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EP0482533A2 - Sodium formate fluidized polymer suspensions - Google Patents

Sodium formate fluidized polymer suspensions Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0482533A2
EP0482533A2 EP91117854A EP91117854A EP0482533A2 EP 0482533 A2 EP0482533 A2 EP 0482533A2 EP 91117854 A EP91117854 A EP 91117854A EP 91117854 A EP91117854 A EP 91117854A EP 0482533 A2 EP0482533 A2 EP 0482533A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
suspension
sodium formate
polymer
hydrophobically modified
hydroxyethylcellulose
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91117854A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0482533B1 (en
EP0482533A3 (en
Inventor
Charles Lee Burdick
Jackie N. Pullig
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Aqualon Co
Original Assignee
Aqualon Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aqualon Co filed Critical Aqualon Co
Publication of EP0482533A2 publication Critical patent/EP0482533A2/en
Publication of EP0482533A3 publication Critical patent/EP0482533A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0482533B1 publication Critical patent/EP0482533B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/02Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
    • C08J3/03Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/26Cellulose ethers
    • C08L1/28Alkyl ethers
    • C08L1/284Alkyl ethers with hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2301/00Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08J2301/08Cellulose derivatives
    • C08J2301/26Cellulose ethers
    • C08J2301/28Alkyl ethers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2371/00Characterised by the use of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2371/02Polyalkylene oxides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to aqueous suspensions of nonionic polymers in a salt medium.
  • the invention relates to the aqueous suspension of nonionic polymers in aqueous sodium formate.
  • Sodium formate is a suspending salt for hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and derivatives thereof, e.g., hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, etc.
  • xanthan gum is dissolved in water prior to the addition of sodium formate, then at least one nonionic polymer selected from the group of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose or derived ethers is added to the aqueous xanthan/sodium formate solution to form a fluid suspension of the polymers.
  • nonionic polymers for sodium formate suspension were hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and polyethylene oxide (PEO).
  • PEO polyethylene oxide
  • anionic or cationic cellulose ethers were satisfactorily suspended and neither were nonionic guar gum or polyacrylamide.
  • the invention has industrial applicability in paint, construction materials, paper, mining, oil and gas recovery and other fields yet to be explored.
  • the following examples illustrate the practice of the invention without being limiting.
  • Fluidized polymer suspensions were prepared as in Example 1 except that the xanthan gum was not added and the nonionic polymers tested included hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxypropylcellulose all available from Aqualon, hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose available from Berol Nobel as Bermocol® EHM 100, hydrophobically modified polymer available from Union Carbide Company as Cellosize® HEC SPATTER GUARD 100 and polyethylene oxide available as Polyox® 301 from Union Carbide.
  • the nonionic polymers tested included hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxypropylcellulose all available from Aqualon, hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose available from Berol Nobel as Bermocol® EHM 100, hydrophobically modified polymer available from Union Carbide Company as Cellosize® HEC SPATTER
  • Example 2 The nonionic polymers of Example 2 were all prepared as fluidized polymer suspensions using from 0.10 to 0.20 parts by weight xanthan gum per 100 parts of total suspension as per the general procedure of Example 1. Suspensions stable for at least one month were obtained in all cases.
  • Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that water and sodium formate levels were varied in an attempt to prepare fluidized polymer suspensions with nonionic guar gum, polyacrylamide, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and cationic hydroxyethylcellulose. Thick gels were obtained in all tests.
  • Example 1 was repeated except that a salt believed to have similar properties was substituted for sodium formate. Only thick gels were obtained in test varying amounts and type of salt, water and polymer for the following salts: calcium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
  • Example 1 was repeated except that water and sodium formate ratios were varied as shown in Table 1.
  • Table 1 Sodium Formate Water HEC Result 20 65 15 Thick Gel 25 60 15 Thick Gel 30 55 15 Fluid Suspension
  • Table 1 illustrates the production of a fluid suspension in a concentrated sodium formate solution (30%), whereas 20% and 25% solution produced only an unsatisfactory gel.
  • Example 6 was repeated except that 28g sodium formate was added to 57g water and 15g HEC added. A fluid suspension was obtained.
  • the use of a combination of sodium formate with xanthan gum as a suspending agent for nonionic polymers is taught.
  • the suspending agents can preferably be used for nonionic cellulose ethers, whereby ethers such as hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose are especially preferred.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)

Abstract

Fluidized aqueous suspensions of 15% or more by weight hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified cellulose ether, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and polyethylene oxide are prepared by addition of the polymer to a concentrated sodium formate solution containing xanthan gum as a stabilizer.

