EP0197456A2

EP0197456A2 - A process and apparatus to move and form underground passages in soil

Info

Publication number: EP0197456A2
Application number: EP86104275A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Tian Shanda
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1985-04-01
Filing date: 1986-03-27
Publication date: 1986-10-15
Also published as: CN85102785A; DE3686433T2; CN1007635B; JPS61294085A; DE3686433D1; EP0197456A3; US4726711A; EP0197456B1

Abstract

The apparatus to move and form a passage or space in the soil comprises squeezing means (6) for squeezing the soil and thrust means (9, 11) for producing a thrust force to advance said squeezing means (6) to move and form a passage or space in the soil.

Description

The present invention relates to an earthwork process to move and form underground passages or space and to a subterranean vehicle or apparatus, in particular to a constructing process by means of vibratory squeezing a passage or space underground in soil and the specific apparatus thereof used for this purpose.
In prior art, in order to proceed a seismic geological prospecting it is necessary to drill a shaft of certain depth and dispatch a certain amount of explosive into it; to construct highrise building or wharf in harbour, or to erect heavy chemical equipment, it is necessary to hammer in load bearing piles in the foundation. In such engineering work, drilling machines or pile hammers are required, such as earth boring auger, vibratory pile driving machine, pile hammer, persating drilling machine and special spiral piling machine, etc. These machines listed can either bore out a "shaft" of certain diameter or drive in pile column of certain length to a certain depth. For instance spiral pile may be sunk to a depth over 20 meters. The spiral pile is a steel pipe pile with spiral helical fin or blade at its lower end on the outside diameter (Fig. 1). It requires a special machine to screw itself down into the earth, which com prises a moving portion and a fixed portion. Two or more electric motors are fitted on the fixed portion and through a speed variator system to rotate the moving portion which in turn is connected to the top of the spiral pile cylinder. When the moving portion is rotated the pile follows in revolving and thus is screwed down into a depth of earth required.
Spiral pile of large cross-sectional area has already been put in use having an outside diameter of 35 to 40 cm; the outside diameter of the spiral fin or blade ranges from 1 to 2.5 m, and a 3 m outside diameter fin or blade has been made. The permissible bearing load of such piles may reach 500 tons or more depending on the soil conditions.The rotary speed of large dimension spiral pile is about 0.5 to 1 revolution per minute; smaller spiral piles have higher rotary speed up to about 10 revolutions per minute. Spiral pile carries a closed pile head, i.e. the lower end is closed while being sunk. The advantage of having its lower end closed is to prevent soil from filling up the pile cylinder and thus simplify the piling process. For example, to screw down spiral piles of 30 to 40 cm diameter into depths of 10 to 12 m; the efficiency in certain experimental projects is 2 to 3 pieces per shift, i.e. to make a total depth of 20 to 26 m. With the exception of rock, hard clay, and soil containing bulky entanglements, this type of pile is applicable in various kinds of soil. The sinking process of spiral pile is usually carried out by crane, on which hoist and pile rotating machine are fitted to lift and insert them. Under many circumstances, spiral pile is more economical than steel pile or concrete pile driven in by pile hammer. However, it is to be noticed that powerful machinery is indispensable to proceed the piling operation and it requires also steel pipes to be connected together and rotated with the pile to be screwed to a certain depth. Apparently such machinery is hardly, if at all, in a position to proceed piling work in a substantial horizontal direction.
Besides, in the prior art of earthwork: When there is work to iay piping and cable, or to construct underground tunnel or subway, open excavation or trench method is usually adopted. However, if work is to be done underneath building, airfield runway, superhighway, railroad bed, river bed, or wherever it is impossible to excavate from the ground surface, the trench method is not applicable. Of course, more effective system of tunnelling or pipe laying is now available, i.e. the so-called "shield-driven" and "thrustor-driven" systems, which can be used without trenching and thus avoid any wracking of the-ground. It is sometimes necessary for these systems in operation to remove scrap earth out of the ground by mechanical means or water jet.
In order to lay piping up to a diameter of 500 cm without trenching, the Kiev Water Conservancy Engineering Bureau in Soviet Union has developed an earthwork machine called "vibratory bullet". This machine needs not excavate any soil above the pipe nor remove it from below. The shell of this "vibratory bullet" (Fig. 2) is made of steel pipe with two conical ears. Inside the shell are fitted eccentric vibrator and 10 kw electric motor, which will give a circumferential vibration of 2000 cycles per minute. The moment of the two eccentric discs is 10 kg x cm. To bore a horizontal passage, it needs to drill beforehand by conventional method a 75 mm hole to let pass through a traction rope connecting the "vibratory bullet". While the vibrator is started the "vibratory bullet" is pulled forward by hoist or tractor. The actual forward speed of this bullet when digging a passage in vicinity of sandy soil is equal to the tractor speed running on its third gear ("The Experience of Mechanization in Water Conservancy Engineering", by N.P. Kutl- jeshev, "Construction Mechanization", No. 3, 1950). The wall of the passage made in this way is compacted by the vibratory bullet and will not slump at the time of laying pipe. The result of such projects has proved that vibratory action can be applicable in-some underground work. However, attention has to be paid that a horizontal pilot hole of smaller diameter should be drilled beforehand by conventional method for the traction rope to pass through to pull the "vibratory bullet" forward. The matter itself is a technically difficult problem in case the distance of such a pilot hole is of considerable length. Therefore, such earthwork machine has not yet been widespread and developed.
The present invention has improved the above-mentioned techniques to provide a process capable of moving and forming underground passages and the apparatus to achieve this process -a "subterranean vehicle". It is not necessary to trench, to remove scrap soil or to drill a hole beforehand for a traction rope to pass through, when a passage is formed by this process and by making use of the vehicle in question.
The process and apparatus provided by the present invention to move and form a passage in the soil underground comprises the following elements:

(1) Make use of vibratory means to give rise to a local vibration to render the soil in the close neighbourhood fluid-like pressed, as used in the present invention. "Close neighbourhood" means a distance of about several mm to about hundreds cm from the vibrator means, so as to lower the soil resistance exerted on the vibratory body while moving forward. This vibratory action may be circumferential, axial, horizontal or otherwise, or any directional vibration to achieve desired effect.
(2) Make use of the thrust produced by the rotation of spiral fin or other thrust means such as hydraulic force to advance the vibratory squeezing process together with vibratory action. This is to say, the squeezing action produced by vibratory motion will result in squeezing process to move forward in the direction of the passage or space to be made.

This vibratory squeezing process is continued until the distance required is reached.
As an alternative, the passage or space may also be formed by means of spiral-finned pile head to produce necessary thrust or other hydraulic device to push a squeezing head forward which is vibratory or not vibratory.
It is easy to understand that, if necessary, the direction of vibratory motion and thrust is controllable so as to orientate the movement and the passage to desired direction. For example, employing a gyroscope or other means as three dimension sensor and microcomputer to give orders to actuators to effect consequent actions, namely to automate orientation control.
In addition, it is also possible to control the process of vibratory squeezing and regulate the amplitude of vibration, so as to limit the scope of soil in the neighbourhood being fluidized influenced by the vibratory means.
Therefore, the present invention will be able, by means of vibratory squeezing, to advance forward and at the same time form a passage or space in subterranean layer. As a result of controlling the direction of motion through proper means if necessary, the passage made may be vertical, horizontal or even inclined. By repeating the process of vibratory squeezing in the passage already made, a larger passage or space can be expanded by means of the same process but more powerful apparatus, or vehicle. In this way, it is possible to excavate out much larger subterranean space - (such as cellar, underground garage) if the process to be repeated is controlled in the sidewise horizontal direction to the original passage made.
In case the passage is to be made close to the ground surface, the process should be modified as follows, so as to prevent the soil layer from being buckled upward:

Use a special-shaped squeezing head, such as a wedge with knife edge (see Fig. 9) in the vertical plane, so that soil will be squeezed in sidewise and downward direction.

