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EP0281773B1 - Adjustable microwave filter - Google Patents

Adjustable microwave filter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0281773B1
EP0281773B1 EP88101782A EP88101782A EP0281773B1 EP 0281773 B1 EP0281773 B1 EP 0281773B1 EP 88101782 A EP88101782 A EP 88101782A EP 88101782 A EP88101782 A EP 88101782A EP 0281773 B1 EP0281773 B1 EP 0281773B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
filter
ground
variable capacitance
diodes
filter according
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP88101782A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0281773A1 (en
Inventor
Mustafa Gurcan
Maurice Bernard
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Alcatel CIT SA
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Alcatel Telspace SA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01PWAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/20Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
    • H01P1/201Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves
    • H01P1/203Strip line filters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a tunable filter, in particular in the band from 800 to 1800 MHz.
  • the signal received at the antenna of the earth station is in the bands 10.95-11.7 GHz or 12.25-12.75 GHz or 11.7-12.5 GHz etc ...
  • a first stage transposes these bands to the RF (radio frequency) bands 950-1700 MHz, 950-1450 MHz, 950-1750 MHz, respectively.
  • a second transposition brings these frequencies around an intermediate frequency, or IF, of a few hundred MHz, for example 450 MHz.
  • Each channel in the radio frequency band, or RF is a few tens of MHz wide.
  • the role of the tunable filter is to transmit only the channel chosen in the total RF input band.
  • the rejection of the local oscillator frequencies, or OL, of the last transposition, of the image frequencies and of the mixing products are clearly improved.
  • the document EP-0138438 describes a tunable microwave filter which comprises two branches of the same type which, at each end, are connected to ground and which each comprise, connected in series, a fixed inductance, a first adjustable inductance, a first diode with variable capacitance, a filter for high frequencies formed by a series resonance circuit comprising a second diode with variable capacitance and a second variable inductance, and a coupling element comprising a series inductance between the input point and the output point of the filter.
  • the object of the invention is to overcome this drawback.
  • a tunable microwave filter comprising two branches of the same type each connected at the two ends to ground and each comprising, connected in series: the second end, grounded, a first and a second diode with variable capacity, a connection line, and the first end, grounded, the diodes being controlled by a DC signal, said filter being arranged on the first face of a planar substrate, characterized in that the line of connection is a microstrip line, and in that the microwave input and output are connected to the common points between the microstrip line and the second variable capacity diode of the first and second branch respectively by a symmetrical adapter
  • Such a filter has the great advantage of being able to be easily produced in a reproducible manner and therefore of allowing automatic mounting. The cost price of such a filter is therefore very low; it can therefore be used in the case of reception for satellite links, intended for a large audience.
  • the filter of the invention is produced on a substrate, the second face of which is completely metallized and forms a ground plane, the ground points being produced by metallized holes.
  • the filter of the invention is such that the DC voltage supply for each branch is produced by means of an RC filter, this DC voltage supply being connected to the common point of the two variable capacity diodes by a first microstrip line in length (2k + 1) ⁇ / 4 and by the resistance of the RC filter, and at the ground end of the first variable capacitance diode by the capacity of the RC filter; a second microstrip line, connecting the two branches to the DC voltage source, such that the total length of the first and second line is (2k '+ 1) ⁇ / 4 ; k and k 'being any integers.
  • variable capacitance diodes are arranged in holes drilled in the substrate; which allows for great positioning accuracy.
  • This figure represents a substrate 8 on the first face 9 of which is the filter of the invention.
  • This consists of two symmetrical parts or branches 10 (10A) with respect to an axis ⁇ located on the face 9 of this substrate 8.
  • This adaptation line 17 (17A) constitutes in the first part (10), the input to which the microwave signal E is connected. It constitutes for the second part (10A) the output on which the microwave signal S is obtained in output of the inventive filter.
  • the two lines 11 and 11A of the two parts 10 and 10A of the filter of the invention are coupled together and connected at their end by a section of line 20 itself connected to the ground 22.
  • the midpoint of the two varicaps 12A and 13A of the second part is connected to the DC voltage source V via a line 21 such that the length 21 + 14A is equal to (2k '+ 1) ⁇ / 4 .
  • the substrate is completely metallized on its second face.
  • the ground points are therefore metallized holes 22 and 24.
  • Varicaps 12 (12A) and 13 (13A) are arranged in positioning holes 220 (220A) and 23 (23A).
  • the structure of the filter of the invention is produced in microstrip technique and the substrate used is for example made of epoxy glass; which is a factor in reducing the cost price.
  • the filter is tuned by modifying the DC voltage V applied to varicaps 12, 13, 12A and 13A. These varicaps are for example therefore cheaper than varicaps in AsGa.
  • the insulation capacities 16 (16A) as well as the resistors 15 (15A) have the role of bringing to the level of the junction of the two varicaps 12 and 13 (12A and 13A) an infinite impedance for the microwave frequencies considered: these are "surface mount components” (CMS); which allows automatic serial production of the filter of the invention and therefore a reduction in the cost price.
  • CMS surface mount components
  • the varicaps are housed in circular holes drilled in the substrate to allow better reproducibility of the assembly, so the lengths of the connection tails are not very variable from one assembly to another.
  • the filter of the invention is therefore a two-pole filter in which each resonator is composed of a line, two varicaps, and chokes due to the connection tails of the varicaps.
  • the coupling between the two resonators takes place at the level of the lines: the coupling between the two lines 11 and 11A depends on their thickness, their spacing and their length.
  • the coupling between resonators depends on the operating frequency. Due to the impedance inversions, the necessary filtering function would not be broadband, which would introduce the deterioration of the adaptation in the tuning band according to the voltage applied to the varicaps.
  • the purpose of the adapters 18, 19 and 18A, 19A is to overcome this drawback: the elements of these symmetrical adaptations in fact make it possible to obtain a broadband adaptation which is preserved practically throughout the frequency band considered.
  • Varicaps can be used whose capacity can, for example, vary from 18 pF to 2pF for a voltage V varying from 0 to 24 Volts (at 500 KHz).
  • the capacity ratio which is then 9, limits the band in which the filter is adjustable. It is possible, by increasing this ratio, to obtain filters adjustable over a wider band.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Description

