EP0130169A1 - Seat - Google Patents

Abstract

Seat provided with a rear support device (2) at a height relative to the seating of the seat such that it can come into contact with the pelvis at the level of the sacroiliac joint (8) in order to stabilise this joint in an upright position. This device essentially comprises two lateral support zones (3) for the iliac bones under the posterior superior iliac spines and a middle zone (4) set back for the sacrum. It can be fixed to the rest of the seat at the suitable height. Adjustment systems are also provided in order to adapt this device to the individual forms and sizes of the pelvis. <IMAGE>

Description

The present invention relates to a seat comprising a foot part, a seat part and a back part, arranged so as to allow a sitting position in which the pelvis is straight, the back part being designed to promote this position.

A seat according to the invention makes safe and easy the prolonged maintenance of the sitting position by effectively stabilizing the pelvis, thus allowing a correct arrangement of the trunk on its base. Such a seat helps to reduce fatigue and pain in the trunk when seated.

• _- l'appui postérieur ou dossier en tant que soutien du dos dans la position assise doit être confortable et permettre à son utilisateur le maintien prolongé de cette position sans dommage physique, avec un minimum de fatigue et un maximum de liberté de mouvement;
• - Les constructeurs soucieux du caractère ergonomique de leurs produits insistent souvent sur la répartition des pressions à tous les niveaux de contact du corps avec l'ensemble du siège;
• - enfin, les dossiers des sièges de bureaux au de travail comportent généralement une partie moulée sur l'anatomie du corps humain et servant d'appui à la colonne lombaire.

Currently, the seat backs sold commercially are produced according to a few main criteria which are summarized below:

• _- the posterior support or backrest as back support in the sitting position must be comfortable and allow the user to maintain this position for a long time without physical damage, with a minimum of fatigue and maximum freedom of movement;
• - Manufacturers concerned with the ergonomic nature of their products often insist on the distribution of pressures at all levels of body contact with the entire seat;
• - Finally, the backs of office chairs at work generally include a part molded on the anatomy of the human body and serving as support for the lumbar spine.

In biomechanics, we study the driving forces and external constraints that affect the human body according to their incidence on the bony levers of the skeleton. The muscular forces and the resistance of the environment apply above all on the framework of the human organism. With regard to the sitting position, the analysis of the bony levers which allow a backrest to support the trunk has highlighted the importance of the support at the bottom of the spine, intended to oppose the natural tendency to retroversion of the pelvis in this position. The seats currently best designed according to this criterion therefore offer more or less firm support at the level of the lumbar spine, the posterior superior iliac spines (henceforth abbreviated in the text: EIPS, point 6 in Figures 1,2 and 3) and the sacrum.

• 1) Les dossiers de la plupart des sièges de travail sont conçus pour épouser l'anatomie de la zone du dos qui comprend la colonne lombaire; dans certains cas, le bord inférieur du dossier permet un contact avec les EIPS (cfr à titre d'exemple le dossier "Movoflex" chez Sedus pour la gamme de sièges industriels "Sedus-Stoll").
• 2) Il existe des sièges de dactylos ou de travail dont le dossier peut soutenir le bassin de façon globale c'est-à-dire au niveau des dernières vertèbres lombaires et des ailes iliaques sur et au-dessus des EIPS (cfr à titre d'exemple le siège "Polytrop"chez Giroflex).
• 3) Dans le cas des sièges dont l'appui postérieur est disponible à partir du niveau de l'assise du siège, le bas du dossier peut parfois servir de soutien pour le sacrum (cfr à titre d'exemple le siège "Iris" de chez vanden Berghe-Pauvers).
• 4) Certains dossiers de sièges consistent en la superposition de lattes de dimensions variables et plus ou moins espacées entre elles; une de ces lattes peut éventuellement donner un appuiglobal au bassin, par exemple sur les EIPS et/ou sur le sacrum (cfr à titre d'exemple une chaise de salle-à-manger modèle NR120 de chez van den Berghe-Pauvers).
• 5) On peut également trouver dans le commerce des sièges dont le dossier est moulé sur le bassin, sur une hauteur plus ou moins importante de la colonne vertébrale, le rembourrage et la forme permettant la répartition de l'appui à tous les niveaux de contact (cfr à titre d'exemple le siège "Concentr'x" chez Steelcase Strafor; les sièges de bureau chez International Range, par exemple les modèles 3110 et 3600; le siège "Vitraviva" chez Vitra).

