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EP0096542A1 - Sportschuh mit Hinterkappenverstärkung - Google Patents

Sportschuh mit Hinterkappenverstärkung Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0096542A1
EP0096542A1 EP83303187A EP83303187A EP0096542A1 EP 0096542 A1 EP0096542 A1 EP 0096542A1 EP 83303187 A EP83303187 A EP 83303187A EP 83303187 A EP83303187 A EP 83303187A EP 0096542 A1 EP0096542 A1 EP 0096542A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shoe
heel
counter
sole
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP83303187A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mark G. Parker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nike International Ltd
Original Assignee
Nike Inc
Nike International Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nike Inc, Nike International Ltd filed Critical Nike Inc
Publication of EP0096542A1 publication Critical patent/EP0096542A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
    • A43B5/06—Running shoes; Track shoes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B23/00—Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
    • A43B23/08—Heel stiffeners; Toe stiffeners
    • A43B23/16—Heel stiffeners; Toe stiffeners made of impregnated fabrics, plastics or the like
    • A43B23/17—Heel stiffeners; Toe stiffeners made of impregnated fabrics, plastics or the like made of plastics

Definitions

  • Tne present invention relates to athletic shoes, and in particular, to a heel counter reinforcement used with athletic shoes.
  • the modern athletic shoe is a highly refined combination of many elements which have specific functions, all of which must work together for the support and protection of the foot during an athletic event.
  • the shoe is divided into two general parts, an upper and a sole.
  • the upper is designed to snugly and comfortably enclose the foot. Typically, it will have several layers including a weather- and wear-resistant outer layer of leather or synthetic material such as nylon, and a soft, padded inner liner for foot comfort.
  • Current uppers typically have an intermediate layer of a synthetic foamed material. The three layers of the upper may be fastened together by stitching, gluing, or a combination of these.
  • reinforcements of leather and/or plastic are attached to the upper. Examples of such reinforcements are leather toe sections attached over synthetic inner layers in the toe area and heel counters made of an inner layer of plastic and an outer layer of leather.
  • the other major portion of the athletic shoe is the sole. Designed to withstand many miles of running, it must have an extremely durable bottom surface to contact the ground. However, since such contact may be made with considerable force, protection of the foot and leg demands that the sole also perform a shock-absorbing function. It therefore typically includes a resilient, energy-absorbing material as a mi d sole in addition to the durable lower surface, i.e., the outsole. This is particularly true for training or jogging shoes designed to be used over long distances and over a long period of time.
  • the normal motion of the foot of a typical runner during running proceeds as follows. First, the heel strikes the ground, then the ball of the foot. As the heel leaves the ground, the foot rolls forward so that the toes next make contact, and finally the entire foot leaves the ground to begin another cycle. During the time that the foot is in contact with the ground, it typically is rolling from the outside, or lateral side, to the inside, or medial side, a process called pronation. That is, normally, the outside of the heel strikes first, and the toes on the inside of the foot leave the ground last. While the foot is airborne and preparing for another cycle, the opposite process, called supination, occurs.
  • the inward roll of the foot in contact with the ground although normal, can be a potential source of foot and leg injury, particularly if it is excessive.
  • the counter i.e., the relatively stiff plastic material which gives form to the upper in the area of the heel, can provide a degree of heel stability and control pronation.
  • plastic counters tend to weaken after a period of use with the result that the heel stability and pronation control function of the counter deteriorates.
  • the prior art has attempted to solve the pronation problem in a ' number of ways.
  • One example of a prior art device directed to the problem of pronation is Norton U.S. Patent No. 4,288,929.
  • the Norton '929 patent describes a "motion control device" which is placed between the upper and the sole at the rear of an athletic shoe.
  • This control device includes a flat base extending under the heel of the upper and a wall rising from the edge of the flat base and surrounding a portion of the heel. In one embodiment the base extends completely between the lateral and medial walls, while in another embodiment a slot and cutout extend longitudinally through the base.
  • This motion control device composed of a yieldable but relatively sturdy material, is intended to introduce a degree of resistance or rigidity to oppose the normal pronation of the foot. The device is thus relatively heavy and rigid.
  • heel stability is enhanced by placing a wedge shaped bead of resilient material about the perimeter of the heel between the upper surface of a resilient midsole layer and the upper.
  • the bead provides additional support for the heel counter along its area of maximum stress to alleviate the problem of premature fatigue of the counter.
  • An athletic shoe in accordance with the present invention includes a shoe upper having an outer surface and an inner surface.
  • a counter is attached to the upper in the area around the heel for providing form to the upper in the area around the heel and for providing a degree of stability to the heel of the wearer of the shoe during running.
