EP0451521B1 - Embankment protection structure - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a bank protection structure attached to wave-loaded slope structures, inclined damming walls or the like, consisting of at least partially closed, water-flowable hollow bodies, which together form a revetment parallel to the slope.

Such an embodiment can be found in the recommendations for the implementation of coastal protection works - EAK 1981, issue 36, page 235, where hollow bodies in the form of a tetrahedron through which water can flow are disclosed. A bank protection plant according to US-A-4,172,680 also appears comparable.

Revetment constructions and dyke embankments on the one hand and inclined baffle walls of shaft-loaded building constructions on the other hand must be dimensioned for dynamic stresses due to breaking water waves. Since the wave energy to be converted during the wave breaking process on the structure is proportional to the square of the wave height, the maximum possible crusher height on the structure under given geometric conditions represents a significant dimension. Furthermore, the water level, the crusher shape, the crusher position relative to the structure and the structure geometry are of particular importance .

Conventional open (water-permeable) or closed revetment constructions for bank and dike embankments as well as embankment covers are made in one or more layers from different building material and / or filter layers.

Since the components of the individual layers transfer their weight forces over a large area and directly to the respective underlying layer, such structures are all to be regarded as single-shell constructions. The latter also applies analogously to baffle wall constructions of other wave-loaded embankments (recommendations for the execution of coastal protection works - EAK 1981, in Die Ufer, issue 36, pp. 179 - 261; also Auslegeschrift 2038674).

It is also known that the design of the water depth in front of the building, the shape of the building cross-section, the choice of building materials and the structural design of the building surface can influence the load transfer mechanism "shaft - building" (sea dike construction - theory and practice, association) der Nassbaggerunternehmungen eV Hamburg 1976, pp. 15 - 79).

The interaction process, which also contributes to the development of the load, between the near-surface water particle kinematics of the incoming wave and that of the return water of the preceding wave has not yet been deliberately attempted to be influenced by constructive measures in the sense of lower wave-generated structural loads.

With regard to the design of inclined slope structures subject to wave stress, the concept has so far been pursued that the energy of the waves reaching the structure during the breaking process and during the subsequent wave run-up is as effective as possible in turbulent to convert through mixing and impact processes, in particular through roughness elements, in the direct impact area of the waves but also with regard to the irregular flow through the revetment layers. So far, no attempt has been made to prevent an interaction between the water particle kinematics of a partial clapotis (partially standing wave) and that of the washing movement (wave run-up-return movement) as far as possible. The present invention addresses this problem for the first time.

It was found that the return of the water present on the embankment after the crushing process (return water) under an approximately parallel shell, the wave-induced water movement in front of and on the structure is significantly changed. In particular, on an embankment with a preselected incline, the wave energy given in the form of a wave spectrum can be optimally damped by the structural design of the shell delimiting the cavity. To explain this phenomenon, the water movement present in the presence of waves on embankments can be understood as a forced oscillating movement with several degrees of freedom (coupling oscillation). The water volume located as a continuum in front of the embankment represents the vibrating system, which is characterized by different natural frequencies depending on the geometrical boundary conditions (water depth, slope inclination). Analogous to the elastic chain, an overall system is used which consists of several partial oscillators with different natural frequencies. The effects of the waves coming from the sea are regarded as the excitation forces in this arrangement.

The water level deflections corresponding to the partial reflection on the one hand and the wave run-up return movements (washing movements) on the other hand can thus be assigned to approximately pronounced degrees of freedom of the system. If the system is changed in its degrees of freedom, this has immediate effect also a change in the number and amounts of its natural frequencies.

Based on the above findings and findings, the invention has for its object to improve the kinematics of the water movement in front of and on the embankment structure, in particular in the sense of smaller crusher heights and a reduced wave run-up.

In connection with the preamble of claim 1, this object is achieved according to the invention by the features listed in the characterizing part of claim 1 and in an alternative solution by the features.

In contrast to the disclosure of the generic US patent, the revetment according to the invention should therefore only extend over the dynamically loaded area of the bank protection structure. This results in considerably smaller revetment dimensions and, as a result of the high proportion of voids, also a lower mass requirement. The approaching waves move along a reference water level. As a result of the wave breaking process that occurs when it hits the bank protection structure, a certain volume of water in the wave surge is transported to above the upper horizontal boundary edge of the revetment, in order to flow through the inlet cross-section, the cavity and the outlet cross-section completely or at least partially unhindered after reversal of movement, and so on to be returned to the water volume in front of the building below the reference water level.

In this way, the interaction process between the near-surface water particle kinematics of the incoming wave (partial clapotis) and that of the return water of the previous wave is specifically influenced by constructive measures. Due to this influence, not only the shaft run-up, but also the crusher height, the crusher shape and Crusher position changed favorably in the sense of lower building loads.

The term "reference resting water level" is to be understood as the so-called design water level, which is usually determined on the basis of nature studies as a "high water level" with a probability of occurrence that can vary widely depending on the location (in the Netherlands it is between 1: 1250 and 1: 10000). This design water level depends on the wind conditions, the tide, the underwater topography and the danger posed by the building in question when it is destroyed. Similar definitions of probability theory also apply to the determination of the design wave according to height and period or length.

The person skilled in the art is also familiar with the fact that the "water levels at the building" and the "design wave (s)" represent the most important design parameters for the design of wave-loaded embankments.

The "reference resting water level" also represents a design water level to be determined for the location.

So that the claimed revetment can perform the function explained in more detail above with regard to the interaction to be prevented, the water inlet cross-section should not be lower than the lowest wave-generated water level deflection (deepest wave trough) based on the design water level. The performance of the revetment then depends above all on the design of the inlet openings and the flow cross-sections, the optimal location and shape of which, however - as with other special flow structures in hydraulic engineering - can only be found using hydraulic model tests.

A theoretical limit for the height arrangement of the lower water outlet results from the fact that the water particle movements associated in the partial clapotis decrease with the distance from the water surface according to an exponential law and have completely subsided at a depth that corresponds to about half the wavelength. Here, too, an optimization for a given slope slope is to be carried out by means of model tests.

In order to realize the flowable hollow body structure cost-effectively even in areas of already existing bank protection works, dike outer embankments, dam walls or the like, depending on the existing substructure and the water levels relevant for the structures concerned, open, partially open or closed and on their bottom The top of closed or partially open cavity elements in an alignment parallel to the slope are supported in a suitable manner on the existing bank structure.