So, for example:

• 1) The backs of most work chairs are designed to follow the anatomy of the back area which includes the lumbar spine; in some cases, the lower edge of the backrest allows contact with the EIPS (see for example the "Movoflex" folder at Sedus for the "Sedus-Stoll" range of industrial seats).
• 2) There are typist or work seats whose back can support the pelvis globally, i.e. at the level of the last lumbar vertebrae and iliac wings on and above the EIPS (cf. 'example the "Polytrop" seat at Giroflex).
• 3) In the case of seats whose posterior support is available from the level of the seat, the bottom of the backrest can sometimes serve as support for the sacrum (cf. for example the seat "Iris" of at vanden Berghe-Pauvers).
• 4) Certain seat backs consist of the superimposition of slats of variable dimensions and more or less spaced apart; one of these slats can possibly give an appuiglobal to the pelvis, for example on the EIPS and / or on the sacrum (cf. for example a dining room chair model NR120 from van den Berghe-Pauvers).
• 5) We can also find on the market seats whose back is molded on the pelvis, on a more or less significant height of the spine, the padding and the shape allowing the distribution of the support at all levels of contact (see for example the "Concentr'x" seat at Steelcase Strafor; the office chairs at International Range, for example the 3110 and 3600 models; "Vitraviva" headquarters at Vitra).

In human biomechanics, the most recent observations on the sitting position have however made it possible to note the relative risks linked to prolonged support at the level of the lumbar spine, EIPS and sacrum. Indeed, these types of support have the disadvantages of giving rise to a harmful continuous stretching of the muscles and _the posterior i-gaments of the pelvis and lower back, and of causing excessive stress on the joints of the pelvis and the vertebrae lower back.

• 1) En ce qui concerne les sièges de travail dont le dossier ne descend pas en-dessous des EIPS, ces sièges donnent des points d'appui aux EIPS et plus haut; on connaît maintenant les risques de lésions des muscles, ligaments et articulations liés à ces types d'appui postérieur.
• 2) Si un appui est donné au bas de la colonne vertébrale et soutient l'ensemble du bassin et les dernières vertèbres lombaires, la résistance de cet appui s'applique de façon globale sur le sacrum, les EIPS et la colonne lombaire, avec les inconvénients mis en évidence plus haut.
• 3) Pour le cas des sièges dont le bas du dossier peut servir de soutien au sacrum, on sait maintenant qu'un tel type d'appui postérieur engendre à la longue des contraintes néfastes au niveau des articulations du bassin.
• 4) En ce qui concerne les dossiers de sièges composés de lattes superposées, la surface d'appui éventuellement disponible au niveau du bassin englobe, dans les meilleurs cas, les EIPS et/ou le sacrum, avec les inconvénients déjà repris en 1) et 3).
• 5) Enfin, les sièges dont le dossier est moulé sur le bassin et sur la colonne vertébrale (du moins sur la colonne lombaire) donnent des points d'appui au sacrum, aux EIPS et à la colonne lombaire, rassemblant les inconvénients de l'ensemble des points précédents.

If we observe the seat backs taken as examples above, in the same order, we can see that they have these disadvantages due to their technical characteristics:

• 1) With regard to work chairs whose back does not go below the EIPS, these seats give support points to the EIPS and higher; we now know the risks of damage to muscles, ligaments and joints linked to these types of posterior support.
• 2) If support is given at the bottom of the spine and supports the entire pelvis and the last lumbar vertebrae, the resistance of this support applies globally to the sacrum, the EIPS and the lumbar spine, with the disadvantages highlighted above.
• 3) In the case of seats where the bottom of the backrest can serve as support for the sacrum, we now know that such a type of posterior support generates harmful stresses in the pelvic joints over time.
• 4) With regard to the seat backs made up of superimposed slats, the bearing surface possibly available at the level of the pelvis includes, in the best cases, the EIPS and / or the sacrum, with the drawbacks already mentioned in 1) and 3).
• 5) Finally, the seats whose backs are molded on the pelvis and on the spine (at least on the lumbar spine) give support points to the sacrum, to the EIPS and the lumbar spine, bringing together the drawbacks of all of the previous points.

