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EP0222100A2 - Tube à ailettes à fond de rainure muni d'encoches et son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Tube à ailettes à fond de rainure muni d'encoches et son procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0222100A2
EP0222100A2 EP86112550A EP86112550A EP0222100A2 EP 0222100 A2 EP0222100 A2 EP 0222100A2 EP 86112550 A EP86112550 A EP 86112550A EP 86112550 A EP86112550 A EP 86112550A EP 0222100 A2 EP0222100 A2 EP 0222100A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
notches
finned tube
ribs
tube
tube according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP86112550A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0222100A3 (en
EP0222100B1 (fr
Inventor
Hans-Werner Ing.Grad. Kästner
Robert Klöckler
Manfred Dr.-Ing. Hage
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wieland Werke AG
Original Assignee
Wieland Werke AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wieland Werke AG filed Critical Wieland Werke AG
Publication of EP0222100A2 publication Critical patent/EP0222100A2/fr
Publication of EP0222100A3 publication Critical patent/EP0222100A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0222100B1 publication Critical patent/EP0222100B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
    • F28F13/187—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings especially adapted for evaporator surfaces or condenser surfaces, e.g. with nucleation sites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
    • B21C37/20—Making helical or similar guides in or on tubes without removing material, e.g. by drawing same over mandrels, by pushing same through dies ; Making tubes with angled walls, ribbed tubes and tubes with decorated walls
    • B21C37/207—Making helical or similar guides in or on tubes without removing material, e.g. by drawing same over mandrels, by pushing same through dies ; Making tubes with angled walls, ribbed tubes and tubes with decorated walls with helical guides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D15/00—Corrugating tubes
    • B21D15/04—Corrugating tubes transversely, e.g. helically
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/34—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending obliquely
    • F28F1/36—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending obliquely the means being helically wound fins or wire spirals

