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EP0317380A1 - Lining with low sound reflectivity - Google Patents

Lining with low sound reflectivity Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0317380A1
EP0317380A1 EP88402674A EP88402674A EP0317380A1 EP 0317380 A1 EP0317380 A1 EP 0317380A1 EP 88402674 A EP88402674 A EP 88402674A EP 88402674 A EP88402674 A EP 88402674A EP 0317380 A1 EP0317380 A1 EP 0317380A1
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Prior art keywords
layer
acoustic waves
plates
coating according
fixed
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EP88402674A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Michel Lagier
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10KSOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/172Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using resonance effects
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10KSOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/162Selection of materials
    • G10K11/168Plural layers of different materials, e.g. sandwiches

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to anechoic coatings which make it possible to absorb acoustic waves in a wide frequency band and possibly under high hydrostatic pressures in order, for example, to escape detection by sonar.
  • a sound wave more generally acoustic
  • a wall When a sound wave, more generally acoustic, arrives on a wall, part of its energy is reflected, another part is transmitted, and a third part is absorbed in the wall.
  • a wall For such a wall to be anechoic, that is to say that it does not reflect any part of the incident acoustic wave, it must be entirely transmitted, or entirely absorbed, or that it is shared. entirely between transmission and absorption.
  • the material is homogeneous, we cannot satisfy in practice on these two conditions. Indeed for the material to be absorbent, it must have losses, that is to say that its coefficient tg ⁇ is large. Under these conditions the impedance Z is complex (there is a phase difference between the pressure and the speed), while the impedance Z0 is real, at least in the current case of water.
  • the wall is provided with conduits perpendicular thereto, the best known embodiment of which is called honeycomb.
  • the bottom of these conduits is provided with compressible volumes formed for example with a foam material comprising cells filled with gas. According to the dimensioning adopted, in particular the length and the diameter of the conduits, an adaptation frequency is obtained for which the anechoism is total.
  • the invention provides an absorbent anechoic coating in which the acoustic waves, which are compression waves, are used to excite in a shear mode a material which has significant losses.
  • these acoustic waves are received on a set of trays supported by a layer of compressible material and follow the movement of the acoustic wave.
  • These trays include rods which are anchored in the breast of a layer of lossy material. Under the effect of the movement communicated to the rods by the plates, the material is deformed in shear and dissipates the energy coming from the acoustic wave.
  • Figure 1 is shown in section the wall 101 that is to be treated acoustically.
  • This elastomer is weakly compressible and of high stiffness and also has high shear strength.
  • This layer 103 is covered with a set of trays 104 separated by seals 105. These seals have a minimum width and are therefore just wide enough to separate the movements of the trays from each other while exposing a minimum of the surface of the layer 103 most commonly in the middle of the spread.
  • These trays are rigid and can be made either of metal or with a composite material such as a laminate of glass or carbon fibers embedded in a resin matrix.
  • their mass is as low as possible.
  • a rod 106 which penetrates into a hole formed in the layers 103 and 102 where this rod is force-fitted, so as to be integral with the walls of this hole and to be anchored in the mass of the elastometer layer 102.
  • This rod is such that it leaves a free space 107 between its lower end and the wall 101 so as not to touch this wall despite the action of the hydrostatic pressure of the propagation medium and that of the waves acoustic.
  • the rods 106 themselves follow the movement of the plates and, as they are integral with the wall of the holes in which they are inserted, they shear the layer 102.
  • the deformation of the material of the layer 102 resulting from this shearing is shown on the is shown by the arrows 109. Quite naturally, this deformation is maximum at the interface between the rod and the layer and decreases towards the middle part between two rods.
  • the damping of the incident compression acoustic wave is therefore obtained on the one hand by the difference in stiffness between the layers 102 and 103, and on the other hand by the elastic losses of the shearing mode in the layer 102.
