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EP0043164A1 - Replenishing concentrate for aluminium cleaner - Google Patents

Replenishing concentrate for aluminium cleaner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0043164A1
EP0043164A1 EP81200706A EP81200706A EP0043164A1 EP 0043164 A1 EP0043164 A1 EP 0043164A1 EP 81200706 A EP81200706 A EP 81200706A EP 81200706 A EP81200706 A EP 81200706A EP 0043164 A1 EP0043164 A1 EP 0043164A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkenoxylated
concentrate
content
abietic acid
acid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP81200706A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0043164B1 (en
Inventor
Peter F. King
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GEA Group AG
Continentale Parker Ste
Continentale Parker SA
Original Assignee
Metallgesellschaft AG
Continentale Parker Ste
Continentale Parker SA
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Application filed by Metallgesellschaft AG, Continentale Parker Ste, Continentale Parker SA filed Critical Metallgesellschaft AG
Publication of EP0043164A1 publication Critical patent/EP0043164A1/en
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Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
    • C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
    • C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
    • C23G1/12—Light metals
    • C23G1/125—Light metals aluminium

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a concentrate for supplementing an acidic cleaner for aluminum surfaces, which contains a surfactant mixture of alkenoxylated abietic acid and alkenoxylated hydroxycarbon and fluoride.
  • a particularly advantageous cleaner for such purposes is described in US Pat. No. 3,969,135. It contains a surfactant mixture of alkenoxylated abietic acid and alkenoxylated hydroxy hydrocarbon as well as fluoride. If this cleaner is used for an extended period, the active components must be supplemented. Supplementing the individual components is time-consuming and involves increased sources of error in the dosage. A supplement containing all the active components of the cleaner tends to separate the phases in the case of Shipping, transportation or storage conditions prevailing.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a supplement for the known cleaner which does not have the known disadvantages, in particular the aforementioned disadvantages, and which permits simple addition.
  • the object is achieved by providing a concentrate in which the total content of the surfactants mentioned is 10 to 20% by weight, the fluoride content is 2 to 15% by weight and in which the pH is below 0 due to a corresponding mineral acid content .
  • the concentrate when adjusted to the aforementioned values with regard to concentration ranges and pH, phase separation does not occur. Instead, the concentrate has a high temperature stability and can therefore be transported and stored under normal conditions without special measures.
  • the invention also allows the cleaner to be supplemented with a concentrate.
  • the cleaner for aluminum to be supplemented with the concentrate according to the invention preferably has a fluoride content of 0.001 to 0.01% by weight and a content of both surfactants of 0.05 to 0.21% by weight.
  • the pH value of the cleaner should be below 2, its application temperature above 54 ° C. and its duration of use in spray treatment, depending on the degree of contamination of the aluminum surface, from 10 seconds to 5 minutes. Further details can be found in US Pat. No. 3,969,135.
  • the concentrate preferably contains mineral acid in an amount of 25 to. 50% by weight.
  • alkenoxylated hydroxy hydrocarbons are, for example, Triton CF-10 from Rohm & Haas Co., Antarox LF-330, Antarox BL-330 and Igepal CA-630 from GAF Corporation, Trycol LF-1 from Emery Industries Inc. and Plurafac D-25 from BASF Wyandotte Corporation.
  • the number of ethoxy or propoxy groups is approximately between 8 and 16.
  • alkenoxylated abietic acid products are Surfactant AR 150 from Hercules Inc. and Pegosperse 700-TO from Glyco Chemicals Inc. They contain about 14 to 16 ethoxy groups.
  • Any suitable compound can be used as the fluoride source.
  • the use of hydrogen fluoride is particularly suitable.
  • the concentrate contains the components of the surfactant mixture in approximately the same concentrations.
  • the concentrate was stable at a temperature of 49 ° C for a long period.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Abstract

