EP0104173B1

EP0104173B1 - An electronically scanned antenna system having a linear array of yagi antennas

Info

Publication number: EP0104173B1
Application number: EP82901744A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Frederick M. Ganz; Justine D. Cermignani; Richard H. Imgram
Original assignee: Grumman Aerospace Corp
Current assignee: Grumman Corp
Priority date: 1982-03-26
Filing date: 1982-03-26
Publication date: 1988-10-12
Also published as: JPS59500645A; JPH0480561B2; DE3279118D1; EP0104173A4; BE892812A; WO1983000952A1; EP0104173A1

Abstract

An electronically scanned antenna system having a linear array of endfire elements (12). The endfire elements are laterally spaced between about 0.3 lambda to 0.9 lambda apart, preferably about 0.55 lambda apart, to enhance the effects of mutual coupling therebetween for broadening the radiation signal pattern of the elements in the plane of the array. Advantageously, the endfire elements (12) may be of the Yagi type with each endfire element including a common reflector (16), a driver (18), and a plurality of directors (20, 22, 24, 26).

Description

Background of the invention

The present invention relates to an antenna system for conformal mounting on an aircraft, comprising a linear array of Yagi antennas.
Electronically scanned linear arrays of simple elements are well known. Such arrays are generally characterized by relatively low gain, and a broad elevation pattern. Arrays of Yagi antennas in which scanning is accomplished mechanically by rotating the entire array are also known. These arrays are unsatisfactory when conformal mounting in the plane of the array is required, e.g., on or within airfoil surfaces (wings and horizontal stabilizer) of an aircraft.
Various antenna element configurations are known, United States Patent 2,236,393 (Beck et al.) discloses a broad bandwidth endfire antenna. United States Patent 3,182,330 (Blume) dislcoses an antenna array having non-uniform spacing of the individual elements. United States Patent 2,425,887 (Lindenblad) discloses an endfire antenna in which all the elements are energized with equal voltages in proper phase. United States Patent 3,258,774 (Kinsey) discloses a series-fed phased antenna array. See also United States Patent 3,509,577 (Kinsey). United States Patent 2,419,562 (Kandoian) discloses a binomial array for producing a clover leaf pattern having highly directive properties. A Yagi antenna is referenced in United States Patent 3,466,655 (Mayes et al).
Moreover, generally in known antenna array construction mutual coupling is regarded as detrimental and means are taken to minimize its effect. In contrast the present invention utilizes mutual coupling to enhance antenna performance.
Endfire elements such as Yagi antennas are known to produce high density with narrow patterns in both planes (azimuth and elevation), and are therefore, according to conventional practice, considered unsuitable for wide angle electronic scanning when multiple elements are arrayed. (The scan angle limits being established by the width of the in-array element pattern). In contrast with conventional practice, the present invention advantageously utilizes arrayed Yagi elements for wide angle scanning by employing mutual coupling between the elements to broaden the element pattern in the plane in which electronic scanning is desired.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an antenna array having a high grain and narrow elevation beam, with a narrow azimuthal beam which can be electronically scanned throughout a wide azimuthal sector.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an antenna array of very small elevation so as to be suitable for installation on or within the airfoil surfaces of an aircraft, e.g., wing leading edges and the horizontal stabilizer trailing edge, usable with a suitable radome which is an integral part of the airfoil.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an antenna array having a high gain and broadened in-array element pattern from increasing the angle over which the antenna mainlobe can be electronically scanned.
It is a still further object of the present invention to broaden the narrow in-array element pattern of a Yagi antenna array.
It is a still further object of the present invention to broaden the in-array pattern of a Yagi antenna array in one plane only.

