EP0294606B1 - Apparatus for atomizing liquid paint - Google Patents
Apparatus for atomizing liquid paint Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0294606B1 EP0294606B1 EP88107537A EP88107537A EP0294606B1 EP 0294606 B1 EP0294606 B1 EP 0294606B1 EP 88107537 A EP88107537 A EP 88107537A EP 88107537 A EP88107537 A EP 88107537A EP 0294606 B1 EP0294606 B1 EP 0294606B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- axial
- axially
- cone
- bell
- interruption
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 8
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000237942 Conidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005686 electrostatic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B3/00—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements
- B05B3/02—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements with rotating elements
- B05B3/10—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements with rotating elements discharging over substantially the whole periphery of the rotating member, i.e. the spraying being effected by centrifugal forces
- B05B3/1064—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements with rotating elements discharging over substantially the whole periphery of the rotating member, i.e. the spraying being effected by centrifugal forces the liquid or other fluent material to be sprayed being axially supplied to the rotating member through a hollow rotating shaft
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
- B05B5/04—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces
- B05B5/0403—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces characterised by the rotating member
- B05B5/0407—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces characterised by the rotating member with a spraying edge, e.g. like a cup or a bell
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for atomizing liquid paint, with an atomizer bell rotatable about a central axis, which has an axial breakthrough at its bottom and a profiled, annular, coaxial overflow surface pointing axially forward and radially inward, the radially inner edge of which the axially front edge of the opening is connected by means of a profiled, annular, coaxial transition surface which delimits the base axially in front; and with a coaxial, centrally perforated deflection part, the center of its axial rear surface axially opposite the front opening end of the bell and the radially outer edge of which together with the bell forms an annular gap which forms the transition from an axial front surface of the deflection part to the overflow surface of the bell interrupts, the transition surface of the bell on the one hand and the axial rear surface and the radial edge surface of the deflection part on the other hand delimiting a gap-like space between the bell and the deflection part, which is only interrupted locally by
- the base part of the transition surface of the bell and the axially opposite rear surface of the deflection part are flat and the gap part of the transition surface of the bell and the radially opposite edge surface of the deflecting part, so that the gap-like space between the bell and the deflecting part, apart from its local interruptions by the spacers, has the shape of an air space trapezoidal in the central axial section, which alternates in color and liquid washing-up liquid to remove residual paint in the event of a color change or the final cleaning of the device at the beginning of a break in operation.
- the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a device of the type mentioned with better color flow in the gap-like space between the bell and the deflecting part of the device and improved flushability of the same in this room.
- the axial rear surface of the deflecting part and the opposite base part of the transition surface each have an obtuse angle in profile, which are arranged while maintaining the gap-like space such that the color in a central portion of this space simultaneously axially flows in front and radially outwards; and that the axially rearwardly projecting center of the axial rear surface of the deflection part is delimited radially on the outside by a sharp deflection edge of the step of this rear surface, while the other profile kinks of the two complementary steps are rounded.
- the radial ink flow on the center of the axial rear surface of the deflecting part at its sharp deflecting edge is converted into partial flows along cone shells with different opening angles and that these partial flows meet these in the middle section of the gap-like space between the deflecting part and bell, where previously color deposits were most common.
- the invention thus brings about a targeted, locally different self-cleaning effect of a device of the type mentioned.
- the device according to the invention which, like the device according to DE-GS 8 224 329 (FIG. 1), is provided with a nozzle which generates a narrow cone jet and has a flat end face, the axially front end of which coaxially engages in the opening on the base of the bell , which is designed as an axially forward convex bore, is now advantageously provided that the center of the axial rear surface of the deflecting part is provided with a circular, preferably sharp-edged recess, the axial length of which is substantially less than its diameter; and that the end face of the nozzle with the central axis forms an angle deviating from the right angle of preferably 15 ° .
- the shallow depression and the oblique end face together cause the axially parallel part of the color jet of the nozzle to be thrown back to the oblique nozzle end face to a not too great extent and to be reflected there again, a partial stream of the paint radially outside the depression reaches the center of the axial rear surface of the deflecting part and another partial flow of paint on the trumpet-shaped axially front end section of the bore of the base of the bell, which reunite in the region of the sharp deflecting edge of the center edge. This also noticeably improves the color scheme in the device and its flushability.
- the atomizer bell as in the case of the known devices, has a bottom with the axial opening with the base part of the transition surface, a subsequent ring with the gap part of the transition surface and an annular lip with the axially foremost and radially outermost part of the overflow surface
- a slightly converging, conical jacket is formed on the lip axially backwards and ends axially behind the floor.
- This roughly circular-cylindrical jacket in particular covers the bell ring, which was previously conical and therefore, as a radially outer bell part, has led to strong divergence of axially incoming steering air, and is able to produce the desired steering air flow, regardless of how the bell ring is designed.
- the bell casing thus enables the bell to be profiled appropriately, for example in such a way that its overflow area between the lip and the deflecting part has a relatively large radial extension without the mass of the bell ring necessarily increasing, because there can be a radial between the casing on the one hand and the bell bottom and part of the bell ring, on the other hand, lying cavity are formed, which is closed axially at the rear by means of an annular disk, so that steering air cannot penetrate into the cavity.
- a mainly rotationally symmetrical rotatable atomizer bell (10) with an axially inserted from the front, mainly rotationally symmetrical deflection part (28) of the device according to the invention consists of a circular disc-shaped base (12) with a central, axially convex bore (14) as a breakthrough, the axis of which Bell axis (16) determined; from a conical ring (18) which is formed axially obliquely forward on the edge of the base (12) and which is axially forward, i. H. to the left in the figure, diverging; and from an annular lip (20) molded onto the ring (18) and projecting axially forward.