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Konzentrat zur Ergänzung eines sauren Reinigers für Aluminiumoberflächen, der ein Tensidgemisch aus alkenoxylierter Abietinsäure und alkenoxyliertem Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff sowie Fluorid enthält. Um eine wirtschaftliche Ergänzung vornehmen zu können und ein temperaturstabiles Konzentrat zur Hand zu haben, ist vorgesehen, den Gesamtgehalt der genannten Tenside auf 10 bis 20 Gew.%, den Gehalt an Fluorid auf 2 bis 15 Gew.% und infolge eines entsprechenden Mineralsäuregehaltes den pH-Wert auf unter O einzustellen. Vorzugsweise enthält das Konzentrat eine alkenoxylierte Abietinsäure der Formel A (R2O)nR3 sowie einen alkenoxylierten Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff der Formel R1O(R2O)nR3 wobei R1 ein Alkyl- oder ein Alkylarylrest mit 8 bis 22 C-Atomen, R2 ein zweiwertiger Äthylen- oder Propylenrest bzw. Mischungen hiervon, R3 Wasserstoff oder Alkyl- oder Arylrest, A der Abietinsäurerest und n 7 bis 22 sind.The invention relates to a concentrate for supplementing an acidic cleaner for aluminum surfaces, which contains a surfactant mixture of alkenoxylated abietic acid and alkenoxylated hydroxycarbon and fluoride. In order to be able to make an economical addition and to have a temperature-stable concentrate at hand, it is provided that the total content of the surfactants mentioned should be 10 to 20% by weight, the fluoride content 2 to 15% by weight and, due to a corresponding mineral acid content, the pH - Set the value to below O. The concentrate preferably contains an alkenoxylated abietic acid of the formula A (R2O) nR3 and an alkenoxylated hydroxycarbon of the formula R1O (R2O) nR3 where R1 is an alkyl or an alkylaryl radical having 8 to 22 C atoms, R2 is a divalent ethylene or propylene radical or Mixtures thereof, R3 is hydrogen or alkyl or aryl, A is the abietic acid residue and n are 7 to 22.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Konzentrat zur Ergänzung eines sauren Reinigers für Aluminiumoberflächen, der ein Tensidgemisch aus alkenoxylierter Abietinsäure und alkenoxyliertem Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff sowie Fluorid enthält.The invention relates to a concentrate for supplementing an acidic cleaner for aluminum surfaces, which contains a surfactant mixture of alkenoxylated abietic acid and alkenoxylated hydroxycarbon and fluoride.

Bei der Kaltverformung von Aluminium wird üblicherweise auf die Aluminiumoberfläche ein organisches Schmiermittel aufgebracht, das den Verformungsvorgang erleichtern soll. Nach Abschluß des Verformungsvorganges verbleibt auf der Oberfläche ein Schmiermittelrückstand, der in üblichen Fällen vor der weiteren Behandlung entfernt werden muß.When aluminum is cold worked, an organic lubricant is usually applied to the aluminum surface, which is intended to facilitate the deformation process. After completion of the shaping process, a lubricant residue remains on the surface, which in usual cases must be removed before further treatment.

Ein besonders vorteilhafter Reiniger für derartige Zwecke ist in der US-PS 3 969 135 beschrieben. Er enthält ein Tensidgemisch von alkenoxylierter Abietinsäure und alkenoxyliertem Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff sowie Fluorid. Bei anhaltendem Gebrauch dieses Reinigers ist eine Ergänzung der wirksamen Komponenten erforderlich. Eine Ergänzung der einzelnen Komponenten für sich ist insbesondere zeitraubend und mit erhöhten Fehlerquellen bei der Dosierung behaftet. Ein alle wirksame Bestandteile des Reinigers enthaltendes Ergänzungsmittel neigt zur Phasentrennung unter den beim Verschiffen, Transportieren bzw. Lagern herrschenden Bedingungen.A particularly advantageous cleaner for such purposes is described in US Pat. No. 3,969,135. It contains a surfactant mixture of alkenoxylated abietic acid and alkenoxylated hydroxy hydrocarbon as well as fluoride. If this cleaner is used for an extended period, the active components must be supplemented. Supplementing the individual components is time-consuming and involves increased sources of error in the dosage. A supplement containing all the active components of the cleaner tends to separate the phases in the case of Shipping, transportation or storage conditions prevailing.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Ergänzungsmittel für den bekannten Reiniger bereitzustellen, das die bekannten, insbesondere vorgenannten Nachteile nicht aufweist und eine einfache Ergänzung gestattet.The object of the invention is to provide a supplement for the known cleaner which does not have the known disadvantages, in particular the aforementioned disadvantages, and which permits simple addition.

