Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
  • A61M25/10—Balloon catheters
  • A61M25/104—Balloon catheters used for angioplasty
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
  • A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
  • A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
  • A61B18/22—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor
  • A61B18/24—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor with a catheter
  • A61B18/245—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor with a catheter for removing obstructions in blood vessels or calculi
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B2017/00681—Aspects not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/00694—Aspects not otherwise provided for with means correcting for movement of or for synchronisation with the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22038—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with a guide wire
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22051—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with an inflatable part, e.g. balloon, for positioning, blocking, or immobilisation
  • A61B2017/22057—Optical properties
  • A61B2017/22059—Optical properties transparent
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22082—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance
  • A61B2017/22085—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance light-absorbing
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22082—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance
  • A61B2017/22087—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance photodynamic
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
  • A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
  • A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
  • A61B18/22—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor
  • A61B2018/2255—Optical elements at the distal end of probe tips
  • A61B2018/2261—Optical elements at the distal end of probe tips with scattering, diffusion or dispersion of light
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
  • A61B90/30—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure
  • A61B2090/306—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure using optical fibres
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• Atherosclerosis is a coronary disease wherein fatty substances (lipids), hereinafter referred to as atheromatous plagues, form deposits in and beneath the intima which is the innermost membrane lining arteries and veins.
• Atherosclerosis tends to involve large and medium-sized arteries. Most commonly affected are the aorta and the iliac, femoral, coronary, and cerebral arteries. Clinical symptcms occur because the mass of the atherosclerotic plaque reduces blood flow through the involved artery and thereby compromises tissue or organ function distal to it.
• the present invention provides for treatment of a main artery or other blood vessel afflicted with atherosclerosis.
• the method involves administration of a hematoporphyrin, preferably by intravenous injection, to the mammal to be treated.
• the invention resides, in part, in the discovery that the hematoporphyrin so administered is selectively absorbed into the atheromatous plaque, with little or no absorption into healthh areas of the arterial wall.
• the hematoporphyrin Upon illumination of the athercmatous plaque, containing absorbed heimatoporphyrin, the hematoporphyrin is activated and destroys the host athercmatous plaque tissue. Illumination of the plaque may be achieved with either one of two different techniques.
• the patent is catheterized with a light-emitting catheter inserted into the diseased artery or other vessel so that the light-emitting portion of the catheter is adjacent the athercmatous plaque.
• a form of liquid light is injected into the vascular tree such that the liquid light, which mixes freely with blood or a blood replacement, perfuses the diseased artery.
• a special light-emitting balloon catheter is employed.
• the balloon catheter includes an inflatable balloon secured to one end of the catheter tube, for inflation of a gas frcm a ranote source, and optical fibers which extend through the tube lumen for transmission of light from an external light source to the interior of the balloon.
• the light-transmitting optical fibers are optically joined to a light scattering device within the balloon in the form of a hollow, liquid-filled fiber or tube.
• the liquid filling is selected for optimum transmission of light and maximum light scattering.
• Use of the preferred balloon catheter provides for displacement of the light-opaque blood between the external balloon surface and the atherosclerosis plaque by inflation of the balloon.
• Use of the preferred catheter also allows for intermittent and cyclical illumination and inflation/ deflation of the balloon so as to minimize interruption of blood flow to the vital organs and to avoid potential problems attendent to heating of the balloon material and the blood of the mammal undergoing treatment.
• Activation of hematoporphyrin within athercmatous plaques may also be achieved by injecting a form of liquid light into the vascular tree. Examples of light-emitting liquids are the bioluminescent system of firefly lucerin/lucerase and the chemiluminescent system of the Cyalume Lightstick manufactured by the American Cyanamid Company.
• a potential advantage of the use of liquid light is that all diseased vessels can be perfused with the liquid light, once intravascular injection of the liquid light and mixing with blood have been ⁇ cmpleted. Knowledge of the exact location of atheromatous plaques would be unnecessary, since all plaques would be exposed to the light. Should blood prove to be too light-opaque to allow a sufficient quantity of light to reach a plaque, blood replacement with more translucent liquids, such as perfluorocarbon emulsion-containing blood substitutes, may be performed prior to injecting the liquid light. For an example, in animals, of total blood exchange with perfluorocarbon chemicals, see Gollan et al. Am J. Physiol 229:1045 (1975).