- the atomizer bell (10) On its axially front end face, the atomizer bell (10) has an annular, coaxial overflow surface (24) with an approximately circular, concave, radially inwardly elongated profile, the radially inner edge of which is connected to the axially front end of the bore (14) an annular, coaxial transition surface (26) is connected, the axially rear base part (26.1) of which lies partly in radial planes, the radial plane base (26.1.1) of the bell (10) embedded in the base (12), followed by a conical and axial Floor surface (26.1.2) diverging towards the front and a radially flat shoulder (26.1.3) bordering the front edge of the floor, so that bottom (26.1.1), diverging floor surface (26.1.2) and shoulder (26.1.3) in Profile form an obtuse-angled step with two rounded edges, with which corresponds an almost identical profiled axial rear surface (29), the axially opposite the bottom (26.1.1) and the bore (14) overlying
- the atomizer bell (10) is provided with the deflecting part (28), which is approximately double trapezoidal in the central longitudinal section, the only slightly conical, i.e. almost radial plane, concave axial front surface (30) with the radially inner, axially forward, also almost radial plane part ( 24.1) of the overflow surface (24) of the bell (10) lies flush at a short distance and its axial rear surface (29) and radially outer, conical, axially forward as the ring part (18.1) diverging edge surface (31) with the stepped and at the Edge surface (31) angled transition surface (26) of the bell forms a gap-like intermediate space (32), the width of which is preferably constant, preferably 0.5 to 0.7 mm, and which is radial between the overflow surface (24) and the transition surface (26) Annular gap (34) forms.
- the space (32) appears in the figure, corresponding to the complementary profile steps of the rear part (26.1) of the transition surface (26) or the rear surface (29), as a cranked channel with a radially inwardly widening initial section at the bell hole (14) and angled End section at the gap (34).
- the deflecting part (28) is held at at least three points evenly distributed around the axis (16) by means of a spacer (36), each of which is designed as an outer collar of a cylindrical sleeve (37) arranged parallel to the axis and between the radially plane rear surface (29) of the deflecting part 828) and the shoulder (26.1.3) of the rear part (26.1) of the transition surface (26) are clamped, with each sleeve (37) having a screw (56) whose shaft is screwed into the bell (10) and which is also screwed (each axially from the rear) into the deflection part (28).
- the radially outer, radially inward-facing part (24.2) of the overflow surface (24) of the bell (10) ensures that the partial ink flows combined at the gap (34) on the front transition surface part (26.2) or on the front surface (30) are more radially Propagation can be deflected in the axis-parallel direction.
- the deflecting part (28) On its base facing the bell (12) On the rear side, the deflecting part (28) is provided with an insert (38) in a recess (40) which extends through it to the front of the deflecting part and, by means of the insert, slows down and redirects the part of the paint flow directed axially forward through the bell hole (14 ) on the front surface (30) of the deflecting part (28).
- the insert (38) has, inter alia, an axial blind bore (42) axially following the bore (14), which opens out in the center of the bottom of a sharp-edged circular-cylindrical depression (43) of small axial depth, the diameter of which is smaller than the predominant diameter of the bell bore (14).
- the atomizer bell (10) is provided on its axial rear side with a circular cylindrical socket (48) formed on its base (12), in the threaded insert (49) of which the axially front end of a hollow shaft (not shown) for rotating the bell (10) about its axis (16) can be screwed in.
- an ink supply tube (45) which is stationary when the atomizer bell (10) rotates, at the axially front end of which a paint nozzle (51) is arranged centrally, axially following the bore (14) at its transition into the trumpet-shaped end section lets out in front of the insert (38) seated in the center of the deflecting part (28) in a narrow cone jet, part of the color reaching the annular base of the insert recess (43) and being thrown back there to the nozzle (51), the inclined plane of which Front surface (51.1) reflects this color part tangentially to the rounding of the front section of the bore (14), while another part of the color strikes the surroundings of the recess (43) at an angle and reaches the edge (28.1) on the rear surface (29), where that color part is divided in that it partly changes to the opposite transition surface (26), where it wi combines with the color part mentioned first rd that is already flowing on this transition surface.
- the main stream of paint is thus deflected into the gap-like intermediate space (32), from which the paint passes through the annular gap (34) onto the overflow surface (24) to the lip (20), where the paint droplets are mechanically thrown off at a spray edge (60) by means of a loading edge (62) electrostatically charged and transported in the electrostatic field to an object to be colored, for example an automobile body.
- a step-shaped radial widening (15) of the bore (14) of the bell bottom (12) results in a bore (47) of the nozzle (48) provided at the rear with an internal thread for screwing in the threaded insert (49).
- a slightly conical, slightly forward diverging jacket (80) which is molded onto the lip (20) and an annular cavity (82) bounded radially on the outside, which is bounded radially on the inside by the bell ring (18), the bell bottom (10) and the connecting piece (48) and is closed at the rear by means of the disk (78).
- the jacket In the figure, from the right axially flowing steering air is brought to little divergence by the jacket.