Exploration of the state of the art in the field of seat backs leads to the conclusion that the proposals aimed at improving the quality of the posterior support of the trunk made to date have not avoided the risks stated more high.

Some backrests include, for example, a strongly lowered V-shaped ridge to support the saerum, and having a forward projection at the tip of this V distant from the adjacent area lowered from the seat surface of about 18 cm (see Belgian patent n ° 709164). Such a type of support is therefore intended to support the sacrum in the writing position (leaning forward), and the "... area of the spine which corresponds to the kidneys and (in) that corresponding to the lower part thorax ... "in the upright sitting position (called" attention position "in the text of the specification of this patent). We now know the disadvantages of supports at the lumbar spine and sacrum.

To overcome the drawbacks mentioned above, there is provided according to the invention, a seat as described in the preamble, which has in particular the features mentioned in the claims given below.

The research that led to the development of the device in question here includes in particular a biomechanical analysis which highlights the optimal nature of posterior support at the sacroiliac joint (Figures 1 and 3, point 8), on the area of the posterior relief of the pelvis closest to this hinge between the vertical axis of the human body (the spine) and its horizontal axis (the iliac wings of the pelvis). Ideally, this support at the sacroiliac joint is therefore carried out on all of the pelvic bones, that is to say simultaneously on the posterior edge of the two iliac bones (in point 3 of Figures 1, 2 and 3, below EIPS, point 6) and on the sacrum (at point 4 in Figures 2 and 3, above the most posterior point of the posterior surface of the sacrum, point 7 in Figures 1, 2 and 3). The advantage of this support therefore lies mainly in its effectiveness in opposing the retroversion of the pelvis in a seated position while avoiding the risks mentioned above, thus optimally helping to stabilize the pelvis on which the spine and trunk can therefore lean with ease. This posterior support thus contributes to avoiding the fatigue linked to a prolonged sitting position by reducing as much as possible the tensions necessary to maintain the trunk in a correct position.

Such a type of support is made possible by the use of a seat provided, according to the invention, with a posterior support device of suitable shape and consistency, placed on the front face of the backrest or secured to amounts which support it. This device is located at a height relative to the seat base allowing it to contact the pelvis area described above (at the sacroiliac joint) in a position close to the so-called "sthenic" sitting position, that is to say the right pelvis and the straightened trunk.

The realization of seats provided with a device according to the invention also includes the possibility of adapting the non-standard shapes and dimensions.

The support device in question can therefore protrude relative to a file allowing more general support or relative to a support frame if it is the only posterior support available or if it is isolated. It can also be inserted between two uprights, whether it is alone or associated with a complementary support whatever it is in so far as it meets the criteria according to the invention.

In order to allow the adaptation of the posterior support device according to the invention to a wide range of seats, a removable support system of variable height can be provided. Such a system can be fixed in any way to one of the parts of a seat which therefore meets the requirements ters established for the present invention.

However it is associated with the rest of the seat, a device according to the invention must stand out sufficiently or be sufficiently isolated from the rest of the posterior support (if it exists) to allow the directly overlying parts (EIPS) and underlying (sacrum) to the support area, to take place freely above and below the device, and thus give rise to the use of the latter. The rest of the seat must therefore allow the device to be used.

Regarding the progress of the rest of the backrest (if there is one) in relation to the device applied in depth at the sacroiliac joint, this backrest cannot exceed the anatomical relief of the back in position forward. so-called "sthenic" seat to allow maximum support on the device. The rest of the file will therefore be at most molded on the back of the user.

Regarding the height and depth dimensions of the seat, they must implicitly allow the user to sit with the right pelvis to be able to benefit from the support of the device on the appropriate area (at the level of the sacroiliac joint).

If the invented device emerges correctly, it must also have a functional form allowing it to best fit the area of the skeleton of the pelvis at the level of the sacroiliac joint by penetrating at this point of its posterior relief.

A posterior support device according to the invention therefore comprises three support zones: two lateral zones and a central zone set back with respect to the first two. These three zones are rounded towards the front and intended to support the two iliac bones laterally (below the EIPS) and the sacrum in the middle (above the most posterior point of its posterior surface).