  • a sole is secured to the upper.
  • the sole includes an outer sole layer for contacting the ground during running and a resilient cushioning midsole layer secured between the upper and the outer sole layer.
  • a generally U-shaped heel counter reinforcement member of resilient material is attached to the shoe and extends from the lateral side of the shoe around the back of the heel to the medial side.
  • the reinforcement member has generally vertically extending wall and a horizontally extending mounting flange. The mounting flange is attached to the midsole layer.
  • the vertical wall has an upper portion overlapping a portion of the side of the upper for providing lateral support for the upper, and a lower portion overlapping a portion of the side of the midsole layer for cooperating with the midsole layer to resist lateral rolling motion of the heel during foot strike.
  • a shoe in accordance with the present invention also includes a heel counter located about the heel area of the upper.
  • the heel counter is formed of a relatively stiff material and is designed to give permanent form to the upper about the heel and to provide a degree of heel control or stability and, thus, to reduce the tendency of pronation.
  • the medial side of the U-shaped heel counter reinforcement is longer than the lateral side and has a higher wall. This increases control over the rolling of the heel on the side where control is most needed.
  • the heel counter reinforcement is made of a relatively stiff yet flexible material to exert a degree of control over rolling of the heel, yet also to allow some freedom of motion.
  • the flange fastened between the shoe upper and the sole, anchors the heel counter reinforcement member to the shoe. As the upper rolls to one side, it presses against the wall of the heel counter reinforcement member; and this force is transmitted to the lower portion of the wall, which overlaps on the midsole. The lower portion of the wall presses into the midsole layer to provide a resistance force to further rolling motion.
  • the present invention seeks to enhance control of pronation during running. This is accomplished by the use of the reinforcement member which is light in weight, inexpensive, and yet constructed so that motion other than pronation is not unnecessarily restricted by it. Due to its shape and placement, the reinforcement member cooperates with the heel counter and a cushioning midsole in such a manner that the stress on the counter is relieved and the durability of the counter is prolonged, so that the tendency of the counter to hinder pronation is both prolonged and enhanced. Because, during pronation, the foot rolls from the lateral ,to the medial side, the reinforcement member extends further forward on the medial side to present increased resistance to the roll of the foot on the medial side of the shoe. Because of its relatively small size and its cooperation with the midsole layer, the reinforcement member enhances control of pronation and at the same time accommodates the compressive and expansive flexing of the sides of the shoe upper.
  • the upper has the specific function of providing a lightweight, comfortable, protective enclosure for the foot during running. To this end, it may be constructed with several layers, for example, an inner layer of soft, ventilating, knitted nylon, an intermediate cushioning layer of foam rubber, and an outer protective layer of closely woven nylon. At points of greater wear or where increased protection or stiffness are required, such as the front of the toe and the lateral side of the upper, a layer of leather may be fastened to the outside of the upper by gluing or sewing.
  • the functions of the sole are to resist wear during ground contact and to withstand the forces developed when the foot strikes the ground, cushioning the foot and protecting the runner from injury and fatigue.
  • the sole also provides a broad, stable base to support the foot during ground contact. It generally has a relatively hard lower outsole layer with a contoured bottom surface to increase traction, and a relatively flexible and energy-absorbing midsole layer, to which the shoe upper is attached, to cushion the foot and absorb the shock produced when it strikes the ground.
  • the bottom surface of the sole is made somewhat wider than the foot; and, the midsole layer of the sole is then tapered inward toward the top so that its width at the point where it is fastened to the shoe upper is approximately the same as the width of the shoe upper at that point.
  • a wedge-shaped sole is therefore formed, with its base wider than its top and sides which slant inward from bottom to top.
  • FIG. 1 an athletic shoe in accordance with the present invention and designated generally as 10.
  • a shoe upper 12 extends completely around the foot and includes provisions for lacing 14.
  • Upper 12 may have one or more reinforced portions 16, 17 and 19 at areas of high stress in which leather or some other durable material is sewn to the outside of the upper 12.
  • Reinforced portion 19 is in the form of a conventional heel counter including an inner layer 21 of a relatively stiff material, such as hard plastic and an outer cover layer 23 of leather.
  • Upper 12 preferably includes an inner liner 27, an intermediate layer 29 of a foam cushioning material and an outer layer 31 of a tightly woven synthetic material.
  • Three layer uppers are illustrated in U.S. Patents Nos. 3,793,750 and 4,255,876.
  • a sole 18 Attached to the bottom of upper 12 by a conventional method is a sole 18, comprised generally of at least two layers including an outsole layer 20 and a midsole layer 22.
  • the outsole layer 20 is contoured on its bottom surface to increase traction. It is composed of a relatively hard resilient material so that it will wear well through repeated ground contact.
