EP0291611B1 - Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn - Google Patents
Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0291611B1 EP0291611B1 EP87401148A EP87401148A EP0291611B1 EP 0291611 B1 EP0291611 B1 EP 0291611B1 EP 87401148 A EP87401148 A EP 87401148A EP 87401148 A EP87401148 A EP 87401148A EP 0291611 B1 EP0291611 B1 EP 0291611B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bearings
- roller
- cylinder
- cylinders
- blanket
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
- B41F13/00—Common details of rotary presses or machines
- B41F13/44—Arrangements to accommodate interchangeable cylinders of different sizes to enable machine to print on areas of different sizes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
- B41F13/00—Common details of rotary presses or machines
- B41F13/08—Cylinders
- B41F13/24—Cylinder-tripping devices; Cylinder-impression adjustments
- B41F13/26—Arrangement of cylinder bearings
- B41F13/30—Bearings mounted on sliding supports
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rotary offset printer intended to perform printing on a continuously moving web, in particular a paper web.
- Rotary offset printers which comprise a frame at the top of which is rotatably mounted at least one touching cylinder, receiving a film of ink from an inking device, and a film of a solution of wetting from a wetting device, and, below the touching cylinder or cylinders, several superimposed cylinders of horizontal and transverse axes, driven in rotation, namely a lower counterpart cylinder, an intermediate blanket cylinder and a cylinder upper plate holder, the tablecloth to be printed passing between the lower counterpart cylinder and the intermediate blanket cylinder.
- Each of these cylinders is carried, at its two opposite ends, by two respective bearings mounted movable vertically on the frame of the printer so as to be able to move the three cylinders vertically relative to each other, in order to be able to bring them into contact or under pressure, the upper plate cylinder being applied against the or the upper touching cylinders in the printing position, or to separate them from each other, in particular when changing the plate cylinders and corresponding blanket holder to a change of format.
- the calibration of the springs must not be too strong so as not to bring into play high stresses during pressurization but it must however be strong enough to compensate for the weights of the different cylinders.
- the problem with weights is further complicated in variable format machines where the weight of the cylinders can vary from simple to fivefold.
- the object of the present invention is to eliminate, in variable format offset printers, the problem of taring the springs, by using the weight of the cylinders superimposed vertically.
- the rotary offset printer intended for printing on a continuously moving tablecloth, in particular a paper tablecloth, comprises a frame at the top of which at least one cylinder is rotatably mounted, in a fixed position contactor receiving a film of ink, an inking device and, below the contact cylinder or cylinders, several cylinders superimposed on horizontal and transverse axes, driven in rotation, namely from top to bottom a plate cylinder upper, an intermediate blanket cylinder, and a lower counterpart cylinder, each of these cylinders being rotatably mounted, at its opposite ends, in two bearings mounted vertically movable on the frame, these bearings of the plate and blanket cylinders being normally separated from each other by springs exerting, between the two cylinders a force greater than the weight of the upper plate cylinder and of these bearings, so as to be able to move the three cylinders vertically relative to one another, in order to be able to bring them into contact or in pressure against each other and against the upper touching cylinder or
- Figures 3, 4 and 5 are partial vertical and cross-sectional views illustrating several different positions that the vertically movable cylinders can take.
- FIGs 1 and 2 is shown schematically an offset printer which comprises, in a manner known per se, a frame at the upper part of which are mounted for rotation two touch rollers 1 and 2, of horizontal and transverse axis, each receiving an ink film from an inking device not shown and a film of a wetting solution from a wetting device also not shown.
- Below the touch cylinders 1 and 2 are arranged several vertically superimposed cylinders, namely an upper plate cylinder 3, located immediately below the touch cylinders 1 and 2, an intermediate blanket cylinder 4 and a counter or back pressure cylinder. lower 5.
- a sheet of printing paper 6, shown in phantom in FIG. 1, runs between the blanket cylinder 4 and the counterpart cylinder 5.
- the printing cylinders 3, blanket holder 4 and counterpart 5 are respectively integral with shaft 7, 8, 9 which are rotatably mounted, at their two ends, in respective bearings 11, 12, 13. These bearings slide vertically in two vertical and lateral frames 14 integral with the frame of the printer.
- each frame 14 below the bearing 13 of the counterpart cylinder 5, is disposed a slide 15 which carries, on its upper face, a jack 16 of vertical axis.
- the rod of this jack 16 which extends upwards bears against the underside of the bearing 13 of the counterpart cylinder 5.
