EP0074507A2 - Material for electric contacts and method for its manufacture - Google Patents
Material for electric contacts and method for its manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0074507A2 EP0074507A2 EP82107573A EP82107573A EP0074507A2 EP 0074507 A2 EP0074507 A2 EP 0074507A2 EP 82107573 A EP82107573 A EP 82107573A EP 82107573 A EP82107573 A EP 82107573A EP 0074507 A2 EP0074507 A2 EP 0074507A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- oxide
- glass
- glass frit
- material according
- bar
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H1/021—Composite material
- H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
- H01H1/0237—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides
Definitions
- the invention relates to a material for electrical contacts made of precious metal, in particular for low-voltage contacts, and a method for its production.
- Low-voltage electrical contacts are made of silver, gold, palladium or platinum materials, depending on the application conditions. When choosing the material, the switching voltage and nominal current, the switching frequency and switching reliability, the mechanical load and the corrosive atmosphere must be taken into account in addition to the price.
- a contact material is primarily required to have sufficient abrasion resistance, good electrical conductivity and a low contact resistance.
- the contact materials should neither corrode nor form tarnish layers. For these reasons, precious metals are ideal contact materials in themselves, the only disadvantage is the high price, the hardness and strength that are too low for many applications and thus the insufficient resistance to wear.
- the pure noble metals are therefore mostly alloyed with base metals.
- alloy metals are copper and nickel.
- Precious metal alloys as a contact but materials have a lower electrical conductivity - ability, increased resistance and higher Unedelmetallzel size-oxidation and corrosion susceptibility.
- This object was achieved in that it contains 1 to 50 vol .-% glass.
- a glass frit with a transformation temperature of 40.0 to 750 ° C. and a softening interval of more than 100 ° C. is preferably used as the glass.
- the transformation temperature specifies the transition of the frits from the brittle to the viscous state and is determined by a kink in the temperature-property curves. The temperature corresponding to the point of intersection of the tangents is called the transformation temperature. temperature at which the frits normally have a viscosity of approximately 10 12 Pa ⁇ sec.
- the softening interval is the temperature interval between the start of softening of the frit and its hemisphere temperature, both limit values being determined on cylindrical test specimens under the heating microscope. At the start of softening, an edge rounding is observed, at the hemisphere temperature is the cylindrical test specimen per melted into a hemisphere.
- the softening interval is a measure of the dependence of the viscosity on the temperature.
- Glass frits containing 15 to 75% by weight of lead oxide and / or zinc oxide, 5 to 65% by weight of silicon dioxide, 0 to 25% by weight of boron oxide and 0 to 20% by weight of alkali oxides are preferably used. In addition, up to 10% by weight can be added .
- Aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide and / or tin dioxide can be added to the glass frit.
- glass frits with a low transformation temperature and a wide softening interval means that the glass softens considerably below the usual sintering temperatures of the noble metals or noble metal alloys and that high densities and good deformation properties of the material can be achieved through the process of liquid phase sintering.
- the materials according to the invention preferably contain gold, silver and / or palladium or their alloys as the noble metal component.
- the noble metal content of the material can be considerably reduced without the electrical conductivity decreasing significantly in comparison with corresponding alloys and the corrosion resistance being impaired.
- the wear resistance is also higher than with corresponding alloys, the materials are solderable, galvanizable and easy to process. It is also advantageous to recover the precious metals from waste more easily.
- the diagram shows the dependence of the electrical conductivity of a gold glass material on the glass content.
- the conductivities of the usual gold alloys are in the shaded area.
- the materials according to the invention are produced by mixing the noble metal powder with 1 to 50% by volume, preferably 2 to 30% by volume, of a fine glass frit powder, pressing, sintering and thermoforming.
- the powder mixture is pressed at room temperature and pressures of 500 to 5000 bar, then sintered at 500 to 950 ° C and then thermoformed at 500 to 800 ° C and pressures of 100 to 200 bar, in particular by extrusion. Pressing pressures of 1000 to 3000 bar and sintering temperatures of 550 to 800 ° C are advantageous.