Using such a special-shaped squeezing head, the vibration motion should be in a direction perpendicular to the direction of forward motion and parallel to the direction of horizontal motion.
The vibratory motion stated in the first step of construction process of the present invention may be actuated by various means, such as eccentric, electromagnetic, hydraulic of pneumatic devices, etc., provided they are powerful enough to induce necessary amplitude and frequency on the portion of the apparatus to be vibrated. In order that vibratory apparatus can move in the subterranean soil smoothly, the following fundamental requirements should be fullfilled:

(a) Vibratory amplitude should not be less than a certain limit. For instance, when a body sinks under vibration the magnitude of amplitude should exceed that when the body starts to sink, so as to continue the sinking procedure. The initial magnitude of amplitude required depends on vibration frequency,,soil property, the bulk and shape or the body. Generally, the lower the vibration frequency and the larger the cross-section of the body, the larger will be the initial sinking amplitude; the more the vibration amplitude to exceed the initial sinking amplitude, the higher will be the sinking speed.
(b) Vibratory frequency should be higher than the destructive frequency of the soil. When a body vibrates in the soil, the frictional resistance of the soil to the surface of that body begins to break down under the action of a certain frequency and vibratory force, so that that body may move freely.
(c) Thrusting force to push the body forward should be able to overcome the encountering resistance of the soil to the front end of body.

The second step (2) of the construction process of the present invention is to produce a thrust force by rotation of the spiral fin or blade or by any other apparatus to push the vibratory body forward and effect the vibratory squeezing, soil fluiditation, and if necessary, continuing the advancing thrusting action. In this way, a passage or tunnel, or space with a diameter slightly larger than the said body is constructed.
The apparatus to produce the required thrust preferred by the present invention is similar to the screwing device of spiral pile but with built-in prime mover. Such screwing device can be fitted at the rear portion of the vibratory body. When the prime mover rotates the screwing device, the axial thrust will be effected to bring the vibratory body in the front portion to advance together with the prime mover itself. Since the preferred thrusting device has its own power source, it is not necessary to transmit driving torque by way of extension torque tubes and thus it is possible to avoid the use of high tower or crane. Moreover, there is no frictional force exerted on the extension torque tubes. Therefore, it is possible to form passages or space in the horizontal direction by means of the apparatus of the present invention, necessitating neither trenching nor handling of scrap soil.
As stated above, the construction apparatus in accordance with the process provided by the present invention comprises substantially two major components: the vibratory squeezing means in the front portion and the thrusting device in the rear section to provide thrust. Usually flexible coupling may be used to connect the two sections together, such as universal joint or sealed corrugated pipe. The connecting portion, if necessary, can be used to place sensors and control devices, such as a gyroscope, a microcomputer system and hydraulics, etc. This arrangement is suitable to control the vibratory squeezing device in the front, to monitor its vibration amplitude, frequency, vibration mode and direction, such as circumferential vibration, up and down vibration, right and left vibration, .back and forth vibration, even vibrations in any three-dimensional direction. In this way, the speed and direction of motion of the apparatus as a whole is under control. Apparently, this control system can be placed at any portion of the apparatus and put into effect in the control of the power thrusting device. When the thrusting device used is of a rod or pipe type with spiral fin or blade, its rotating speed is to be controlled; when a hydraulic type is used, the pressure and stroke are to be controlled; when it is of jet propulsion type as rocket, the rate of combustion and direction of jet propulsion is to be controlled. In this way the speed and direction of motion and the apparatus as a whole is under control.
From the disclosure of the construction process and description of apparatus used to form passages or space in subterranean layer, it is obvious that the present invention has not only incorporated the known techniques, the vibratory squeezing of the "vibratory bullet" and the screwing or thrusting in action of the "spiralpile", but also merged the self-contained power unit which enables it to attain a better effect superior to the above-mentioned known techniques. This is to say that the present invention necessitates no "outside agency" as hoist or tractor to pull the "vibratory bullet" through a long, horizontal hole which is difficult to be made, and even far more difficult to be made in the vertical direction.
Many significant advantages are realized by the present invention.
The vehicle or apparatus of the present invention moves forward during construction process by means of a vibratory squeezing mode, hence no large amount of scrap soil is produced and is subsequently not to be removed. In addition, the present invention does not call for long steel pipes to be connected together one by one and to be thrusted or screwed into the earth together. It avoids not only the use of heavy steel structure of crane but also the tremendous frictional resistance exerted on the pipe surface by the soil. Therefore, the construction process and apparatus provided by the present invention is the economical and effective means to produce passage and move freely in the subterranean layer.
The following is a brief description of the attached drawings:

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a spiral pile in the prior art.
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the "vibratory bullet" in the prior art, where 1 is a traction rope, 2 a rotor of an electric motor, 3 an eccentric disc, 4 a horizontal small hole, 5 a passage made.
Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the spiral thrusting type "subterranean vehicle" of embodiment 1 of the present invention, where 6 is a vibratory squeezing means, 7 a stabilizing fin or blade, 8 a corrugated pipe connection means, 9 a thrust rod or pipe, 10 a spiral fin or blade, 11 a housing of the thrusting device, 12 a stabilizing guide fin or blade.
Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional view of the vibratory squeezing means, where 13 is an electric motor, 14 an eccentric means, 15 a rolling ball, 16 a ball bracket, 17 a damping material, 18 a thrust force bearing plate, 19 a dowel pin, 20 a pin hole, 21 a damping material.
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional view of the connection means 8 of embodiment 1, where 22 is the universal joint, 23 a hydraulic device, 24 a sensor, 25 a control of the hydraulic device, 26 a thrust . bearing.
Figure 6 is the cross-sectional view of the connection of spiral thrust rod or pipe and the prime mover, where 27 is a rotor of an electric motor, 28 a speed variator, 29 a bearing, 30 a pin hole.
Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the "subterranean vehicle" in operation of embodiment 1, where 31 is a trailer expanding vibratory squeezing means, 32 a connecting rope, 33 a tunnel already squeezed out, 34 an expanded passage.
Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the hydraulic thrust type "subterranean vehicle", embodiment 2, where 35 is a vibratory squeezing means, 36 a stabilizing guide fin or blade, 37 a connection section, 38 a front arresting mechanism, 39 a front arrestor, 40 a cylinder of hydraulic device, 41 a hydraulic plunger rod, 42 a rear arresting mechanism, 43 a rear arrestor, 44 a corrugated pipe.
Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of wed- geshaped squeezing means where (45) is the direction of vibration, 46 the direction of motion.