  • the parameters of the layers are determined on the one hand as a function of the impedance matching condition, and on the other hand as a function of the desired resonant frequency, which itself corresponds to the frequency for which a maximum absorption is desired.
  • the impedance matching condition is given as a first approximation by: ⁇ 0 C0 S0 ⁇ ⁇ C s S
  • ⁇ 0 and C0 are respectively the density and the speed of compression of water
  • ⁇ and C s are the density and the shearing speed of the elastomer
  • S0 is the surface of a plateau
  • S la lateral surface of a rod ( ⁇ dh if d is the diameter and h the height).
  • the value which corresponds to the resonant frequency of the structure is preferably chosen as the value of the frequency f0 for which the above formula is satisfied.
  • This resonant frequency is close to in which M c is the mass of a set of plates / rods and C el the equivalent shear compliance of the elastomer.
  • the plates are dimensioned in such a way that their largest dimension and their spacing are much less at the average wavelength of the acoustic band in which we want to obtain an anechoic effect.
  • a method of manufacturing a coating according to the invention one starts from a rigid metal or composite material plate on which the rods are fixed by an adequate method, for example screwing, welding, force fitting or thermal shrinking .
  • a layer of foam rubber is then pierced at the locations of the rods, and this layer is then threaded onto these rods so that it rests on the rigid plate.
  • the elastomer layer is poured, which is molded on the foam rubber layer and around the rods which we have taken care to extend with sleeves.
  • the assembly is removed from the mold, the sleeves are removed so as to obtain the spaces 107 at the end of the rods, then the plates are separated by making, for example, saw cuts which spare the joints 105.
  • the dimensions of the anechoic coating are as follows: - square trays with a side equal to: 20 mm - rod length: 60 mm - rod diameter: 6 mm - foam thickness: 10 mm - thickness of the elastomer: 55 mm
  • the trays are formed from a 1 mm thick steel plate and, in this example, the rods are formed from a 1 mm thick steel tube, to be hollow so that the mass of the whole is not too important.
  • the compressible foam layer is in this example manufactured with a polyurethane similar to that of the elastomer layer, but treated to obtain a foam which has a density of 740 kg / m3 under a pressure of 30 bars, and in which the compression wave speed is 410 m / s.
  • a material retains its compressibility characteristics under high pressures, 30 bars for example, and therefore allows the anechoic coating to operate under significant immersion, 300 m for example for this same pressure of 30 bars.
  • FIG. 2 shows the attenuation as a function of frequency. It can be seen that the resonant frequency is close to 4 kHz and that an attenuation greater than - 15 dB is obtained in a pass band extending from 2 to 7 kHz.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne les revêtements anéchoïques qui permettent d'empêcher une paroi de réfléchir les ondes acoustiques. Elle consiste à recouvrir cette paroi (101) d'une couche de matériau élastique faiblement compressible (102) et présentant de fortes pertes au cisaillement puis d'une couche de matériau fortement compressible (103). Un ensemble de plateaux (104) recouvre cette deuxième couche et vibre sous l'action des ondes acoustiques (108). Des tiges (106) fixées sur ces plateaux transmettent ces vibrations à la première couche qui est ainsi sollicitée en cisaillement (109) et vient dissiper l'énergie des vibrations. Elle permet d'éviter le repérage par sonar des véhicules sous-marinsThe invention relates to anechoic coatings which make it possible to prevent a wall from reflecting acoustic waves. It consists in covering this wall (101) with a layer of weakly compressible elastic material (102) and having high shear losses and then with a layer of highly compressible material (103). A set of plates (104) covers this second layer and vibrates under the action of acoustic waves (108). Rods (106) fixed on these plates transmit these vibrations to the first layer which is thus stressed in shear (109) and dissipates the energy of the vibrations. It avoids sonar tracking of underwater vehicles

Description

La présente invention se rapporte aux revêtements anéchoïques qui permettent d'absorber les ondes acoustiques dans une large bande de fréquences et éventuellement sous de fortes pressions hydrostatiques afin, par exemple, d'échapper au repérage par sonar.The present invention relates to anechoic coatings which make it possible to absorb acoustic waves in a wide frequency band and possibly under high hydrostatic pressures in order, for example, to escape detection by sonar.