- the glass should have a viscosity of 10 9 to 10 3 Pa ⁇ sec during processing, preferably 10 5 Pa-sec.
- the transformation temperature of the glass frit is 430 ° C, the softening interval is 170 ° C.
- the powder mixture is pressed at room temperature at 1000 bar into bolts with a green compact density of approx. 65% of the theoretical density and then sintered for one hour at 900 ° C, reaching 85% of the theoretical density.
- the sintered body is heated to 750 ° C and extruded at 500 ° C and 150 bar pressure. Further processing into sheet metal is carried out by hot rolling at 800 ° C with a pass reduction of 0.5 mm. Cold rolling with intermediate annealing (550 C, 10 minutes) leads to sheet thicknesses of 0.1 mm.
- Silver powder with an average particle size of 63 ⁇ m is mixed with 25% by volume of the glass frit powder from example 1, pressed at 1000 bar to a green body at room temperature and sintered at 750 ° C. for 1 hour. Extrusion at 700 ° C with 150 bar gives a wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The wire diameter can be reduced to 0.4 mm by cold forming (hammering, drawing).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Contacts (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Werkstoff für elektrische Kontakte aus Edelmetall, insbesondere für Schwachstromkontakte, und ein Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung.The invention relates to a material for electrical contacts made of precious metal, in particular for low-voltage contacts, and a method for its production.
Elektrische Schwachstromkontakte werden je nach den Einsatzbedingungen aus Silber-, Gold-, Palladium- oder Pla--tinwerkstoffen gefertigt. Bei der Werkstoffauswahl sind neben dem Preis die Schaltspannung und Nennstromstärke, die Schalthäufigkeit und Schaltsicherheit, die mechanische Belastung und die korrodierende Atmosphäre zu berücksichtigen.Low-voltage electrical contacts are made of silver, gold, palladium or platinum materials, depending on the application conditions. When choosing the material, the switching voltage and nominal current, the switching frequency and switching reliability, the mechanical load and the corrosive atmosphere must be taken into account in addition to the price.
Von einem Kontaktwerkstoff werden in erster Linie ein ausreichender Abriebwiderstand, eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit und ein kleiner Übergangswiderstand verlangt. Die Kontaktwerkstoffe sollen weder korrodieren noch Anlaufschichten ausbilden. Aus diesen Gründen sind Edelmetalle an sich ideale Kontaktwerkstoffe, nachteilig ist nur der hohe Preis,die für viele Anwendungen zu niedrige Härte und Festigkeit und damit die zu geringe Verschleißfestigkeit.A contact material is primarily required to have sufficient abrasion resistance, good electrical conductivity and a low contact resistance. The contact materials should neither corrode nor form tarnish layers. For these reasons, precious metals are ideal contact materials in themselves, the only disadvantage is the high price, the hardness and strength that are too low for many applications and thus the insufficient resistance to wear.
Zur Erhöhung der Festigkeitseigenschaften und der Härte werden den reinen Edelmetallen daher meist Unedelmetalle zulegiert. Beispiele für solche Legierungsmetalle sind Kupfer und Nickel. Edelmetall-Legierungen als Kontaktwerkstoffe zeigen aber eine geringere elektrische Leit- fähigkeit, einen erhöhten Übergangswiderstand und bei höheren Unedelmetallgehalten eine größe Oxidations- und Korrosionsanfälligkeit.To increase the strength properties and hardness, the pure noble metals are therefore mostly alloyed with base metals. Examples of such alloy metals are copper and nickel. Precious metal alloys as a contact but materials have a lower electrical conductivity - ability, increased resistance and higher Unedelmetallgehalten size-oxidation and corrosion susceptibility.