Landscapes
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Einrichtung zum Vernebeln flüssiger Farbe, mit einer um eine zentrale Achse rotierbaren Zerstäuberglocke, die an ihrem Grund einen axialen Durchbruch und eine axial nach vorn und radial nach innen weisende, profilierte, ringförmige, koaxiale Uberströmungsfläche aufweist, deren radial innerer Rand mit dem axial vorderen Rand des Durchbruches mittels einer den Grund axial vorn begrenzenden, profilierten, ringförmigen, koaxialen Übergangsfläche verbunden ist; und mit einem koaxialen, zentral durchbrochenen Umlenkteil, das mit dem Zentrum seiner axialen Rückfläche dem vorderen Durchbruchende der Glocke axial gegenüberliegt und dessen radial äußerer Rand zusammen mit der Glocke einen Ringspalt bildet, der den Übergang von einer axialen Vorderfläche des Umlenkteiles auf die Überströmungsfläche der Glocke unterbricht, wobei die Übergangsfläche der Glocke einerseits und axiale Rückfläche sowie radiale Randfläche des Umlenkteiles andererseits einen spaltartigen Raum zwischen Glocke und Umlenkteil begrenzen, welcher nur durch axiale Abstandshalter zwischen Glocke und Umlenkteil örtlich unterbrochen ist.The invention relates to a device for atomizing liquid paint, with an atomizer bell rotatable about a central axis, which has an axial breakthrough at its bottom and a profiled, annular, coaxial overflow surface pointing axially forward and radially inward, the radially inner edge of which the axially front edge of the opening is connected by means of a profiled, annular, coaxial transition surface which delimits the base axially in front; and with a coaxial, centrally perforated deflection part, the center of its axial rear surface axially opposite the front opening end of the bell and the radially outer edge of which together with the bell forms an annular gap which forms the transition from an axial front surface of the deflection part to the overflow surface of the bell interrupts, the transition surface of the bell on the one hand and the axial rear surface and the radial edge surface of the deflection part on the other hand delimiting a gap-like space between the bell and the deflection part, which is only interrupted locally by axial spacers between the bell and the deflection part.
Bei den aus der DE-GS 8 224 329 bzw. aus der DE-OS 3 509 874, auf der der Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 basiert, bekannten Einrichtungen dieser Art sind der Grundteil der Übergangsfläche der Glocke sowie die ihm axial gegenüberliegende Rückfläche des Umlenkteiles eben und der Spaltteil der Übergangsfläche der Glocke sowie die ihm radial gegenüberliegende Randfläche des Umlenkteiles konisch geformt, sodaß der spaltartige Raum zwischen Glocke und Umlenkteil,von seinen örtlichen Unterbrechungen durch die Abstandshalter abgesehen, die Gestalt eines im zentralen Axialschnitt trapezförmigen Luftraumes hat, der abwechselnd von Farbe und flüssigem Spülmittel zum Entfernen von Restfarbe im Falle eines Farbwechsels oder der Endreinigung der Einrichtung am Beginn einer Betriebspause durchflossen wird.In the devices of this type known from DE-GS 8 224 329 and from DE-OS 3 509 874, on which the preamble of claim 1 is based, the base part of the transition surface of the bell and the axially opposite rear surface of the deflection part are flat and the gap part of the transition surface of the bell and the radially opposite edge surface of the deflecting part, so that the gap-like space between the bell and the deflecting part, apart from its local interruptions by the spacers, has the shape of an air space trapezoidal in the central axial section, which alternates in color and liquid washing-up liquid to remove residual paint in the event of a color change or the final cleaning of the device at the beginning of a break in operation.
Bei der aus der DE-GS 8 224 329 bekannten Einrichtung kann es vorkommen, daß in der flüssigen Farbe enthaltene Metallpigmente in dem spaltartigen Raum zwischen Glocke und Umlenkteil agglomerieren und dort auch durch Herausspülen von Farbresten nicht in ausreichendem Grade entfernt werden können. Die aus der DE-OS 3 509 874 bekannte Einrichtung vermeidet diesen Nachteil, indem sie mittels lokaler Spaltbreitenanomalien selbsttätig dafür sorgt, daß sich in ihrem spaltartigen Raum insbesondere Metallpigmentagglomerate oder andere Pigmentabsonderungen aus der zu vernebelnden Farbe nicht festsetzen können, widrigenfalls herausgespült werden. Es hat sich jedoch in der Praxis erwiesen, daß trotz dieser absichtlich herbeigeführten, in bestimmter Weise verteilten Anomalien des spaltartigen Raumes dort immer noch Farbablagerungen vorkommen, die nur mit Schwierigkeiten zu beseitigen sind.In the device known from DE-GS 8 224 329, it can happen that metal pigments contained in the liquid paint agglomerate in the gap-like space between the bell and the deflecting part and cannot be removed to a sufficient degree there by rinsing out paint residues. The device known from DE-OS 3 509 874 avoids this disadvantage by, by means of local gap width anomalies, automatically ensuring that metal pigment agglomerates or other pigment secretions from the paint to be atomized cannot settle in their gap-like space, otherwise they are washed out. In practice, however, it has been found that despite these deliberately induced, in a certain way distributed, anomalies in the gap-like space, there are still color deposits which are difficult to remove.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Einrichtung der eingangs genannten Art mit besserer Farbstromführung im spaltartigen Raum zwischen Glocke und Umlenkteil der Einrichtung und verbesserter Spülbarkeit derselben in diesem Raum zu schaffen.The invention is therefore based on the object to provide a device of the type mentioned with better color flow in the gap-like space between the bell and the deflecting part of the device and improved flushability of the same in this room.
Diese Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die axiale Rückfläche des Umlenkteiles und der ihr gegenüberliegende Grundteil der Übergangsfläche im Profil je eine stumpfwinklige Stufe aufweisen, die unter Erhaltung des spaltartigen Zwischenraumes derart angeordnet sind, daß die Farbe in einem mittleren Abschnitt dieses Zwischenraumes gleichzeitig axial nach vorn und radial nach außen strömt; und daß das axial nach hinten vorspringende Zentrum der axialen Rückfläche des Umlenkteiles radial außen durch eine scharfe Umlenkkante der Stufe dieser Rückfläche begrenzt ist, während die anderen Profilknicke der zwei komplementären Stufen gerundet sind. Dadurch wird vorteilhafterweise erreicht, daß der radiale Farbstrom auf dem Zentrum der axialen Rückfläche des Umlenkteiles an dessen scharfer Umlenkkante in Teilströme entlang Kegelmänteln mit verschiedenen Öffnungswinkein umgewandelt wird und daß diese Teilströme im mittleren Abschnitt des spaltartigen Raumes zwischen Umlenkteil und Glocke an Stellen auf diese treffen, wo bisher Farbablagerungen am häufigsten vorkamen. Die Erfindung bewirkt also eine gezielte, örtlich unterschiedliche Selbstreinigungswirkung einer Einrichtung der eingangs genannten Art.This object is achieved in that the axial rear surface of the deflecting part and the opposite base part of the transition surface each have an obtuse angle in profile, which are arranged while maintaining the gap-like space such that the color in a central portion of this space simultaneously axially flows in front and radially outwards; and that the axially rearwardly projecting center of the axial rear surface of the deflection part is delimited radially on the outside by a sharp deflection edge of the step of this rear surface, while the other profile kinks of the two complementary steps are rounded. It is thereby advantageously achieved that the radial ink flow on the center of the axial rear surface of the deflecting part at its sharp deflecting edge is converted into partial flows along cone shells with different opening angles and that these partial flows meet these in the middle section of the gap-like space between the deflecting part and bell, where previously color deposits were most common. The invention thus brings about a targeted, locally different self-cleaning effect of a device of the type mentioned.