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a finned tube of the type described in the preamble of the main claim.
  • a one-piece finned tube of the type mentioned (for example according to EP-OS 0.102.407) has an interrupted inner corrugation below the outer grooves on the inside of the tube; On the inside of the tube there are separate projections made of displaced tube wall material. This results in favorable heat transfer properties on the inside of the pipe.
  • the inner projections on the outside of the tube correspond to depressions in the tube wall which are separate from one another and which extend in the direction of the helical lines of the outer grooves over a length of the order of a turn.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to design the tube wall in the region of the groove base in a simple manner so that the heat transfer is improved.
  • the object is achieved in that the indentations are designed as fine notches whose length L measured in the direction of the center lines is smaller than the rib pitch (t R ).
  • the fine notches can be easily made for the finned tube during the rolling process.
  • Such a porous coating is known for example from DE-PS 2,900,453.
  • DE-PS 2,900,453 Such a porous coating is known for example from DE-PS 2,900,453.
  • the arrangement according to the invention of fine notches in the base of the groove could not be suggested, since in DE-PS a coating of the entire intermediate space, but not a treatment of the base of the groove alone, is taught.
  • the surface of rolling disks for the production of a corrugated tube is roughened by sandblasting and has grooves on projections. These grooves can be pressed into the corrugated pipe to be manufactured.
  • the FR-PS concerns a different grade, namely a corrugated tube instead of a finned tube; the surface of the rolling disks is primarily formed in the manner described in order to ensure that the corrugated tube is fed correctly.
  • the width B of the notches measured perpendicular to the direction of the center lines is preferably less than or equal to their length L.
  • the center lines of the notches form an angle a with the helical direction of the grooves, 0 ° ⁇ a ⁇ 180 °; in particular for a: 10 ° ⁇ ⁇ 170 °.
  • the depth of the notches is preferably 0.01 to 1.0 mm, in particular 0.05 to 0.5 mm.
  • the notches are approximately V-shaped, trapezoidal or semicircular or the like. It is advisable to combine different cross-sectional shapes with one another.
  • the heat transfer properties on the outside of the tube are improved if the ribs of the tube according to the invention circulate with a T-shape.
  • Particular advantages result for tubes with T-shaped fins according to the combinations of features of claims 17 to 23.
  • the inside of the tube is usually essentially smooth, an improvement in heat transfer is achieved by an internal corrugation if there are continuous projections in the helical direction of the outer grooves .
  • the finned tubes according to the invention are preferably used in flooded evaporators.
  • the invention further relates to a method for producing the finned tube according to the invention.
  • the method is characterized by the features a) and b) according to claim 26.
  • the wording “and / or” in claim 26 relates to whether or not the tube is to rotate simultaneously during the axial feed movement.
  • the smooth tube is preferably supported by a rolling mandrel located therein.
  • a method with the features according to claim 28 is recommended for producing a finned tube with T-shaped fins.
  • the generation of an internal ripple of the finned tube is preferably carried out according to claim 29.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 show a finned tube 1 according to the invention in partial section and in cross section.
  • T-shaped ribs 2 run helically, between which a groove 3, which also extends helically, is formed.
  • the foot 4 of the ribs 2 protrudes radially from the tube wall 5, while the rib ends 6 are each compressed into a T-shape in such a way that narrowed gaps 7 are formed (cf. the upper gap width S in FIG. 1).
  • the distance between the ribs 2 changes continuously, so that the grooves 3 are essentially formed as rounded cavities.
  • the rib division as the distance from the center of the rib to the center of the rib is denoted by t R.
  • the tube wall 5 has in the area of the groove base 3 'fine notches 8 which run essentially in the axial direction of the tube 1 and have a regular spacing in the circumferential direction of the tube.
  • the depth of the notches 8 is designated T (cf. in particular FIG. 2).
  • the T-shaped ribs 2 are partially removed in FIG. 3.
  • 4 shows, on an enlarged scale, notches 8 in the groove base 3 'with a V, trapezoidal and semicircular cross section.
  • the deepest points of the groove-shaped notches 8 are each connected by the center lines 8 'shown.
  • the length of the notches 8 measured in the direction of the center lines 8 ′ is denoted by L, the width measured perpendicularly thereto by B. L and B are significantly smaller than t R.
  • Fig. 6 is shown schematically on an enlarged scale how a notch 8 extends in each case in the foot 4 of adjacent ribs 2, so that pronounced corners 4 'are formed in the rib flanks.
  • the core wall thickness W and the depth T of the notches 8 are also entered.