Lorsqu'une onde sonore, plus généralement acoustique, arrive sur une paroi, une partie de son énergie est réfléchie, une autre partie est transmise, et une troisième partie est absorbée dans la paroi. Pour qu'une telle paroi soit anéchoïque, c'est-à-dire qu'elle ne réfléchisse aucune partie de l'onde acoustique incidente, il faut que celle-ci soit entièrement transmise, ou entièrement absorbée, ou qu'elle se partage entièrement entre la transmission et l'absorption.When a sound wave, more generally acoustic, arrives on a wall, part of its energy is reflected, another part is transmitted, and a third part is absorbed in the wall. For such a wall to be anechoic, that is to say that it does not reflect any part of the incident acoustic wave, it must be entirely transmitted, or entirely absorbed, or that it is shared. entirely between transmission and absorption.

On sait qu'à l'interface de deux milieux de propagation acoustique, d'impédance Z₀ pour le milieu dans lequel se propage l'onde incidente, et Z pour le milieu recevant celle-ci, le coefficient de réflexion sur cette interface est

Figure imgb0001
Pour que l'énergie soit entièrement transmise, il faut que Z = Z₀. Ceci est en général impossible compte tenu des matériaux en question, sur lesquels on ne peut pas agir puisque l'un est un milieu naturel, le plus souvent de l'eau, et l'autre un matériau de construction d'une structure, par exemple l'acier d'une coque de sous-marin.We know that at the interface of two acoustic propagation media, of impedance Z₀ for the medium in which the incident wave propagates, and Z for the medium receiving it, the reflection coefficient on this interface is
Figure imgb0001
For the energy to be fully transmitted, it is necessary that Z = Z₀. This is generally impossible given the materials in question, on which we cannot act since one is a natural environment, most often water, and the other a material for building a structure, for example. example the steel of a submarine hull.

Il est connu dans ce cas de revêtir la paroi d'une couche intermédiaire tendant à rendre cette paroi anéchoïque en satisfaisant d'une part à l'égalité Z = Z₀ et en étant d'autre part absorbante.It is known in this case to coat the wall with an intermediate layer tending to make this wall anechoic while satisfying on the one hand the equality Z = Z₀ and on the other hand being absorbent.

Si le matériau est homogène, on ne sait pas satisfaire dans la pratique à ces deux conditions. En effet pour que le matériau soit absorbant, il faut qu'il présente des pertes, c'est-à-dire que son coefficient tgδ soit grand. Dans ces conditions l'impédance Z est complexe (il y a un déphasage entre la pression et la vitesse), alors que l'impédance Z₀ est réelle, tout au moins dans le cas courant de l'eau.If the material is homogeneous, we cannot satisfy in practice on these two conditions. Indeed for the material to be absorbent, it must have losses, that is to say that its coefficient tgδ is large. Under these conditions the impedance Z is complex (there is a phase difference between the pressure and the speed), while the impedance Z₀ is real, at least in the current case of water.

Bien entendu une impédance complexe ne saurait être égale à une impédance réelle et la condition d'égalité des impédances ne peut donc être satisfaite.Of course, a complex impedance cannot be equal to a real impedance and the condition of equality of the impedances cannot therefore be satisfied.

Par ailleurs l'absorption des ondes acoustiques est définie par un coefficient d'absorption α qui est relié au coefficient tgδ par la relation α =

Figure imgb0002
tgδ. De ce fait on a entre R et α la relation : R=
Figure imgb0003
.Furthermore, the absorption of acoustic waves is defined by an absorption coefficient α which is linked to the coefficient tgδ by the relation α =
Figure imgb0002
tgδ. Therefore we have between R and α the relation: R =
Figure imgb0003
.

Il est connu de fabriquer un matériau partiellement anéchoïque en noyant des particules solides dans une matrice formée d'un matériau d'élastomère. Ces hétérogénéïtés provoquent ainsi une diffusion et l'apparition dans ce matériau d'ondes de cisaillement, ce qui augmente le coefficient d'absorption. Cependant le pouvoir anéchoïque d'une tel matériau reste limité, en raison de la relation existant entre les coefficients d'absorption et de réflexion, principalement aux basses fréquences.It is known to manufacture a partially anechoic material by embedding solid particles in a matrix formed of an elastomeric material. These heterogeneities thus cause diffusion and the appearance in this material of shear waves, which increases the absorption coefficient. However, the anechoic power of such a material remains limited, due to the relationship existing between the absorption and reflection coefficients, mainly at low frequencies.

