EP0151159A1

EP0151159A1 - Multiphase motor with magnetized motor having n/2 pairs of poles per face

Info

Publication number: EP0151159A1
Application number: EP84902779A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Michel Grosjean
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1983-07-28
Filing date: 1984-07-30
Publication date: 1985-08-14
Also published as: WO1985000705A1; JPS60501933A; US4680494A

Abstract

La structure du moteur est la suivante: le rotor (1) présente N/2 paires de pôles alternativement de noms contraires sur chacune de ses deux faces; les pôles d'une face sont directement en regard de ceux de même nom de l'autre face; deux stators identiques (a, b) forment m phase (r, s), m = N/2 x n, pour n entier; chaque phase (r, s) est constituée d'une paire de pièces polaires (2, 3), coplanaires et imbriquées l'une dans l'autre, ce chaque stator (a, b), les pôles de celle d'un stator étant directement en regard des pôles de celle de l'autre stator; les pièces polaires (2, 3) comprennent des pôles entiers (p1 à p4 et p6 à p8) et des pôles fractionnaires (p5, p9); les phases (r, s) sont décalées les unes par rapport aux autres; les pièces polaires (2, 3) de chaque phase (r, s) sont reliées magnétiquement entre elles par un oyau (6) bobiné.The structure of the motor is as follows: the rotor (1) has N / 2 pairs of poles alternately with opposite names on each of its two faces; the poles of one face are directly opposite those of the same name on the other face; two identical stators (a, b) form m phase (r, s), m = N / 2 x n, for n integer; each phase (r, s) consists of a pair of polar parts (2, 3), coplanar and nested one in the other, this each stator (a, b), the poles of that of a stator being directly opposite the poles of that of the other stator; the pole pieces (2, 3) include whole poles (p1 to p4 and p6 to p8) and fractional poles (p5, p9); the phases (r, s) are offset with respect to each other; the pole pieces (2, 3) of each phase (r, s) are magnetically connected to each other by a coiled core (6).

Description

POLYPHASE MOTOR WITH MAGNET ROTOR HAVING N / 2 PAIRS OF POLES PER FACE

This invention relates to polyphase motors with ai¬ mantle rotor having on each of its two faces N / 2 pairs of poles.

Depending on the magnetization of the rotor, it is possible to define several types of motors.

A first type is that for which the rotor has N pairs of poles, these pairs being defined, for example, by axes of magnetization which are parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor, so that the latter has N poles on each of its two faces.

A second type is that for which the rotor has, on each of its two faces, N / 2 pairs of poles, these pairs being defined, for example, by magnetization curves which are contained in planes parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor, so that the latter also has N poles on each of its two faces.

The engine of the present invention essentially belongs to this second type.

The main object of the invention is to create an energy efficient polyphase motor, using existing materials, which can be manufactured by industrial processes and the number of phases as well as the range of powers can be very wide, without modifying the engine design. In the alternative, it also aims to create a mo- multi-phase tor which can be easily adapted to the step by step mode

The field of application of the engine according to the present invention is therefore very wide. This engine can be used, in particular, in drive systems for office automation, robotics, the aeronautical and space industry, photographic equipment, timepieces.

More generally, the motor according to the present invention is suitable for all systems using the digital technique, and, more particularly, for all those where the criteria of space, efficiency, power and speed are determining.

The subject of the invention is a polyphase motor which is characterized by the structure defined by claim 1, certain special embodiments of which are defined by claims 2 to 14, which can be adapted to the stepping mode, using the means defined by claims 15 and 16 and which can be mounted in the manner defined by claim 17.

An embodiment of the engine according to the invention and two variants are shown schematically and simply by way of example in the drawing, in which:

Fig. 1 is a view in the direction of the axis of rotation of the rotor;

Fig. 2 shows the watch in parts, to illustrate its structure;

Fig. 3 is a section illustrating the positioning of the stators;

Fig. 4 is a section illustrating the mounting of the rotor;

Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the rotor of the first variant;

Fig. 6 is a plan view of a part of the second variant;

Figs. 7 and 8 are linear sequences of the engine, which illustrate its mode of operation. - 3 -

The motor shown has a rotor 1, each of the two faces of which has a number N of poles equal to eight. The number m of the phases of this motor is equal to two. In addition, the offset between these two phases is equal to ^.

The structure of this motor is specially illustrated in FIG. 2, together with FIG. 1.