  • the midsole layer 22 need not be as hard, but should be resilient and cushioning to absorb the shocks of running so the foot and leg are protected.
  • midsole layer 22 is preferably formed of a cushioning resilient material, such as EVA, foamed polyurethane or an encapsulated air cushion, with a hardness preferably in the range of 20 to 55 durometer on the Shore A scale.
  • Heel counter reinforcement 24 has a generally U-shaped configuration in plan view with a generally horizontal support or mounting flange 28 and a generally vertical wall 26.
  • Vertical wall 26 is formed integral with flange 28, and has an upper portion 33 extending generally vertically upward from the outer edge of flange 28 and a lower portion 35 extending generally vertically downward from the outer edge of flange 28.
  • the horizontal flange 28 extends between a lower surface of upper 12 and an upper surface of midsole 22.
  • Flange 28 is fastened in place preferably by glue to midsole 22 with upper 12 being glued above flange 28.
  • the inwardly facing surface of the upper portion 33 of vertical wall 26 is also preferably attached to the outer surface of upper 12 by glue.
  • heel counter reinforcement 24 is attached to shoe 10.
  • Vertical wall 26 extends substantially vertically, i.e. not precisely vertically, so that it follows the upward extent of the heel area of the upper.
  • the bottom of midsole layer 22 is somewhat wider than its top; consequently, it is necessary for the sides 32 of the sole to slant inward from the bottom to top.
  • the inner surface of lower surface of lower portion 35 of vertical wall 26 is sloped to approximately match the slant of midsole layer 22.
  • Heel counter reinforcement 24 cooperates with counter 19 and midsole 22 to control pronation.
  • heel counter 19 provides a degree of heel control, which in turn controls pronation.
  • a typical heel counter weakens so that the degree of heel control lessens.
  • weakening can occur after as little as 100 miles of running.
  • the heel counter reinforcement 24 of the present invention lengthens the time over which the heel counter effectively provides heel control to thereby enhance the overall heel stability function of the shoe. Heel counter reinforcement 24 accomplishes this in a lightweight or efficient manner because of its particular location, size, shape and hardness, and the manner in which it interacts with the heel counter 19 and midsole layer 22.
  • Upper portion 33 of wall 26 extends around heel counter 19 along its area of maximum stress during running. This upper portion 33 thus provides reinforcement in the area of maximum stress. Stress on counter 19 is additionally relieved by the interaction of lower portion 35 of wall 26 with midsole layer 22.
  • heel counter reinforcement 24 extends farther forward along the medial side of the shoe than along the lateral side.
  • Medial wall 26 including upper and lower portions 33, 35 and medial flange 28 m are longer than the corresponding, lateral parts; 26 1 and 28 1 .
  • the distance "C" of approximately 3-1/8 inches between the rearmost inner surface of reinforcement 24 and the front edge of wall 26 m , and a distance “D" of approximately 2-7/16 inches between the rearmost inner surface of reinforcement 24 and the front edge of side wall 28 1 has been found suitable for average size men's shoes.
  • the additional length of heel counter reinforcement 24 on the medial side provides increased resistance to the roll motion of the foot on that side.
  • the arch i.e., generally the portion of the shoe which curves inward at the boundary between sole and upper, of the shoe is indicated by numeral 36.
  • the beginning of the inward curve, the beginning 38 of the arch 36 is shown as a preferred approximate forward limit of the medial portion of heel counter reinforcement 24.
  • FIG 4. An additional feature of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 4.
  • Most of the wall 26 of heel counter reinforcement 24 has a height H above the top of the flange 28.
  • the wall 26 m on that side is made slightly higher, a height shown as H' in Figure 4.
  • Figure 5 also illustrates the difference between the height of medial wall 26 m and lateral wall 26 1 .
  • heel counter reinforcement 24 Another feature of the preferred embodiment of heel counter reinforcement 24 is its combination of flexibility with control.
  • the flange 28 By making the flange 28 relatively narrow, for example, slightly greater than 1/2 of an inch, by introducing into it radial notches 34, and by keeping it relatively thin, for example 0.02 to 0.04 inch, heel counter reinforcement 24 can be made flexible enough so that it does not unduly restrain the foot.
  • Notches 34 are placed in the curved rear portion of flange 28 and are oriented approximately toward the center point P of the curved portion of the heel counter reinforcement, hence the term "radial" notches.
  • the width B of flange 28 should be only a small portion in order to preserve the flexibility of the heel counter reinforcement 24.
  • the weight of the heel counter reinforcement 24 can be minimized.
  • Another way to minimize the weight of the heel counter reinforcement is to make it from a lightweight material.
  • the material must also be relatively stiff to perform the heel counter reinforcement's function of transmitting and resisting forces, and yet flexible enough to allow the foot to move comfortably. Materials within a hardness in the range of 60 to 90 durometer on the Shore A scale have been found to meet these criteria. Polyurethane of 80 Shore A durometer hardness has been found particularly suitable.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
EP83303187A 1982-06-03 1983-06-02 Sportschuh mit Hinterkappenverstärkung Withdrawn EP0096542A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US38454482A 1982-06-03 1982-06-03
US384544 1995-02-07