Description

  • The invention relates to aqueous suspensions of nonionic polymers in a salt medium. In particular, the invention relates to the aqueous suspension of nonionic polymers in aqueous sodium formate.
  • U.S. Patent 4,883,536 "Suspension of Water Soluble Polymers in Aqueous Media Containing Dissolved Salts" and U.S. Patent 4,883,537 "Aqueous Suspension of Carboxymethylcellulose" both issued in the name of C. L. Burdick and assigned to the Aqualon Company teach that salts with divalent or trivalent anions are useful for suspension of cellulose ether derivatives. However, these and other references in the prior art gave no indication that a single monobasic acid salt would be similarly useful for fluidized polymer suspensions. Thus, it remained for the present invention to provide such an advance in the state of the art.
  • It is an object of the invention to provide fluidized polymer suspensions for paint, paper, mining, construction and oil and gas recovery uses for nonionic cellulose ethers in water and salt; characterized in that the salt is sodium formate. Sodium formate is a suspending salt for hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and derivatives thereof, e.g., hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, etc.
  • In a preferred process of the invention xanthan gum is dissolved in water prior to the addition of sodium formate, then at least one nonionic polymer selected from the group of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose or derived ethers is added to the aqueous xanthan/sodium formate solution to form a fluid suspension of the polymers.
  • In view of the success which had been achieved with aqueous polymer suspensions in carbonates, sulfates and phosphates; it was unexpected to discover that one and only one monobasic acid salt could provide such suspending benefit. Further it was found that a particular material, i.e., sodium formate, which was previously considered to be a low value byproduct, could actually provide such dramatic benefits in a before unknown application. Not only was sodium formate readily available, but the process of preparing fluidized polymer suspensions was less critical than previously experienced with multibasic acid salts.
  • While other salts such as potassium formate, calcium formate and acetates and/or bicarbonates might be expected to function in the same manner as sodium formate, such was not the case in actual comparison tests for preparing fluid suspensions of 15 parts or more hydroxyethylcellulose in a total suspension composition of 100 parts.
    Salt Salt Amount g Water g Natrosol 250GR Result
    Sodium Formate 30 55 15 Fluid Suspension
    Potassium Formate 30 55 15 Thick Gel
    Sodium Acetate 30 55 15 Thick Gel
    Calcium Formate 30 55 15 Thick Gel
    Potassium Bicarbonate 30 55 15 Thick Gel
    Sodium Bicarbonate 30 55 15 Thick Gel
  • In addition to the discovery of the unique behavior of sodium formate in relation to other monovalent anion salts, it was surprising to also discover that not all nonionic polymers could be suspended. Suitable nonionic polymers for sodium formate suspension were hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Neither anionic or cationic cellulose ethers were satisfactorily suspended and neither were nonionic guar gum or polyacrylamide.
  • It was observed that the ability of sodium formate solutions in water to be an effective suspending medium for water soluble polymer was dependent upon a certain concentration of the sodium formate in water being present. It was found for example that greater than 30% sodium formate concentration in water was required to prepare a fluid suspension of hydroxyethylcellulose as shown in the following table:
    Sodium Formate g Water g Result
    20 65 Thick Gel
    25 60 Thick Gel
    30 55 Fluid Suspension
  • The following is a model fluid polymer suspension according to the invention in which the ingredients are listed in order of their addition to a mixing container.
    Ingredient Parts By Weight Range Ideal
    Water 45-55 49.85
    Xanthan Gum 0.10-0.20 0.15
    Sodium Formate 28-35 30
    Polymer 10-25 20