The rotor 1 is made of ferromagnetic material such as samarium-cobalt, the coercive field of which is high and the density low. Each of its two faces has N / 2 pairs of poles. On each face, these poles are distributed regularly around the axis of rotation of the rotor and they are alternately of opposite names. In addition, the poles on one side are located exactly opposite the poles of the same name on the other side.

A stator is mounted opposite each of the faces of the rotor: a first a and a second b. The stators a, b form two phases r and s. Each phase r, s is composed of two pole pieces 2, 3, coplanar with each of the two stators a, b and the two pole pieces 2, 3 of each of the phases r, s of the stator a respectively have the same shape as the two pole pieces 2, 3 of each of the two phases r, s of the stator b. Furthermore, in the view of FIG. 1, the pole pieces 2, 3 of the stator b are superimposed on the pole pieces, 3 of the same shape of the stator a.

The two coplanar pole pieces of each of the two phases r, s of each stator a, b are nested one inside the other, the piece 2 being inside the piece 3. Furthermore, these two pieces 2, 3 are each separated by a sinuous air gap 4. Each phase thus has two pairs of pole pieces of the same shape facing each other and two pairs of coplanar pole pieces nested one inside the other.

The pole pieces are made of ferromagnetic material with a low coercive field and high saturation induction. They have poles 5 (Fig. 1) which, to facilitate the explanations, are designated by p _1? p _2> ..., p ₉ in Fig. 2, This figure shows that the poles p-,, p, of the pole pieces 3 of of phase r of the stators a, b, the poles P2, p ₄ of the pole pieces 2 of this same phase r of the stators a, b, the poles p,, p „of the pole pieces 3 of phase s of the stators a, b and the pole p_ of the pole pieces 2 of this phase s of the stators a, b respectively have the same angular extension. These different poles are said to be whole, while the poles p- and Pq of the pole pieces 2 of phase s of the stators a, b are fractional. The sum of the angular extensions of these two fractional poles is at least approximately equal to the angular extension of an entire pole.

^• In the general case of a motor with m phases and whose rotor has N poles, the poles of the pole pieces of m-1 phases and those of two pole pieces opposite each other, stators a, b of the m-th

1 N phase are integers; they are - in number per pole piece and are spaced by an angular interval at least approximately equal to twice that existing between the adjacent poles of each face of the rotor. As for the poles of the two remaining pole pieces, there are

1 N

"2 - - 1 per pole piece which are whole, while the remaining m poles per pole piece are fractional, the sum of their angular extensions being at least approximately equal to the angular extension of an entire pole.

In the embodiment shown, the phases r, s are offset relative to each other by an angle α of 22.5 °. In the general case of a motor with m phases and whose rotor has N poles per face, α =

2τr ^" ^

T; - r The angular extension of each of the fractional poles is at

N ^" m ^{β c} minus approximately equal to 1 / m times that of an entire pole.

The offset α can be made different from - -. In this case, the sum of the angular extensions of the fractional poles remains at least approximately equal to the angular extension of an entire pole, but these fractional poles no longer all have the same angular extension.

For each phase, each pole piece of the stator a is magnetically connected to the pole piece of the stator b which is opposite it. These magnetic links are such that, for each phase, the two outer pole pieces 3 are connected to one end of a noau yau 6, the other end of which is connected to the two inner pole pieces. 2 of the same phase. Thus for phase r, the two outer pole pieces 3 are connected to the end A of the core 6 of this phase, the other end B of which is connected to the two inner pole pieces 2 of this same phase. Likewise, for phase s, the two outer pole pieces 3 are connected to the end D of the core 6 of this phase, the other end C of which is connected to the two inner pole pieces 2.

The core 6 of each phase is made of ferromagnetic material with low coercive field and high saturation induction. A coil 7 is wound around the core of each phase. The assembly is mounted as illustrated in FIG. 3.

The stator a rests against a piece of non-ferromagnetic material 8. For each phase, the pole pieces 2, 3 of the respective stators a, b are positioned by four screw feet 9. Two of these screw feet have a shoulder 10 , against which the pole pieces of the stator bear b. Two spacers 11, made of soft ferromagnetic material, are interposed in the space between each of the ends of the core and each pole piece of the stator b.

The device described ensures, on the one hand, the correct positioning in their planes of the pole pieces, thanks to the screw feet, and, on the other hand, the correct positioning in height of these pole pieces, thanks to the shoulders 10 and the spacers. 11.

The rotor 1 is mounted as illustrated in FIG. 4. It pivots in bearings 12 with low contact friction. These bearings are preferably made in ruby. A pinion 13 is integral with the shaft 1a of the rotor in order to transmit the rotations of the latter to a first mobile

14 of a gear train (not shown).