Aus der DE-C 884 325 (Fig. 8) war vorbekannt zur Erzielung der Wirkung einer teilweisen Vorzerstäubung der eingeführten Flüssigkeit innerhalb eines Zwischenraumes, den zwei im axialen Abstand voneinander angeordnete Rotationskörper (1 und 2) einer Vorrichtung zum Zerstäuben von Flüssigkeiten bilden, die Begrenzungswände des Zwischenraumes mit Wölbungen oder stumpfwinkligen Knickungen zu versehen. Diese Knickungen des Zwischenraumes sind aber keine Stufen und führen deshalb auch nicht zu einem axialen Vorsprung, wie sie beim Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung die radial äußere Schulter (26.1.3) gegenüber dem zentralen Grund (26.1.1) der Übergangsfläche aufweist.From DE-C 884 325 (Fig. 8) was previously known to achieve the effect of a partial pre-atomization of the liquid introduced within a space formed by the two rotationally spaced rotating bodies (1 and 2) of a device for atomizing liquids which To provide boundary walls of the space with curvatures or obtuse angles. However, these kinks in the intermediate space are not steps and therefore do not lead to an axial projection, as is the case with the radially outer shoulder (26.1.3) in relation to the central base (26.1.1) of the transition surface in the exemplary embodiment of the invention.
Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung, die wie die Einrichtung gemäß DE-GS 8 224 329 (Fig. 1) mit einer einen engen Kegelstrahl erzeugenden, eine ebene Stirnfläche aufweisenden Düse versehen ist, deren axial vorderes Ende in den am Glockengrund befindlichen Durchbruch koaxialeingreift, welcher als sich axial nach vorn im Profil konvex erweiternde Bohrung ausgebildet ist, ist nun vorteilhafterweise vorgesehen, daß das Zentrum der axialen Rückfläche des Umlenkteiles mit einer kreisrunden, vorzugsweise scharfkantigen Vertiefung versehen ist, deren axiale Länge wesentlich geringer ist als ihr Durchmesser; und daß die Stirnfläche der Düse mit der zentralen Achse einen vom rechten Winkel abweichenden Winkel von vorzugsweise 15° bildet. Die flache Vertiefung und die schiefe Stirnfläche bewirken zusammen, daß der achsparallele Teil des Farbstrahles der Düse in einem nicht zu hohen Ausmaß zur schrägen Düsenstirnfläche zurückgeworfen und dort erneut reflektiert wird, wobei ein Teilstrom der Farbe radial außerhalb der Vertiefung auf das Zentrum der axialen Rückfläche des Umlenkteiles und ein anderer Teilstrom der Farbe auf den trompetenförmigen axial vorderen Endabschnitt der Bohrung des Grundes der Glocke gelangt, die sich im Bereich der scharfen Umlenkkante des Zentrumsrandes wieder vereinigen. Auch hierdurch werden die Farbführung in der Einrichtung und deren Spülbarkeit merklich verbessert.In a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, which, like the device according to DE-GS 8 224 329 (FIG. 1), is provided with a nozzle which generates a narrow cone jet and has a flat end face, the axially front end of which coaxially engages in the opening on the base of the bell , which is designed as an axially forward convex bore, is now advantageously provided that the center of the axial rear surface of the deflecting part is provided with a circular, preferably sharp-edged recess, the axial length of which is substantially less than its diameter; and that the end face of the nozzle with the central axis forms an angle deviating from the right angle of preferably 15 ° . The shallow depression and the oblique end face together cause the axially parallel part of the color jet of the nozzle to be thrown back to the oblique nozzle end face to a not too great extent and to be reflected there again, a partial stream of the paint radially outside the depression reaches the center of the axial rear surface of the deflecting part and another partial flow of paint on the trumpet-shaped axially front end section of the bore of the base of the bell, which reunite in the region of the sharp deflecting edge of the center edge. This also noticeably improves the color scheme in the device and its flushability.