La présente invention concerne un filtre accordable, notamment dans la bande de 800 à 1800 MHz.The present invention relates to a tunable filter, in particular in the band from 800 to 1800 MHz.

Dans les applications telles que TVRO ("Television Reception Only"), DATARO ("Data Reception Only")... le signal reçu à l'antenne de la station terrienne se situe dans les bandes 10.95-11.7 GHz ou 12.25-12.75 GHz ou 11.7-12.5 GHz etc ... Un premier étage transpose ces bandes aux bandes RF (fréquence radio) 950-1700 MHz, 950-1450 MHz, 950-1750 MHz, respectivement.In applications such as TVRO ("Television Reception Only"), DATARO ("Data Reception Only") ... the signal received at the antenna of the earth station is in the bands 10.95-11.7 GHz or 12.25-12.75 GHz or 11.7-12.5 GHz etc ... A first stage transposes these bands to the RF (radio frequency) bands 950-1700 MHz, 950-1450 MHz, 950-1750 MHz, respectively.

Une deuxième transposition ramène ces fréquences autour d'une fréquence intermédiaire, ou FI, de quelques centaines de MHz, par exemple 450 MHz.A second transposition brings these frequencies around an intermediate frequency, or IF, of a few hundred MHz, for example 450 MHz.

Chaque canal de la bande fréquence radio, ou RF, a une largeur de quelques dizaines de MHz. Le filtre accordable a pour rôle de ne transmettre que le canal choisi dans la bande totale d'entrée RF. Ainsi les réjections des fréquences oscillateur local, ou OL, de la dernière transposition, des fréquences images et des produits de mélange sont nettement améliorées.Each channel in the radio frequency band, or RF, is a few tens of MHz wide. The role of the tunable filter is to transmit only the channel chosen in the total RF input band. Thus the rejection of the local oscillator frequencies, or OL, of the last transposition, of the image frequencies and of the mixing products are clearly improved.