  • While it is possible to suspend the polymer in just sodium formate, the suspension must be restirred periodically if no xanthan gum is incorporated as a suspension stabilizer. In this respect it was also surprising to find that xanthan gum was the most satisfactory agent for this purpose. Attempts to use other suspending agents such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), guar gum and sodium alginate were not as successful. However, in the case where the suspension is intended for use within a relatively short time after preparation, it would be possible to omit the xanthan gum and simply prepare a sodium formate solution and mix in the polymer to form a fluid suspension which could be employed in either a continuous or batch process.
  • The invention has industrial applicability in paint, construction materials, paper, mining, oil and gas recovery and other fields yet to be explored. The following examples illustrate the practice of the invention without being limiting.
  • Example 1
  • Into 5485 g of deionized water stirred vigorously a 15 g portion of xanthan gum available from Kelco Inc. was added. Stirring continued for 30 minutes until a hazy, slightly viscous solution was obtained. Then 3000g, sodium formate available from Aqualon Company was added and allowed to dissolve. Finally, 1500 g of Aqualon Natrosol® 250GR hydroxyethylcellulose was added over 10-20 minutes to form a fluid suspension which had a Brookfield viscosity of 3000 mPa.s at 25°C. After one month the fluid suspension was again measured as having the same viscosity without any signs of settling.
  • Portions of this sodium formate/xanthan/HEC fluid suspension can be successfully employed for the paint, paper coatings and construction applications described with prior art fluidized polymer suspensions in US 4,883,536 and 4,883,537 as well as Applicant's U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 429,195 and 508,355.
  • Example 2
  • Fluidized polymer suspensions were prepared as in Example 1 except that the xanthan gum was not added and the nonionic polymers tested included hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxypropylcellulose all available from Aqualon, hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose available from Berol Nobel as Bermocol® EHM 100, hydrophobically modified polymer available from Union Carbide Company as Cellosize® HEC SPATTER GUARD 100 and polyethylene oxide available as Polyox® 301 from Union Carbide.
  • In all cases it was possible to prepare fluidized polymer suspensions with Brookfield viscosities ranging from 1000 to 10,000 mPa.s at 25°C.
  • Noticeable settling was observed after stirring was stopped in about 24 to 72 hours.
  • Example 3
  • The nonionic polymers of Example 2 were all prepared as fluidized polymer suspensions using from 0.10 to 0.20 parts by weight xanthan gum per 100 parts of total suspension as per the general procedure of Example 1. Suspensions stable for at least one month were obtained in all cases.
  • Example 4
  • The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that water and sodium formate levels were varied in an attempt to prepare fluidized polymer suspensions with nonionic guar gum, polyacrylamide, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and cationic hydroxyethylcellulose. Thick gels were obtained in all tests.
  • Example 5
  • Example 1 was repeated except that a salt believed to have similar properties was substituted for sodium formate. Only thick gels were obtained in test varying amounts and type of salt, water and polymer for the following salts: calcium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
  • Example 6
  • Example 1 was repeated except that water and sodium formate ratios were varied as shown in Table 1. Table 1
    Sodium Formate Water HEC Result
    20 65 15 Thick Gel
    25 60 15 Thick Gel
    30 55 15 Fluid Suspension
  • Table 1 illustrates the production of a fluid suspension in a concentrated sodium formate solution (30%), whereas 20% and 25% solution produced only an unsatisfactory gel.
  • EXAMPLE 7
  • Example 6 was repeated except that 28g sodium formate was added to 57g water and 15g HEC added. A fluid suspension was obtained.
  • This example illustrates that a minimum of 28% by weight sodium formate salt is required to prepare fluidized polymer suspensions according to the invention.
  • In an especially preferred embodiment of the invention the use of a combination of sodium formate with xanthan gum as a suspending agent for nonionic polymers is taught. The suspending agents can preferably be used for nonionic cellulose ethers, whereby ethers such as hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose are especially preferred.