Il est également connu de fabriquer un revêtement partiellement anéchoïque dans lequel l'énergie est dissipée par frottement visqueux. Pour cela on muni la paroi de conduits perpendiculaires à celle-ci dont la réalisation la plus connue est dite en nids d'abeilles. Le fond de ces conduits est muni de volumes compressibles formés par exemple avec un matériau en mousse comportant des alvéoles remplies de gaz. Selon le dimensionnement adopté, en particulier la longueur et le diamètre des conduits, on obtient une fréquence d'adaptation pour laquelle l'anéchoïsme est total.It is also known to manufacture a partially anechoic coating in which the energy is dissipated by viscous friction. For this, the wall is provided with conduits perpendicular thereto, the best known embodiment of which is called honeycomb. The bottom of these conduits is provided with compressible volumes formed for example with a foam material comprising cells filled with gas. According to the dimensioning adopted, in particular the length and the diameter of the conduits, an adaptation frequency is obtained for which the anechoism is total.

Un tel revêtement est décrit par exemple dans le brevet français no 84 05558 déposé au nom de la Société ALSTHOM ATLANTIQUE.Such a coating is described for example in French Patent No. 84 05558 filed on behalf of the Company ATLANTIC Alsthom.

Outre le fait que l'anéchoïsme n'est suffisant que dans une bande passante centrée sur la fréquence d'adaptation, un tel revêtement anéchoïque est de fabrication complexe, et par conséquent d'un coût élevé.In addition to the fact that anechoism is only sufficient in a bandwidth centered on the adaptation frequency, such an anechoic coating is complex to manufacture, and therefore of high cost.

L'invention propose un revêtement anéchoïque absor­bant dans lequel les ondes acoustiques, qui sont des ondes de compression, sont utilisées pour exciter selon un mode de cisaillement un matériau qui présente des pertes importantes. Pour cela ces ondes acoustiques sont reçues sur un ensemble de plateaux supportés par une couche de matériau compressible et suivent le mouvement de l'onde acoustique. Ces plateaux comportent des tiges qui sont ancrées dans le sein d'une couche de matériau à pertes. Sous l'effet du mouvement communiqué aux tiges par les plateaux, le matériau est déformé en cisaillement et dissipe l'énergie provenant de l'onde acoustique.The invention provides an absorbent anechoic coating in which the acoustic waves, which are compression waves, are used to excite in a shear mode a material which has significant losses. For this, these acoustic waves are received on a set of trays supported by a layer of compressible material and follow the movement of the acoustic wave. These trays include rods which are anchored in the breast of a layer of lossy material. Under the effect of the movement communicated to the rods by the plates, the material is deformed in shear and dissipates the energy coming from the acoustic wave.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront clairement dans la description suivante présentée à titre d'exemple non limitatif et faite en regard des figures annexées qui représentent :

  • - la figure 1, une vue en coupe d'un revêtement selon l'invention ; et
  • - la figure 2, une courbe d'atténuation en fonction de la fréquence de l'onde incidente.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear clearly in the following description presented by way of nonlimiting example and made with reference to the appended figures which represent:
  • - Figure 1, a sectional view of a coating according to the invention; and
  • - Figure 2, an attenuation curve as a function of the frequency of the incident wave.

Sur la figure 1 on a représenté en coupe la paroi 101 qu'il s'agit de traiter acoustiquement.In Figure 1 is shown in section the wall 101 that is to be treated acoustically.

Sur cette paroi on a fixé, par collage par exemple, une couche 102 d'un matériau élastique tel qu'un élastomère présentant de fortes pertes, c'est-à-dire un coefficient tg δ important. Cet élastomère est faiblement compressible et de forte raideur et présente en outre une grande résistance au cisaillement.On this wall, a layer 102 of an elastic material such as an elastomer having high losses, that is to say a high coefficient tg δ, has been fixed, by gluing for example. This elastomer is weakly compressible and of high stiffness and also has high shear strength.