Es war daher Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, einen Werkstoff für elektrische Kontakte aus Edelmetall zu finden, der trotz hoher Verschleißfestigkeit auch eine hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit besitzt, oxidations- und korrosionsbeständig ist und einen möglichst geringen Edelmetallanteil enthält. Außerdem sollte ein Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung gefunden werden.It was therefore an object of the present invention to find a material for electrical contacts made of noble metal which, despite its high wear resistance, also has a high electrical conductivity, is resistant to oxidation and corrosion and contains the smallest possible proportion of noble metal. A process for its manufacture should also be found.
Diese Aufgabe wurde erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß er 1 bis 50 Vol.-% Glas enthält. Vorzugsweise verwendet man als Glas eine Glasfritte mit einer Transformationstemperatur von 40.0 bis 750°C und einem Erweichungsintervall von mehr als 100°C.This object was achieved in that it contains 1 to 50 vol .-% glass. A glass frit with a transformation temperature of 40.0 to 750 ° C. and a softening interval of more than 100 ° C. is preferably used as the glass.
Die Transformationstemperatur gibt den Übergang der Fritten vom spröden zum zähplastischen Zustand an und ist bestimmt durch einen Knick in den Temperatur-Eigenschaftskurven., Sie wird nach DIN 52324 dilatometrisch an Probekörpern bestimmt, indem Tangenten an die Dilatometerkurve angelegt werden. Die dem Schnittpunkt der Tangenten entsprechende Temperatur bezeichnet man als Transformations- . temperatur, bei der die Fritten normalerweise eine Viskosität von etwa 1012 Pa·sec besitzen.The transformation temperature specifies the transition of the frits from the brittle to the viscous state and is determined by a kink in the temperature-property curves. The temperature corresponding to the point of intersection of the tangents is called the transformation temperature. temperature at which the frits normally have a viscosity of approximately 10 12 Pa · sec.
Das Erweichungsintervall ist das Temperaturintervall zwischen dem Erweichungsbeginn der Fritte und ihrer Halbkugeltemperatur, wobei beide Grenzwerte an zylindrischen Prüfkörpern unter dem Erhitzungsmikroskop bestimmt werden. Beim Erweichungsbeginn beobachtet man eine Kantenabrundung, bei der Halbkugeltemperatur ist der zylindrische Prüfkörper zu einer Halbkugel zusammengeschmolzen. Das Erweichungsintervall ist ein Maß für die Abhängigkeit der Viskosität von der Temperatur.The softening interval is the temperature interval between the start of softening of the frit and its hemisphere temperature, both limit values being determined on cylindrical test specimens under the heating microscope. At the start of softening, an edge rounding is observed, at the hemisphere temperature is the cylindrical test specimen per melted into a hemisphere. The softening interval is a measure of the dependence of the viscosity on the temperature.
Vorzugsweise verwendet man Glasfritten, die 15 bis 75 Gew.-% Bleioxid und/oder Zinkoxid, 5 bis 65 Gew.-% Siliziumdioxid, 0 bis 25 Gew.-% Boroxid und 0 bis 20 Gew.-% Alkalioxide enthalten. Zusätzlich können noch jeweils bis zu 10 Gew.-%.Aluminiumoxid, Zirkoniumdioxid, Titandioxid und/oder Zinndioxid der Glasfritte zugesetzt sein.Glass frits containing 15 to 75% by weight of lead oxide and / or zinc oxide, 5 to 65% by weight of silicon dioxide, 0 to 25% by weight of boron oxide and 0 to 20% by weight of alkali oxides are preferably used. In addition, up to 10% by weight can be added . Aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide and / or tin dioxide can be added to the glass frit.