Depending on the local conditions, hollow body structures with a hydraulically favorable cross-section can be manufactured or used from in-situ concrete, as precast concrete, steel or composite structures, also using plastic elements or from flowable concrete blocks or hollow profile structures.

The advantages achieved with the invention consist essentially in the fact that the overall load characteristic relevant to the design is favorably influenced by structures subject to shaft loads.

In particular, a lower design wave height can be taken as a basis, with the result that manufacturing and maintenance costs can be saved.

In the event of coastal subsidence and / or increasing mean water levels and / or increasing storm surge probability, the retrofitting of existing structures with flow-through hollow structures a cost-intensive building increase or new construction, which may be provided, can be omitted in the meantime or at least carried out later.

A component for the creation of a bank protection works, a dike embankment, a dam or the like (building) is characterized according to the invention by a hollow body through which water can flow and which can be laid in conjunction with a protective surface, with a head surface facing outwards in the composite and an opposite one facing inwards Support surface, between which a free water flow cross section is provided, which connects an inlet opening located at the top with a lower outlet opening.

While small-sized flow-through concrete moldings can serve as elements of hollow structures for the production of revetments and embankment embankments, it is advantageous to use large-volume flow-through concrete moldings for breakwater-like structures, longitudinal structures, transverse structures or the like. Such components are, according to the invention, characterized, for example, by a water which can flow through more regularly, is polygonal in horizontal section, preferably rectangular, and can be stacked in association or association to form a spatial protective structure, with openings at the top and bottom which have different openings depending on the position of the water in the overall structure. In a modified embodiment, the component can be characterized by a shaped body that can flow through water rather regularly, is structured in a single or multi-chamber structure and can be stacked in association or association to form a spatial protective structure with top and bottom flow, depending on the position relative to the water level in the overall structure Chamber openings and vertically mutually offset inner and outer chamber walls that locally also an approximately regular flow direction deviating from the vertical, preferably parallel to the slope, is generated.

The top surfaces of the shaped blocks or concrete slabs can have features (openings) with the result that the water present above the shaped blocks or concrete slabs laid in the composite after the wave breaking process can get into the cavity under the top surfaces.

Such large-volume flowable concrete moldings are also suitable to be used as the actual supporting elements of the building structures. For example, as building blocks of the supporting body, dam-like structures can be filled in regular stacks with suitable material.

The advantages that can be achieved with the invention consist primarily in the fact that the water masses that follow the breaking of the waves above the structure are introduced more effectively into the structure in a primarily vertical direction, thereby largely preventing control of the reflection process by the wave run-up and return movement.