Par dessus cette couche 102 on a fixé, par collage par exemple, une couche 103 formée d'un matériau fortement compressible et de faible raideur, tel que par exemple une mousse à cellules fermées.On top of this layer 102, a layer 103 formed of a highly compressible material of low stiffness, such as for example a closed cell foam, has been fixed, by gluing for example.

Cette couche 103 est recouverte d'un ensemble de plateaux 104 séparés par des joints 105. Ces joints présentent une largeur minimale et sont donc juste assez larges pour désolidariser les mouvements des plateaux entre eux tout en exposant un minimum de la surface de la couche 103 au milieu de propagation, l'eau le plus généralement. Ces plateaux sont rigides et peuvent être fabriqués soit en métal, soit avec un matériau composite tel qu'un stratifié de fibres de verre ou de carbone noyées dans une matrice en résine. Avantageusement leur masse est la plus faible possible.This layer 103 is covered with a set of trays 104 separated by seals 105. These seals have a minimum width and are therefore just wide enough to separate the movements of the trays from each other while exposing a minimum of the surface of the layer 103 most commonly in the middle of the spread. These trays are rigid and can be made either of metal or with a composite material such as a laminate of glass or carbon fibers embedded in a resin matrix. Advantageously, their mass is as low as possible.

Sur chaque plateau est fixée, sensiblement en son milieu, une tige 106 qui pénètre dans un trou ménagé dans les couches 103 et 102 où cette tige est enfoncée à force, de manière à être solidaire des parois de ce trou et à s'ancrer dans la masse de la couche d'élastomètre 102.On each plate is fixed, substantially in the middle, a rod 106 which penetrates into a hole formed in the layers 103 and 102 where this rod is force-fitted, so as to be integral with the walls of this hole and to be anchored in the mass of the elastometer layer 102.

La longueur de cette tige est telle qu'elle laisse un espace libre 107 entre son extérmité inférieure et la paroi 101 de manière à ne pas toucher cette paroi en dépit de l'action de la pression hydrostatique du milieu de propagation et de celle des ondes acoustiques.The length of this rod is such that it leaves a free space 107 between its lower end and the wall 101 so as not to touch this wall despite the action of the hydrostatic pressure of the propagation medium and that of the waves acoustic.

Sous l'effet de la pression d'une onde acoustique incidente, représentée par les flèches 108, les plateaux se déplacent selon une direction normale à la paroi 101. Sous l'effet de ce mouvement, la couche 103 est comprimée entre les plateaux et la couche 102. Cette dernière ne subit pas de déformations appréciables sous l'effet direct du mouvement du plateau.Under the effect of the pressure of an incident acoustic wave, represented by the arrows 108, the plates move in a direction normal to the wall 101. Under the effect of this movement, the layer 103 is compressed between the plates and layer 102. The latter does not undergo appreciable deformation under the direct effect of the movement of the plate.

Les tiges 106 suivent elles-mêmes le mouvement des plateaux et comme elles sont solidaires de la paroi des trous dans lesquels elles sont enfoncées elles sollicitent en cisaillement la couche 102. La déformation du matériau de la couche 102 résultant de ce cisaillement est représentée sur la figure par les flèches 109. Tout naturellement cette déformation est maximale à l'interface entre la tige et la couche et décroît vers la partie médiane entre deux tiges.The rods 106 themselves follow the movement of the plates and, as they are integral with the wall of the holes in which they are inserted, they shear the layer 102. The deformation of the material of the layer 102 resulting from this shearing is shown on the is shown by the arrows 109. Quite naturally, this deformation is maximum at the interface between the rod and the layer and decreases towards the middle part between two rods.

L'amortissement de l'onde acoustique de compression incidente est donc obtenu d'une part par la différence de raideur entre les couches 102 et 103, et d'autre part par les pertes élastiques du mode de cisaillement dans la couche 102.The damping of the incident compression acoustic wave is therefore obtained on the one hand by the difference in stiffness between the layers 102 and 103, and on the other hand by the elastic losses of the shearing mode in the layer 102.