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0096542A1 true EP0096542A1 (de) 1983-12-21

Family

ID=23517738

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83303187A Withdrawn EP0096542A1 (de) 1982-06-03 1983-06-02 Sportschuh mit Hinterkappenverstärkung

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP0096542A1 (de)
JP (1) JPS5990503A (de)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0146208A1 (de) * 1983-12-19 1985-06-26 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Fersenhinterkappe und Sportschuhe mit solchen eingebauten Hinterkappen
EP0149362A2 (de) * 1984-01-13 1985-07-24 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Schuh mit Hinterkappe
US4694591A (en) * 1985-04-15 1987-09-22 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Toe off athletic shoe
EP0257496A2 (de) * 1986-08-28 1988-03-02 PUMA Aktiengesellschaft Rudolf Dassler Sport Fersenkappe für einen Schuh, insbesondere Sportschuh
EP2319344A1 (de) 2009-11-10 2011-05-11 Stanislas Rio Fußbekleidungsartikel mit einem Stoßverhinderungssystem für die Ferse
USD817611S1 (en) 2017-05-15 2018-05-15 Nike, Inc. Shoe midsole
USD851877S1 (en) 2017-05-15 2019-06-25 Nike, Inc. Shoe midsole
USD858962S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-10 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860602S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD869131S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-12-10 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD897090S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-09-29 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD898335S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-10-13 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD902541S1 (en) 2019-05-31 2020-11-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD902542S1 (en) 2019-05-31 2020-11-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD906649S1 (en) 2019-08-23 2021-01-05 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD906659S1 (en) 2019-08-23 2021-01-05 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD907342S1 (en) 2019-08-23 2021-01-12 Nike, Inc. Shoe
EP3939461A1 (de) * 2020-07-14 2022-01-19 ASICS Corporation Schuhsohle und schuh
WO2023009223A1 (en) * 2021-07-27 2023-02-02 Walmart Apollo, Llc Footwear heel insert
WO2023215718A1 (en) * 2022-05-02 2023-11-09 Nike, Inc. Article of footwear including a heel stabilizing element

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8745893B2 (en) 2011-08-10 2014-06-10 Gavrieli Brands LLC Split-sole footwear
CA2373062A1 (en) 2000-06-12 2001-12-20 Mizuno Corporation Sole structure of athletic shoe