The following is a description of preferred embodiments of the present invention with respect to drawings attached.
Figure 3 is the schematic diagram of embodiment 1. The vibratory squeezing means 6 is similar in construction to the above-mentioned "vibratory bullet" whose front end may be made into different shapes according to soil structure, such as pointed cone, semi-spherical ball, wedge or streamline: whose inside or rear may be fitted the electric eccentric (Figure 4), or other type vibrator device. The squeezing means 6 may be of smooth material or fixed with a set of stabilizing fins 7 to prevent it from revolving and also present certain guiding action. Vibratory squeezing means 6 is connected with thrust rod or pipe 9 through the corrugated pipe or any thin material enclosed connection means 8 (Figure 5). A power line may pass through the corrugated pipe to supply electric power to the vibratory squeezing means 6 and to the control system in the connection means 8, if there is necessity to have control system in the connection means 8. The damping mechanism is fitted in the inner chamber of the tail part of vibratory squeezing means 6, which comprises spherical ball 15, ball bracket 16, damping material 17 and bearing plate 18, (see Fig. 4). The bearing plate 18 is to take the thrust from thrusting means or thrust transmitted through the connection means. The control means is composed of three-dimensional sensors, microcomputer and actuators such as a set of hydraulic jacks, so as to realize the three-dimensional control of the vibratory squeezing means. To the thrust rod or pipe 9 are fixed spiral fins or helical blades 10 which will screw into the soil. It is important that total area of the fin 10 in contact with soil should be enough to give rise thrust while moving forward, and to ensure the shear stress and pressure against the soil still less than the limit shear strength and limit compression strength of the soil, so that there will be no "slip idling" of the spiral fin to occur and to lose the thrust. The prime mover of the thrusting means is an electric motor 27 or other types of rotary engine (see Fig. 6), which is connected to the thrust rod or pipe 9 through speed variator 28. Motor or engine and speed variator are connected together through pin and may be disassembled to facilitate transportation (see Fig. 6). Motor and speed variator may also be connected by universal joint to transmit power to the thrust rod or pipe 9 and to rotate it. The rotation of spiral fin in the soil will drive the vibratory squeezing means 6 and the whole "subterranean vehicle" forward. In order to prevent the housing 11 of prime mover to turn in the revere direction when the prime mover is driving the thrust rod or pipe, a set of stabilzing guide fins 12 is fixed to the surface of the housing 11. A certain portion of the lateral surface of the stabilizing fin tucking, in the soil will suffice to prevent the reversal of revolution. It is important that the shear stress and compressive stress by the fin against the soil must be less than the shear strength and compressive strength of soil there, otherwise slippage will occur.
The vibratory squeezing means is composed of squeezing means, vibratory means and damping mechanism, the former in the front and the latter in the rear. The shell of the vibratory squeezing means serves as the squeezing means. The vibratory means is composed of electric motor and eccentrics 14. The motor rotates the eccentrics to produce circumferential vibration in the squeezing means. The damping mechanism is composed of spherical balls 15, ball bracket (retainer) 16, and damping material lined around the interior, such as sponge rubber 17, and bearing plate 18. The bearing plate receives thrust force from the thrusting means transmitted through the universal joint of the connection means and then transfers this thrust to the entire vibratory squeezing means through rolling balls 15. The balls due to their rolling action can attenuate the vibration produced by the vibratory means in the front when transferring the thrust to the bearing plate and thus play the role of a damper. On the bearing plate 18 there are dowel pins 19 which fit into the pin holes 20 on the tail retaining plate of the vibratory squeezing means. Damping material such as sponge rubber 21 is fixed in between the dowel pin and dowel hole. The thickness of damping material 17 and 21 should be larger than the vibration amplitude of the vibratory squeezing means. The action of dowel pin 19 and hole 20 is to prevent the bearing plate 18 from relative rotary displacement with the vibratory squeezing means and thus ensure sensor 24 to deliver precision locating signals.
One thing has to be pointed out that the subterranean vehicle preferred by the present invention will start the operation in the soil with the help of a booster thrustor, a hydraulic jack or the like - (not shown in diagram), so that the spiral fin 10 and stabilizing guide fin 12 in the front end of the squeezing means 6 or thrustor rod or pipe 9 may tuck and screw in the soil, and then the subterranean vehicle begins its vibratory squeezing and moves forward under the reaction of the soil against the spiral fin or blade 12.
Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of the hydraulic thrustor type "subterranean vehicle", embodiment 2 of the present invention.ln Fig. 8, 35 is a vibratory squeezing means similar in construction to that of the embodiment 1. Stabilizing guide are similar to embodiment 1. The thrustor means is different and two more arresting mechanisms 39 and 42 are added. The thrustor means of this embodiment is hydraulic, with at least one hydraulic cylinder 40 or a set of evenly arranged hydraulic actuators. The shaft 41 joining the plunger is connected to the front arresting mechanism in which is fitted a retractable arrestor blade 38. On the back of cylinder 40 there is fitted the rear arresting mechanism 42 also with retractable arrestor blades of large area (43). When the arrestor blade in the front is retracting in and when the arrestor blade of the rear is sticking out, hydraulic shaft 41 acts forward and exerts force on the vibtratory squeezing means so that it will vibrate and squeeze forward at the same time. The hydraulic cylinder of the prime mover 40 at this moment is prevented from retracting backward by resistance produced by the rear arrestor blade being inserted in the soil. When the front arrestor blade is sticking out and the rear arrestor blade is retracting in, hydraulic shaft 41 will retract to the hydraulic actuator. Then the resistance produced by the front arrestor blade being inserted in the soil prevents the vibratory squeezing means 35 from retreating backward, and the hydraulic actuator moves forward a distance of one plunger stroke. In this way, one cycle of all these motions will bring the "subterranean vehicle" as a whole to move one stroke distance. The above motion cycle can be programmed and controlfed by the microcomputer in the connection means.
As an alternative embodiment of the present invention the "subterranean vehicle" may have a trailer expanding vibratory squeezing section attached to its tail part (see Fig. 7). The trailer has a vibratory means inside and can be used to expand out passages formed with a cross section other than a circle according to the shape of the trailer, such as horseshoe,-ellipse or rectangle. It is more advantageous over that with the vibratory squeezing section placed at the front, since the vibratory amplitude and frequency may be used higher without limit. The trailer is behind the spiral fin of the thrusting section, so there is no effect to the limit shear strength and compressive strength of soil in contact with the spiral fin. In this way, the squeezing resistance by the vehicle when moving forward may be diminshed to a large extent and the suqeezing effect may be increased. It is more meaningful that the present invention will enable to produce subterranean passage or space in soil and to travel directly underground in the future, if the above stated subterranean vehicle is further modified and improved.