Le document EP-0138438 décrit un filtre hyperfréquence accordable qui comprend deux branches de même type qui, à chaque extrémité, sont connectées à la masse et qui comprennent, chacune, connectées en série, une inductance fixe, une première inductance ajustable, une première diode à capacité variable, un filtre pour les hautes fréquences formé d'un circuit résonance série comprenant une seconde diode à capacité variable et une seconde inductance variable, et un élément de couplage comprenant une inductance série entre le point d'entrée et le point de sortie du filtre.The document EP-0138438 describes a tunable microwave filter which comprises two branches of the same type which, at each end, are connected to ground and which each comprise, connected in series, a fixed inductance, a first adjustable inductance, a first diode with variable capacitance, a filter for high frequencies formed by a series resonance circuit comprising a second diode with variable capacitance and a second variable inductance, and a coupling element comprising a series inductance between the input point and the output point of the filter.

Du fait de l'existence d'inductances ajustables, un tel filtre n'est pas bon marché.Due to the existence of adjustable inductors, such a filter is not inexpensive.

L'invention a pour objet de pallier cet inconvénient.The object of the invention is to overcome this drawback.

Elle propose, à cet effet, un filtre hyperfréquence accordable comprenant deux branches du même type chacune connectée aux deux extrémités à la masse et comportant chacune, connectées en série : la seconde extrémité, mise à la masse, une première et une seconde diode à capacité variable, une ligne de connection, et la première extrémité, mise à la masse, les diodes étant commandées par un signal à courant continu, ledit filtre étant disposé sur la première face d'un substrat plan, caractérisé en ce que la ligne de connection est une ligne micro-ruban, et en ce que l'entrée et la sortie hyperfréquences sont reliées aux points communs entre la ligne micro-ruban et la deuxième diode à capacité variable respectivement de la première et de la seconde branche par un adaptateur symétrique
   Un tel filtre présente le grand avantage de pouvoir facilement être réalisé de manière reproductible et donc de permettre un montage automatique. Le prix de revient d'un tel filtre est donc très faible; il peut, donc, être utilisé dans le cas d'une réception pour liaison par satellite, destinée à un large public.
To this end, it proposes a tunable microwave filter comprising two branches of the same type each connected at the two ends to ground and each comprising, connected in series: the second end, grounded, a first and a second diode with variable capacity, a connection line, and the first end, grounded, the diodes being controlled by a DC signal, said filter being arranged on the first face of a planar substrate, characterized in that the line of connection is a microstrip line, and in that the microwave input and output are connected to the common points between the microstrip line and the second variable capacity diode of the first and second branch respectively by a symmetrical adapter
Such a filter has the great advantage of being able to be easily produced in a reproducible manner and therefore of allowing automatic mounting. The cost price of such a filter is therefore very low; it can therefore be used in the case of reception for satellite links, intended for a large audience.

Avantageusement le filtre de l'invention est réalisé sur un substrat dont la deuxième face est complètement métallisée et forme un plan de masse, les points de masse étant réalisés par des trous métallisés.Advantageously, the filter of the invention is produced on a substrate, the second face of which is completely metallized and forms a ground plane, the ground points being produced by metallized holes.

Plus précisément le filtre de l'invention est tel que l'alimentation en tension continue de chaque branche est réalisé par l'intermédiaire d'un filtre RC, cette alimentation en tension continue étant reliée au point commun aux deux diodes à capacité variable par une première ligne microruban de longueur (2k + 1)λ/4

Figure imgb0001
et par la résistance du filtre RC, et à l'extrémité à la masse de la première diode à capacité variable par la capacité du filtre RC; une seconde ligne microruban, reliant les deux branches à la source de tension continue, telle que la longueur totale des première et seconde ligne soit (2k' + 1)λ/4
Figure imgb0002
; k et k' étant des entiers quelconques.More precisely, the filter of the invention is such that the DC voltage supply for each branch is produced by means of an RC filter, this DC voltage supply being connected to the common point of the two variable capacity diodes by a first microstrip line in length (2k + 1) λ / 4
Figure imgb0001
and by the resistance of the RC filter, and at the ground end of the first variable capacitance diode by the capacity of the RC filter; a second microstrip line, connecting the two branches to the DC voltage source, such that the total length of the first and second line is (2k '+ 1) λ / 4
Figure imgb0002
; k and k 'being any integers.