  • W R remaining wall thickness
  • T f the depth of the notched rib flanks
  • the device. 8 for the production of a T-fin tube 1 can be used with a stationary roller head (with a rotating tube) or with a rotatable roller head (with only an axially advancing tube).
  • a stationary roller head with a rotating tube
  • a rotatable roller head with only an axially advancing tube.
  • a rolling tool 9 a toothed notched disk 10, a spacer 11, a cylindrical smoothing roller 12, a split roller 13 for the ribs and a cylindrical upsetting roller 14 are integrated in a tool holder indicated by number 15 (except for the Notched disk 10 corresponds to the device of that according to DE-OS 2,758,526).
  • four or more tool holders 15 can also be used.
  • the tool holder 15 are radially adjustable. For their part, they are arranged in a stationary roller head (not shown).
  • the smooth pipe 1 'entering in the direction of the arrow is set in rotation by the driven rolling tools 9 arranged on the circumference of the pipe, the axis of which extends obliquely to the pipe axis.
  • the rolling tools 9 consist, in a manner known per se, of rolling disks 16 arranged side by side, the diameter of which increases in the direction of the arrow.
  • the centrally arranged rolling tools 9 form the ribs 2 'in a known manner from the tube wall 5 supported by a rolling mandrel 17.
  • a reduction in diameter initially takes place in a front region (feed region).
  • a central area - (finish rolling area) the - helically surrounding ribs 2 'are rolled out.
  • the rolling tool 9 is followed by a toothed notched disk 10, the outer diameter D of which is larger than the outer diameter of the last rolling disk 16 '.
  • the notched disk 10 has axially parallel teeth 18 (cf. FIG. 9), so that fine notches 8 are formed in the tube wall 5 in the region of the groove base 3 '.
  • FIG. 9 shows a cross section through a notched disk 10 with teeth 18.
  • the outer diameter is denoted by D, the height of the teeth 18 by h z .
  • the notched disk 10 prefferably has approximately 0.5 to 20 axially parallel or - obliquely running - in cross section - approximately triangular, trapezoidal or semicircular teeth 18 per cm circumference, the tooth height h z being approximately 0.01 to 10, Is 0 mm.
  • the T-shaped ribs 2 are formed in a manner known per se.
  • a spacer disk 11 follows the notched disk 10.
  • the smoothing roller 12 smoothes the ends of the ribs 2 'so that the ends of the ribs 2 "lie on an imaginary cylindrical surface which is coaxial with the tube center axis 19.
  • the subsequent splitting roller 13 splits the Ribs 2 "in the helical direction and at the same time bends them sideways, so that Y-ribs 2 '" result, which are compressed by a compression roller 14 in the radial direction to form T-shaped ribs 2.
  • the thickness of the smoothing roller 12, split roller 13 and compression roller 14 corresponds approximately to the rib pitch t R (between the smoothing roller 12 and the splitting roller 13, a correction disc 20 is also indicated).
  • a device according to FIG. 10 is used, in which the rolling mandrel 17 ends with the last rolling disk 16 '.
  • a pressing roller 22 follows in the tool holder 15 on the rolling tool 9, the outside diameter of which is larger than the outside diameter of the last rolling disk 16 '.
  • the groove 3 is deepened between the ribs 2 by the pressure roller 22, so that projections 21 are formed on the inside of the tube by displaced tube wall material (internal ripple H).
  • the notch disk 10 which follows the pressure roller 22, in turn causes the groove base 3 'to be notched.
  • the pressure roller 22 and the notched disk 10 have a smaller thickness than the last roller disk 16 '.
  • SF-Cu oxygen-free Cu
  • the diameter of the rolling disks used increased from 16 to 36.5 mm.
  • a finned tube with T-shaped fins without notches 8 on the groove base 3 ' was produced with a device according to FIG. 10 without a notched disk 10.
  • both tubes were measured as a single tube in the flooded evaporator mode (i.e. water in the tube, refrigerant outside). It was found that the finned tube 1 with a notched groove base 3 'had a significantly higher performance (Q T notched ) than the comparison tube with a smooth groove base 3' (Q T ). According to FIG. 11, in which the power ratio Q T notched / Q T is plotted as a function of the water throughput v w (l / h) or the water speed W w (m / s), there was an increase in output of up to approximately 20%.
  • a notched disk 10 with 50 teeth 18 was used to produce the notches 8 in the finned tube 1 according to the example, which corresponds to approximately 4 notches per cm of groove length.
  • finned tubes 1 were produced with a device according to FIG. 10, only notched disks 10 with different numbers of teeth 18 being used (all other tube sizes remained unchanged).
  • the finned tubes 1 produced in this way with different numbers of notches 8 per cm of groove length were measured under the same conditions as in the exemplary embodiment in flooded evaporator operation (water in the tube, refrigerant R 22 outside).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
EP86112550A 1985-10-31 1986-09-10 Tube à ailettes à fond de rainure muni d'encoches et son procédé de fabrication Expired EP0222100B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP85113859 1985-10-31
EP85113859 1985-10-31

