample to a calibrated reticle under a microscope with suitable magnification. From known polymer densities, the fiber denier is calculated.
  • Basis Weight - The basis weight for a test sample is determined by ASTM Test Method D 3776 option C.
  • the BWUI is determined for a nonwoven web by cutting a number of unit area and larger area samples from the nonwoven web.
  • the method of cutting can range from the use of scissors to stamping out unit areas of material with a die which will produce a consistently uniform unit area sample of nonwoven web.
  • the shape of the unit area sample can be square, circular, diamond or any other convenient shape.
  • the unit area is 1 in2 (6.45 cm2), and the number of samples is sufficient to give a 0.95 confidence interval for the weight of the samples. Typically, the number of samples can range from about 40 to 80. From the same nonwoven web an equivalent number of larger area samples are cut and weighed.
  • the larger samples are obtained with appropriate equipment with the samples having areas which are N times larger than the unit area samples, where N is about 12 to about 18.
  • the average basis weight is calculated for both the unit area sample and the larger area sample, with the BWUI ratio determined from the average basis weight of the unit area divided by the average basis weight of the larger area. Materials which have unit area and/or area average basis weights determined with standard deviations greater than 10% are not considered to have uniform basis weights as defined herein.
  • a polypropylene resin having a nominal melt flow- rate of 35 g/10 min, was extruded at a constant extrusion rate into and through a rotary union, passages of the rotating shaft and manifold system of the die and spinnerets to an annular plate similar to the equipment described in FIG. 1.
  • the process conditions were: Extrusion conditions Temperature, °F (°C) Zone -1 450 (232) Zone -2 500 (260) Zone -3 580 (304) Adapter 600 (316) Rotary union 425 (218) Die 425 (218) Pressure, psi (kPa) 200-400 (1379-2758) Die rotation, rpm 2500 Air quench pressure, in of H2O (cm of H2O) 52 (132) Extrudate, lb/hr/orifice (kg/hr/orifice) 0.63 (0.29) Product-2-ply, lay flat fabric Basis weight, oz/yd2 1.0
  • test specimens for the thickness and basis weight tests was 60, and for the tensile test the number was 20.
  • the measured property values were significant at the 0.95 confidence interval. The measured properties are tabulated in Table II below.
  • a nominal 1.0 oz/yd2 (33.91 g/m2) uniform basis weight self-bonded polypropylene nonwoven web was prepared by the method described above and filament denier, basis weights for 1 in x 1 in (2.54 cm x 2.54 cm) and 4 in x 4 in samples (10.16 cm x 10.16 cm), cross machine direction and machine direction tensile strengths were determined for this self-bonded nonwoven web as well as for nominal 1.0 oz/yd2 (33.91 g/m2) basis weight spunbond materials such as Kimberly-Clark's Accord (Comparative A), James River's Celestra (Comparative B) and Wayn-Tex's Elite (Comparative C). These properties are summarized in Tables III-VII below.
  • a polypropylene resin having a nominal melt flow rate of 35 g/10 min, was extruded at a constant extrusion rate into and through a rotary union, passages of the rotating shaft and manifold system of the die and spinnerets to an annular plate in the equipment as shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
  • a polypropylene resin having a nominal melt flow rate of 35 g/10 min, was extruded at a constant extrusion rate into and through a rotary union, passages of the rotating shaft and manifold system of the die and spinnerets to an annular plate in the equipment as shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
  • a polypropylene resin having a nominal melt flow rate of 35 g/10 min, was extruded at a constant extrusion rate into and through a rotary union, passages of the rotating shaft and manifold system of the die and spinnerets to an annular plate in the equipment as shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
  • a blend of 93 wt.% of a polypropylene having a nominal melt flow rate of 38 g/10 min and 7 wt.% of polybutene having a nominal number average molecular weight of 1290 was melt-blended in a Werner & Pfleiderer ZSK-57 twin-screw extruder and Luwa gear pump finishing line.
  • the resulting product was extruded at a constant extrusion rate into and through a rotary union, passages of the rotating shaft and manifold system of the die and spinnerets to an annular plate in the equipment as shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
  • a blend of 95 wt.% of a polypropylene having a nominal melt flow rate of 38 g/10 min and 5 wt.% of a linear low density polyethylene having a nominal density of 0.94 g/cc was melt-blended in a 2.5 in Davis Standard single-screw extruder.
  • the resulting product was extruded at a constant extrusion rate into and through a rotary union, passages of the rotating shaft and manifold system of the die and spinnerets to an annular plate in the equipment as shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
  • the process conditions were: Extrusion conditions Temperature, °F (°C) Zone -1 490 (254) Zone -2 540 (282) Zone -3 605 (318) Adapter 605 (318) Rotary union 550 (288) Die 450 (232) Screw rotation, rpm 40 Pressure, psi (kPa) 1000 (6895) Rotary die conditions Die rotation, rpm 2100 Extrudate rate, lb/hr/orifice (kg/hr/orifice) 0.65 (0.30) Air quench conditions Air quench pressure, in of H2O (cm) 55 (140) Product physical characteristics Basis weight, oz/yd2 (g/m2) 0.25 (8.48)