Claims (10)

  1. A fluid suspension of a nonionic polymer in an aqueous salt solution, characterized in that the salt is sodium formate.
  2. The suspension of claim 1 where the polymer is one or more selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified cellulose ether, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose or polyethylene oxide.
  3. The suspension of claim 2 where xanthan gum is added as a suspending agent in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the total fluidized polymer suspension.
  4. The suspension of claim 3 where sodium formate comprises 28% by weight or higher.
  5. The suspension of claim 4 where the polymer comprises 15% by weight or higher.
  6. A process for preparing an aqueous fluidized suspension of a nonionic polymer in xanthan gum and sodium formate comprises the steps:
    (1) preparing a xanthan gum solution;
    (2) adding 28% by weight or more sodium formate, and
    (3) adding a nonionic polymer to prepare a fluidized polymer suspension which is stable for one month or longer.
  7. The process of claim 6 where 30% by weight sodium formate is added in step (2).
  8. The process of claim 7 where the polymer is hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified cellulose ether, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose, hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose or methylhydroxypropylcellulose.
  9. The suspension obtainable by a process according to any one of claims 6 to 8 containing xanthan gum as a stabilizing agent in an amount of 0.1 to 0.5 % by weight based on the total weight of the fluidized polymer suspension.
  10. The use of a combination of sodium formate and xanthan gum as suspending agent for nonionic polymers.
EP91117854A 1990-10-22 1991-10-18 Sodium formate fluidized polymer suspensions Expired - Lifetime EP0482533B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US600745 1984-04-16
US60074590A 1990-10-22 1990-10-22

Publications (3)

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EP0482533A2 true EP0482533A2 (en) 1992-04-29
EP0482533A3 EP0482533A3 (en) 1992-09-02
EP0482533B1 EP0482533B1 (en) 1995-06-14

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EP (1) EP0482533B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3153581B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE123788T1 (en)
AU (1) AU644906B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2053656C (en)
DE (1) DE69110403T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2073090T3 (en)
FI (1) FI106559B (en)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0659404A2 (en) * 1993-12-17 1995-06-28 Aqualon Company Fluid suspension of cellulosic polysaccharides for personal care and household applications
EP0698647A1 (en) * 1994-08-24 1996-02-28 Aqualon Company Process for applying a covering to a substrate
US5837864A (en) * 1994-12-15 1998-11-17 Akzo Nobel Nv Method for producing a suspension in water of a cellulose ether, and dry mixture suitable for use in the production of the suspension
US5898072A (en) * 1994-05-05 1999-04-27 Akzo Nobel Nv Aqueous suspension of a cellulose ether, method for the production thereof, and composition
WO1999020698A1 (en) * 1997-10-17 1999-04-29 Hercules Incorporated Fluidized polymer suspension of hydrophobically modified poly(acetal- or ketal-polyether), polyurethane and polyacrylate
WO2000006631A1 (en) * 1998-07-29 2000-02-10 Holderbank Financiere Glarus Ag Method for producing a liquid additive on the basis of water-soluble, fine-grained polysaccharides, such as microbial or plant biopolymers and/or cellulose derivatives
US6126868A (en) * 1997-07-09 2000-10-03 Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. Light shielding device and shielding method
US6639066B2 (en) 2000-12-15 2003-10-28 Akzo Nobel N.V. Aqueous suspension of a cellulose ether, method for the production thereof, and a dry blend
US8027021B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2011-09-27 Nikon Corporation Measuring apparatus and method, processing apparatus and method, pattern forming apparatus and method, exposure apparatus and method, and device manufacturing method
US8054472B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2011-11-08 Nikon Corporation Pattern forming apparatus, mark detecting apparatus, exposure apparatus, pattern forming method, exposure method, and device manufacturing method

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3963513B2 (en) * 1997-01-24 2007-08-22 住友精化株式会社 Aqueous polyalkylene oxide dispersion and process for producing the same
GB0305079D0 (en) * 2003-03-06 2003-04-09 Mbt Holding Ag Process
DE10343090A1 (en) 2003-09-17 2005-04-14 Henkel Kgaa 2-component assembly adhesive with high initial adhesion
WO2018008634A1 (en) * 2016-07-06 2018-01-11 株式会社ファインクレイ Cellulose viscous composition, production method therefor, and use thereof

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2947645A (en) * 1957-10-29 1960-08-02 American Viscose Corp Stable cellulose ether compositions and method for producing the same
JPS6058480A (en) * 1983-09-08 1985-04-04 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Heat storage material
EP0259939A2 (en) * 1986-09-12 1988-03-16 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Aqueous polysaccharide compositions
US4883536A (en) * 1988-08-05 1989-11-28 Aqualon Company Suspension of water-soluble polymers in aqueous media containing dissolved salts