Pour obtenir la meilleure absorption possible, on détermine les paramètres des couches d'une part en fonction de la condition d'adaptation d'impédance, et d'autre part en fonction de la fréquence de résonance désirée, qui elle-même correspond à la fréquence pour laquelle on souhaite un maximum d'absorption.To obtain the best possible absorption, the parameters of the layers are determined on the one hand as a function of the impedance matching condition, and on the other hand as a function of the desired resonant frequency, which itself corresponds to the frequency for which a maximum absorption is desired.

La condition d'adaptation d'impédance est donnée en première approximation par :

ρ₀ C₀ S₀ ≃ ρCs S

Dans cette égalité ρ₀ et C₀ sont respectivement la masse volumique et la vitesse de compression de l'eau, ρ et Cs sont la masse volumique et la vitesse de cisaillement de l'élastomère, S₀ est la surface d'un plateau et S la surface latérale d'une tige (π dh si d est le diamètre et h la hauteur).
The impedance matching condition is given as a first approximation by:

ρ₀ C₀ S₀ ≃ ρC s S

In this equality ρ₀ and C₀ are respectively the density and the speed of compression of water, ρ and C s are the density and the shearing speed of the elastomer, S₀ is the surface of a plateau and S la lateral surface of a rod (π dh if d is the diameter and h the height).

Comme la vitesse Cs est dépendante de la fréquence, on choisit de préférence comme valeur de la fréquence f₀ pour laquelle la formule ci-dessus est satisfaite, la valeur qui correspond à la fréquence de résonance de la structure. Cette fréquence de résonance est voisine de

Figure imgb0004
dans laquelle Mc est la masse d'un ensemble plateaux/tiges et Cel la compliance équivalente de cisaillement de l'élastomère.As the speed C s is dependent on the frequency, the value which corresponds to the resonant frequency of the structure is preferably chosen as the value of the frequency f₀ for which the above formula is satisfied. This resonant frequency is close to
Figure imgb0004
in which M c is the mass of a set of plates / rods and C el the equivalent shear compliance of the elastomer.

Dans ces conditions on obtient un anéchoïsme égal à 100% à cette fréquence f₀.Under these conditions, an anechoism equal to 100% is obtained at this frequency f₀.

Comme il faut d'autre part éviter un effet d'antenne dans lequel les plateaux, excités par le rayonnement incident, se mettent à rayonner à leur tour, on dimensionne les plateaux de telle manière que leur plus grande dimension et leur espacement soient très inférieurs à la longueur d'onde moyenne de la bande acoustique dans laquelle on veut obtenir un effet anéchoïque. A titre de variante, on peut remplacer un alignement d'ensembles plateau/tige par un profilé en forme de T dont la branche verticale est ancrée dans la couche d'élastomère, et dont la longueur maximale satisfasse à cette condition.As it is also necessary to avoid an antenna effect in which the plates, excited by the incident radiation, start to radiate in turn, the plates are dimensioned in such a way that their largest dimension and their spacing are much less at the average wavelength of the acoustic band in which we want to obtain an anechoic effect. Alternatively, you can replace a alignment of plate / rod assemblies by a T-shaped profile, the vertical branch of which is anchored in the elastomer layer, and the maximum length of which satisfies this condition.

Selon un procédé de fabrication d'un revêtement suivant l'invention, on part d'une plaque rigide en métal ou en matériau composite sur laquelle on fixe les tiges par un procédé adéquat, par exemple vissage, soudure, emmanchement en force ou frettage thermique. On perce ensuite une couche de caoutchouc mousse aux emplacements des tiges, puis on enfile cette couche sur ces tiges de manière à ce qu'elle repose sur la plaque rigide. Après avoir placé cet ensemble dans un moule dont les bords sont suffisamment hauts, on coule la couche d'élastomère, qui vient se mouler sur la couche de caoutchouc mousse et autour des tiges que l'on a pris soin de prolonger par des manchons. Après polymérisation de l'élastomère on démoule l'ensemble, on retire les manchons de manière à obtenir les espaces 107 au bout des tiges, puis on sépare les plateaux en pratiquant par exemple des traits de scie qui ménagent les joints 105.According to a method of manufacturing a coating according to the invention, one starts from a rigid metal or composite material plate on which the rods are fixed by an adequate method, for example screwing, welding, force fitting or thermal shrinking . A layer of foam rubber is then pierced at the locations of the rods, and this layer is then threaded onto these rods so that it rests on the rigid plate. After placing this assembly in a mold whose edges are sufficiently high, the elastomer layer is poured, which is molded on the foam rubber layer and around the rods which we have taken care to extend with sleeves. After polymerization of the elastomer, the assembly is removed from the mold, the sleeves are removed so as to obtain the spaces 107 at the end of the rods, then the plates are separated by making, for example, saw cuts which spare the joints 105.