Summary of the invention

According to the invention there is provided an antenna system for conformal mounting on an aircraft, comprising a linear array of Yagi antennas, each of the Yagi antennas including a driven element, a reflector member and a director member, each of which has a length less than the spacing between adjacent Yagi antennas, characterised in that the Yagi antennas each lie in the E-plane and are laterally spaced from one another a distance of between substantially 0.3λ and 0.9A centre to centre, and the antenna system further comprises means connected to the Yagi antennas for electronically scanning the antenna system main lobe in the E plane over an angle A substantially greater than the free space beam width of the individual Yagi antennas in the E plane, whereby said scan angle A can be greaterthan 90°.
The invention also concerns an aircraft on which such an antenna system is conformally mounted, for example in a wing thereof.
"Electronic scanning" as the term is used therein entails adjustments in the excitation coefficients (e.g., phase and amplitude) of the elements in the array in accordance with 'the direction in which the formation of a beam is desired.
It is well known to those skilled in the art that the beam of an antenna points in a direction that is normal to the phase front. In phased arrays the phase front is adjusted to steer the beam by individual control of the phase excitation of each radiating element. Phase shifters are electronically actuated to permit rapid scanning and are adjusted in phase to a value between 0 and 2n radians. While this method of electronic scanning is perhaps the most commonly used, other means may be employed to effect the same changes in the phase front of the array to produce steerage of the beam. Control of the excitation coefficients of the elements of the array is commonly known as "antenna feed", and includes all means for independently or dependently controlling the amplitude and phase of the signals to or from the individual elements of the antenna array, and dividing or combining means therefor.

Brief description of the drawings

The present invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a top plan view of a linear array of Yagi elements according to the present invention;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a Yagi element for the linear array of the present invention;
Figure 3 is a top plan view of a linear array of Yagi elements of the type shown in Fig. 2 in which all the endfire elements have a common reflector;
Figure 4 is a top plan view of a linear array of Yagi elements similar to Fig. 3 being scanned at an angle θ^o; and
Figure 5 is a perspective view of an aircraft with parts broken away to indicate the mounting thereon of linear arrays of Yagi elements in accordance with the present invention.

Detailed description

Referring to Fig. 1, an antenna according to the present invention is generally illustrated at 10. The antenna 10 includes a linear array of Yagi elements 12 electronically coupled to an element driving network 14 which is conventionally known as an antenna feed.
Each element 12 is laterally spaced a distance (D) between 0.3 λ and 0.9 A apart, preferably about 0.55 \ apart (center-to-center) to enhance the effects of mutual coupling between the elements 12, resulting in a broadened element pattern of the mainbeam in the plane of the array. The length (L) of each individual element 12 is approximately 1.25 λ.
Referring to Fig. 2, a Yagi element 12A for use in the array of the present invention is shown. As is well known, a Yagi array includes at least two parasitic elements in addition to the driven element. The Yagi element 12A includes six conductive elements 16,18, 20, 22, 24 and 26. Such a multiparasitic array is known as a 6-element beam. Each element has a diameter of approximately 0.01 λ and a length of approximately 0.5 λ.
The six elements 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 are positioned in spaced parallel relationship along the same line of sight (transverse axis) with the spacing between adjacent elements being approximately .25 λ. The six elements 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 are supported on a pair of nonconductive Plexiglass supports 28 and 30, e.g., by inserting the elements 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 into mating holes in the Plexiglass support. The supports 28 and 30 electrically insulate the elements 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 from one another, and advantageously are substantially invisible to the resulting electromagnetic waves.
Element 16 is a reflector element, element 18 the driven element, and elements 20, 22, 24 and 26 the director elements. A coaxial cable 32 is electrically coupled to the driven element 18 for providing a signal thereto. The reflector 16 and directors 20-26 interact in a conventional manner to provide increased gain and unidirectiv- ity to the radiated signal pattern. The free-space half-power beam-widths of element 12A is 42° in the E plane and 48° in the H plane.
Referring to Fig. 3, ten Yagi elements 12A-J of the type shown in Fig. 2 are arranged in a linear array 10A. The elements 12A-J have a common reflector 16A and are closely spaced laterally a distance of between about 0.3 X and about 0.9 λ apart, preferably about 0.55 λ apart (center-to-center), to increase the effects of mutual coupling therebetween. With such an arrangement, the in-array pattern, i.e., the angle over which the antenna mainlobe can be electronically scanned increases from 42° for the single endfire element 12A of Fig. 2 to greater than 90° in the array 10A. The narrow H plane pattern of 48° for the single element 12A is maintained in the array 10A. Thus the effect of closely spacing the elements 12A in the linear array 10 is to broaden the element pattern in the plane of the array 10A (E plane) while preserving the narrow H plane pattern.
The broadened E-plane pattern of the in-array element may be demonstrated as follows: The elements 12A-D and 12F-J have individual terminating impedances 34A-D and 34F-J coupled to ground 36 in the array 10A. The terminating impedances 34A-D and 34F-J are chosen to match the antenna driving point impedance to an antenna scan angle of 0° in the E-plane. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 3, the terminating impedances 34A-D and 34F-J are 50 ohms. Element 12E is monitored by meter 38 which measures the power received by element 12E when the array 10A is used as a receiving device to receive signals transmitted by a radiating device (not shown) positioned at sufficient distance from the array 10A so as to be in the far field of the array 10A. As the array 10A is rotated in angle with respect to the radiating device, the power measured in meter 38 will vary in proportion to the in-array element pattern of element 12E. This method of pattern measurement is well known in the art. Moreover, it is also well known in the art that the in-array element pattern measured in this manner is approximately proportional to the gain of the array 10A as a function of angle when the outputs of all of the elements 12A-J are utilized to form a beam.
With reference to Fig. 4, the array 10A operates as follows: A feed means (not shown) applies transmission signals to a combining/dividing network 40 which splits the signals for transmission by the individual elements 42 of the array 44 (N elements are shown). N phase shifters 46 shift the phase of the signals in accordance with the direction in which a beam is desired. In applications where unequal amplitudes are desired for each antenna element to provide lower antenna sidelobes (commonly known as amplitude taper, the combining/dividing network 48 advantageously provides such a distribution.
The antenna array 10A with its feed is linear, passive and bilateral and is subject to the law of reciprocity so that when it is used in the receiving mode its characteristics are unaltered.
Referring to Fig. 5, an aircraft 48 is illustrated with antenna arrays 10 B, C and D in accordance with the present invention positioned in the wing leading edges 50 and 52 and in the horizontal stabilizer 54. With this arrangement 360° azimuthal coverage is obtained by electronically scanning the arrays 10B-D and conventional side-looking antennas 56 and 58 mounted on opposite sides of the fuselage 60 in a back-to-back relationship. Advantageously, such an arrangement avoids the need for a large dome mounted on the fuselage 60 which must be mechanically rotated to provide the same 360° azimuthal coverage.