The three support zones of such a device stand out over a height of approximately 30 mm to give minimum support (allowing an optimal approach to the sacro- iliac), and sufficient nevertheless given the importance of the pressure of the pelvis on the device at this level. By means of a global forward bending of a device meeting these criteria, and the alignment of the three zones on a horizontal plane, an example is obtained or these three zones are in the same extension, in the form of a strip ( Figure 4 point 2) can be arranged at the location of a folder described above (at the sacroiliac joint).

The consistency of the device is such that it can serve as a support for the entire trunk even if it is isolated, without however risking causing tissue damage which covers the skeleton of this area of the pelvis.

• La figure 1 représente une vue de profil du squelette d'un bassin vertical et une vue en coupe partielle verticale suivant la ligne IV-IV de la figure 4 d'un dispositif d'appui postérieur d'un siège suivant l'invention.
• La figure 2 représente une vue postérieure du squelette d'un bassin vertical avec, en hachuré, la zone de ce relief destinée à s'appuyer sur un dispositif suivant l'invention.
• La figure 3 représente une vue schématique en coupe verticale suivant la ligne IV-IV de la figure 4 d'un siège suivant l'invention, un sacrum et une colonne lombaire étant représentés en vue latérale avec à l'arrière-plan un os iliaque gauche.
• La figure 4 représente le schéma d'un siège vu d'en haut, pourvu d'un dispositif suivant l'invention.

Other details and particularities of the invention will emerge from the description given below without implied limitation and with reference to the appended drawings.

• Figure 1 shows a side view of the skeleton of a vertical pelvis and a vertical partial sectional view along line IV-IV of Figure 4 of a rear support device of a seat according to the invention.
• FIG. 2 represents a rear view of the skeleton of a vertical pelvis with, in hatched form, the area of this relief intended to rest on a device according to the invention.
• 3 shows a schematic view in vertical section along line IV-IV of Figure 4 of a seat according to the invention, a sacrum and a lumbar spine being shown in side view with an iliac bone in the background left.
• FIG. 4 represents the diagram of a seat seen from above, provided with a device according to the invention.

In Figure 1, we can see the front face 5 rounded towards the front of a support device 2 according to the invention. This support device 2 is here seen in posterior-anterior vertical section at its point of application on the posterior edge of the iliac bone. As this drawing shows, this anterior face 5 is therefore intended to support the posterior edge of the iliac bone below 1 ° EIPS 6 according to the invention. The dotted line in this FIG. 1 makes it possible to locate the sacroiliac joint 8 which is not visible in a profile view, zone 8 at the height of which a support device 2 according to the invention applies.

In FIG. 2, one can see a hatched zone comprising the posterior edge 3 of the iliac bones under the EIPS 6, as well as the posterior crest 4 of the sacrum above the most posterior point 7 of this posterior face of the sacrum. This zone is located at the level of the sacroiliac joint, the latter not being visible in this figure 2. However, one can observe there the two lateral support zones 3 as well as the median zone 4; altogether three support zones according to the invention.

Figure 3 shows a seat shown schematically in vertical section along the line IV-IV of Figure 4, seat whose backrest 1 allows. the natural physiological arrangement of the trunk, as in this drawing, favored by the application, on the front face of this backrest 1, of a support device 2 according to the invention. The support given by such a support device alone being sufficient, the rest of the file can be deleted, except for the part which serves to support this device.

Given the level of the section, in FIG. 3, of the support device 2, this is applied here by its anterior face 5 (at the midpoint 5a in FIG. 4) on the posterior face of the sacrum at the point 4. This point 4 is located above the most posterior point 7 of the posterior surface of the sacrum.

As can be seen in this same figure 3, the support device 2 is located on the backrest 1 at the level of the sacroiliac joint 8 of the pelvis arranged vertically as a seat according to the invention allows. The height of said _- positive support 2 with respect to the base 9 of such a seat is equal therefore to the vertical distance between the posterior bearing points 3 and 4 and the horizontal plane comprising the landing zone 10 ischia.

This FIG. 3 also shows the rounded shape towards the front of the front face 5 of a support device 2, as well as the depth of such a device according to _the invention to allow its use.

In Figure 4 it can be seen in elevation a supporting device 2 according to the invention associated with a seat _whose seat is shown schematically 9. It is important to note here that the functional form of the apparatus 2 designed in this figure 4 is not the only one which corresponds to the characteristics included in the claims given following the description of such a device.