• Fig.1a in axonometrischer Darstellung die prinzipielle Anordnung einer Hohlraumstruktur pro lfd. m Uferlinie als integrales Konstruktionselement einer Böschungskonfiguration,
• Fig.1b den Vertikalschnitt durch eine Böschungsabdeckung, die prinzipiell durch Anordnung einer zusätzlichen Schale zu einer Hohlstruktur ergänzt ist,
• Fig.1c den Vertikalschnitt durch eine Hohlkörperstruktur, die prinzipiell in ihrem oberen Bereich an der durch Wellen beanspruchten Seite durchlässig gestaltet ist,
• Fig.2 eine Draufsicht auf eine im Verbund gelegte Schicht von Formsteinen mit Hohlkörperkreisquerschnitt oder Hohlkörperrechteckquerschnitt,
• Fig.2a eine Draufsicht auf einen einzelnen Formstein gemäß Fig.2,
• Fig.2b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.2a,
• Fig.2c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.2a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.2d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.2a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.3a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit Aussparungen in der Lagerfläche,
• Fig.3b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.3a,
• Fig.3c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.3a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.3d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.3a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.3e eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.3a jedoch mit großer Sockelhöhe
• Fig.3f eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.3a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten und großer Sockelhöhe,
• Fig.3g eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.3a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten und großer Sockelhöhe,
• Fig.4a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit bzw. ohne Aussparungen in der Lagerfläche,
• Fig.4b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.4a,
• Fig.4c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.4a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.4d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.4a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.5a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit bzw. ohne Aussparungen in der Lagerfläche,
• Fig.5b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.5a,
• Fig.5c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.5a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.5d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.5a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.5e eine Seitenansicht von rechts des Formsteines gemäß Fig.5a,
• Fig.6a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit Lücken zwischen den Durchströmprofilen,
• Fig.6b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.6a,
• Fig.6c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.6a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.6d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.6a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.6e eine Seitenansicht analog Fig.6b jedoch eines ähnlichen Formsteines mit höheren Endscheiben,
• Fig.7a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit Lücken zwischen den Durchströmprofilen,
• Fig.7b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig.7a,
• Fig.7c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.7a von unten mit Rechteckhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.7d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.7a von unten mit Kreisrohrhohlquerschnitten,
• Fig.7e eine Seitenansicht analog Fig.7b jedoch eines ähnlichen Formsteines mit höheren Endscheiben,
• Fig.8a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit geneigten Kopfflächen und Lücken zwischen den Durchströmprofilen,
• Fig.8b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig. 8a,
• Fig.8c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig. 8a von oben,
• Fig.8d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig.8a von unten,
• Fig.9a eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formsteines mit geneigter Kopffläche,
• Fig.9b eine Seitenansicht von links des Formsteines gemäß Fig. 9a,
• Fig.9c eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig. 9a von oben,
• Fig.9d eine Ansicht des Formsteines gemäß Fig. 9a von unten,
• Fig. 10 den Ausschnitt eines Querschnittes durch eine plattenartige Hohlkörperkonfiguration,
• Fig.11 den Ausschnitt eines Querschnittes durch eine weitere plattenartige Hohlkörperkonfiguration,
• Fig.12a Aufsichten auf eine weitere plattenartige und eine säulenartige Hohlkörperkonfiguration,
• Fig.12b eine Ansicht von links auf eine der Hohlkörperstrukturen gemäß Fig.12a,
• Fig.12c einen Längsschnitt durch eine der Hohlkörperstrukturen gemäß Fig.12a,
• Fig.12d eine Ansicht der Hohlkörperkonfigurationen gemäß Fig.12a von oben,
• Fig.12e eine Ansicht der Hohlkörperkonfigurationen gemäß Fig.12a von unten,
• Fig.13a die Draufsicht auf einen Ausschnitt einer aus Hohlprofilen und Formsteinen gebildeten Hohlköperstruktur,
• Fig.13b eine Ansicht von rechts der Hohlkörperstruktur gemäß Fig.13a,
• Fig.13c eine Ansicht der Hohlkörperstruktur gemäß Fig.13a von unten,
• Fig.14 den Ausschnitt eines Querschnittes durch eine als Stahlwasserbaukonstruktion ausgeführte Hohlkörperstruktur,
• Fig.15a die Draufsicht auf einen Ausschnitt einer als Stahlwasserbaukonstruktion ausgebildete, partiell von oben durchlässigen Hohlköperstruktur,
• Fig.15b einen Längsschnitt A - A durch die Stahlwasserbaukonstruktion gemäß Fig.15a,
• Fig.15c eine Ansicht der Stahlwasserbaukonstruktion gemäß Fig.15a von rechts,
• Fig.15d einen Querschnitt B - B durch die Stahlwasserbaukonstruktion gemäß Fig.15a.
• Fig.16 den Vertikalschnitt durch eine etwa böschungsparallele Hohlkörperstruktur, die prinzipiell durch die Stapelung von durchströmbaren Formkörpern (vorzugsweise etwa gemäß Fig.17a bis Fig.20e) zu einem Verband an einem Stützkörper entsteht,
• Fig.17a die Draufsicht auf eine Ausführungsform eines Formkörpers mit 4 Öffnungen an seiner Oberseite und 2 Öffnungen an seiner Unterseite, vergl. Fig.16,
• Fig.17b eine Seitenansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.17a,
• Fig.17c den Vertikalschnitt A-A des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.17a,
• Fig.17d den Vertikalschnitt B-B des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.17a,
• Fig.17e eine Vorderansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.17a,
• Fig.17f den Vertikalschnitt C-C des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.17a,
• Fig.17g den Vertikalschnitt D-D des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.17a,
• Fig.18a die Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formkörpers mit 2 Öffnungen an seiner Oberseite und einer Öffnung an seiner Unterseite,
• Fig.18b eine Seitenansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.18a,
• Fig.18c den Vertikalschnitt A-A des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.18a,
• Fig.18d eine Vorderansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.18a,
• Fig.18e den Vertikalschnitt B-B des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.18a
• Fig.19a die Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formkörpers mit 4 Öffnungen an seiner Oberseite und 2 Öffnungen an seiner Unterseite,
• Fig.19b eine Seitenansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.19a,
• Fig.19c den Vertikalschnitt A-A des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.19a,
• Fig.19d eine Vorderansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.19a,
• Fig.19e den Vertikalschnitt B-B des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.19a,
• Fig.19f den Vertikalschnitt C-C des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.19a,
• Fig.20a die Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines Formkörpers mit 2 Öffnungen an seiner Oberseite und einer Öffnung an seiner Unterseite,
• Fig.20b eine Seitenansicnt des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.20a,
• Fig.20c den Vertikalschnitt A-A des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.20a,
• Fig.20d eine Vorderansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.20a,
• Fig.20e den Vertikalschnitt B-B des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.20a
• Fig.21 den Vertikalschnitt durch eine Dammstruktur, die prinzipiell durch einen Verband von formkörpern (vorzugsweise gemäß Fig.23a bis 24f) gebildet wird,
• Fig.22 die Draufsicht auf die Endausbildung einer aus Formkörpern gemäß Fig.23a bis 23e oder gemäß Fig.24a bis 24f gebildeten Dammstruktur.
• Fig.23a die Draufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungrform eines Formkörpers mit 4 Öffnungen an seiner Oberseite und einer Öffnung an seiner Unterseite,
• Fig.23b eine Seitenansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.23a,
• Fig.23c den Vertikalschnitt A-A des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.23a,
• Fig.23d eine Vorderansicht des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.23a,
• Fig.23e den Vertikalschnitt B-B des Formkörpers gemäß Fig.23a,
• Fig.24a die Draufsicht auf eine Formkörperkombination, die aus 2 Teilstrukturen zu einem der Fig.23a bis 23e entsprechenden Formkörper mit 4 Öffnungen an der Oberseite und einer Öffnung an der Unterseite zusammengesetzt wird,
• Fig.24b eine Draufsicht auf das Unterteil der Formkörperkombination gemäß Fig.24a,
• Fig.24c eine Draufsicht auf das Oberteil der Formkörperkombination gemäß Fig.24a,
• Fig.24d eine Vorderansicht der Formkörperkombination gemäß Fig.24a,
• Fig.24e eine Vorderansicht des Unterteils der Formkörperkombination gemäß Fig.24a,
• Fig.24f eine Vorderansicht des Oberteils der Formkörperkombination gemäß Fig.24a,
• Fig.25 den Vertikalschnitt durch die Dammstruktur gemaß Fig.21 ergänzt durch strömungsleitende Fertigteil-Paßkörper.

Some exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing. Show it:

• 1a in axonometric representation the basic arrangement of a cavity structure per running meter of bank line as an integral construction element of an embankment configuration,
• 1b the vertical section through an embankment cover, which is in principle supplemented by arranging an additional shell to form a hollow structure,
• 1c shows the vertical section through a hollow body structure which, in principle, is designed to be permeable in its upper region on the side which is stressed by waves,
• 2 shows a plan view of a layer of shaped stones with a hollow body cross section or hollow body rectangular cross section laid in a composite,
• 2a shows a plan view of an individual shaped block according to FIG. 2,
• 2a shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 2a,
• 2a shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 2a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections,
• 2d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 2a from below with circular tubular hollow cross sections,
• 3a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with cutouts in the bearing surface,
• 3a shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 3a,
• 3a shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 3a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections,
• 3d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 3a from below with circular tubular hollow cross sections,
• 3a shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to Figure 3a, but with a large base height
• 3a shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 3a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections and a large base height,
• 3g shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 3a from below with hollow tubular cross sections and a large base height,
• 4a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with or without cutouts in the bearing surface,
• 4b is a side view from the left of the shaped block according to Fig.4a,
• 4c shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 4a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections,
• 4d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 4a from below with circular tubular hollow cross sections,
• 5a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with or without cutouts in the bearing surface,
• 5b shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 5a,
• 5c shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 5a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections,
• 5d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 5a from below with circular tubular hollow cross sections,
• 5e shows a side view from the right of the shaped block according to FIG. 5a,
• 6a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with gaps between the flow profiles,
• 6b shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 6a,
• 6c shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 6a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections,
• 6d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 6a from below with circular tubular hollow cross sections,
• 6e shows a side view analogous to FIG. 6b but of a similar shaped block with higher end plates,
• 7a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with gaps between the flow profiles,
• 7b shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 7a,
• 7c shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 7a from below with rectangular hollow cross sections,
• 7d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 7a from below with circular tubular hollow cross sections,
• 7e shows a side view analogous to FIG. 7b but of a similar shaped block with higher end plates,
• 8a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with inclined top surfaces and gaps between the flow profiles,
• 8b shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 8a,
• 8c is a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 8a from above,
• 8d shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 8a from below,
• 9a shows a plan view of a further embodiment of a shaped block with an inclined head surface,
• 9b shows a side view from the left of the shaped block according to FIG. 9a,
• 9c shows a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 9a from above,
• 9d is a view of the shaped block according to FIG. 9a from below,
• 10 shows the detail of a cross section through a plate-like hollow body configuration,
• 11 shows the detail of a cross section through a further plate-like hollow body configuration,
• 12a top views of a further plate-like and a column-like hollow body configuration,
• 12b shows a view from the left of one of the hollow body structures according to FIG. 12a,
• 12c shows a longitudinal section through one of the hollow body structures according to FIG. 12a,
• 12d shows a view of the hollow body configurations according to FIG. 12a from above,
• 12e shows a view of the hollow body configurations according to FIG. 12a from below,
• 13a the top view of a section of a hollow body structure formed from hollow profiles and shaped stones,
• 13b shows a view from the right of the hollow body structure according to FIG. 13a,
• 13c a view of the hollow body structure according to FIG. 13a from below,
• 14 shows the detail of a cross section through a hollow body structure designed as a hydraulic steel structure,
• 15a the top view of a section of a hollow body structure designed as a hydraulic steel structure, partially permeable from above,
• 15b shows a longitudinal section A - A through the hydraulic steel construction according to FIG. 15a,
• 15c shows a view of the hydraulic steel construction according to FIG. 15a from the right,
• 15d shows a cross section BB through the hydraulic steel construction according to FIG.15a.
• 16 shows the vertical section through an approximately parallel hollow body structure, which in principle arises from the stacking of moldings through which flow can flow (preferably approximately according to FIGS. 17a to 20e) to form a bandage on a supporting body,
• 17a is a top view of an embodiment of a shaped body with 4 openings on its top and 2 openings on its underside, see FIG. 16,
• 17b shows a side view of the shaped body according to FIG. 17a,
• 17c the vertical section AA of the shaped body according to FIG. 17a,
• 17d shows the vertical section BB of the shaped body according to FIG. 17a,
• 17e shows a front view of the molded body according to FIG. 17a,
• 17f the vertical section CC of the shaped body according to FIG. 17a,
• 17g shows the vertical section DD of the shaped body according to FIG. 17a,
• 18a is a top view of a further embodiment of a shaped body with 2 openings on its top and one opening on its bottom,
• 18b shows a side view of the shaped body according to FIG. 18a,
• 18c shows the vertical section AA of the shaped body according to FIG. 18a,
• 18d shows a front view of the molded body according to FIG. 18a,
• 18e the vertical section BB of the shaped body according to FIG. 18a
• 19a shows the top view of a further embodiment of a shaped body with 4 openings on its top and 2 openings on its underside,
• 19b shows a side view of the shaped body according to FIG. 19a,
• 19c shows the vertical section AA of the shaped body according to FIG. 19a,
• 19d shows a front view of the molded body according to FIG. 19a,
• 19e shows the vertical section BB of the shaped body according to FIG. 19a,
• 19f shows the vertical section CC of the shaped body according to FIG. 19a,
• 20a shows the top view of a further embodiment of a shaped body with 2 openings on its top and one opening on its bottom,
• 20b shows a side view of the molded body according to FIG. 20a,
• 20c shows the vertical section AA of the shaped body according to FIG. 20a,
• 20d shows a front view of the molded body according to FIG. 20a,
• 20e shows the vertical section BB of the shaped body according to FIG. 20a
• 21 shows the vertical section through a dam structure which is in principle formed by an association of shaped bodies (preferably according to FIGS. 23a to 24f),
• 22 shows the top view of the final formation of a dam structure formed from shaped bodies according to FIGS. 23a to 23e or according to FIGS. 24a to 24f.
• 23a is a top view of a further embodiment of a molded body with 4 openings on its top and one opening on its bottom,
• 23b shows a side view of the shaped body according to FIG. 23a,
• 23c shows the vertical section AA of the shaped body according to FIG. 23a,
• 23d shows a front view of the molded body according to FIG. 23a,
• 23e the vertical section BB of the molded body according to FIG. 23a,
• 24a is a top view of a molded body combination which is composed of two partial structures to form a molded body corresponding to FIGS. 23a to 23e with 4 openings on the top and one opening on the bottom,
• 24b shows a plan view of the lower part of the molded body combination according to FIG. 24a,
• 24c shows a top view of the upper part of the molded body combination according to FIG. 24a,
• 24d shows a front view of the molded body combination according to FIG. 24a,
• 24e shows a front view of the lower part of the molded body combination according to FIG. 24a,
• 24f shows a front view of the upper part of the molded body combination according to FIG. 24a,
• Fig. 25 the vertical section through the dam structure according to Fig. 21 supplemented by flow-guiding prefabricated fitting bodies.

In Figure 1a, the hollow body structure is formed only from an upper shell 1a and a lower shell 1b. The structural design of the flow cross-section 2a, 2b, 2d was not shown here for reasons of a better overview. The same applies to the waves moving along the reference water level 3 and the water volume of the wave run-up surge transported by them during the wave breaking process above the hollow body boundary 4. After the movement has been reversed, the latter is fed back in full or in part through the inlet cross-section 2a, the cavity 2b and the outlet cross-section 2d as a return flow to the water volume in front of the building below the reference water level 3. The distance 5 of the upper boundary 4 of the hollow body structure from the reference water level at the embankment contour 6 as well as the design of the cross sections 2a, 2b and 2d per running meter of the shoreline 7 and the parallel length 8 of the hollow body structure are dependent on the configuration of the overall structure and the design wave characteristics can be determined by hydraulic model investigations. The hollow body structure can be established separately from the slope cover 9a, 9b, which may be of conventional design, or in conjunction with it.