Durch die Verwendung von Glasfritten mit niedriger Transformationstemperatur und breitem Erweichungsintervall wird erreicht, daß bereits erheblich unterhalb der üblichen Sintertemperaturen der Edelmetalle bzw. Edelmetall-Legierungen das Glas erweicht und durch den Vorgang eines Flüssigphasensinterns hohe Dichten und gute Verformungseigenschaften des Werkstoffes erzielt werden können.The use of glass frits with a low transformation temperature and a wide softening interval means that the glass softens considerably below the usual sintering temperatures of the noble metals or noble metal alloys and that high densities and good deformation properties of the material can be achieved through the process of liquid phase sintering.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Werkstoffe enthalten als Edelmetallkomponente vorzugsweise Gold, Silber und/oder Palladium, oder deren Legierungen.The materials according to the invention preferably contain gold, silver and / or palladium or their alloys as the noble metal component.
Durch den Zusatz von 1 bis 50 Vol.-%, insbesondere 1 bis 30 Vol.-% Glasfritte zum Edelmetall läßt sich der Edelmetallgehalt des Werkstoffes erheblich reduzieren, ohne daß die elektrische Leitfähigkeit im Vergleich zu entsprechenden Legierungen wesentlich abnimmt und die Korrosionsbeständigkeit verschlechtert wird. Auch die Verschleißfestigkeit ist höher als bei entsprechenden Legierungen, die Werkstoffe sind lötfähig, galvanisierbar und gut verarbeitbar. Von Vorteil ist auch eine leichtere Rückgewinnung der Edelmetalle aus Abfällen.By adding 1 to 50% by volume, in particular 1 to 30% by volume, of glass frit to the noble metal, the noble metal content of the material can be considerably reduced without the electrical conductivity decreasing significantly in comparison with corresponding alloys and the corrosion resistance being impaired. The wear resistance is also higher than with corresponding alloys, the materials are solderable, galvanizable and easy to process. It is also advantageous to recover the precious metals from waste more easily.
Das Diagramm zeigt die Abhängigkeit der eiektrischen Leitfähigkeit eines Goldglaswerkstoffes vom Glasgehalt. Im schraffierten Bereich liegen die Leitfähigkeiten der üblichen Goldlegierungen.The diagram shows the dependence of the electrical conductivity of a gold glass material on the glass content. The conductivities of the usual gold alloys are in the shaded area.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Werkstoffe werden durch Vermischen der Edelmetallpulver mit 1 bis 50 Vol-%, vozugsweise 2 bis 30 Vol-% eines feinen Glasfrittenpulvers, Pressen, Sintern und Warmverformen hergestellt. Vorzugsweise verwendet man hierfür Metallpulver mit einer Teilchengröße ≤ 250 µm, insbesondere ≤ 63 µm, während sich für die Fritte Teilchengrößen von ∈ 50 µm, vorzugsweise ≤ 10 µm bewährt haben. Vorteilhaft ist es auch, wenn die Fritte-und Metallteilchen eine Kugelform oder eine ungefähre Kugelform besitzen. Das Pulvergemisch wird bei Raumtemperatur und Drücken von 500 bis 5000 bar gepresst, dann bei 500 bis 950°C gesintert und anschließend bei 500 bis 800°C und Drücken von 100 bis 200 bar warmverformt, insbesondere durch Strangpressen. Vorteilhaft sind Preßdrücke von 1000 bis 3000 bar und Sintertemperaturen von 550 bis 800°C. Das Glas sollte bei der Verarbeitung eine Viskosität von 109 bis 103 Pa·sec besitzen, vorzugsweise 105 Pa-sec.The materials according to the invention are produced by mixing the noble metal powder with 1 to 50% by volume, preferably 2 to 30% by volume, of a fine glass frit powder, pressing, sintering and thermoforming. Metal powder with a particle size of 250 250 μm, in particular ≤ 63 μm, is preferably used for this, while particle sizes of ∈ 50 μm, preferably ≤ 10 μm, have proven successful for the frit. It is also advantageous if the frit and metal particles have a spherical shape or an approximate spherical shape. The powder mixture is pressed at room temperature and pressures of 500 to 5000 bar, then sintered at 500 to 950 ° C and then thermoformed at 500 to 800 ° C and pressures of 100 to 200 bar, in particular by extrusion. Pressing pressures of 1000 to 3000 bar and sintering temperatures of 550 to 800 ° C are advantageous. The glass should have a viscosity of 10 9 to 10 3 Pa · sec during processing, preferably 10 5 Pa-sec.