- the slide 15 also carries two vertical rods 17 which extend upwards from its upper face and which pass through vertical holes in the bearing 13.
- the bearing 12 of the blanket cylinder 4 rests on the upper ends of these rods 17 which thus serve as its support.
- the slide 15 is mounted to move vertically inside the frame 14 and this vertical movement can be controlled by any suitable means, for example by a screw jack 18.
- each vertical axis 19 is fixed, at its lower end, to the bearing 12 and it extends vertically in the bearing 11 to open into a hole 22 in which the pin 21 is housed.
- This hole 22 opens into at least one lateral face of the bearing 11 as can be seen in FIG. 1.
- the two bearings 11 and 12, that is to say of the plate cylinder 3 and of the blanket cylinder 4 are kept normally separated from one another by helical springs 23 surrounding each axis 19.
- the mounting of the plate cylinder 3 and blanket cylinder 4 allows a limited relative vertical movement, of small amplitude, of these two cylinders, this movement being limited in one direction, that is to say down, by l support of the pins 21 in the bottom of the holes 22 and, in the opposite direction, that is to say upwards, by the coming into pressure of the blanket cylinder 4 against the plate cylinder 3.
- the mounting device which has just been described facilitates the disassembly of the plate and blanket cylinders. Indeed, it makes it possible to remove them simultaneously and it thus constitutes a one-piece assembly called cassette or format loader.
- This cassette rests on the upper ends of the rods 17 integral with the slide 15 while the lower counterpart cylinder 5 rests, by means of its bearings 13, on the heads of the pistons of the jacks 16.
- the length of the rods 17 is calculated so to provide between the intermediate blanket cylinder 4 and the lower counterpart cylinder 5 a spacing sufficient to allow free passage of the web to be printed 6 when the jacks 16 are at rest or retracted with their pistons in the low position.
- the movement of the slide 15 upwards, under the action of the jack 18, causes a displacement of the whole of the cassette which constitute the upper plate cylinder 3 and the intermediate blanket cylinder 4, so as to approach the upper plate cylinder 3 of the touching cylinders 1.2.
- the touch rollers 1 and 2 are mounted on the frame so that at the end of the upward stroke, that is to say when the bearings 11 come into contact with stops 24 provided on the frame, the touch rolls 1 and 2 are found to have just sufficient contact with the plate of the cylinder 3 to ensure correct transfer of the ink in the approach position which is represented in FIG. 1, the bearings 11 are slightly spaced from the stops 24, as this can best be seen in Figure 2.
- the pressurization sequence takes place as follows:
- the cylinders 16 are supplied with a fluid under a pressure P1 which is sufficient to bring the lower counterpart cylinder 5 into contact with the intermediate blanket cylinder 4, without however moving the whole of the cassette upwards.
- P1 a pressure which is sufficient to bring the lower counterpart cylinder 5 into contact with the intermediate blanket cylinder 4, without however moving the whole of the cassette upwards.
- the sheet 6 is then pinched between the intermediate blanket cylinder and the lower counter cylinder, which are rotated, and therefore, the sheet to be printed is driven.
- the driving pressure of this ply 6 can be equal to the weight of the cassette located above it.
- each cylinder 16 Is applied to each cylinder 16 a pressure P3 greater than the pressure P2, this pressure being sufficient to overcome the opposing force exerted by each of the springs 23.
- the force exerted by each of the cylinders 16 upwards is sufficient to press the intermediate blanket cylinder 4 against the upper plate cylinder 3, crushing the springs 23.