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Protection Of Plants (AREA)
  • Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
  • Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Nappe non tissée fibreuse, auto-liée, comprenant plusieurs filaments polymères essentiellement continus, disposés de façon essentiellement statistique, caractérisée en ce que la nappe possède un grammage d'au moins 0,1 oz/yd² (3,391 g/m²), avec un indice d'uniformité du grammage de 1,0 ± 0,05, déterminé à partir de grammages moyens présentant des écarts-types inférieurs à 10%.
  2. Produit composite comprenant au moins une couche d'une nappe non tissée fibreuse auto-liée selon la revendication 1 qui est liée à un substrat.
  3. Produit composite selon la revendication 2, dans lequel ledit substrat comprend au moins une couche d'une matière choisie parmi un tissu tissé, un tissu non tissé, un tissu fondu-soufflé, un tissu lié au filage, une nappe cardée, un film et une matière autre qu'un tissu.
  4. Produit composite selon la revendication 2, dans lequel ledit substrat comprend au moins une couche d'une matière choisie parmi un tissu non tissé fondu-soufflé, un film poreux et un film imperméable.
  5. Produit composite selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2-4, dans lequel ledit indice d'uniformité du grammage est de 1,0 ± 0,03.
  6. Produit composite selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2-5, dans lequel lesdits filaments polymères possèdent des deniers dans la gamme d'environ 0,5 à environ 20.
  7. Produit composite selon la revendication 6, dans lequel lesdits filaments polymères possèdent des deniers moyens dans la gamme d'environ 1 à environ 7.
  8. Produit composite selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2-7, dans lequel ladite couche de nappe non tissée est liée thermiquement audit substrat.
  9. Produit composite selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2-8, dans lequel la nappe possède un rapport de la résistance à la traction dans le sens machine à la résistance à la traction dans le sens transversal de 1:1 à 1,5:1.
  10. Procédé de formation d'une nappe non tissée fibreuse auto-liée, de filaments polymères essentiellement continus, disposés de façon essentiellement statistique, comprenant les étapes qui consistent à:
    (a) extruder un polymère en fusion à travers de multiples orifices situés dans une filière rotative,
    (b) mettre en contact ledit polymère extrudé, toujours chaud, à sa sortie desdits orifices, avec un courant de fluide ayant une vitesse de 14 000 ft/min (71,12 m/s) ou supérieure, pour former les filaments essentiellement continus, et étirer lesdits filaments pour former des fibres ayant des deniers dans la gamme de 0,5 à 20, et
    (c) recueillir lesdites fibres étirées sur un dispositif collecteur qui permet aux filaments extrudés à travers la filière de frapper le dispositif collecteur et de s'auto-lier les uns aux autres pour former la nappe non tissée.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, dans lequel ledit courant de fluide est un courant d'air apporté par un système pneumatique comprenant un aspirateur radial entourant la filière rotative, ledit aspirateur possédant un canal de sortie muni d'une sortie et une soufflerie pour amener de l'air à l'aspirateur.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou 11, dans lequel lesdits filaments polymères comprennent un thermoplastique choisi parmi le polypropylène, le polyéthylène haute densité, le polyéthylène basse densité, le polyéthylène basse densité linéaire, le polyamide, le polyester, un mélange de polypropylène et de polybutène, et un mélange de polypropylène et de polyéthylène basse densité linéaire.
  13. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10-12, dans lequel lesdits filaments polymères comprennent un polypropylène possédant un indice de fluidité à chaud dans la gamme de 10 à 80 g/10 min, mesuré selon ASTM D-1238.
  14. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10-13, dans lequel lesdites fibres ont un denier moyen dans la gamme de 1,0 à 3,0.
  15. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10-14, dans lequel ladite vitesse dudit courant d'air est de 20 000 à 25 000 ft/min (102-127 m/s).
  16. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10-15, pour fabriquer un produit composite selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2-9.
EP19900310417 1989-09-25 1990-09-24 Autocollage d'un non-tissé fibreux Expired - Lifetime EP0421649B1 (fr)

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US556353 1983-11-29
US41190889A 1989-09-25 1989-09-25
US411908 1989-09-25
US07/556,353 US5173356A (en) 1989-09-25 1990-07-20 Self-bonded fibrous nonwoven webs

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JP (1) JPH03152258A (fr)
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AT (1) ATE125583T1 (fr)
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US5667625A (en) 1992-11-06 1997-09-16 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Apparatus for forming a fibrous laminated material
US5667619A (en) 1992-11-06 1997-09-16 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Method for making a fibrous laminated web
US5817394A (en) 1993-11-08 1998-10-06 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Fibrous laminated web and method and apparatus for making the same and absorbent articles incorporating the same
US7968480B2 (en) 2006-02-15 2011-06-28 Polymer Group, Inc. Multi-lobal fiber containing nonwoven materials and articles made therefrom

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PT95394A (pt) 1991-05-22
KR910006544A (ko) 1991-04-29
ATE125583T1 (de) 1995-08-15
DK0421649T3 (da) 1995-12-11
DE69021160T2 (de) 1995-12-07
CN1024471C (zh) 1994-05-11
ES2074540T3 (es) 1995-09-16
KR0137651B1 (ko) 1998-05-15
CA2025186C (fr) 1996-03-05
EP0421649A1 (fr) 1991-04-10
NZ235400A (en) 1992-03-26
AU6269390A (en) 1991-04-11
CN1050749A (zh) 1991-04-17
PT95394B (pt) 1997-10-31
US5173356A (en) 1992-12-22
CA2025186A1 (fr) 1991-03-26
JPH03152258A (ja) 1991-06-28
AU624268B2 (en) 1992-06-04
DE69021160D1 (de) 1995-08-31
BR9004749A (pt) 1991-09-10

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