Folgende Beispiele sollen die erfindungsgemäßen Werkstoffe und ihre Herstellung näher erläutern.The following examples are intended to explain the materials according to the invention and their production in more detail.
1. Goldpulver mit einer mittleren Teilchengröße = 63 µm wird mit 12 Vol.-% eines Glasfrittenpulvers mit einer mittleren Teilchengröße ≤ 10 µm und der Zusammensetzung 10 Gew.-% PbO, 50 % Si02, 15 % H2O3, 5 % Al2O3, 5 % Zr02 und 15 % Alkalioxid unter Zugabe von Azeton gemischt. Die Transformationstemperatur der Glasfritte liegt bei 430°C, das Erweichungsintervall beträgt 170°C. Das Pulvergemisch wird bei Raumtemperatur mit 1000 bar zu Bolzen mit einer Grünlingsdichte von ca. 65 % der theoretischen Dichte gepresst und anschließend eine Stunde bei 900°C gesintert, wobei man 85 % der theoretischen Dichte erreicht. Der Sinterling wird auf 750°C aufgeheizt und bei 500°C und 150 bar Preßdruck stranggepreßt. Die Weiterverarbeitung zu Blech erfolgt durch Warmwalzen bei 800°C mit einer Stichabnahme von 0,5 mm. Durch Kaltwalzen mit Zwischenglühungen (550 C, 10 Minuten) erreicht man Blechstärken von 0,1 mm Dicke.1. Gold powder with an average particle size = 63 microns is with 12 vol .-% of a glass frit powder with an average particle size ≤ 10 microns and the
2. Silberpulver mit einer mittleren Teilchengröße von 63 µm wird mit 25 Vol.-% des Glasfrittepulvers von Beispiel 1 gemischt, bei Raumtemperatur mit 1000 bar zu einem Grünling gepreßt und 1 Stunde bei 750°C gesintert. Durch Strangpressen bei 700°C mit 150 bar erhält man einen Draht von 1,5 mm Durchmesser. Mittels Kaltverformung (Hämmern, Ziehen) kann der Drahtdurchmesser auf 0,4 mm reduziert werden.2. Silver powder with an average particle size of 63 μm is mixed with 25% by volume of the glass frit powder from example 1, pressed at 1000 bar to a green body at room temperature and sintered at 750 ° C. for 1 hour. Extrusion at 700 ° C with 150 bar gives a wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The wire diameter can be reduced to 0.4 mm by cold forming (hammering, drawing).