- the transfer pressure is equal to the difference between the pressures P3 and P2 and it can be easily adjusted by means of a pressure regulator.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Rotary Presses (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
- Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
- Impression-Transfer Materials And Handling Thereof (AREA)
- Handling Of Sheets (AREA)
Claims (1)
- Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn, insbesondere einer Papierbahn, gekennzeichnet durch einen Rahmen im oberen Teil, an dem in einer festen Position drehbar wenigstens eine Auftragswalze angebracht ist, die von einer Farbwerkvorrichtung aus einen Druckfarbenfilm aufnimmt und mit unter der oder den Auftragswalzen mehreren horizontal und transvers übereinanderliegenden rotierenden Walzen, die von oben nach unten einen oberen Formzylinder (3), einen dazwischenliegenden Druck-GummituchZylinder (4) und einen niedriger liegenden Gegendruck-Zylinder (5) antreiben, jeder der Zylinder ist an die Rotation angebunden, an den gegenüberliegenden Enden in zwei Wellenlagern (11, 12) gehalten, die vertikal beweglich an dem Rahmen angebracht sind, die Lager (11, 12) der Formzylinder (3) und des Druck-Gummituch-Zylinders sind normalerweise durch Federn (23) voneinander getrennt, zwischen den zwei Zylindern (3, 4) ist eine höhergelegene Kraft auf dem Gewicht des höhergelegenen Formzylinders (3) und der Wellenlager (11) in der Weise, daß die drei Zylinder (3, 4, 5) vertikal bewegt werden können, um sie in Kontakt oder unter Druck zueinander und gegen den oder die Auftragswalzen (1, 2), die höher gelegen sind, zu bringen, in eine Druckposition oder im Gegenteil, um sie voneinander zu entfernen, besonders zur Zeit der Formatänderung, gekennzeichnet durch die Wellenlager (11) des höher gelegenen Formzylinders (3) und die Wellenlager (12) des dazwischen liegenden Gummituch-Zylinders (4) sind durch vertikale und feststehende Achsen (19) zusammengefügt, die mit ihren unteren Enden mit den Wellen lagern (12) des dazwischen gelegenen Gummituch-Zylinders (4) und ihren äußersten oberen Teilen mit den Wellenlagern (11) des oberen Formzylinders (3) verbunden sind, um in die Öffnungen (22) in diesen Wellenlagern zu münden, wobei die Stifte (21) in den äußersten Teilen der Achsen sich befinden, um diese im Innenraum der Öffnungen (22) zu halten und schließlich jedes Wellenlager (13) des unten liegenden Gegendruck-Zylinders (5) ruht auf der Kolbenstange einer vertikalen Winde (16), die durch eine Gleitstütze (15) getragen ist, die vertikal verstellbar am Rahmen ist und vertikale Stifte (17) trägt, die sich nach oben erstrecken, die Wellenlager (13) des unten liegenden Gegendruck-Zylinders durchqueren und mit den oberen Enden dieser Stütze die Wellenlager (12) des dazwischenliegenden Gummituch-Zylinders (4) mitnehmen.
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8603751A FR2595623B1 (fr) | 1986-03-17 | 1986-03-17 | Imprimeuse rotative offset destinee a effectuer une impression sur une nappe defilant en continu |
DE8787401148T DE3766103D1 (de) | 1987-05-21 | 1987-05-21 | Offsetrotationsmaschine zum bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden bahn. |
EP87401148A EP0291611B1 (de) | 1987-05-21 | 1987-05-21 | Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn |
ES87401148T ES2018555B3 (es) | 1987-05-21 | 1987-05-21 | Impresora rotativa offset destinada a efectuar una impresion en una capa en movimiento continuo |
AT87401148T ATE58090T1 (de) | 1987-05-21 | 1987-05-21 | Offsetrotationsmaschine zum bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden bahn. |
HK992/92A HK99292A (en) | 1987-05-21 | 1992-12-10 | Rotary offset press for printing on a continuously moving web |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP87401148A EP0291611B1 (de) | 1987-05-21 | 1987-05-21 | Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0291611A1 EP0291611A1 (de) | 1988-11-23 |
EP0291611B1 true EP0291611B1 (de) | 1990-11-07 |
Family
ID=8198217
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87401148A Expired - Lifetime EP0291611B1 (de) | 1986-03-17 | 1987-05-21 | Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0291611B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE58090T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE3766103D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2018555B3 (de) |
HK (1) | HK99292A (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR102419523B1 (ko) * | 2016-08-08 | 2022-07-12 | 닛산 가가쿠 가부시키가이샤 | 광경화성 조성물 및 반도체장치의 제조방법 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2350198A1 (fr) * | 1976-05-07 | 1977-12-02 | Chambon Machines | Imprimeuse rotative a plusieurs couleurs |
FR2419165A1 (fr) * | 1978-03-10 | 1979-10-05 | Chambon Machines | Imprimeuse rotative pour l'impression en plusieurs couleurs sur des feuilles alimentees d'une maniere continue |
FR2420426A1 (fr) * | 1978-03-22 | 1979-10-19 | Chambon Machines | Imprimeuse rotative a plusieurs couleurs et a format variable |
FR2520668A1 (fr) * | 1982-01-29 | 1983-08-05 | Dezeuze Francois | Presse pour impression sur une feuille de support en papier ou carton |
US4449450A (en) * | 1982-07-28 | 1984-05-22 | S.A. Martin | Retractable propulsion apparatus for cardboard box printing machine |