1b shows an example of the possible (possibly optimal) arrangement of the upper hollow body boundary 4 below the reference water level on the structure 6, depending on the result of the model tests.

1c contains the basic illustration of a hollow body structure which is partially permeable on its upper side. This embodiment is characterized in that it is functional for changing reference water levels between two limit water levels 3a and 3b.

The reference water level 3a drawn in above the design water level 3b reflects a temporarily higher water level, which z. B. future climate changes, but must not affect the functionality of the revetment according to the invention.

The return water located after the breaking of the waves above the lower limit water level 3b can penetrate through the openings 10 into the cavity 2c underneath and is then returned via the cavity 2b and the outlet cross-section 2d to the water volume in front of the building. The distances 5a and 5b of the upper boundaries 4a and 4b of the upper, permeable shell part 11 and lower impermeable shell part 12 consisting of steps from the intersection of the upper boundary water level 6a and the lower boundary water level 6b with the slope contour and the associated lengths 8a and 8b and the net cross sections of the openings 10 depend on the configuration of the entire structure, the boundary water levels 3a, 3b, and the design wave characteristics and must be determined by model tests.

Preferred cross-sectional embodiments of the hollow body structure are explained in detail below:

In Fig.2 in connection with Fig.2a to Fig.2d it can be seen that a flowable shaped block 2.1 is formed with funnel-shaped recesses 2.2 and corresponding conical formations 2.3 that it is in the middle a bandage of 4 neighboring shaped blocks 2.4 is fixed horizontally and vertically in its position.

In the case of the curb stones laid on the upper hollow body boundary 2.5, the arrangement of the funnel-shaped recesses 2.2 also entails a smaller inlet loss.

To further reduce flow resistance and / or for reasons of cheaper production, the inner surfaces 2.6 of the stones (FIGS. 2c and 2d) can also be made of plastic hollow bodies (possibly pipes) or the like. consist. Since these shaped stones, which are closed on their circumference and laid in a composite, are not very permeable to leachate, they should preferably be arranged above an impermeable cover layer.

Shaped stones that 3a to 3d are designed to be permeable on the underside through rectangular (or differently shaped) recesses 3.1, can be directly on an existing permeable cover layer, filter mat or the like. be relocated.

The same applies to the shaped stones according to Fig.3e to Fig.3g, which incorporate a larger base height 3.2 in the substructure of a bank protection plant and thus can contribute more to its stability as integral components.

In place of the funnel-shaped recesses and conical shapes of the shaped stones acc. 2a and 3a occur in the formation of the shaped stones acc. 4 a to 4 d corresponding locking elements as lugs 4.1 and corresponding cutouts 4.2 in the area of the bearing surfaces.

For the shaped stones acc. 5a to 5e, the arrangement of lugs 5.1 on two abutting bearing surface edges and corresponding recesses 5.2 on the opposite bearing surface edges creates a more diagonally oriented composite effect, which, however, is also characterized in that a single molded block is represented by 4 Adjacent shaped blocks are fixed horizontally and vertically in their position.

Top curbs belonging to FIGS. 4 a and 5 a, cf. FIG. 2, can also have funnel-shaped cut-outs in accordance with FIG. Fig.2a have.

All shaped blocks according to FIGS. 3a to 5d can also be made completely closed with the hollow plastic bodies mentioned in FIGS. 2c and 2d and / or on their circumference.

The shaped stones acc. 6a to 7d are provided for seepage water-permeable revetments or cover layers and are accordingly laid on a filter mat or the like. Flow cross-sections are here only formed as thin-walled hollow profiles with rectangular sections 6.1 or 7.1 or circular cross sections 6.2 or 7.2, which are provided at their ends with disk-like abutting surfaces 6.3 or 7.3. The composite elements 6.4 and 6.5 on the end plates correspond to the shaped blocks in accordance with. 6a that of FIG. 2a or FIG. 3a and the composite elements 7.4 or 7.5 in the case of the shaped blocks according to FIG. 7a in principle those of FIG. Gaps 6.6 and 7.6, respectively, remain between the hollow profiles of a stone and between the hollow profiles of two shaped stones arranged side by side, which enable an almost unhindered passage of seepage water. The total surface formed by hollow profiles and end plates of the shaped stones laid in the composite advantageously corresponds to the surface of a rough revetment.

If these shaped stones are weighed down with a cover layer to achieve greater stability, a better bonding effect with the filler material can be achieved by carrying them out with higher end plates, see Fig. 6e and Fig. 7e. In the sense of a more economical production of molded blocks and / or to achieve lower flow losses, the inside and / or Outer surfaces of the hollow profiles made of plastic elements (possibly pipes) may be advantageous.

The top curbs to be assigned to FIG. 7a can also be designed with streamlined inlet funnels according to FIG. 2a.

In Fig.8a to Fig.8d the shaped block is gem. 6a to 6c modified by arranging inclined head surfaces in such a way that water entry is possible with molded stones laid in a composite according to FIG. 1c. The bond is ensured in this case by the fact that the end disks 8.1 and 8.2 parallel to the contour lines are of the same height on both sides, the lower end disk 8.2 being designed funnel-shaped 8.3 in the region of the inlets located above the top surfaces.

Also with the purpose of allowing the water to enter in accordance with FIG. 1c, the shaped block according to FIG. Fig.2a to Fig.2c modified by arranging inclined head surfaces 9.1. The bond is ensured in this case by the fact that the intermediate walls 9.2 and side walls 9.3 parallel to the fall line have a constant height.

Prefabricated panels with the cross-sectional configuration shown in Fig. 10 essentially consist of hollow sections 10.1, which may be covered with concrete or the like, possibly using structural steel mesh or the like. are shed. Analogous to the composite constructions for the shaped blocks according to FIG. 2, the plates should have funnel-shaped widenings in the area of the hollow profile openings at the respective upper end, into which conical locking elements (not shown here), formed on the respective lower end of the plates, in the sense of a Intervene with horizontally offset panels. The support surface of the plates forms a conventionally produced (impermeable) cover layer 10.3. In the case of an in-situ concrete construction, this is preferably rough on its surface 10.4. Hollow profiles laid on top are pushed in the fall line in the usual way with sleeves and with in-situ concrete, colcrete concrete or similar. shed. The Surface can also be designed rough in the sense of greater energy conversion.