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0222100A2 true EP0222100A2 (fr) 1987-05-20
EP0222100A3 EP0222100A3 (en) 1987-10-07
EP0222100B1 EP0222100B1 (fr) 1989-08-09

Family

ID=8193857

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86112550A Expired EP0222100B1 (fr) 1985-10-31 1986-09-10 Tube à ailettes à fond de rainure muni d'encoches et son procédé de fabrication

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US4796693A (fr)
EP (1) EP0222100B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3664959D1 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0495453A1 (fr) * 1991-01-14 1992-07-22 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Tube pour la transmission de chaleur
DE4404357C1 (de) * 1994-02-11 1995-03-09 Wieland Werke Ag Wärmeaustauschrohr zum Kondensieren von Dampf
US6119770A (en) * 1996-12-09 2000-09-19 Uop Llc Trapped particle heat transfer tube
EP1223400A2 (fr) 2001-01-16 2002-07-17 Wieland-Werke AG Tube d'échangeur de chaleur et son procédé de fabrication
EP3581871A1 (fr) 2018-06-12 2019-12-18 Wieland-Werke AG Tuyau d'échange thermique métallique

Families Citing this family (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US5351397A (en) * 1988-12-12 1994-10-04 Olin Corporation Method of forming a nucleate boiling surface by a roll forming
US5669993A (en) * 1995-06-29 1997-09-23 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tire tread elements with built-in twist
DE19963353B4 (de) * 1999-12-28 2004-05-27 Wieland-Werke Ag Beidseitig strukturiertes Wärmeaustauscherrohr und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
CN100498187C (zh) * 2007-01-15 2009-06-10 高克联管件(上海)有限公司 一种蒸发冷凝兼备型传热管
CN101338987B (zh) * 2007-07-06 2011-05-04 高克联管件(上海)有限公司 一种冷凝用传热管
DE102008013929B3 (de) 2008-03-12 2009-04-09 Wieland-Werke Ag Verdampferrohr mit optimierten Hinterschneidungen am Nutengrund
US9844807B2 (en) * 2008-04-16 2017-12-19 Wieland-Werke Ag Tube with fins having wings
US9038710B2 (en) * 2008-04-18 2015-05-26 Wieland-Werke Ag Finned tube for evaporation and condensation
EP2788705B1 (fr) * 2011-12-08 2017-03-01 Carrier Corporation Procédé de formation de tubes d'échangeur de chaleur
DE102014002829A1 (de) 2014-02-27 2015-08-27 Wieland-Werke Ag Metallisches Wärmeaustauscherrohr
CN106482568B (zh) * 2015-08-25 2019-03-12 丹佛斯微通道换热器（嘉兴）有限公司 用于换热器的换热管、换热器及其装配方法
KR101797176B1 (ko) * 2016-03-21 2017-11-13 주식회사 평산 대체냉매적용 공조시스템의 내부 열교환기 이중관 구조
DE102016006914B4 (de) 2016-06-01 2019-01-24 Wieland-Werke Ag Wärmeübertragerrohr
US9945618B1 (en) * 2017-01-04 2018-04-17 Wieland Copper Products, Llc Heat transfer surface
WO2022089772A1 (fr) 2020-10-31 2022-05-05 Wieland-Werke Ag Tube métallique d'échangeur de chaleur
DE202020005628U1 (de) 2020-10-31 2021-11-11 Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft Metallisches Wärmeaustauscherrohr
KR20230098132A (ko) 2020-10-31 2023-07-03 빌란트-베르케악티엔게젤샤프트 금속 열교환기 튜브
DE202020005625U1 (de) 2020-10-31 2021-11-10 Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft Metallisches Wärmeaustauscherrohr
US20220146214A1 (en) * 2020-11-09 2022-05-12 Carrier Corporation Heat Transfer Tube

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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FR2152713A1 (fr) * 1971-09-07 1973-04-27 Universal Oil Prod Co
US3791003A (en) * 1970-02-24 1974-02-12 Peerless Of America Method of frabricating a plural finned heat exchanger
DE2532143A1 (de) * 1974-08-21 1976-03-04 Universal Oil Prod Co Metallischer waermeuebertrager, insbesondere rohr, und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
GB2013325A (en) * 1978-01-26 1979-08-08 Wieland Werke Ag Finned tube, and process and apparatus for making the tube
FR2493735A1 (fr) * 1980-11-07 1982-05-14 Maury Marc Faconnage de tubes a turbulences pour echangeurs thermiques
EP0102407A1 (fr) * 1982-09-03 1984-03-14 Wieland-Werke Ag Tube à ailettes avec protubérances internes et procédé et dispositif de fabrication
DE3408626A1 (de) * 1984-03-09 1985-09-12 Wieland-Werke Ag, 7900 Ulm Gewickelter waermeuebertrager, insbesondere fuer waermepumpen oder kaelteanlagen