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1104296A (fr) * 1953-06-18 1955-11-17 Kavamar Company Contrefort pour chaussures et son procédé de montage
US4107857A (en) * 1977-04-11 1978-08-22 Devlin Gerard P Athletic shoe construction
US4129951A (en) * 1976-04-20 1978-12-19 Charles Petrosky Air cushion shoe base
GB2033729A (en) * 1978-09-25 1980-05-29 Brs Inc Shoe
US4288929A (en) * 1980-01-15 1981-09-15 New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. Motion control device for athletic shoe

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1104296A (fr) * 1953-06-18 1955-11-17 Kavamar Company Contrefort pour chaussures et son procédé de montage
US4129951A (en) * 1976-04-20 1978-12-19 Charles Petrosky Air cushion shoe base
US4107857A (en) * 1977-04-11 1978-08-22 Devlin Gerard P Athletic shoe construction
GB2033729A (en) * 1978-09-25 1980-05-29 Brs Inc Shoe
US4288929A (en) * 1980-01-15 1981-09-15 New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. Motion control device for athletic shoe
US4288929B1 (de) * 1980-01-15 1986-02-18

Cited By (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0146208A1 (de) * 1983-12-19 1985-06-26 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Fersenhinterkappe und Sportschuhe mit solchen eingebauten Hinterkappen
EP0149362A2 (de) * 1984-01-13 1985-07-24 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Schuh mit Hinterkappe
EP0149362A3 (de) * 1984-01-13 1985-09-25 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Schuh mit Hinterkappe
US4694591A (en) * 1985-04-15 1987-09-22 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Toe off athletic shoe
EP0257496A2 (de) * 1986-08-28 1988-03-02 PUMA Aktiengesellschaft Rudolf Dassler Sport Fersenkappe für einen Schuh, insbesondere Sportschuh
EP0257496A3 (de) * 1986-08-28 1990-06-27 PUMA Aktiengesellschaft Rudolf Dassler Sport Fersenkappe für einen Schuh, insbesondere Sportschuh
EP2319344A1 (de) 2009-11-10 2011-05-11 Stanislas Rio Fußbekleidungsartikel mit einem Stoßverhinderungssystem für die Ferse
USD817611S1 (en) 2017-05-15 2018-05-15 Nike, Inc. Shoe midsole
USD841297S1 (en) 2017-05-15 2019-02-26 Nike, Inc. Shoe midsole
USD841298S1 (en) 2017-05-15 2019-02-26 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD851877S1 (en) 2017-05-15 2019-06-25 Nike, Inc. Shoe midsole
USD860609S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD862057S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-10-08 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860610S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860606S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD956391S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2022-07-05 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD898335S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-10-13 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD897090S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-09-29 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD882909S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-05-05 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860611S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD858962S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-10 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860608S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860604S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860607S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860605S1 (en) 2017-05-16 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD869131S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-12-10 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860603S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860599S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860601S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860600S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD860602S1 (en) 2018-02-28 2019-09-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD902541S1 (en) 2019-05-31 2020-11-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD902542S1 (en) 2019-05-31 2020-11-24 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD907342S1 (en) 2019-08-23 2021-01-12 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD906659S1 (en) 2019-08-23 2021-01-05 Nike, Inc. Shoe
USD906649S1 (en) 2019-08-23 2021-01-05 Nike, Inc. Shoe
EP3939461A1 (de) * 2020-07-14 2022-01-19 ASICS Corporation Schuhsohle und schuh
WO2023009223A1 (en) * 2021-07-27 2023-02-02 Walmart Apollo, Llc Footwear heel insert
US11744319B2 (en) 2021-07-27 2023-09-05 Walmart Apollo, Llc Footwear heel insert
CN118354693A (zh) * 2021-07-27 2024-07-16 沃尔玛阿波罗有限责任公司 鞋类足跟插入件
US12102184B2 (en) 2021-07-27 2024-10-01 Walmart Apollo, Llc Footwear heel insert
WO2023215718A1 (en) * 2022-05-02 2023-11-09 Nike, Inc. Article of footwear including a heel stabilizing element

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Publication number Publication date
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Inventor name: PARKER, MARK G.