Panels in prefabricated construction with the cross-sectional configuration shown in FIG. 11 essentially consist of hollow profiles 11.1, which have recesses 11.2 on their underside or are designed to be slotted in order to ensure the infiltration of seepage water into the interior of the profile.

The grouting 11.3 is carried out as in Fig. 10 with concrete, asphalt concrete or the like, possibly using structural steel mesh or the like. to elements that are installed using machines.

In the sense of training as a component of open bank protection works that are permeable to leachate, the plates are placed on a sand-retaining filter mat 11.4 or similar. laid, which in turn is arranged over conventional, permeable layers 11.5.

The panel assembly is carried out with similar locking elements as for panels according to Fig.10 and in a staggered arrangement as shown in Fig.2 for the shaped blocks.

In the case of the construction of the hollow body structure in in-situ concrete construction, a plastic film 11.6 is arranged in the area between the hollow profiles, which is intended to prevent the potting material from penetrating into the filter mat. Butt joints, potting and surface design are carried out as for the embodiment according to Fig10.

FIGS. 12a to 12e show a hollow body construction of prefabricated concrete construction that is partially permeable on its surface according to FIG. 1c. The shell, which partially delimits the cavity towards the water side, consists of streamlined steps 12.1, between which openings 12.2 remain, through which the return water can enter the cavity 12.3 below.

As a further embodiment, preferably for permeable cover layers, hollow profiles 13.1 are shown on their circumference in FIG. 13, which are connected at their ends by shaped blocks 13.2. The latter are said to be horizontal and vertical connection thereby ensure that on the one hand they take on the function of socket connections 13.3 along the fall line and, on the other hand, parallel to the contour lines in the area of their abutting surfaces are provided with form-fitting nose-shaped locking elements 13.4 which have correspondingly formed recesses 13.5 on the opposite abutting surfaces in the region of their ends are assigned.

The space 13.6 between the hollow profiles and shaped stones can preferably be filled with permeable building materials.

Another variant can be that the hollow profiles are provided in their ridge area or even on their entire circumference with holes or slits through which the water present after the breaking of the waves can enter the hollow body interior in the sense of a drainage.

In the case of inclined baffle walls 14.1 of hydraulic steel structures, a hollow body structure can be obtained according to FIG. 14 by supporting a second steel sheet shell 14.2 using steel profile support elements 14.3, the recognized design principles with regard to the risk of corrosion being observed.

FIG. 15 in turn shows the upper part of a hollow body structure which is partially permeable on its upper side as a hydraulic steel structure according to FIG. The shell partially delimiting the cavity towards the water side consists of flat steel profiles 15.1 which are connected to profile steels 15.2 in an inclined, stepped arrangement. Openings 15.3 remain through the steps through which the return water can enter the cavity 15.4 below.

In Fig. 16 (in connection with Figs. 17a to 18e), the hollow body structure is principally formed from the outer inclined layer in a spatial association or combination of molded bodies 16.1, 16.2 and 16.9. The lowest shaped bodies 16.2 give off their vertical bearing forces overall to the subsurface (subgrade). The moldings located above are supported on the one hand on the moldings below the same (outer) layer and on the other hand on the parallel to the latter the inclined (inner) layer 16.3 on the support body in such a way that a spatial association or composite effect arises between the two layers.

The shaped bodies of the inner layer can be filled with suitable material in the sense of improved flow guidance in connection with the creation of the support body or covered with prefabricated fitting bodies (not shown here; see FIG. 25). The support forces present on the right-hand side of the molded body are transferred into the support body 16.4.

The towards the building along the reference water level 16.5 Moving waves (on the windward side) and the water volume of the wave run-up surge transported by them during the wave breaking process on the structure above the reference water level are not shown. After the reversal of movement, the latter is completely or partially fed back through the inlet cross-sections 16.6, the structured cavity 16.7 and the outlet cross-sections 16.8 to the water volume in front of the building below the reference water level 16.5. The height of the structure and the related position of the uppermost shaped bodies 16.9 depends on the purpose of the overall structure and the design wave characteristics and must be determined by hydraulic model examinations.

The details of the shaped concrete body used as a structural element for the cross section shown in FIG. 16 can be seen in FIGS. 17a to 17g and in FIGS. 18a to 18e. In Fig.17a to 17g it can be seen that the desired biaxial horizontal composite effect arises from the fact that a molded body with its 4 corner support edges 17.1 projecting at the corners of its underside and T-shaped intermediate support edges 17.2 in correspondingly shaped recesses 17.5 and 17.4 in the head surfaces of each engages 4 shaped bodies arranged above a rectangular base area.

The molded body contains a continuous partition 17.5 which divides it into two main chambers 17.6. A flow of the main chambers deviating from the vertical in the longitudinal direction of the chamber is ensured by the fact that partition walls 17.7 are only present in the main chambers transversely to the longitudinal direction of the chamber in the upper region of the molded body.

18a to 18e show a shaped body similar to FIGS. 17a to 17g, but with only one main chamber. If this molded body is used as the sole component of a hollow structure, a composite in a uniaxially horizontal direction can be achieved in that a molded body with its 4 corner support edges 18.1 projecting on the underside engages in correspondingly shaped recesses 18.2 in the head surfaces of two identical molded bodies which are offset in each case . A composite effect transverse to the longitudinal direction of the chamber is therefore not achievable in this case.

On the other hand, this molded body can also be combined with the Shaped bodies according to FIGS. 17a to 17g are used, in particular for completing the association in the end region of a hollow body structure or in the region of the connection to other slope structures.

The embodiment shown in FIGS. 19a to 19f for a shaped concrete body differs from that of FIGS. 17a to 17g essentially by a different design of the locking elements 19.1 or 19.2 projecting at the support corners and the corresponding recesses 19.3 or 19.4 in the top surfaces.

The same applies to the differences between the projecting locking elements 20.1 and corresponding recesses 20.2 of the molded body according to FIGS. 20a to 20e in comparison to FIGS. 18a to 18e.

Fig. 21 (in connection with Fig. 22 and Fig. 23a to 24f) shows a breakwater-like structure or a longitudinal structure which consists of shaped bodies in its actual supporting structure. The cross section marked A-A in FIG. 22 is shown.

To prevent the wave-generated flow from the windward to the leeward side, the shaped bodies in the core area 21.1 and - depending on the purpose of the structure - are also filled with suitable material on the leeward side 21.2 of the structure, while the structure on the windward side exposed to the wave attack is one of the figures .16 has a similar hollow body structure 21.3 with the effect described there.