Avantageusement les diodes à capacité variable sont disposées dans des trous percés dans le substrat; ce qui permet d'obtenir une grande précision de positionnement.Advantageously, the variable capacitance diodes are arranged in holes drilled in the substrate; which allows for great positioning accuracy.

Les caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront d'ailleurs de la description qui va suivre, à titre d'exemple non limitatif, en référence à la figure annexée sur laquelle est représentée une vue de dessus du filtre selon l'invention.The characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows, by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the appended figure in which a top view of the filter according to the invention is shown.

Cette figure représente un substrat 8 sur la première face 9 duquel se trouve le filtre de l'invention. Celui-ci se compose de deux parties ou branches symétriques 10 (10A) par rapport à un axe △ situé sur la face 9 de ce substrat 8.This figure represents a substrate 8 on the first face 9 of which is the filter of the invention. This consists of two symmetrical parts or branches 10 (10A) with respect to an axis △ located on the face 9 of this substrate 8.

Chaque partie (10, 10A) du filtre de l'invention comprend :

  • une ligne 11 (11A) de direction parallèle à l'axe △ réalisée par une métallisation à la surface du substrat;
  • deux diodes à capacité variable, ou varicaps, 12, 13 (12A, 13A) en série, disposées entre la ligne 11 (11A) et la masse 24;
  • une ligne 14 (14A) de longueur (2k + 1)λ/4
    Figure imgb0003
    , λ étant la longueur d'onde du signal hyperfréquence considéré, relié à une source V de courant continu qui permet de polariser inversement les deux varicaps 12, 13 (12A, 13A) par l'intermédiaire d'une résistance 15 (15A) et d'une capacité d'isolation 16 (16A);
  • une ligne 17 (17A) d'adaptation 50 Ω reliée au point commun entre la ligne 11 (11A) et la première varicap 12 (12A) par l'intermédiaire d'un adaptateur symétrique 18, 19 (18A, 19A) formé par deux stubs 18 (18A) symétriques de direction parallèle au bras principal 19 (19A).
Each part (10, 10A) of the filter of the invention comprises:
  • a line 11 (11A) of direction parallel to the axis △ produced by metallization on the surface of the substrate;
  • two variable capacity diodes, or varicaps, 12, 13 (12A, 13A) in series, arranged between line 11 (11A) and earth 24;
  • a line 14 (14A) in length (2k + 1) λ / 4
    Figure imgb0003
    , λ being the wavelength of the microwave signal considered, connected to a direct current source V which makes it possible to reverse polarize the two varicaps 12, 13 (12A, 13A) via a resistor 15 (15A) and an insulation capacity 16 (16A);
  • a 50 Ω adaptation line 17 (17A) connected to the common point between line 11 (11A) and the first varicap 12 (12A) via a symmetrical adapter 18, 19 (18A, 19A) formed by two symmetrical stubs 18 (18A) parallel to the main arm 19 (19A).

Cette ligne d'adaptation 17 (17A) constitue dans la première partie (10), l'entrée sur laquelle est branché le signal hyperfréquence E. Elle constitue pour la seconde partie (10A) la sortie sur laquelle on obtient le signal hyperfréquence S en sortie du filtre de l'invention.This adaptation line 17 (17A) constitutes in the first part (10), the input to which the microwave signal E is connected. It constitutes for the second part (10A) the output on which the microwave signal S is obtained in output of the inventive filter.

Les deux lignes 11 et 11A des deux parties 10 et 10A du filtre de l'invention sont couplées entre elles et reliées à leur extrémité par un tronçon de ligne 20 lui-même relié à la masse 22.The two lines 11 and 11A of the two parts 10 and 10A of the filter of the invention are coupled together and connected at their end by a section of line 20 itself connected to the ground 22.

Le point milieu des deux varicaps 12A et 13A de la deuxième partie est relié à la source de tension continue V par l'intermédiaire d'une ligne 21 telle que la longueur 21 + 14A soit égale à (2k' + 1)λ/4

Figure imgb0004
Figure imgb0005
.The midpoint of the two varicaps 12A and 13A of the second part is connected to the DC voltage source V via a line 21 such that the length 21 + 14A is equal to (2k '+ 1) λ / 4
Figure imgb0004
Figure imgb0005
.