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US3299949A (en) * 1960-04-29 1967-01-24 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Device for evaporative cooling of bodies, and particularly power vacuum tubes
FR1502797A (fr) * 1966-09-15 1967-11-24 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Perfectionnements aux dispositifs d'échange de chaleur entre une paroi et un liquide
US3598180A (en) * 1970-07-06 1971-08-10 Robert David Moore Jr Heat transfer surface structure
US4313248A (en) * 1977-02-25 1982-02-02 Fukurawa Metals Co., Ltd. Method of producing heat transfer tube for use in boiling type heat exchangers
US4159739A (en) * 1977-07-13 1979-07-03 Carrier Corporation Heat transfer surface and method of manufacture
US4179911A (en) * 1977-08-09 1979-12-25 Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft Y and T-finned tubes and methods and apparatus for their making
US4577381A (en) * 1983-04-01 1986-03-25 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Boiling heat transfer pipes
JPH06100432B2 (ja) * 1984-06-20 1994-12-12 株式会社日立製作所 伝熱管
JPS6189497A (ja) * 1984-10-05 1986-05-07 Hitachi Ltd 伝熱管
JPS64194A (en) * 1987-06-23 1989-01-05 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Method of adjusting ph value in production of coal-water slurry

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3791003A (en) * 1970-02-24 1974-02-12 Peerless Of America Method of frabricating a plural finned heat exchanger
FR2152713A1 (fr) * 1971-09-07 1973-04-27 Universal Oil Prod Co
DE2532143A1 (de) * 1974-08-21 1976-03-04 Universal Oil Prod Co Metallischer waermeuebertrager, insbesondere rohr, und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
GB2013325A (en) * 1978-01-26 1979-08-08 Wieland Werke Ag Finned tube, and process and apparatus for making the tube
FR2493735A1 (fr) * 1980-11-07 1982-05-14 Maury Marc Faconnage de tubes a turbulences pour echangeurs thermiques
EP0102407A1 (fr) * 1982-09-03 1984-03-14 Wieland-Werke Ag Tube à ailettes avec protubérances internes et procédé et dispositif de fabrication
DE3408626A1 (de) * 1984-03-09 1985-09-12 Wieland-Werke Ag, 7900 Ulm Gewickelter waermeuebertrager, insbesondere fuer waermepumpen oder kaelteanlagen

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0495453A1 (fr) * 1991-01-14 1992-07-22 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Tube pour la transmission de chaleur
US5186252A (en) * 1991-01-14 1993-02-16 Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Heat transmission tube
DE4404357C1 (de) * 1994-02-11 1995-03-09 Wieland Werke Ag Wärmeaustauschrohr zum Kondensieren von Dampf
EP0667504A1 (fr) * 1994-02-11 1995-08-16 Wieland-Werke Ag Tube d'échange de chaleur pour condenser la vapeur
DE4404357C2 (de) * 1994-02-11 1998-05-20 Wieland Werke Ag Wärmeaustauschrohr zum Kondensieren von Dampf
US6119770A (en) * 1996-12-09 2000-09-19 Uop Llc Trapped particle heat transfer tube
EP1223400A2 (fr) 2001-01-16 2002-07-17 Wieland-Werke AG Tube d'échangeur de chaleur et son procédé de fabrication
DE10101589C1 (de) * 2001-01-16 2002-08-08 Wieland Werke Ag Wärmeaustauscherrohr und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
US6913073B2 (en) 2001-01-16 2005-07-05 Wieland-Werke Ag Heat transfer tube and a method of fabrication thereof
EP3581871A1 (fr) 2018-06-12 2019-12-18 Wieland-Werke AG Tuyau d'échange thermique métallique

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0222100A3 (en) 1987-10-07
DE3664959D1 (en) 1989-09-14
US4796693A (en) 1989-01-10
EP0222100B1 (fr) 1989-08-09

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