In Fig. 22 a plan view matching to Fig. 21 is shown. In particular, it can be seen that the desired drainage of the return water is achieved constructively using the same shaped concrete body at the end of the dam structure shown.

The details of the shaped concrete body used as a structural element for the cross section shown in FIG. 21 can be seen in FIGS. 23a to 23e and 24a to 24f.

In FIGS. 23a to 23e it can be seen that the desired biaxial horizontal composite effect within the spatial association formed from shaped bodies is achieved in that the individual shaped body engages with its lower pyramid-like opening 23.1 in a corresponding opening, the beveled edges 23.2 are formed by the formation of the top surfaces of 4 underlying shaped bodies which are each arranged above a rectangular base surface.

Accordingly, the top surface of the individual shaped body has a cruciform structure 23.3 in the plan, which is limited to the upper part of the shaped body. The lower part of the molded body consists of a frame 23.4 which is rectangular in plan and has no intermediate walls in its interior. Accordingly, a flow that deviates from the vertical, preferably parallel to the slope, can form here if the molded body is laid in a spatial association - an element of the flowable hollow body structure.

24a to 24f show how the overall structure 24.1 of the molded body according to FIGS. 23a to 23e can be constructed from two separate sub-elements. Accordingly, the lower part as a separate partial element consists of a frame 24.2 which is rectangular in plan, on which the separate cruciform upper part 24.3 can be placed. In the sense of a composite, wedge-shaped recesses 24.4 are provided in the area of the abutting surfaces on the lower part, into which the rungs of the upper part, which are hexagonal in cross section, engage with their inclined lower edges 24.5 in a form-fitting manner.

25 shows an example of the arrangement of flow-guiding prefabricated fitting bodies in the vertical section of a breakwater-like structure or a longitudinal structure. It can be seen from the vertical section 25.1 through the individual fitting body that this engages in the vertical direction over both partial elements of the molded body according to FIGS. 24a to 24f. On the other hand, the top view 25.2 of the individual fitting body shows that it can advantageously also represent a horizontal composite element between two molded bodies arranged next to one another.

Claims (40)

1. A bank protection structure which is mounted on sloping structures, inclined dams or similar which are exposed to the action of waves, consisting of at least partly closed hollow bodies through which water can flow and which together form a topping which is parallel to the slope, characterised by the following features:

   a) the topping only extends over the dynamically loaded region of the bank protection structure;

   b) the topping has an upper water inlet cross section (2a) which forms the upper boundary (4; 4b) of a shell part (1a; 12) which is water-tight at its surface, which cross section lies in a plane which is at least approximately perpendicular to the slope and receives at least some of the water volume of the inflowing swell conveyed upwards over the topping or of the return water;

   c) the water inlet cross section (2a) lies at least at the height of the lowest wave-generated water level deflection below the reference water level (3) determined for the structure;

   d) the topping also has a lower water outlet cross section (2d) which lies approximately parallel to the upper water inlet cross section (2a) and below the reference water level (3) and feeds the return water below this reference water level (3) back to the water volume lying before the structure;

   e) the water inlet cross section (2a) and the water outlet cross section (2d), which are at least approximately in alignment with one another, communicate with one another via at least one continuous flow channel (2b) extending approximately parallel to the slope.
2. Structure according to claim 1, characterised in that the above-mentioned construction elements are integrated into the dynamically loaded region of the structure (Figure 1a).
3. Structure according to claim 1, characterised in that the above-mentioned construction elements lie on the dynamically loaded region of a conventional structure (9c) (Figure 1b).
4. Structure according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the double-shell building construction consists of bonded moulded bricks (Figure 2).
5. Structure according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the double-shell building construction consists of bonded concrete slabs formed as a precast unit (Figures 10 to 12e).
6. Structure according to claim 4 or 5, characterised in that the moulded bricks or concrete slabs are provided in the region of their abutting faces with positive, horizontal and vertical locking elements which ensure that a bond is created and with which locking elements formed in a corresponding manner at the opposite abutting faces in the region of their ends are associated so as to ensure that a gap for the passage of seepage water remains between the moulded bricks or concrete slabs (Figures 2 to 9d and 12a to 12e).
7. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the front faces (9.1) of the moulded bricks have a steeper inclination than the bearing faces along the slope dip line, as a result of which the water lying above the bonded moulded bricks after the waves have broken can locally enter the hollow space (2c) lying below the front faces (Figures 1c and 8a to 9d).
8. Structure according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the hollow body boundaries consist of hollow sections (2.6), (6.1), (6.2), (7.1), (7.2), (10.1), (13.1) which are laid parallel to the dip line (Figures 2a to 2d, 6a to 11, 13a to 13c).
9. Structure according to claim 8, characterised in that seepage water flows around the hollow sections (Figures 6a - 8d and Figures 13a - 13c).
10. Structure according to claims 8 and 9, characterised in that the hollow sections are joined by sleeves.
11. Structure according to claim 8, 9 or 10, characterised in that the hollow sections are connected at their ends by moulded bricks (13.2) which ensure that a horizontal and a vertical bond is created in that on one side they have the function of sleeve joints (13.3) along the dip line and on the other are provided - parallel to the contour lines in the region of their abutting faces - with positive, horizontal and vertical locking elements which ensure that a bond is created and with which locking elements formed in a corresponding manner at the opposite abutting faces in the region of their ends are associated (Figures 13a to 13c).
12. Structure according to claim 11, characterised in that the locking elements at the short upper and/or lower edges are formed as nose-shaped projections (13.4) or recesses (13.5) (Figures 13a to 13c).
13. Structure according to one of claims 8 to 12, characterised in that filler which is permeable to seepage water is disposed between and/or above the hollow sections.
14. Structure according to one of claims 8 to 13, characterised in that the hollow sections have water passage openings (3.1), (11.2) to allow seepage water to enter (Figures 3a to 5d and 11).
15. Structure according to one of the preceding claims, in particular for varying reference water levels between two limit water levels (3a, 3b), characterised in that a partially water-permeable hollow body structure adjoins the upper boundary (4; 4b) of the water-tight shell part (1a; 12) (Figures 1c, 12c, 15b).
16. Structure according to claim 15, characterised in that the partially water-permeable hollow body structure is a shell part (11) which consists of steps (12.1) and comprises water inlet openings (10; 12.2; 15.3) at its upper side between the steps, which openings lead into an underlying hollow space (2c; 12.3; 15.4) which is in alignment with the flow channel (2b) extending parallel to the slope (Figures 1c, 12c and 15b).
17. Structure according to claim 1, characterised in that the moulded bodies are provided in the region of their abutting faces with positive locking elements which ensure that a bond is created and with which locking elements formed in a corresponding manner at the opposite abutting faces in the region of their ends are associated (Figures 17a to 20e; Figures 23a to 24f).
18. A bank protection structure which is mounted on sloping structures, inclined dams or similar which are exposed to the action of waves, consisting of at least partly closed hollow bodies through which water can flow and which together form a topping which is parallel to the slope, characterised by the following features:

    a) The bank protection structure is formed as a hollow body structure which is approximately parallel to the slope, as a breakwater-type structure or a longitudinal dyke which itself, together with the topping, consists of stack-bonded or bonded hollow bodies;

    b) the topping only extends over the dynamically loaded region of the bank protection structure;

    c) the hollow bodies (16.7) which are disposed above the reference water level (16.5) determined for the structure and form the outer layer have water inlet cross sections (16.6) for receiving initially primarily in the vertical direction at least some of the water volume of the inflowing swell conveyed above the reference water level (16.5) when the waves break at the structure or of the return water, and the hollow bodies (16.7) which are disposed below the reference water level (16.5) and also form the outer layer have water outlet cross sections (16.8) which feed the above-mentioned water volume back to the water volume lying before the structure;

    d) the water inlet cross section (16.6) lies at least at the height of the lowest wave-generated water level deflection below the reference water level (16.5) determined for the structure;

    e) the lower water outlet cross section (16.8) lies approximately parallel to the upper water inlet cross section (16.6).

    f) the inlet and outlet cross sections (16.6, 16.8) are at least approximately in alignment with one another and in each case lead into an underlying hollow space (16.7) which forms a continuous flow channel extending approximately parallel to the slope (Figures 16, 21 and 25).
19. Structure according to one of the preceding claims, characterised by a hollow body through which water can flow, can be bonded to form a protective surface, has a front face which is directed outwards in the bond and a bearing face which is disposed opposite the latter and is directed inwards, between which faces a free water flow cross section is provided which connects an inlet opening at the top in the bond to a lower outlet opening.
20. Structure according to claim 19, characterised in that the abutting faces of the hollow body are provided with locking elements.
21. Structure according to claim 20, characterised in that the locking elements are formed as funnel-shaped recesses (2.2) or conical projections (2.3) in the region of the hollow body openings (Figures 2a to 3g, 6a to 6d, 8a to 9d, 12a to 12e).
22. Structure according to claim 20, characterised in that the locking elements are constructed as nose-shaped projections (4.1) or recesses (4.2) at the long edges, which form the bearing faces and/or front faces with the front or back sides of the hollow body (Figures 4a to 4d, 7a to 7d).
23. Structure according to claim 20, characterised in that the locking elements are constructed as nose-shaped projections (5.1) or recesses (5.2) at the short edges and along approximately half the length of the long edges, which form the bearing faces with side walls or with the front and back sides of the hollow body (Figures 5a to 5d).
24. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 23, characterised by end plates (6.3, 7.3) which project beyond the outer contour of the hollow body for achieving a greater bonding action with a covering layer or similar (Figures 6a to 7d).
25. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 24, characterised in that the hollow body boundary is formed as a shell of steel plates (14.2) and/or steel sections (14.3) (Figures 14 to 15d).
26. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 25, characterised in that flow-promoting inlet funnels are provided at the upper boundary of the hollow body serving as an edge brick in the region of its inlets.
27. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 26, characterised in that the surfaces of the inner hollow body faces (2.6) consist of plastic.
28. Structure according to claim 27, characterised in that the surfaces of the inner hollow body faces, together with the surfaces of the recesses in the bearing faces, consist of prefabricated plastic elements in the sense of permanent shuttering.
29. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 28, characterised in that the hollow spaces, through which water can flow, of the hollow bodies consist of hollow sections.
30. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 29, characterised in that the hollow body is a concrete slab which is formed as a precast unit (Figures 12a to 12e).
31. Structure according to claims 29 and 30, characterised in that the hollow sections are grouted with concrete or similar.
32. Structure according to claim 30 or 31, characterised in that recesses are provided in the front face of the hollow body, which recesses are formed as inclined steps with openings (12.2) lying between the steps (12.1), through which openings the water lying above after the waves have broken can locally enter the hollow space (12.3) disposed below the steps (Figures 12a to 12e).
33. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 21, characterised by a moulded body through which water can flow preferably regularly, which is polygonal, preferably rectangular, in a horizontal section, can be stack-bonded to form a three-dimensional protective structure and has upper and lower openings through which water flows in a varying manner according to their position relative to the water level in the overall structure.
34. Structure according to claim 33, characterised in that the moulded body comprises elements which are circular or arcuate in a horizontal section, at least in part.
35. Structure according to one of the preceding claims, characterised by a moulded body (Figures 17a to 20e and Figures 23a to 24f) through which water can flow preferably regularly, which is of a single- or multichamber construction, can be stack-bonded to form a three-dimensional protective structure and has upper and lower chamber openings through which water flows in a varying manner according to their position relative to the water level in the overall structure and inner and outer chamber walls which are vertically staggered such that a flow direction which is approximately regular, diverges from the vertical and is preferably parallel to the slope is also produced locally.
36. Structure according to claim 35, characterised in that moulded bodies through which water can flow are provided with flow-deflecting, prefabricated adaptors with the effect of an improved flow guidance.
37. Structure according to claim 36, characterised in that the flow-deflecting adaptors are formed as substructures (25.1, 25.2) which engage over the moulded bodies.
38. Structure according to claim 35, characterised in that inner chamber walls represent approximately grid-like substructures (24.3) and outer chamber walls approximately frame-like separate substructures (24.4) which, each being superimposed in the bond, form an element of a three- dimensional bond (Figures 24a to 24f).
39. Structure according to one of claims 33 to 38, characterised in that the abutting faces between the moulded bodies or between the substructures or between the moulded bodies and substructures are provided with locking elements.
40. Structure according to claim 39, characterised in that the locking elements are formed as truncated pyramidal recesses (23.2) or projections (23.1, 24.5) corresponding to the latter in the region of the moulded body openings or at the abutting faces of the substructures.

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