Claims

1. An apparatus to move and form a passage or space in the soil comprising

a) squeezing means (6) for squeezing the soil; and

b) thrust means (9, 11) for producing a thrust force to advance said squeezing means (6) to move and form a passage or space in the soil.

2. An apparatus to move and form a passage or space in the soil comprising

a) vibratory squeezing means (6) for reducing the resistance of soil and squeezing the soil; and

b) thrust means (9, 11) for producing a thrust force to advance said vibratory squeezing means (6) to move and form a passage or space in the soil.

3. An apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said thrust means (9) is connected to said vibratory squeezing means (6) by connection means (8).

4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said connection means (8) comprises thrust receiving means (18) for engaging with said thrust means -

(9); hydraulic means (23) connected between said thrust receiving means (18) and said vibratory squeezing means (6); and enclosing means (11) for enclosing said thrust receiving means (18) and said hydraulic means (23).

5. An apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein said connection means (8) comprises control means for controlling said vibratory squeezing means (6) and said thrust means (9).

6. An apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein said vibratory squeezing means (6) comprises squeezing means for vibratory squeezing the soil; vibration-generating means (13, 14) being connected to said squeezing means (6) for vibrating said squeezing means; and vibration-absorbing means for reducing the vibration of said connection means and thrust means.

7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said vibration-generating means is an eccentric means - (14) being driven by a motor (13).

8. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein said thrust means comprises rotary prime mover means (27); thrust spiral means (10) being coupled at its one end with said rotary prime mover means (27) and engaged on the other end with said thrust receiving means (18) of said connection means (8); and stabilizing means (12) being mounted on the outer surface of said rotary prime mover means (27).

9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said rotary prime mover means comprises an electric motor (27).

10. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein said thrust means comprises hydraulic thrust means (40), the plunger rod (41) of said hydraulic thrust means (40) being engaged with said thrust receiving means of said connection means (8); and arresting means (42) for arresting backward movement of said apparatus.

11. An apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 10, wherein said vibratory squeezing means (6) is used without vibration.

12. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the front part of said squeezing means (35) is substantially in cone shape.

13. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the front part of said squeezing means (35) is substantially in wedge shape.

14. A process for moving and forming a passage or space in the soil, comprising

a) reducing the resistance of soil by vibration; and

b) advancing said vibration by thrust to move and form a passage or space in the soil.

15. A process according to claim 14, wherein said thrust is produced by a spiral rotating in the soil.

16. A process according to claim 14 or 15, wherein said vibration may be controlled in direction or mode of vibration to reduce buckling upward of the soil above said vibration.

17. A process for moving and forming a passage of space in the soil, wherein a self-driving spiral for self-advancing and squeezing the soil moves and forms a passage or space in the soil.

18. A process according to claim 17, wherein said squeezing process is controlled so that the movemnt of squeezed soil is substantially in the direction parallel to the earth surface.