In the variant of FIG. 5, the rotor is made in two parts separated by a disk 1b of soft ferromagnetic material. Each part of this rotor has N axes of magnetization of alternately opposite directions. These magnetization axes are parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor and they are regularly distributed around the latter. The poles of the external face of one of the parts of the rotor are directly opposite those of the same name on the external face of the other

part of the rotor.

In the variant of FIG. 6, the motor comprises a soft, fixed fer¬ romagnetic disc, which is mounted in place of a stator. This disc has openings 15, which are arranged so as to réali¬ ser a positioning torque.

Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the operation of the engine. These are linear expansions of it. More particularly, these are schematic sections of the engine previously unwound in a linear fashion. The phase shift r, s is 22.5 °.

Fig. 8 shows the state of the motor when the rotor has moved 22.5 ° relative to that shown in FIG. 7, that is, in the general case, of an angle and = -r.

^& YN -m

In order to facilitate the understanding of the operation of the represented motor, the manner of creating the characteristic called mutual torque is exposed in the first place. This mutual torque is that which comes from the interaction between the fluxes of the magnetic rotor and those of the coils.

In the position of FIG. 7, pairs of poles of the rotor 1 are located exactly opposite the poles p-,, p ₂ , Pj and p, of the phase r of the stators a, b. This figure shows that the fluxes from the poles of the face of the rotor facing the stator a are collected by the poles p-, and p, of the pole piece 3 of this stator a, from where they are routed to the core 6 of phase r, which they travel from A to B. They then close by passing through the poles p ₂ and p ₄ of the pole piece 2 of the stator a. As for the fluxes coming from the face of the rotor facing the stator b, they are collected by the poles p, and p, of the pole piece 3 of the stator b, then conveyed to the core 6 of phase r, which they travel through. also from A to B before closing through the poles p ₂ and p. of pole piece 2 of stator b. In the considered position of the rotor, the flux of the rotor through the core 6 of phase r is therefore maximum.

By shifting the rotor from this position by an angle α equal to 2τr / N, it is easy to see that the flux through the core 6 of phase r is also maximum, but in the opposite direction, that is that is, it runs through this nucleus from B to A. There is therefore an inversion of the flow of the rotor in the core 6 of phase r, each time the rotor turns by an angle equal to 2τr / N, ie 45 ° in the example shown.

When the coil of phase r is supplied, this results, according to the laws of electromechanics, an interaction torque between the coil and the magnetized rotor, the mutual torque, whose period is equal to 4-tr / N, and whose equilibrium positions correspond to the positions of the rotor in which the pairs of poles of the latter are exactly opposite the poles of the pole pieces of this phase r of the stators.

Regarding the poles p. , p,, p ₇ , p _s and p „of phase s, between which are the pairs of rotor poles in Fig. 7, it is easy to see that this phase s also has a mutual torque of period 4τr / N, but offset from the mutual torque of phase r by an angle α = ^• - ^ -, that is to say 22.5 ° in the example shown.

The position of the rotor in which its flux through the core 6 of phase s is maximum is that of FIG. 8. The two fractional poles Pc and pg each collect, for each face of the rotor, a flux equal to 1 / m times the flux collected by an entire pole, or 1/2 of that of an entire pole in the example shown.

The remarks made above about a phase difference other than - apply here too.

The behavior of the motor with the indicated mutual torques, when the coils are supplied, is known and will therefore not be described.

The motor shown, two-phase and with an 8-pole rotor by fa¬ this, is obviously not the only possible embodiment of the motor according to the invention. It suffices that the number of poles N per face of the rotor and

N that m of the phases satisfy the relation: m = s 2- - “n where n is an integer. The table on the following page indicates the possible configurations of the motor according to the invention.

The rotor l 'of the variant shown in FIG. 5 comprises two magnetic parts. Unlike the rotor of the embodiment described above, the magnetization of these two parts is axial, and therefore easier to produce, and a soft ferro-magnetic disk 1b is fixed between them. As the poles of these two parts facing each other have the same name, the operation of the motor according to this variant is the same as that of the embodiment described above.

Another variant (not shown) of the motor according to the invention consists in shifting identically both the poles of one of the faces of the rotor and those of the stator opposite these poles relative to the poles of the other face of the rotor and the stator opposite this other face. In this Also, the operation of the engine is the same as that of the embodiment described above.