In this FIG. 4, the front face 5 of this device 2 is curved forward so as to determine in particular two levels of support depth 5a and 5b: the midpoint 5a of this front face 5 intended to support the sacrum determines a recessed support depth (about 15 mm if the three support points are on the same horizontal plane) relative to the depth level of the lateral points 5b intended to support the iliac bones, these points 5b being symmetrical with respect to the plane of symmetry passing through 5a, and equidistant from this point 5a of the average distance which separates the posterior crest of the sacrum from a vertical pelvis from the posterior edge of an iliac bone of this pelvis at the level of l 'sacroiliac joint (point 8 in Figures 1 and 3), in accordance with the present description of a support device 2 according to the invention. The average quantified measurements corresponding to these dimensions on the basis of anatomical landmarks are given below.

This FIG. 4 also makes it possible to observe one of the possible embodiments of a seat provided with a support device 2 according to the invention: this device is here secured to two uprights 11 which serve to support it. Other possibilities of producing seats having the characteristics claimed at the end of this description will be proposed below.

The support effect of the device described in this thesis therefore ideally applies in depth at the sacroiliac joint on the posterior relief of the pelvis above the most posterior point of the posterior aspect of the sacrum with regard to the support of the sacrum, and on the posterior edges of the iliac bones below the PSI of a pelvis seen in profile in vertical position. Such a support device makes it possible to approach as much as possible the optimal point of application for posterior support: the hinge between the iliac bones and the sacrum, lower end of the spine.

Advantageous shapes, consistencies and positions can be provided to allow this support device to fulfill this function.

• - l'existence de deux niveaux de profondeur: un niveau pour l'appui des os iliaques latéralement et un autre niveau en retrait par rapport au premier pour l'appui du sacrum au milieu; ce retrait vaut environ 15 mm lorsque les appuis des os iliaques et du sacrum sont situés sur un même plan horizontal;
• - une hauteur du dispositif d'appui au niveau des trois points d'appui suffisamment importante pour donner un soutien efficace sans léser les tissus qui recouvrent le squelette de cette zone du bassin, et suffisamment réduite pour permettre l'insertion du dispositif dans la profondeur du relief postérieur du bassin à cet endroit; cette hauteur ou épaisseur verticale vaut environ 30 mm plus ou moins 10 mm;
• - une profondeur du dispositif d'appui au niveau des trois zones d'appui suffisante pour qu'il puisse pénétrer dans le relief postérieur du bassin décrit plus haut; cette profondeur est d'au moins 5 mm;
• - une forme arrondie de haut en bas vers l'avant de la face antérieure du dispositif d'appui au niveau des trois points d'appui;
• - une largeur du dispositif d'appui supérieure à la distance qui sépare les deux bords postérieurs des os iliaques à hauteur de l'appui préconisé pour l'invention, c'est-à-dire au niveau de l'articulation sacro-iliaque; cette distance, égale par conséquent à celle qui sépare les deux zones latérales du dispositif d'appui en question, vaut approximativement 180 mm;

Regarding a functional form, we can observe:

• - the existence of two levels of depth: a level for supporting the iliac bones laterally and another level set back from the first for supporting the sacrum in the middle; this shrinkage is approximately 15 mm when the supports of the iliac bones and the sacrum are located on the same horizontal plane;
• - a height of the support device at the three support points large enough to give effective support without damaging the tissues that cover the skeleton of this area of the pelvis, and reduced enough to allow insertion of the device into the depth posterior relief of the pelvis at this location; this vertical height or thickness is approximately 30 mm plus or minus 10 mm;
• - A depth of the support device at the level of the three support zones sufficient for it to be able to penetrate into the posterior relief of the pelvis described above; this depth is at least 5 mm;
• - a rounded shape from top to bottom towards the front of the front face of the support device at the three support points;
• - A width of the support device greater than the distance which separates the two posterior edges of the iliac bones at the height of the support recommended for the invention, that is to say at the level of the sacroiliac joint; this distance, therefore equal to that which separates the two lateral zones of the support device in question, is approximate 180 mm;

As regards the arrangement of the three support zones of a device according to the invention, a system for adjusting the height and depth of the central support zone relative to the two lateral support zones can be provided in order to to adapt the support device to certain particular conformations of basins. Since this adjustment is rarely necessary, a standard device of fixed shape and simple construction is preferably proposed in the present description. A support device of this type is shown in 2 seen from above in FIG. 4, this device having the three support zones in the same extension and the middle zone set back with respect to the two lateral zones of approximately 15 mm.