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19813135035 DE3135035A1 (en) | 1981-09-04 | 1981-09-04 | MATERIAL FOR ELECTRICAL CONTACTS AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| DE3135035 | 1981-09-04 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0074507A2 true EP0074507A2 (en) | 1983-03-23 |
| EP0074507A3 EP0074507A3 (en) | 1983-04-20 |
Family
ID=6140863
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP82107573A Withdrawn EP0074507A3 (en) | 1981-09-04 | 1982-08-19 | Material for electric contacts and method for its manufacture |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0074507A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5852452A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU8710682A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8205135A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3135035A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK303482A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES8308445A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO821899L (en) |
| PL (1) | PL238134A1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT75233B (en) |
| YU (1) | YU149282A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA825763B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0123823A1 (en) * | 1983-04-09 | 1984-11-07 | Lange, Emil | Composite material with arc-extinguishing characteristics |
| FR2558640A1 (en) * | 1984-01-21 | 1985-07-26 | Rau Gmbh G | COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR CONTACT ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL CONTROLS |
| EP0369282A2 (en) * | 1988-11-17 | 1990-05-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Sintered contact material in low-tension switchgear, particularly for contactors |
| DE10038841C1 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2001-12-20 | Heraeus Gmbh W C | Silicon dioxide glass bulb used in a high power discharge lamp has a current duct made from a gas-tight composite material consisting of a precious metal and silicon dioxide |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1513773A (en) * | 1966-04-15 | 1968-02-16 | Ibm | Composition of a metallization paste |
| FR2272047A1 (en) * | 1974-05-21 | 1975-12-19 | Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen | |
| GB2085481A (en) * | 1980-10-17 | 1982-04-28 | Rca Corp | Improved copper conductor inks |
-
1981
- 1981-09-04 DE DE19813135035 patent/DE3135035A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1982
- 1982-06-07 NO NO821899A patent/NO821899L/en unknown
- 1982-06-17 ES ES513200A patent/ES8308445A1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-07-06 DK DK303482A patent/DK303482A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1982-07-08 YU YU01492/82A patent/YU149282A/en unknown
- 1982-07-12 PT PT75233A patent/PT75233B/en unknown
- 1982-08-09 ZA ZA825763A patent/ZA825763B/en unknown
- 1982-08-12 AU AU87106/82A patent/AU8710682A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1982-08-19 EP EP82107573A patent/EP0074507A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-09-01 BR BR8205135A patent/BR8205135A/en unknown
- 1982-09-03 JP JP57152870A patent/JPS5852452A/en active Pending
- 1982-09-03 PL PL23813482A patent/PL238134A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1513773A (en) * | 1966-04-15 | 1968-02-16 | Ibm | Composition of a metallization paste |
| FR2272047A1 (en) * | 1974-05-21 | 1975-12-19 | Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen | |
| GB2085481A (en) * | 1980-10-17 | 1982-04-28 | Rca Corp | Improved copper conductor inks |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0123823A1 (en) * | 1983-04-09 | 1984-11-07 | Lange, Emil | Composite material with arc-extinguishing characteristics |
| FR2558640A1 (en) * | 1984-01-21 | 1985-07-26 | Rau Gmbh G | COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR CONTACT ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL CONTROLS |
| EP0369282A2 (en) * | 1988-11-17 | 1990-05-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Sintered contact material in low-tension switchgear, particularly for contactors |
| EP0369282A3 (en) * | 1988-11-17 | 1991-03-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Sintered contact material in low-tension switchgear, particularly for contactors |
| DE10038841C1 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2001-12-20 | Heraeus Gmbh W C | Silicon dioxide glass bulb used in a high power discharge lamp has a current duct made from a gas-tight composite material consisting of a precious metal and silicon dioxide |
| US6525475B2 (en) | 2000-08-04 | 2003-02-25 | W. C. Heraeus Gmbh & Co. Kg | SiO2-glass bulb with at least one current lead-in, process for producing a gas-tight connection between them, and their use in a gas-discharge lamp |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO821899L (en) | 1983-03-07 |
| BR8205135A (en) | 1983-08-09 |
| DK303482A (en) | 1983-03-05 |
| PT75233B (en) | 1984-06-26 |
| PL238134A1 (en) | 1983-05-09 |
| ES513200A0 (en) | 1983-08-16 |
| JPS5852452A (en) | 1983-03-28 |
| AU8710682A (en) | 1983-03-10 |
| DE3135035A1 (en) | 1983-03-24 |
| YU149282A (en) | 1985-03-20 |
| EP0074507A3 (en) | 1983-04-20 |
| PT75233A (en) | 1982-08-01 |
| ZA825763B (en) | 1983-06-29 |
| ES8308445A1 (en) | 1983-08-16 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
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| PUAL | Search report despatched |
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| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19820819 |
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Withdrawal date: 19840926 |
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Inventor name: JAECKEL, GERNOT Inventor name: HEIDSIEK, HORST, DR. DIPL.-PHYS. |