Bei der bevorzugten Ausführungsform, deren Zerstäuberglocke wie im Falle der bekannten Einrichtungen einen den axialen Durchbruch aufweisenden Boden mit dem Grundteil der Übergangsfläche, einen anschließenden Ring mit dem Spaltteil der Übergangsfläche und eine ringförmige Lippe mit dem axial vordersten sowie radial äußersten Teil der Überströmungsfläche besitzt, ist nun an die Lippe axial nach hinten ein dorthin schwach konvergierender, konischer Mantel angeformt, der axial hinter dem Boden endet. Dieser angenähert kreiszylindrische Mantel verkleidet insbesondere den Glockenring, der bisher konisch gestaltet war und deshalb als radial äußerer Glockenteil zu starker Divergenz axialanströmender Lenkluft geführt hat, und vermag die gewünschte Lenkluftströmung herbeizuführen, und zwar unabhängig davon, wie der Glockenring gestaltet ist. Der Glockenmantel ermöglicht also eine zweckmäßige Profilierung der Glocke, beispielsweise so, daß ihre Überströmungsfläche zwischen Lippe und Umlenkteil eine verhältnismäßig große radiale Erstreckung aufweist, ohne daß dadurch die Masse des Glockenringes zwangsläufig zunimmt, denn es kann ein radial zwischen dem Mantel einerseits und dem Glockenboden sowie einem Teil des Glockenringes andererseits liegender Hohlraum gebildet werden, der axial hinten mittels einer Ringscheibe geschlossen ist, sodaß Lenkluft nicht in den Hohlraum eindringen kann.In the preferred embodiment, the atomizer bell, as in the case of the known devices, has a bottom with the axial opening with the base part of the transition surface, a subsequent ring with the gap part of the transition surface and an annular lip with the axially foremost and radially outermost part of the overflow surface Now, a slightly converging, conical jacket is formed on the lip axially backwards and ends axially behind the floor. This roughly circular-cylindrical jacket in particular covers the bell ring, which was previously conical and therefore, as a radially outer bell part, has led to strong divergence of axially incoming steering air, and is able to produce the desired steering air flow, regardless of how the bell ring is designed. The bell casing thus enables the bell to be profiled appropriately, for example in such a way that its overflow area between the lip and the deflecting part has a relatively large radial extension without the mass of the bell ring necessarily increasing, because there can be a radial between the casing on the one hand and the bell bottom and part of the bell ring, on the other hand, lying cavity are formed, which is closed axially at the rear by means of an annular disk, so that steering air cannot penetrate into the cavity.
Im folgenden ist die Erfindung anhand der durch die Zeichnung beispielhaft dargestellten bevorzugten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung im einzelnen erläutert.The invention is explained in detail below with reference to the preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, which is shown by way of example in the drawing.
Die einzige Figur der Zeichnung zeigt einen zentralen Axialschnitt der Ausführungsform mit abgebrochen dargestelltem Farbzuführungsrohr und ohne Glockenantrieb.The only figure of the drawing shows a central axial section of the embodiment with the paint feed tube shown broken off and without bell drive.
Eine hauptsächlich rotationssymmetrische rotierbare Zerstäuberglocke (10) mit einem axial von vorn eingesetzten, hauptsächlich rotationssymmetrischen Umlenkteil (28) der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung besteht aus einem kreisscheibenförmigen Boden (12) mit zentraler, axial nach vorn konvex aufgeweiteter Bohrung (14) als Durchbruch, deren Achse die Glockenachse (16) bestimmt; aus einem an den Rand des Bodens (12) axial schräg nach vorn angeformten konischen Ring (18), der axial nach vorn, d. h. in der Figur nach links, divergiert; und aus einer an den Ring (18) angeformten, axial nach vorn vorspringenden, kreisringförmigen Lippe (20).A mainly rotationally symmetrical rotatable atomizer bell (10) with an axially inserted from the front, mainly rotationally symmetrical deflection part (28) of the device according to the invention consists of a circular disc-shaped base (12) with a central, axially convex bore (14) as a breakthrough, the axis of which Bell axis (16) determined; from a conical ring (18) which is formed axially obliquely forward on the edge of the base (12) and which is axially forward, i. H. to the left in the figure, diverging; and from an annular lip (20) molded onto the ring (18) and projecting axially forward.
Auf ihrer axial vorderen Stirnseite weist die Zerstäuberglocke (10) eine kreisringförmige, koaxiale Uberströmungsfläche (24) mit ungefähr kreisbogenförmigem, konkavem, radial nach innen in die Länge gezogenem Profil auf, deren radial innerer Rand mit dem axial vorderen Ende der Bohrung (14) mittels einer kreisringförmigen, koaxialen Ubergangsfläche (26) verbunden ist, deren teilweise in radialen Ebenen liegender axial hinterer Grundteil (26.1) den in den Boden (12) eingelassenen, radialebenen Grund (26.1.1) der Glocke (10), anschließend eine konische und axial nach vorn divergierende Bodenfläche (26.1.2) sowie eine den Bodenrand vorn begrenzende, radial-ebene Schulter (26.1.3) bildet, sodaß Grund (26.1.1), divergierende Bodenfläche (26.1.2) und Schulter (26.1.3) im Profil eine stumpfwinklige Stufe mit zwei abgerundeten Kanten darstellen, mit der eine fast gleich profilierte axiale Rückfläche (29) korrespondiert, deren dem Grund (26.1.1) und der Bohrung (14) axial gegenüberliegendes radialebenes Zentrum aber eine scharfe Umlenkkante (28.1) aufweist; und deren in einer axial nach vorn divergierender Kegelmantelfläche mit der Achse (16) liegender axial vorderer Spaltteil (26.2) die radiale Innenseite des Glockenringes (18) bildet, der aus einem axial nach vorn schwächer divergierenden, hinteren Teil (18.1) und aus einem axial nach vorn stärker, nämlich fast radial divergierenden, vorderen Teil (18.2) besteht.On its axially front end face, the atomizer bell (10) has an annular, coaxial overflow surface (24) with an approximately circular, concave, radially inwardly elongated profile, the radially inner edge of which is connected to the axially front end of the bore (14) an annular, coaxial transition surface (26) is connected, the axially rear base part (26.1) of which lies partly in radial planes, the radial plane base (26.1.1) of the bell (10) embedded in the base (12), followed by a conical and axial Floor surface (26.1.2) diverging towards the front and a radially flat shoulder (26.1.3) bordering the front edge of the floor, so that bottom (26.1.1), diverging floor surface (26.1.2) and shoulder (26.1.3) in Profile form an obtuse-angled step with two rounded edges, with which corresponds an almost identical profiled axial rear surface (29), the axially opposite the bottom (26.1.1) and the bore (14) overlying radially plane center but has a sharp deflection edge (28.1); and whose axially front gap part (26.2), which lies in an axially diverging conical surface with the axis (16), forms the radial inside of the bell ring (18), which consists of an axially weaker diverging rear part (18.1) and an axially stronger towards the front, namely almost radially diverging, front part (18.2).