• Fluosol-DA a commercially available perfluorocarbon-containing blood substitute from Alpha Therapeutics, a subsidiary of the Green Cross Corporation, is currently undergoing clinical trials and has been used for massive transfusions in patients with a remarkable lack of side effects. Since both the firefly luciferin/lucerifase system and the aqueous peroxyoxylate system can be too toxic in the doses that are required to activate hematoporphyrin within athercmatous plaques, the toxicity of these systems can be reduced markedly by modifications such as microencapsulation of some or all of the reactants in these liquids.
• Yet another objective is to illuminate athercmatous plaques with minimal elevation of the temperature of the mammal's blood.
• Yet another objective is to illuminate athercmatous plaque by perfusing the diseased vessel with liquid light.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of use of the preferred catheter, inserted into a main artery of a patient, for treatment of atherosclerosis in accordance with the present invention.
• Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of the use of a second type of illuminating catheter in the treatment of atherosclerosis in accordance with the present invention.
• hematoporphyrin is intended to encompass hematoporphyrin and its derivatives which are preferentially taken up into athercmatous plaque and which respond to a source of light to destroy the host cell tissue.
• the preferred hematoporphyrin is the acetic acid-sulfuric acid derivative of hematoporphyrin prepared, for example, as described by Richard L. Lipson and Edward J. Baldes in "The Photodynamic Properties of a Particular Hematoporphyrin Derivative", Arch. Derm. 82(4) 508-516, 1960 and by Richard L. Lipson et al in "The Use of a Derivative of Hematoporphyrin in Tumor Detection", J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 26(1) :1-8, 1961.
• the method of Lipson et al involves admixing a "crude” recrystallized hematoporphyrin with a mixture of 19 parts glacial acetic acid and one part concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by filtration to separate and remove the undissolved residue. The solution is then neutralized, e.g. with of 3% sodium acetate solution, to precipitate out the hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD).
• HPD hematoporphyrin derivative
• HPD hematoporphyrin derivative
• HPD is commercially available from Oncology Research and Development, Inc. In practicing the present invention, the HPD is used in the commercial form and is not diluted in any way.
• HPD hematoporphyrin derivative
• the preferred activating illumination for the hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is a monochromic red light at about 635 nanometers because light at this wavelength penetrates tissue; and, the preferred source for such illumination is a dye laser.
• HPD is selectively concentrated in athercmatous plaques in the aorta of rabbits following intravenous injection. Athercmatous plaques were found to fluoresce strongly when exposed to ultraviolet light, while the normal plaque-free aortic wall demonstrated no fluorescence. Since atheromatous plaques consist primarily of cells which are engorged with lipids and other materials, destruction of these cells by photoactivation of HPD results in lysis of such plaques. It is believed that, upon exposure to activating illumination, the hematoporphyrin produces singlet oxygen which causes cell destruction. Thus, the present invention involves photodynamic destruction of the athercmatous plaques by activation of plaque-absorbed hematoporphyrin by a process which may be characterized as photoatherolysis.
• Fig. 1 The preferred catheter of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 1.
• the wall of the main artery undergoing treatment is represented by the numeral 10.
• the mammal is catheterized with insertion of the light-emitting portion of the catheter into the diseased blood vessel to a position adjacent the deposit of athercmatous plaque to be lysed.
• Fig. 1 depicts the preferred catheter positioned in this manner.
• the preferred catheter includes a lumen tube 12 and a balloon member 14 affixed to its distal end with the interior of the balloon opening into the lumen of the catheter tube.
• Fig. 1 depicts the balloon 14 in its inflated state with its exterior surface in direct contact with the athercmatous plaque 16 to be lysed.
• the deflated state of the balloon is indicated by the dotted line 18.
• Inflation of the balloon is provided for by the lumen of the catheter which is in fluid ccmmunication with the interior of the balloon and vriiich may be connected, at its opposite end, to a source of pressurized gas.