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2947645A (en) * 1957-10-29 1960-08-02 American Viscose Corp Stable cellulose ether compositions and method for producing the same
JPS6058480A (en) * 1983-09-08 1985-04-04 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Heat storage material
EP0259939A2 (en) * 1986-09-12 1988-03-16 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Aqueous polysaccharide compositions
US4883536A (en) * 1988-08-05 1989-11-28 Aqualon Company Suspension of water-soluble polymers in aqueous media containing dissolved salts

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WORLD PATENTS INDEX LATEST Week 8520, Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; AN 118799 & JP-A-60 058 480 (MATSUSHITA ELEC IND KK) 4 April 1985 *

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0659404A3 (en) * 1993-12-17 1998-04-22 Aqualon Company Fluid suspension of cellulosic polysaccharides for personal care and household applications
EP0659404A2 (en) * 1993-12-17 1995-06-28 Aqualon Company Fluid suspension of cellulosic polysaccharides for personal care and household applications
US5898072A (en) * 1994-05-05 1999-04-27 Akzo Nobel Nv Aqueous suspension of a cellulose ether, method for the production thereof, and composition
EP0698647A1 (en) * 1994-08-24 1996-02-28 Aqualon Company Process for applying a covering to a substrate
US5837864A (en) * 1994-12-15 1998-11-17 Akzo Nobel Nv Method for producing a suspension in water of a cellulose ether, and dry mixture suitable for use in the production of the suspension
US6126868A (en) * 1997-07-09 2000-10-03 Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. Light shielding device and shielding method
US6433056B1 (en) 1997-10-17 2002-08-13 Hercules Incorporated Fluidized polymer suspension of hydrophobically modified poly(acetal- or ketal-polyether) polyurethane and polyacrylate
WO1999020698A1 (en) * 1997-10-17 1999-04-29 Hercules Incorporated Fluidized polymer suspension of hydrophobically modified poly(acetal- or ketal-polyether), polyurethane and polyacrylate
US6479573B2 (en) 1997-10-17 2002-11-12 Hercules Incorporated Process for thickening an aqueous system
WO2000006631A1 (en) * 1998-07-29 2000-02-10 Holderbank Financiere Glarus Ag Method for producing a liquid additive on the basis of water-soluble, fine-grained polysaccharides, such as microbial or plant biopolymers and/or cellulose derivatives
US6639066B2 (en) 2000-12-15 2003-10-28 Akzo Nobel N.V. Aqueous suspension of a cellulose ether, method for the production thereof, and a dry blend
US8027021B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2011-09-27 Nikon Corporation Measuring apparatus and method, processing apparatus and method, pattern forming apparatus and method, exposure apparatus and method, and device manufacturing method
US8054472B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2011-11-08 Nikon Corporation Pattern forming apparatus, mark detecting apparatus, exposure apparatus, pattern forming method, exposure method, and device manufacturing method
US8854632B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2014-10-07 Nikon Corporation Pattern forming apparatus, mark detecting apparatus, exposure apparatus, pattern forming method, exposure method, and device manufacturing method
US9423705B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2016-08-23 Nikon Corporation Pattern forming apparatus, mark detecting apparatus, exposure apparatus, pattern forming method, exposure method, and device manufacturing method
US9857697B2 (en) 2006-02-21 2018-01-02 Nikon Corporation Pattern forming apparatus, mark detecting apparatus, exposure apparatus, pattern forming method, exposure method, and device manufacturing method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH04266945A (en) 1992-09-22
EP0482533B1 (en) 1995-06-14
AU644906B2 (en) 1993-12-23
CA2053656A1 (en) 1992-04-23
FI106559B (en) 2001-02-28
CA2053656C (en) 2003-06-24
FI914817A (en) 1992-04-23
EP0482533A3 (en) 1992-09-02
ATE123788T1 (en) 1995-06-15
AU8602091A (en) 1992-04-30
FI914817A0 (en) 1991-10-11
JP3153581B2 (en) 2001-04-09
ES2073090T3 (en) 1995-08-01
DE69110403D1 (en) 1995-07-20
DE69110403T2 (en) 1995-10-12

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