Die Aufgabe wird gelöst, indem ein Konzentrat bereitgestellt wird, bei dem der Gesamtgehalt der genannten Tenside 10 bis 20 Gew. %, der Gehalt an Fluorid 2 bis 15 Gew.% beträgt und bei dem infolge eines entsprechenden Mineralsäuregehaltes der pH-Wert unter 0 liegt.The object is achieved by providing a concentrate in which the total content of the surfactants mentioned is 10 to 20% by weight, the fluoride content is 2 to 15% by weight and in which the pH is below 0 due to a corresponding mineral acid content .

Überraschenderweise tritt bei der Einstellung des Konzentrats auf die vorgenannten Werte hinsichtlich Konzentrationsbereiche und pH-Wert, eine Phasentrennung nicht auf. Stattdessen hat das Konzentrat eine hohe Temperaturstabilität und kann daher ohne besondere Maßnahmen unter üblichen Bedingungen transportiert und gelagert werden. Die Erfindung gestattet zudem, die Ergänzung des Reinigers mit einem Konzentrat vorzunehmen.Surprisingly, when the concentrate is adjusted to the aforementioned values with regard to concentration ranges and pH, phase separation does not occur. Instead, the concentrate has a high temperature stability and can therefore be transported and stored under normal conditions without special measures. The invention also allows the cleaner to be supplemented with a concentrate.

Der mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Konzentrat zu ergänzende Reiniger für Aluminium weist vorzugsweise einen Fluoridgehalt von 0,001 bis 0,01 Gew.% und einen Gehalt beider Tenside von je 0,05 bis 0,21 Gew.% auf. Der pH-Wert des Reinigers sollte unter 2, seine Anwendungstemperatur oberhalb 540C und seine Anwendungsdauer bei Spritzbehandlung je nach Verunreinigungsgrad der Aluminiumoberfläche bei 10 sec. bis 5 Minuten liegen. Weitere Einzelheiten können der US-PS 3 969 135 entnommen werden.The cleaner for aluminum to be supplemented with the concentrate according to the invention preferably has a fluoride content of 0.001 to 0.01% by weight and a content of both surfactants of 0.05 to 0.21% by weight. The pH value of the cleaner should be below 2, its application temperature above 54 ° C. and its duration of use in spray treatment, depending on the degree of contamination of the aluminum surface, from 10 seconds to 5 minutes. Further details can be found in US Pat. No. 3,969,135.

Vorzugsweise enthält das Konzentrat Mineralsäure in einer Menge von 25 bis. 50 Gew.%.The concentrate preferably contains mineral acid in an amount of 25 to. 50% by weight.

Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthält das Konzentrat eine alkenoxylierte Abietinsäure der Formel

Figure imgb0001
sowie einen alkerixylierten Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff der Formel
Figure imgb0002
wobei

  • R1 ein Alkyl- oder ein Alkylarylrest mit 8 bis 22 C-Atomen,
  • R2 ein zweiwertiger Äthylen- oder Propylenrest bzw. Mischungen hiervon,
  • R3 Wasserstoff oder Alkyl- oder Arylrest,
  • A der Abietinsäurerest und
  • n 7 bis 22

ist.According to a further preferred embodiment, the concentrate contains an alkenoxylated abietic acid of the formula
Figure imgb0001
 and an alkerixylated hydroxy hydrocarbon of the formula
Figure imgb0002
 in which
  • R 1 is an alkyl or an alkylaryl radical having 8 to 22 carbon atoms,
  • R 2 is a divalent ethylene or propylene radical or mixtures thereof,
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl radical,
  • A the abietic acid residue and
  • n 7 to 22

is.

Im Handel erhältliche alkenoxylierte Hydroxykohlenwasserstoffe sind zum Beispiel Triton CF-10 der Firma Rohm& Haas Co., Antarox LF-330, Antarox BL-330 und Igepal CA-630 der Firma GAF Corporation, Trycol LF-1 der Firma Emery Industries Inc. und Plurafac D-25 der Firma BASF Wyandotte Corporation.Commercially available alkenoxylated hydroxy hydrocarbons are, for example, Triton CF-10 from Rohm & Haas Co., Antarox LF-330, Antarox BL-330 and Igepal CA-630 from GAF Corporation, Trycol LF-1 from Emery Industries Inc. and Plurafac D-25 from BASF Wyandotte Corporation.