Claims

1. An antenna system (10 for conformal mounting on an aircraft, comprising a linear array of Yagi antennas (12), each oftheYagi antennas including a driven element (18), a reflector member (16) and a director member (20), each of which has a length less than the spacing between adjacent Yagi antennas, characterised in that the Yagi antennas each lie in the E-plane and are laterally spaced from one another a distance of between substantially 0.3 λ and 0.9 A centre to centre, and the antenna system further comprises means connected to the Yagi antennas for electronically scanning the antenna system main lobe in the E plane over an angle A substantially greater than the free space beam width of the individual Yagi antennas in the E plane, whereby said scan angle A can be greater than 90°.

2. An antenna system of Claim 1 wherein: the spacing between said Yagi antennas is substantially 0.55 λ.

3. An antenna system as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein: each Yagi antenna has a main lobe beam width in the E plane of substantially 42°.

4. An antenna system of any preceding Claim, wherein: the system main lobe beam width in the H plane is substantially 48°.

5. An antenna system claimed in any preceding Claim wherein: said linear array includes ten Yagi antennas (12A-12J) which are arrayed in the E-plane, each Yagi antenna further including three additional director members (22, 24, 26).

6. An antenna system of any preceding Claim, wherein the reflector member of each of said Yagi antennas is a common reflector member (16A).

7. An antenna system of any preceding Claim, wherein each Yagi antenna has a length of substantially 1.25 λ.

8. An antenna system of any preceding Claim, wherein said Yagi antennas each include nonconductive support means (28, 30) for fixedly positioning the driven element (18), reflector member (16), and the or each director member (20) relative to one another.

9. An antenna system of any preceding Claim in which said driven element, reflector member and the or each director member of each Yagi antenna are spaced from one another a distance of substantially 0.25 λ.

10. An aircraft comprising an antenna system as defined in any preceding Claim, said system being conformally mounted in a wing of the aircraft.

11. An aircraft comprising an antenna system as defined in any of claims 1 to 9 said system further including a pair of side-looking antennas (56, 58) known perse; and said system being conformally mounted in an aircraft whereby wide azimuthal coverage is obtained.

12. An aircraft as defined in Claim 11, in which said system is conformally mounted within the wing of said aircraft.

13. An aircraft as defined in Claim 11, wherein there are two of said antenna systems which are mounted in a back-to-back relationship.

14. An aircraft as defined in Claim 13, in which said two systems are conformally mounted in the wing and horizontal stabilizer of said aircraft, respectively.

15. An aircraft as defined in Claim 11, wherein said side-looking antennas are conformally mounted on an aircraft fuselage.