It is also possible, in other variants (also not shown), to provide two cores per phase instead of one, one connecting together the two coplanar pole pieces of a stator and the other, those on the other stator. It would thus be possible to double the number of motor phases, for example by shifting the poles of one of the faces of the rotor relative to those of the other face or one of the stators relative to the other. In either case, instead of a position of the rotor, in which a group of its poles, facing each other, are located opposite the poles of a phase of the stators , there would indeed be a first position of the rotor, in which only the poles of the said group, located on one of the faces of the rotor, would be opposite the poles of the said phase of one of the stators, and a second position of the rotor, in which it would be the poles of said group, located on the other face of the rotor, which would be opposite the poles of said phase of the other stator. This makes it possible to double the phases of the motor without having to modify the shape of the parts that compose it. The two indicated offsets, the rotor poles and the stators, could even be combined. These two shifts could naturally be identical, as in a variant described above, with the difference that there would be, in the latter case, two cores per phase instead of one. Each of these cores would however be single-phase and the motor would therefore only have m phases. Depending on the function assigned to certain phases, it could finally be advantageous to shift differently, on the one hand, the phases of one of the stators relative to each other, and, on the other hand, those of the other stator .

The motor according to the invention would still operate if one of the sta¬ tors was removed. In this case, the rotor could have N / 2 pairs of poles only on its face opposite the remaining stator. As the flux passing through the cores would be halved, the efficiency of the engine would naturally be worse.

One of the stators could also be replaced by a soft feragnagnetic disc, in order to counterbalance the force of attraction between the rotor and the remaining stator. Fig. 6 shows such a disc, which has openings 15, in order to create a positioning torque. These open tures are in number equal to that of the poles of one of the faces of the rotor and are arranged in a circular crown concentric with the rotor, in which they are distributed in a regular manner. In this case, the period of the positioning torque is equal to 2τr / N. It would however also be possible to create a positioning torque of period 4τr / N by removing one of the openings 15 both. A phase shift between the positioning torque and the mutual torques could be created by shifting the openings 15 relative to the radial sections of the sinuous iron 4 of the stator. Such a phase shift could also be created by shifting the poles of one of the faces of the rotor relative to those of the other face, the openings 15 then being arranged symmetrically with respect to the radial sections of the sinuous air gap of the stator.

In all the embodiments comprising a stator opposite each face of the rotor, the positioning of the stators is carried out in the manner described with reference to FIG. 3.

Regarding the efficiency of the engine according to the invention and without going into the details of the theory, a person skilled in the art will see that it is optimal.

First of all, the fluxes of all the pairs of rotor poles are routed in the same direction through each core of the coils, this thanks to the described nesting of the pole pieces 2, 3, at the magnetic connection provided between both stators and available to whole and fractional poles. There is in fact no pair of rotor poles whose flux is lost, in the sense that it would not close by the nuclei and would not additively participate in mutual flux. This is a first necessary condition for obtaining an optimum yield.

In addition, the flux of each pair of rotor poles is maximized, since these fluxes are collected and close by the poles of pole pieces which are directly opposite the poles of each of the pairs of rotor. This is a second condition necessary for obtaining an optimum yield, and here is a third, which relates to the step-by-step operating mode.

The fact that the rotor is full, in the sense that there is no angular interval between the poles of each face of the rotor which is not equal to 2τr / N, optimizes, from the point of view of efficiency, the relationship between the total flux of the pole pairs of the rotor and the inertia of the latter. This is due to the fact that efficiency is an increasing function of flux and decreasing of inertia, but that the power at which this function increases with flux is greater than that at which it decreases with inertia.

The conjunction of these necessary conditions makes it possible to affirm that the engine according to the invention, in its complete structure, is optimum from the point of view of efficiency. It follows, on the contrary, that the motors of the same type which do not satisfy the stated necessary conditions do not have optimum efficiency.

The number of motor phases according to the invention can be very wide without modifying the motor design, since it suffices that the re-

N lation m = -y-— be satisfied for n integer. In other words, it suffices to increase the number N of poles per face of the rotor to increase the number m of phases.

The engine according to the invention also has the advantage of offering a very wide range of powers, without having to modify the design of the engine. Without going into the details of the theory, it is, indeed, intuitive to notice that the mechanical power of a motor of this type is an increasing function of the number of pairs of poles of the rotor as well as of the diameter of the latter.

The motor according to the invention finally has the advantage of lending itself to operating mode step by step, since the disc of FIG. 6 introduces the positioning torque necessary for this operating mode.