Die Zahl der Äthoxy- bzw. Propoxygruppen liegt hierbei etwa zwischen 8 und 16.The number of ethoxy or propoxy groups is approximately between 8 and 16.

Handelsübliche alkenoxylierte Abietinsäure-Produkte sind Surfactant AR 150 der Firma Hercules Inc. und Pegosperse 700-TO der Firma Glyco Chemicals Inc. Sie enthalten etwa 14 bis 16 Äthoxygruppen.Commercial alkenoxylated abietic acid products are Surfactant AR 150 from Hercules Inc. and Pegosperse 700-TO from Glyco Chemicals Inc. They contain about 14 to 16 ethoxy groups.

Obgleich die im erfindungsgemäßen Konzentrat eingesetzten Tenside im allgemeinen in der durch Alkenoxylierung gebildeten Kette eine endständige OH-Gruppe aufweisen, (R3 = H), können auch die im allgemeinen schaumärmeren Tenside mit mit Äthyl- oder Arylgruppen verätherten Endgruppen verwendet werden.Although the surfactants used in the concentrate according to the invention generally have a terminal OH group in the chain formed by alkenoxylation (R 3 = H), the generally less foaming surfactants with end groups etherified with ethyl or aryl groups can also be used.

Als Fluoridquelle kann jede hierfür geeignete Verbindung eingesetzt werden. Besonders geeignet ist jedoch die Verwendung von Fluorwasserstoff.Any suitable compound can be used as the fluoride source. However, the use of hydrogen fluoride is particularly suitable.

Nach einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung enthält das Konzentrat die Komponenten des Tensidgemisches in etwa gleichen Konzentrationen.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the concentrate contains the components of the surfactant mixture in approximately the same concentrations.

Weiterhin ist es vorteilhaft, als Mineralsäure Phosphorsäure und/oder Schwefelsäure einzusetzen.It is also advantageous to use phosphoric acid and / or sulfuric acid as the mineral acid.

Das folgende Beispiel erläutert die Erfindung näher und beispielsweise.The following example explains the invention in more detail and for example.

Beispiel:

  • Es wurde ein Konzentrat durch Vermischen folgender Komponenten hergestellt.
    Figure imgb0003
Example:
  • A concentrate was made by mixing the following components.
    Figure imgb0003

Das Konzentrat war bei einer Temperatur von 49°C über einen langen Zeitraum stabil.The concentrate was stable at a temperature of 49 ° C for a long period.

Claims (5)

1. Konzentrat zur Ergänzung eines sauren Reinigers für Aluminiumoberflächen, der ein Tensidgemisch aus alkenoxylierter Abietinsäure und alkenoxyliertem Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff sowie Fluorid enthält, dadurch qekennzeichnet, daß der Gesamtgehalt der genannten Tenside 10 bis 20 Gew.-%, der Gehalt an Fluorid 2 bis 15 Gew.-% beträgt und infolge eines entsprechenden Mineralsäuregehaltes der pH-Wert unter 0 liegt.1. Concentrate to supplement an acidic cleaner for aluminum surfaces, which contains a surfactant mixture of alkenoxylated abietic acid and alkenoxylated hydroxy hydrocarbon and fluoride, characterized in that the total content of the surfactants mentioned is 10 to 20% by weight, the fluoride content is 2 to 15% by weight. -% and due to a corresponding mineral acid content the pH is below 0. 2. Konzentrat nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Mineralsäuregehalt 25 bis 50 Gew.-% beträgt.2. A concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that the M ineralsäuregehalt is 25 to 50 wt .-%. 3. Konzentrat nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es eine alkenoxylierte Abietinsäure der Formel
Figure imgb0004
sowie einen alkenoxylierten Hydroxykohlenwasserstoff der Formel
Figure imgb0005
enthält, wobei R1 ein Alkyl- oder ein Alkylarylrest mit 8 bis 22 C-Atomen, R2 ein zweiwertiger Äthylen- oder Propylenrest bzw. Mischungen hiervon, R3 Wasserstoff oder Alkyl- oder Arylrest, A der Abietinsäurerest und n 7 bis 22 3. Concentrate according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it is an alkenoxylated abietic acid of the formula
Figure imgb0004
 and an alkenoxylated hydroxycarbon of the formula
Figure imgb0005
 contains, where R 1 is an alkyl or an alkylaryl radical having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, R 2 is a divalent ethylene or propylene radical or mixtures thereof, R 3 is hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl radical, A the abietic acid residue and n 7 to 22 4. Konzentrat nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es die Komponenten des Tensidgemisches in etwa gleichen Konzentrationen enthält.4. Concentrate according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that it contains the components of the surfactant mixture in approximately the same concentrations. 5. Konzentrat nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es als Mineralsäure Phosphorsäure und/oder Schwefelsäure enthält.5. Concentrate according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it contains phosphoric acid and / or sulfuric acid as the mineral acid.
EP81200706A 1980-06-26 1981-06-23 Replenishing concentrate for aluminium cleaner Expired EP0043164B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US163365 1980-06-26
US06/163,365 US4348294A (en) 1980-06-26 1980-06-26 One package replenisher for aluminum cleaner