Die Zerstäuberglocke (10) ist mit dem im zentralen Längsschnitt angenähert doppelt trapezförmigen Umlenkteil (28) versehen, dessen nur schwach konische, also fast radialebene, konkave axiale Vorderfläche (30) mit dem radial inneren, axial nach vorn weisenden, ebenfalls fast radialebenen Teil (24.1) der Überströmungsfläche (24) der Glocke (10) in geringem Abstand bündig liegt und dessen axiale Rückfläche (29) sowie radial äußere, konische, axial nach vorn wie der Ringteil (18.1) divergierende Randfläche (31) mit der gestuften und an der Randfläche (31) gewinkelten Ubergangsfläche (26) der Glocke einen spaltartigen Zwischenraum (32) bildet, dessen Breite von vorzugsweise 0,5 bis 0,7 mm überwiegend konstant ist und welcher radial zwischen der Überströmungsfläche (24) und der Übergangsfläche (26) einen Ringspalt (34) bildet. Der Zwischenraum (32) erscheint in der Figur, den komplementären Profilstufen des hinteren Teiles (26.1) der ubergangsfläche (26) bzw der Rückfläche (29) entsprechend, als gekröpfter Kanal mit sich radial nach innen erweiterndem Anfangsabschnitt bei der Glockenbohrung (14) und abgewinkeltem Endabschnitt beim Spalt (34). An mindestens drei gleichmäßig um die Achse (16) verteilten Stellen ist das Umlenkteil (28) mittels je eines Abstandshalters (36) gehalten, die je als Außenbund einer zylindrischen, achsparallel angeordneten Hülse (37) ausgebildet und zwischen der hier radialebenen Rückfläche (29) des Umlenkteiles 828) und der Schulter (26.1.3) des hinteren Teiles (26.1) der Übergangsfläche (26) eingeklemmt sind, wobei in jeder Hülse (37) eine Schraube (56) steckt, deren Schaft in die Glocke (10) geschraubt ist und welche auch (je von axial hinten her) in das Umlenkteil (28) geschraubt ist.The atomizer bell (10) is provided with the deflecting part (28), which is approximately double trapezoidal in the central longitudinal section, the only slightly conical, i.e. almost radial plane, concave axial front surface (30) with the radially inner, axially forward, also almost radial plane part ( 24.1) of the overflow surface (24) of the bell (10) lies flush at a short distance and its axial rear surface (29) and radially outer, conical, axially forward as the ring part (18.1) diverging edge surface (31) with the stepped and at the Edge surface (31) angled transition surface (26) of the bell forms a gap-like intermediate space (32), the width of which is preferably constant, preferably 0.5 to 0.7 mm, and which is radial between the overflow surface (24) and the transition surface (26) Annular gap (34) forms. The space (32) appears in the figure, corresponding to the complementary profile steps of the rear part (26.1) of the transition surface (26) or the rear surface (29), as a cranked channel with a radially inwardly widening initial section at the bell hole (14) and angled End section at the gap (34). The deflecting part (28) is held at at least three points evenly distributed around the axis (16) by means of a spacer (36), each of which is designed as an outer collar of a cylindrical sleeve (37) arranged parallel to the axis and between the radially plane rear surface (29) of the deflecting part 828) and the shoulder (26.1.3) of the rear part (26.1) of the transition surface (26) are clamped, with each sleeve (37) having a screw (56) whose shaft is screwed into the bell (10) and which is also screwed (each axially from the rear) into the deflection part (28).
Der radial äußere,radial nach innen weisende Teil (24.2) der Überströmungsfläche (24) der Glocke (10) sorgt dafür, daß die am Spalt (34) vereinigten Farbteilströme auf dem vorderen Übergangsflächenteil (26.2) bzw auf der Vorderfläche (30) nach radialer Ausbreitung in achsparallele Richtung umgelenkt werden.The radially outer, radially inward-facing part (24.2) of the overflow surface (24) of the bell (10) ensures that the partial ink flows combined at the gap (34) on the front transition surface part (26.2) or on the front surface (30) are more radially Propagation can be deflected in the axis-parallel direction.
Auf seiner dem Glockenboden (12) zugewandten Rückseite ist das Umlenkteil (28) mit einem Einsatz (38) in einer auf die Vorderseite des Umlenkteiles durchgehenden Ausnehmung (40) desselben versehen, die mittels des Einsatzes ein teilweises Verlangsamen und Umleiten des axial nach vorn gerichteten Teiles der Farbströmung durch die Glockenbohrung (14) auf die Vorderfläche (30) des Umlenkteiles (28) bewirkt. Dazu weist der Einsatz (38) u.a. eine der Bohrung (14) axial folgende axiale Sackbohrung (42) auf, die im Zentrum des Grundes einer scharfkantigen kreiszylindrischen Vertiefung (43) geringer axialer Tiefe ausmündet, deren Durchmesser kleiner ist als der überwiegende Durchmesser der Glockenbohrung (14).On its base facing the bell (12) On the rear side, the deflecting part (28) is provided with an insert (38) in a recess (40) which extends through it to the front of the deflecting part and, by means of the insert, slows down and redirects the part of the paint flow directed axially forward through the bell hole (14 ) on the front surface (30) of the deflecting part (28). For this purpose, the insert (38) has, inter alia, an axial blind bore (42) axially following the bore (14), which opens out in the center of the bottom of a sharp-edged circular-cylindrical depression (43) of small axial depth, the diameter of which is smaller than the predominant diameter of the bell bore (14).