• At least one optical fiber 20 is provided for transmitting light frcm an external source to liquid 22 contained in a hollow glass fiber 24.
• a movable guidewire 28 extends through the center of the lumen of the catheter tube and through the center of the hollow glass fiber.
• Fig. 2 depicts the use of a catheter which is not provided with a balloon but which is otherwise similar.
• corresponding components of the catheter are represented by like numerals.
• a catheter of this design may be particularly advantageous for use in small vessels, such as coronary arteries, wherein displacement of the relatively small volume of blood with a balloon may be unnecessary for light to be transmitted to a plaque.
• a particularly advantageous feature of the preferred catheter illustrated in Fig. 1 is the capability for delivering light to the plaque in an intermittent fashion. Intermittent light transmission, synchronized with intermittent balloon inflation, is advantageous when a prolonged exposure of a plaque to light within and to a vital organ is required. For example, inflation of the balloon with a low viscosity gas during only one part of each cardiac cycle, may be performed utilizing counterpulsation circulatory assist devices, and can be synchronized with light transmission, so that a long total, additive exposure of a plaque to light may be achieved without significant comprise of blood flow.
• the optical fiber 20 may terminate without coupling to any other fiber; a properly designed lens at the terminal end of the optical fiber 20 might be used to disperse light over the internal surface of the artery.
• the optical fiber 20 may be coupled, at its distal end, to a specially designed solid fiber which would be used to disperse light along all or a portion of its length.
• aqueous peroxyoxylate chemiluminescent liquids manufactured by the American Cyanamid Company may be injected into the bloodstream of rats and rabbits without producing any side effects.
• the liquid reactants typically include a triflyl oxamide and hydrogen peroxide along with sulfonated rubrene as a fluorescer and Deceresol NI as a surfactant.
• a quantum yield of the reaction of 7% with a light capacity of 62 lumen hours per liter of solution was reported recently by A. G.
• Luciferin and luciferase are water soluble, and light is emitted when adenosive triphosphate, which is also water soluble, is added to these substances.
• a buffer such as glycine and the metal ion, magnesium, are usually present in the solution to facilitate the reaction. Intravenous injection of these materials, obtained commercially frcm Sigma Chemical Company, into dogs has produced no deliterious side effects.
• the light-opacity of blood prevents a sufficient quantity of light, in the form of liquid light, to activate hematoporphyrin within an athermatous plaque
• replacement of blood with a more translucent blood substitute may be performed. Examples would include normal saline, dextrose in water, and Frales-Linger solution.
• perfluorocarbon emulsion-containing blood substitutes such as Fluosol-DA
• Fluosol-DA carries oxygen in a manner similar to hemoglobin and has been approved by the FDA for use in clinical trials.
• Fluosol-DA see Engelman et al, Ann Thorac Surg 32: 528-535 (1981), Kanter et al. Circulation 64:75-83 (1981).
• An advantage in the use of liquid light to activate hematophorphyrin within athercmatous plaques is that, once the liquid light has mixed in sufficient quantity with blood or a blood substitute throughout the vascular tree, it would be unnecessary to knew the location of the plaques in order to lyse all plaques within the entire vascular tree.
• An other advantage is that a catheterization procedure would be unnecessary to deliver the light to a plaque in a vessel segment of interest.

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• 1982
  • 1982-11-23 US US06/443,958 patent/US4512762A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1983
  • 1983-11-21 BR BR8307617A patent/BR8307617A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1983-11-21 CA CA000441530A patent/CA1244091A/en not_active Expired
  • 1983-11-21 AU AU23459/84A patent/AU572107B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1983-11-21 AT AT84900180T patent/ATE121919T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1983-11-21 DE DE3382787T patent/DE3382787D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1983-11-21 JP JP84500258A patent/JPS60500845A/ja active Pending
  • 1983-11-21 WO PCT/US1983/001819 patent/WO1984002069A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1983-11-21 EP EP84900180A patent/EP0126152B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1984
  • 1984-07-19 DK DK354284A patent/DK354284A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1984-07-19 FI FI842904A patent/FI71871C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1984-07-20 NO NO842982A patent/NO842982L/no unknown

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