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0043164A1 true EP0043164A1 (en) 1982-01-06
EP0043164B1 EP0043164B1 (en) 1984-03-28

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Country Status (12)

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US (1) US4348294A (en)
EP (1) EP0043164B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5838514B2 (en)
KR (1) KR830006416A (en)
AR (1) AR224204A1 (en)
AU (1) AU530682B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8104024A (en)
CA (1) CA1151049A (en)
DE (1) DE3162875D1 (en)
IT (1) IT1137261B (en)
MX (1) MX154779A (en)
ZA (1) ZA813981B (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993023590A1 (en) * 1992-05-14 1993-11-25 Henkel Corporation Method for cleaning aluminum at low temperatures
US5538561A (en) * 1992-05-14 1996-07-23 Henkel Corporation Method for cleaning aluminum at low temperatures
EP0976852A1 (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-02-02 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Aqueous cleaning solution and method for cleaning aluminium-based metals

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5286300A (en) * 1991-02-13 1994-02-15 Man-Gill Chemical Company Rinse aid and lubricant
US5746837A (en) * 1992-05-27 1998-05-05 Ppg Industries, Inc. Process for treating an aluminum can using a mobility enhancer
US5634979A (en) * 1994-12-22 1997-06-03 Henkel Corporation Composition and method for degreasing metal surfaces
US5840772A (en) * 1996-09-18 1998-11-24 Ppg Industries, Inc. Methods of recycling and compositions used therein
US7402627B2 (en) * 2003-08-18 2008-07-22 Columbia Insurance Company Precursor colorant composition for latex paint
US9139676B2 (en) 2003-08-18 2015-09-22 Benjamin Moore & Co. Environmentally friendly colorant compositions and latex paints/coatings
US8329807B2 (en) * 2003-08-18 2012-12-11 Columbia Insurance Company Latex paint film resistant to adverse effects of water, and compositions and methods for making same
CA2525205C (en) * 2004-11-08 2013-06-25 Ecolab Inc. Foam cleaning and brightening composition, and methods

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3969135A (en) * 1975-02-13 1976-07-13 Oxy Metal Industries Corporation Low temperature aluminum cleaning composition and process

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3969135A (en) * 1975-02-13 1976-07-13 Oxy Metal Industries Corporation Low temperature aluminum cleaning composition and process

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993023590A1 (en) * 1992-05-14 1993-11-25 Henkel Corporation Method for cleaning aluminum at low temperatures
US5538561A (en) * 1992-05-14 1996-07-23 Henkel Corporation Method for cleaning aluminum at low temperatures
EP0976852A1 (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-02-02 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Aqueous cleaning solution and method for cleaning aluminium-based metals

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0043164B1 (en) 1984-03-28
AU7218581A (en) 1982-01-07
BR8104024A (en) 1982-06-15
CA1151049A (en) 1983-08-02
DE3162875D1 (en) 1984-05-03
IT1137261B (en) 1986-09-03
US4348294A (en) 1982-09-07
AR224204A1 (en) 1981-10-30
IT8122562A0 (en) 1981-06-25
MX154779A (en) 1987-12-11
ZA813981B (en) 1982-11-24
KR830006416A (en) 1983-09-24
AU530682B2 (en) 1983-07-28
JPS5838514B2 (en) 1983-08-23
JPS5751269A (en) 1982-03-26

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