Die Zerstäuberglocke (10) ist auf ihrer axialen Rückseite mit einem an ihren Boden (12) angeformten kreiszylindrischen Stutzen (48) versehen, in dessen Gewindeeinsatz (49) das axial vordere Ende einer nicht dargestellten Hohlwelle zur Rotation der Glocke (10) um ihre Achse (16) einschraubbar ist. Innerhalb der Hohlwelle liegt koaxial ein bei Drehung der Zerstäuberglocke (10) stillstehendes Farbzuführrohr (45), an dessen axial vorderem Ende eine Farbdüse (51) zentral angeordnet ist, die in der Bohrung (14) an deren Übergang in den trompetenförmigen Endabschnitt Farbe axial nach vorn gegen den im Zentrum des Umlenkteiles (28) sitzenden Einsatz (38) in einem engen Kegelstrahl austreten läßt, wobei ein Teil der Farbe auf den ringförmigen Grund der Einsatzvertiefung (43) gelangt und dort zur Düse (51) zurückgeworfen wird, deren schiefe ebene Stirnfläche (51.1) diesen Farbteil tangential zur Rundung des vorderen Abschnittes der Bohrung (14) reflektiert, während ein anderer Teil der Farbe schräg auf die Umgebung der Vertiefung (43) trifft und auf der Rückfläche (29) zur Kante (28.1) gelangt, wo jener Farbteil dadurch unterteilt wird, daß er zum Teil auf die gegenüberliegende Übergangsfläche (26) wechselt, wo er insoweit mit dem zuerst genannten Farbteil vereinigt wird, der schon auf dieser Ubergangsfläche strömt. Der Hauptstrom der Farbe wird also in den spaltartigen Zwischenraum (32) abgelenkt, von dem aus die Farbe durch den Ringspalt (34) auf die Überströmungsfläche (24) zur Lippe (20) gelangt Die dort an einer Sprühkante (60) mechanisch abgeschleuderten Farbtröpfchen werden mittels einer Ladekante (62) elektrostatisch geladen und im elektrostatischen Feld zu einem zu färbenden Gegenstand, beispielsweise einer Automobilkarosserie, transportiert.The atomizer bell (10) is provided on its axial rear side with a circular cylindrical socket (48) formed on its base (12), in the threaded insert (49) of which the axially front end of a hollow shaft (not shown) for rotating the bell (10) about its axis (16) can be screwed in. Coaxial within the hollow shaft is an ink supply tube (45) which is stationary when the atomizer bell (10) rotates, at the axially front end of which a paint nozzle (51) is arranged centrally, axially following the bore (14) at its transition into the trumpet-shaped end section lets out in front of the insert (38) seated in the center of the deflecting part (28) in a narrow cone jet, part of the color reaching the annular base of the insert recess (43) and being thrown back there to the nozzle (51), the inclined plane of which Front surface (51.1) reflects this color part tangentially to the rounding of the front section of the bore (14), while another part of the color strikes the surroundings of the recess (43) at an angle and reaches the edge (28.1) on the rear surface (29), where that color part is divided in that it partly changes to the opposite transition surface (26), where it wi combines with the color part mentioned first rd that is already flowing on this transition surface. The main stream of paint is thus deflected into the gap-like intermediate space (32), from which the paint passes through the annular gap (34) onto the overflow surface (24) to the lip (20), where the paint droplets are mechanically thrown off at a spray edge (60) by means of a loading edge (62) electrostatically charged and transported in the electrostatic field to an object to be colored, for example an automobile body.
Eine stufenförmige radiale Erweiterung (15) der Bohrung (14) des Glockenbodens (12) ergibt eine rückwärtig mit einem Innengewinde zum Einschrauben des Gewindeeinsatzes (49) versehene Bohrung (47) des Stutzens (48) Dabei münden mehrere auf den Achsumfang verteilte Schrägbohrungen (66) in die Bohrung (47), die sich durch den Stutzen (48) und eine radiale kreisringförmige Scheibe (78) erstrecken, die auf dem Gewindeeinsatz (49) sitzt und die Schrauben (56) aufnimmt.A step-shaped radial widening (15) of the bore (14) of the bell bottom (12) results in a bore (47) of the nozzle (48) provided at the rear with an internal thread for screwing in the threaded insert (49). Several oblique bores (66) distributed over the circumference of the axis open out ) in the bore (47), which extend through the socket (48) and a radial annular disc (78) which sits on the threaded insert (49) and receives the screws (56).