WIPO

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. Polyphase motor with magnetic rotor having N / 2 pairs of poles per side, characterized

- in that the poles of each face of the rotor (1) are distributed regularly around its axis of rotation and are alternately of opposite names, the poles of one face being directly opposite those of the same name of the other face,

- in that the rotor (1) is arranged between two stators (a, b) at least approximately identical,

N - in that the stators (a, b) form m phases (r, s), where m = -57— _. n being an integer,

- in that each phase (r, s) comprises two pole pieces (2, 3) of one and the other stator (a, b), which are coplanar and one of which (2) is nested in the other (3) and is separated from it by a sinuous air gap (4), the two pole pieces of a stator being located opposite those of the other stator,

- in that, for m-1 phases (r, s) as well as for one of the pairs of pole pieces (2, 3) of the remaining phase, which are opposite one another, the poles (p, p., p ,, p „) of each of the pole pieces, the number of n = - are whole and spaced by an angular interval at least approximately twice that between the adjacent poles of each face rotor (1),

1 N

- in that j - - 1 poles (p-) of each of the pole pieces of the other pair of pole pieces facing each other of the remaining phase are whole,

- in that the m remaining poles (p ,, P) of each pole piece of this last pair are fractional, the sum of their angular extensions being at least approximately equal to the angular extension of an entire pole, - in that the phases (r, s) are offset from one another,

- in that each pole piece (2, 3) of a stator (a) is, for each phase, magnetically connected to the pole piece opposite it of the other stator (b) - in that for each phase, the two outer pole pieces (3) are magnetically connected to one (A, D) of the ends of a core (6), the other end (B, C) of which is magnetically connected to the two inner pole pieces (2)

- And in that at least one coil (7) is wound around the core (6) of each phase (r, s).

2. Motor according to claim 1, characterized

- in that the phases (r, s) are offset from each other by an angle at least approximately equal to 2ττ / Nm - and in that the angular extension of each fractional pole is at least approximately equal to 1 / m times that of an entire pole.

3. Motor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized - in that the rotor (l ¹ ) comprises two magnetized parts, each having N axes of magnetization, all parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor but in alternately opposite and separate directions by equal angular intervals between them

- And in that a soft ferromagnetic disc (lb) is fixed between the two magnetized parts of the rotor (1 '), the poles of the external face of one of these parts being directly opposite those of the same name the outside of the other party.

4. Motor according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the poles of an external face of the rotor and the stator opposite this face are offset identically with respect to the poles of the other external face of the rotor and to the other stator.

5. Motor according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the two coplanar pole pieces (2, 3) of each phase (r, s) of each of the two stators (a, b) are magnetically connected to each other by a core .

6. Motor according to claim 5, characterized in that the poles of an outer face of the rotor are offset from those of the other outer face of the rotor.

OMP

7. Motor according to claim 5, characterized in that the two stators are offset relative to each other.

8. Motor according to claim 5, characterized

- in that the poles of an external face of the rotor are offset relative to those of the other external face

- And in that the two stators are offset relative to each other.

9. Motor according to claim 8, characterized in that the poles of an external face of the rotor and the stator opposite this face are offset identically with respect to the poles of the other external face of the rotor and to the other stator .

10. Motor according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the phase shift of one of the stators is different from that of the phases of the other stator.

11. Motor according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises only one stator opposite one of the faces of the rotor.

12. Motor according to claim 11, characterized in that the rotor has poles only on the opposite face of said stator.

13. Motor according to claim 11, characterized by a soft, fixed ferromagnetic disc, disposed facing the free face of the rotor.

14. Motor according to claim 13, characterized in that the poles of an external face of the rotor are offset relative to those of its other external face.

15. Motor according to claim 13, characterized in that the soft, fixed ferromagnetic disc has N or N / 2 openings (15) distributed regularly along a circular ring concentric with the disc, but offset with respect to the sections radials of the stator's sinuous air gap.

16. Motor according to claim 14, characterized in that the soft, fixed ferromagnetic disc has N or N / 2 or 2 openings regularly distributed along a circular ring con¬ centric to the disc and symmetrical with respect to the radial sections of the stator's sinuous air gap.

17. Motor according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized

- in that the position, in plan, of the pole pieces (2, 3) of the two stators (a, b) is ensured by four screw feet (9)

- And in that the spacing of the pole pieces of one and the other sta¬ tor is provided by ents shoulder (10) of two of said feet-screws and by two spacers (11).

f OMP