Le substrat est complètement métallisé sur sa deuxième face. Les points à la masse sont donc des trous métallisés 22 et 24.The substrate is completely metallized on its second face. The ground points are therefore metallized holes 22 and 24.

Les varicaps 12 (12A) et 13 (13A) sont disposées dans des trous de positionnements 220 (220A) et 23 (23A).Varicaps 12 (12A) and 13 (13A) are arranged in positioning holes 220 (220A) and 23 (23A).

La structure du filtre de l'invention est réalisée en technique microruban et le substrat utilisé est par exemple en verre époxy; ce qui constitue un facteur de diminution du prix de revient.The structure of the filter of the invention is produced in microstrip technique and the substrate used is for example made of epoxy glass; which is a factor in reducing the cost price.

L'accord du filtre se fait en modifiant la tension continue V appliquée aux varicaps 12, 13, 12A et 13A. Ces varicaps sont par exemple au silicium donc meilleur marché que des varicaps en AsGa.The filter is tuned by modifying the DC voltage V applied to varicaps 12, 13, 12A and 13A. These varicaps are for example therefore cheaper than varicaps in AsGa.

Les capacités d'isolation 16 (16A) ainsi que les résistances 15 (15A) ont pour rôle d'amener au niveau de la jonction des deux varicaps 12 et 13 (12A et 13A) une impédance infinie pour les fréquences hyperfréquences considérées : ce sont des "composants de montage en surface" (CMS) ; ce qui permet une fabrication automatique en série du filtre de l'invention et donc un diminution du prix de revient.The insulation capacities 16 (16A) as well as the resistors 15 (15A) have the role of bringing to the level of the junction of the two varicaps 12 and 13 (12A and 13A) an infinite impedance for the microwave frequencies considered: these are "surface mount components" (CMS); which allows automatic serial production of the filter of the invention and therefore a reduction in the cost price.

Les varicaps sont logées dans des trous circulaires percés dans le substrat pour permettre une meilleure reproductivité du montage, ainsi les longueurs des queues de branchement sont peu variables d'un montage à l'autre.The varicaps are housed in circular holes drilled in the substrate to allow better reproducibility of the assembly, so the lengths of the connection tails are not very variable from one assembly to another.

Le filtre de l'invention est donc un filtre deux pôles dans lequel chaque résonateur est composé d'une ligne, de deux varicaps, et de selfs dues aux queues de branchements des varicaps. Le couplage entre les deux résonateurs se fait au niveau des lignes : le couplage entre les deux lignes 11 et 11A dépend de leur épaisseur de leur espacement et de leur longueur.The filter of the invention is therefore a two-pole filter in which each resonator is composed of a line, two varicaps, and chokes due to the connection tails of the varicaps. The coupling between the two resonators takes place at the level of the lines: the coupling between the two lines 11 and 11A depends on their thickness, their spacing and their length.

En modifiant les dimensions du filtre on peut donc concevoir des filtres accordables dans différentes bandes, notamment 950-1750 MHz.By modifying the dimensions of the filter, it is therefore possible to design filters tunable in different bands, in particular 950-1750 MHz.

Le couplage entre résonateurs, de par sa nature, dépend de la fréquence de fonctionnement. Du fait des inversions d'impédance, la fonction de filtrage nécessaire ne serait pas large bande, ce qui introduirait la détérioration de l'adaptation dans la bande d'accord suivant la tension appliquée aux varicaps. Les adaptateurs 18, 19 et 18A, 19A ont pour but de pallier cet inconvénients : les éléments de ces adaptations symétriques permettent en effect d'obtenir une adaptation large bande qui se conserve pratiquement dans toute la bande de fréquence considérée.The coupling between resonators, by its nature, depends on the operating frequency. Due to the impedance inversions, the necessary filtering function would not be broadband, which would introduce the deterioration of the adaptation in the tuning band according to the voltage applied to the varicaps. The purpose of the adapters 18, 19 and 18A, 19A is to overcome this drawback: the elements of these symmetrical adaptations in fact make it possible to obtain a broadband adaptation which is preserved practically throughout the frequency band considered.