Zwischen dem radial äußeren Rand der Scheibe (78) und der Lippe (20) der Glocke (10) erstreckt sich ein schwach konischer, ein wenig nach vorn divergierender Mantel (80), der an die Lippe (20) angeformt ist und einen ringförmigen Hohlraum (82) radial außen begrenzt, der radial innen durch den Glockenring (18), den Glockenboden (10) sowie den Stutzen (48) begrenzt ist und rückwärtig mittels der Scheibe (78) geschlossen ist. In der Figur von rechts axial anströmende Lenkluft wird vom Mantel zu nur geringer Divergenz gebracht.Between the radially outer edge of the disc (78) and the lip (20) of the bell (10) extends a slightly conical, slightly forward diverging jacket (80) which is molded onto the lip (20) and an annular cavity (82) bounded radially on the outside, which is bounded radially on the inside by the bell ring (18), the bell bottom (10) and the connecting piece (48) and is closed at the rear by means of the disk (78). In the figure, from the right axially flowing steering air is brought to little divergence by the jacket.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE8708312U DE8708312U1 (en) | 1987-06-12 | 1987-06-12 | Device for atomizing liquid paint |
| DE8708312U | 1987-06-12 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0294606A1 EP0294606A1 (en) | 1988-12-14 |
| EP0294606B1 true EP0294606B1 (en) | 1990-07-18 |
Family
ID=6809073
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88107537A Expired - Lifetime EP0294606B1 (en) | 1987-06-12 | 1988-05-11 | Apparatus for atomizing liquid paint |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4838487A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0294606B1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE8708312U1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4919333A (en) * | 1986-06-26 | 1990-04-24 | The Devilbiss Company | Rotary paint atomizing device |
| US4927081A (en) * | 1988-09-23 | 1990-05-22 | Graco Inc. | Rotary atomizer |
| US5063350A (en) * | 1990-02-09 | 1991-11-05 | Graco Inc. | Electrostatic spray gun voltage and current monitor |
| US5093625A (en) * | 1990-02-09 | 1992-03-03 | Graco Inc. | Electrostatic spray gun voltage and current monitor with remote readout |
| US5100057A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-03-31 | Nordson Corporation | Rotary atomizer with onboard color changer and fluid pressure regulator |
| FR2661115B1 (en) * | 1990-04-24 | 1992-07-31 | Sames Sa | DEVICE FOR CENTRIFUGAL SPRAYING OF A COATING PRODUCT, ESPECIALLY FOR APPLICATION BY ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING. |
| US5474236A (en) * | 1992-12-03 | 1995-12-12 | Nordson Corporation | Transfer of electrostatic charge to a rotary atomizer head through the housing of a rotary atomizing spray device |
| DE9419641U1 (en) * | 1994-12-07 | 1995-02-02 | Dürr GmbH, 70435 Stuttgart | Rotary atomizer with a bell body |
| US6056215A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 2000-05-02 | Nordson Corporation | Electrostatic rotary atomizing spray device |
| US5697559A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1997-12-16 | Nordson Corporation | Electrostatic rotary atomizing spray device |
| US6003784A (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1999-12-21 | Gunnar van der Steur | Rotary atomizer with internal chamber |
| US5947377A (en) * | 1997-07-11 | 1999-09-07 | Nordson Corporation | Electrostatic rotary atomizing spray device with improved atomizer cup |
| US6189804B1 (en) * | 1998-03-27 | 2001-02-20 | Behr Systems, Inc. | Rotary atomizer for particulate paints |
| US8141797B2 (en) * | 2001-01-25 | 2012-03-27 | Durr Systems Inc. | Rotary atomizer for particulate paints |
| FR2791279B1 (en) * | 1999-03-25 | 2002-03-29 | Sames Sa | DEVICE FOR SPRAYING A POWDER COATING PRODUCT AND SPRAYING MEMBER EQUIPPED WITH SUCH A DEVICE |
| US6341734B1 (en) | 2000-10-19 | 2002-01-29 | Efc Systems, Inc. | Rotary atomizer and bell cup and methods thereof |
| FR2836638B1 (en) * | 2002-03-01 | 2004-12-10 | Sames Technologies | DEVICE FOR SPRAYING LIQUID COATING PRODUCTS |
| US6889921B2 (en) * | 2002-09-30 | 2005-05-10 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Bell cup skirt |
| DE10345342A1 (en) * | 2003-09-19 | 2005-04-28 | Engelhard Arzneimittel Gmbh | Producing an ivy leaf extract containing hederacoside C and alpha-hederin, useful for treating respiratory diseases comprises steaming comminuted ivy leaves before extraction |
| FR2915115B1 (en) * | 2007-04-23 | 2010-09-10 | Sames Technologies | SPRAYING DEVICE, PROJECTION DEVICE COMPRISING SUCH AN ORGAN, PROJECTION PLANT AND METHOD OF CLEANING SUCH AN ORGAN |
| US8602326B2 (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2013-12-10 | David M. Seitz | Spray device having a parabolic flow surface |
| DE102009038290A1 (en) * | 2009-08-21 | 2011-02-24 | Abb Ag | Cap for high rotation sprayer utilized in industrial coating technique for coating e.g. car body with paint, has connecting channel that is provided in radial outer region of hollow space and opens into cap upper surface |
| JP6113569B2 (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2017-04-12 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Rotary atomizing coating equipment |
| DE102017116715A1 (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2019-01-24 | Eisenmann Se | Nozzle head for a rotary atomizer for applying a coating material to an object |
| US20220219186A1 (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2022-07-14 | Fanuc America Corporation | Wear resistant distributor post |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE884325C (en) * | 1948-07-10 | 1953-07-27 | Hauser & Cie Ag Neumuehle Toes | Device for atomizing liquids |
| FR2336183A1 (en) * | 1975-12-26 | 1977-07-22 | Marchand Bernard | Compensating air ring for electrostatic paint applicator - with jets directed forwards behind rotating spray disc to prevent paint blowback |
| DE3508970C1 (en) * | 1985-03-13 | 1986-07-31 | Walter Giersiepen GmbH & Co, 5608 Radevormwald | Paint atomiser |
| DE3509874C2 (en) * | 1985-03-19 | 1994-05-19 | Behr & Sohn Hermann | Misting device for liquid paint |
| US4643357A (en) * | 1985-11-22 | 1987-02-17 | Binks Manufacturing Company | Rapidly cleanable atomizer |
| DE3616684A1 (en) * | 1986-05-16 | 1987-11-19 | Behr Industrieanlagen | SPRAYER FOR ELECTROSTATIC COATING OF OBJECTS |
| US4776520A (en) * | 1987-05-11 | 1988-10-11 | Binks Manufacturing Company | Rotary atomizer |
-
1987
- 1987-06-12 DE DE8708312U patent/DE8708312U1/en not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-05-11 DE DE8888107537T patent/DE3860334D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-11 EP EP88107537A patent/EP0294606B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-10 US US07/205,151 patent/US4838487A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE8708312U1 (en) | 1987-07-30 |
| DE3860334D1 (en) | 1990-08-23 |
| US4838487A (en) | 1989-06-13 |
| EP0294606A1 (en) | 1988-12-14 |
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