Dans un exemple de réalisation pratique, les dimensions du revêtement anéchoïque sont les suivantes :
- plateaux de forme carrée de côté égal à : 20 mm
- longueur de la tige : 60 mm
- diamètre de la tige : 6 mm
- épaisseur de la mousse : 10 mm
- épaisseur de l'élastomère : 55 mm
In a practical embodiment, the dimensions of the anechoic coating are as follows:
- square trays with a side equal to: 20 mm
- rod length: 60 mm
- rod diameter: 6 mm
- foam thickness: 10 mm
- thickness of the elastomer: 55 mm

Les plateaux sont formés à partir d'une plaque d'acier épaisse de 1 mm et, dans cet exemple, les tiges sont formées à partir d'un tube d'acier d'épaisseur 1 mm, pour être creuses afin que la masse de l'ensemble ne soit pas trop importante.The trays are formed from a 1 mm thick steel plate and, in this example, the rods are formed from a 1 mm thick steel tube, to be hollow so that the mass of the whole is not too important.

Le matériau élastomère utilisé est un polyuréthane dont les caractéristiques sont :
- tg δ = 0,5
- vitesse des ondes de compression : 1700 m/s
- vitesse des ondes de cisaillement : 207 m/s
- masse volumique : 1120 kg par m/3
The elastomeric material used is a polyurethane whose characteristics are:
- tg δ = 0.5
- compression wave speed: 1700 m / s
- speed of shear waves: 207 m / s
- density: 1120 kg per m / 3

La couche de mousse compressible est dans cet exemple fabriquée avec un polyuréthane semblable à celui de la couche d'élastomère, mais traité pour obtenir une mousse qui présente une masse volumique de 740 kg/m3 sous une pression de 30 bars, et dans laquelle la vitesse des ondes de compression est égale à 410 m/s. Un tel matériau garde ses caractéristiques de compressibilité sous de fortes pressions, 30 bars par exemple, et permet donc au revêtement anéchoïque de fonctionner sous une immersion importante, 300 m par exemple pour cette même pression de 30 bars.The compressible foam layer is in this example manufactured with a polyurethane similar to that of the elastomer layer, but treated to obtain a foam which has a density of 740 kg / m3 under a pressure of 30 bars, and in which the compression wave speed is 410 m / s. Such a material retains its compressibility characteristics under high pressures, 30 bars for example, and therefore allows the anechoic coating to operate under significant immersion, 300 m for example for this same pressure of 30 bars.

On a représenté sur la figure 2 l'atténuation en fonction de la fréquence. On constate que la fréquence de résonance est voisine de 4 kHz et que l'on obtient une atténuation supérieure à - 15 dB dans une bande passante s'étendant de 2 à 7 kHz.FIG. 2 shows the attenuation as a function of frequency. It can be seen that the resonant frequency is close to 4 kHz and that an attenuation greater than - 15 dB is obtained in a pass band extending from 2 to 7 kHz.