On peut utiliser des varicaps dont la capacité peut, par exemple, varier de 18 pF à 2pF pour une tension V variant de 0 à 24 Volts (à 500 KHz). Le rapport des capacités qui est alors de 9, limite la bande dans laquelle le filtre est réglable. Il est possible, en augmentant ce rapport, d'obtenir des filtres réglables sur une plus large bande.Varicaps can be used whose capacity can, for example, vary from 18 pF to 2pF for a voltage V varying from 0 to 24 Volts (at 500 KHz). The capacity ratio which is then 9, limits the band in which the filter is adjustable. It is possible, by increasing this ratio, to obtain filters adjustable over a wider band.

Il est bien entendu que la présente invention n'a été décrite et représentée qu'à titre d'exemple préférentiel et que l'on pourra remplacer ses éléments constitutifs par des éléments équivalents sans, pour autant, sortir du cadre de l'invention.It is understood that the present invention has only been described and shown as a preferred example and that its constituent elements can be replaced by equivalent elements without, however, departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (6)

  1. A tuneable microwave filter comprising two branches of the same type each of which is connected to ground at each end (22, 24) and includes a series connection of: the second end (24) connected to ground, a first (13, 13A) and a second variable capacitance diode (12, 12A), a connection line (11, 11A) and the first end (22) connected to ground, the diodes being driven by a d.c. signal (V), said filter being disposed on the first face of a plane substrate (8), characterized in that the connection line (11, 11A) is a micro-strip line, and in that the microwave input (E) and the microwave output (S) are respectively connected via a symmetrical impedance matcher (18, 19 and 18A, 19A) to the point which is common to the micro-strip connection line (11, 11A) and the second variable capacitance diode (12, 12A) of the first and second branch respectively.
  2. A filter according to claim 1, characterized in that the second face of the substrate (8) is completely metallized and constitutes a ground plane, with the ground connection points (22, 24) being in the form of plated-through holes.
  3. A filter according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the direct voltage feed (V) to each branch is provided via an RC filter (15, 16 and 15A, 16A).
  4. A filter according to claim 3, characterized in that the direct voltage feed (V) is connected to the common point of the two variable capacitance diodes (12, 13 and 12A, 13A) via a first micro-strip line (14, 14A) of length (2k+1)λ/4
    Figure imgb0008
    and via the resistance (15, 15A) of the RC filter, and to the grounded end (24) of the first variable capacitance diode (16, 16A) via the capacitance of the RC filter; a second micro-strip line (21) (21) connecting both branches to the direct voltage source (V), such that the total length of the first and second lines (14 or 14A and 21) is equal to (2k'+1)λ/4
    Figure imgb0009
    , with k and k' representing any possible integer number and λ being the wavelength of the microwave signal under consideration.
  5. A filter according to claim 1, characterized in that each matcher is constituted by a central arm (19, 19A) and by two stubs (18, 18A) forming two arms parallel thereto.
  6. A filter according to any preceding claim, characterized in that the variable capacitance diodes (12, 12A and 13, 13A) are disposed in holes (22, 22A and 23, 23A) drilled through the substrate in such a manner as to enable these diodes to be positioned with great accuracy.
EP88101782A 1987-02-11 1988-02-08 Adjustable microwave filter Expired - Lifetime EP0281773B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8701718 1987-02-11
FR8701718A FR2610765B1 (en) 1987-02-11 1987-02-11 TUNABLE MICROWAVE FILTER

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EP0281773A1 EP0281773A1 (en) 1988-09-14
EP0281773B1 true EP0281773B1 (en) 1992-09-30

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US (1) US4806890A (en)
EP (1) EP0281773B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH01132201A (en)
DE (1) DE3874916T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2610765B1 (en)

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CN114552152B (en) * 2022-04-06 2022-12-27 成都美数科技有限公司 Multi-mode ultra-wideband filter and design method thereof

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US4806890A (en) 1989-02-21
DE3874916T2 (en) 1993-02-18
DE3874916D1 (en) 1992-11-05
JPH01132201A (en) 1989-05-24
FR2610765B1 (en) 1989-02-17
FR2610765A1 (en) 1988-08-12
EP0281773A1 (en) 1988-09-14

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