With regard to the consistency of the device, it is sufficient to allow the support of the pelvis on this device..even if it is the only support available; it is not excessive so that, taking into account the height and the roundness of the device, it cannot damage the tissues covering the three support zones mentioned above, even if it is the only support posterior available.

As regards positioning, the device as posterior support secured to a seat is therefore, at the midpoint of its vertical thickness, vertically distant from the plane of the seat (taking into account the crushing of a possible padding) of a height equal to the vertical distance which separates the horizontal plane including the ischia of the support zone described above (at the sacroiliac joint of a pelvis in vertical position). This distance is worth approximately 125 to 175 mm.

To obtain this adequate positioning while respecting the individual dimensions of the pools of the users, there are several possibilities of suitable embodiment of seats provided with a device according to the invention.

We can for example place this support device on the front side of a suitable backrest according to the present descrip tion or securing it to a support frame, at an average height such that any user can dispose of it, that is to say so that the support points of the device according to the invention can come into contact with the pelvis of the user at the sacroiliac joint as it is recommended in this thesis. This average height is approximately 150 mm from the support plane of the ischia.

It is also possible to provide a height adjustment system for a device according to the invention, making it possible to adapt this device to the dimensions of the user's pelvis arranged vertically on the seat cushion. Such an adjustment system makes it possible to produce adjustable standard office or work seats. Likewise, a system for adjusting the depth of a support device according to the invention can be provided.

It is also possible to custom-make seats provided with a support device according to the invention, provided at the exact height recommended here (at the height of the sacroiliac joint of the vertical pelvis), this height being determinable by an examination simple biometric, using a seat provided with a device according to the invention adjustable in height as above on a graduated scale indicating this adequate individual height.

There are many other possibilities of producing seats according to the invention.

The present invention, as posterior support of the pelvis in the sitting position, therefore gives effective support to the user and thus stabilizes the base of his spine. This allows the trunk to be kept in a correct sitting position with a minimum of tension in the back muscles without risking damage to the joints of the spine and pelvis.

Given the deformations and the pains resulting from the tensions for which an incorrect prolonged sitting position is responsible, one can conceive the relief which the present invention can bring by its contribution in the areas of prophylaxis, therapy, or more simply lifestyle, the correct positioning of the trunk in a sitting position. This is the purpose of this invention.

Claims (10)

1.- Seat comprising a foot part, a seat part and a back part, arranged so as to allow a sitting position in which the pelvis is straight, characterized in that the back part comprises a support device giving posterior support to all the pelvic bones, at the level of the sacroiliac joint of a right pelvis, below the EIPS with regard to the support of the posterior edge of the iliac bones, and above the most posterior point of the sacrum with regard to the support of the sacrum. 2.- Seat according to claim 1, characterized in that the support device comprises at least three support areas including a central area recessed from the other two for support of the sacrum and two lateral areas for - l 'support of the iliac bones, symmetrical with respect to the vertical plane of symmetry of the seat passing through the middle of the median zone, these lateral support zones being mutually distant by approximately 180 mm. 3.- Seat according to claim 2, characterized in that the three support zones each have a width of at least 10 mm. 4.- Seat according to either of claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the support zones each have a depth of at least 5 mm. 5.- Seat according to any one of claims ₂ to ₄ , characterized in that the support zones have a curved shape from top to bottom, towards the front. 6.- Seat according to any one of claims ₂ to 5, characterized in that the support zones have a vertical thickness of 20 to 40 mm, preferably 30 mm. 7.- Seat according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the support device is arranged at a height of 125 to 175 mm, preferably 150mm for the average height, height measured from the seat of the seat up to the midpoint of the vertical thickness of the support device in question. . 8.- Seat according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the support device is adjustable in height and / or in depth. ₉ .- Seat according to any one of claims ₂ to 8, characterized in that the support zones are in continuity and on the same horizontal plane, the middle zone then being set back by about 15 mm relative to the two side areas. 10.- Seat according to any one of claims 1 to ₉ , characterized in that the support device is removable.

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