FR2535651B1 (fr) * | 1982-11-08 | 1986-07-25 | Atn | Imprimeuse rotative offset a format variable |
FR2595623B1 (fr) * | 1986-03-17 | 1991-09-06 | Umat | Imprimeuse rotative offset destinee a effectuer une impression sur une nappe defilant en continu |
-
1987
- 1987-05-21 EP EP87401148A patent/EP0291611B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-05-21 ES ES87401148T patent/ES2018555B3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-05-21 AT AT87401148T patent/ATE58090T1/de active
- 1987-05-21 DE DE8787401148T patent/DE3766103D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1992
- 1992-12-10 HK HK992/92A patent/HK99292A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE58090T1 (de) | 1990-11-15 |
DE3766103D1 (de) | 1990-12-13 |
ES2018555B3 (es) | 1991-04-16 |
HK99292A (en) | 1992-12-18 |
EP0291611A1 (de) | 1988-11-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
FR2645790A1 (fr) | Appareil de decoupage rotatif | |
CH615864A5 (de) | ||
EP0873866A1 (de) | Tiefdruckmaschine | |
EP0113601B1 (de) | Offset-Rotationsdruckmaschine für variable Formate | |
EP1754599B1 (de) | Druckeinheit mit einem druckan- bzw. druckabstellbaren Gummizylinder und entsprechende Druckmaschine | |
FR2474955A1 (fr) | Presse a imprimer pour l'impression de feuilles de carton ondule | |
EP0291611B1 (de) | Offsetrotationsmaschine zum Bedrucken einer kontinuierlich laufenden Bahn | |
EP0148074B1 (de) | Vorrichtung zum Wenden der Papierbahn für Schön- und Widerdruck | |
FR2595623A1 (fr) | Imprimeuse rotative offset destinee a effectuer une impression sur une nappe defilant en continu | |
US4909148A (en) | Drop-in print station for multi-color printing press | |
EP0564372B1 (de) | Offsetdruckmaschine | |
US5009159A (en) | Printing unit | |
EP0611187B1 (de) | Rotierende Schneidvorrichtung | |
FR2555510A3 (fr) | Dispositif pour imprimer des numerotages, applicable sur presses offset du type a cylindres horizontaux | |
CH615863A5 (en) | Flat offset press | |
EP0578551B1 (de) | Verbesserungen in Druckmaschinen, insbesondere für Sieb- druckmaschinen | |
FR2520668A1 (fr) | Presse pour impression sur une feuille de support en papier ou carton | |
FR2733452A1 (fr) | Dispositif de commande d'un groupe numeroteur et d'impression de machines rotatives a imprimer | |
CN219276983U (zh) | 一种辊调节装置 | |
CN220314485U (zh) | 一种辊印装置结构 | |
FR2468469A1 (fr) | Dispositif d'impression comportant un ou plusieurs tampons disposes sur un element porteur mobile dans le sens vertical | |
CN213833873U (zh) | 用于印刷标签图案装置的上料机构及印刷标签图案装置 | |
FR2563469A1 (fr) | Dispositif pour faciliter l'introduction et l'extraction du cylindre dans des machines a imprimer par rotogravure, reversibles | |
US6811336B2 (en) | Registration cam for a printing press | |
BE387979A (de) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19870601 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES GB GR IT LI LU NL SE |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19890508 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES GB GR IT LI LU NL SE |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Effective date: 19901107 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 19901107 Ref country code: AT Effective date: 19901107 |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 58090 Country of ref document: AT Date of ref document: 19901115 Kind code of ref document: T |
|
GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) | ||
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 3766103 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19901213 |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed | ||
ITTA | It: last paid annual fee | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 19910531 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
K2C2 | Correction of patent specification (partial reprint) published |
Effective date: 19901107 |
|
26N | No opposition filed | ||
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 19990519 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Payment date: 19990524 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 19990525 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 19990526 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 19990531 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 19990728 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000521 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: THE PATENT HAS BEEN ANNULLED BY A DECISION OF A NATIONAL AUTHORITY Effective date: 20000522 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000531 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000531 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000531 |
|
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: USINAGE MONTAGE ET ASSISTANCE TECHNIQUE UMAT Effective date: 20000531 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20001201 |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20000521 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
NLV4 | Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee |
Effective date: 20001201 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010301 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FD2A Effective date: 20020204 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED. Effective date: 20050521 |