Claims (6)

1. Revêtement anéchoïque pour ondes acoustiques, destiné à être placé sur une paroi (101) réfléchissante, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend :
- une première couche (102) de matériau élastique faiblement compressible et présentant de fortes pertes aux ondes de cisaillement, destinée à être fixée sur ladite paroi ;
- une deuxième couche (103) de matériau élastique fortement compressible fixée sur la première couche ;
- un ensemble de plateaux (108) rigides fixés sur la deuxième couche pour recevoir les ondes acoustiques ; et
- un ensemble de tiges (106) rigides fixées sur les plateaux, traversant la deuxième couche (103) et venant s'ancrer dans la masse de la première couche (102) pour solliciter celle-ci en cisaillement sous l'action des ondes acoustiques reçues par les plateaux.
1. Anechoic coating for acoustic waves, intended to be placed on a reflecting wall (101), characterized in that it comprises:
- A first layer (102) of weakly compressible elastic material and having high shear wave losses, intended to be fixed to said wall;
- a second layer (103) of highly compressible elastic material fixed on the first layer;
- a set of rigid plates (108) fixed on the second layer to receive the acoustic waves; and
- A set of rigid rods (106) fixed on the plates, passing through the second layer (103) and coming to be anchored in the mass of the first layer (102) to stress the latter in shearing under the action of acoustic waves received by the trays.
2. Revêtement selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les plateaux (105) ont une forme géométrique permettant de recouvrir toute la surface de la deuxième couche (103) en présentant entre eux un joint (105) de largeur minimale.2. Coating according to claim 1, characterized in that the plates (105) have a geometric shape making it possible to cover the entire surface of the second layer (103) by presenting between them a seal (105) of minimum width. 3. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en que la deuxième couche (103) est formée d'une mousse comportant des alvéoles gazeuses.3. Coating according to any one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the second layer (103) is formed of a foam comprising gaseous cells. 4. Revêtement selon la revendication 3,caractérisé en ce que la deuxième couche (102) est formée d'un élastomère en polyuréthane.4. Coating according to claim 3, characterized in that the second layer (102) is formed of a polyurethane elastomer. 5. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, destiné à être plongé dans un fluide transmettant les ondes acoustiques, caractérisé en ce que les dimensions et la masse des plateaux (104) et des tiges (106), les vitesses des ondes acoustiques dans le fluide et la première couche (102), et les masses volumiques du fluide et de cette couche permettent d'obtenir l'adaptation des impédances en compression et en cisaillement pour une fréquence (f₀) qui est la même que celle à laquelle résonnent les ensembles plateau/tige.5. Coating according to any one of claims 1 to 4, intended to be immersed in a fluid transmitting the acoustic waves, characterized in that the dimensions and the mass of the plates (104) and of the rods (106), the speeds of acoustic waves in the fluid and the first layer (102), and the densities of the fluid and of this layer make it possible to obtain the adaptation of the impedances in compression and in shear for a frequency (f₀) which is the same as that at which the plate / rod assemblies resonate . 6. Revêtement selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'adaptation des impédances est déterminée par l'égalité ρ₀ C₀ S₀ = ρ CsS pour une fréquence déterminée par
Figure imgb0005
6. Coating according to claim 5, characterized in that the adaptation of the impedances is determined by the equality ρ₀ C₀ S₀ = ρ C s S for a frequency determined by
Figure imgb0005
EP88402674A 1987-10-27 1988-10-24 Lining with low sound reflectivity Withdrawn EP0317380A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR8714826 1987-10-27
FR8714826A FR2622333B1 (en) 1987-10-27 1987-10-27 ANECHOICAL COATING FOR ACOUSTIC WAVES

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FR2685528A1 (en) * 1991-12-20 1993-06-25 Thomson Csf Acoustic absorption device, especially for low frequency, capable of being submerged
EP0680031A2 (en) * 1994-04-27 1995-11-02 Firma Carl Freudenberg Acoustic damping element
EP0740287A1 (en) * 1995-04-27 1996-10-30 ETAT FRANCAIS Représenté par le Délégué Général pour l'Armement Composition absorbing acoustic waves, particularly for submarine environment

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EP0680031A3 (en) * 1994-04-27 1995-11-15 Firma Carl Freudenberg Acoustic damping element
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US4883143A (en) 1989-11-28
FR2622333A1 (en) 1989-04-28
AU2416388A (en) 1989-04-27
AU607008B2 (en) 1991-02-21
JPH01142424A (en) 1989-06-05

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