EP0041864B1

EP0041864B1 - Long wavelength, low-loss optical waveguide

Info

Publication number: EP0041864B1
Application number: EP81302552A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Paul Edward Blaszyk; Robert Olshansky
Original assignee: Corning Glass Works
Current assignee: Corning Glass Works
Priority date: 1980-06-09
Filing date: 1981-06-09
Publication date: 1986-08-27
Also published as: US4385802A; EP0041864A3; ATE21774T1; DE3175210D1; EP0041864A2; CA1145172A; JPS5727203A

Abstract

An optical fibre waveguide is disclosed of the type comprising an outer cladding layer, an axially disposed core of SiO2 doped with GeO2 and a first inner cladding layer of SiO2 doped with an oxide such as P2O5 for lowering the preform processing temperature. A second inner cladding layer of pure Si02 is disposed between the first inner cladding layer and the core to prevent P2O5 from diffusing into the core, thereby eliminating absorption losses from the P-O-H band in the 1.1-1.8 µm region.

Description

This invention relates to an optical waveguide for use at long wavelengths and more particularly, to single mode low-loss optical waveguides which are especially suitable for the propagation of light, the wavelength of which is in the range between 1.1 and 1.8 µm.
Since the time that optical fiber waveguides were first considered for use in optical communication systems, attempts have been made to develop fibres having lower loss and higher information capacity. It has been known that scattering loss decreases with wavelength and that the scattering loss component can be less than 1 dB/km at wavelengths greater than 1 µm. There is current interest therefore in the development of fibres for use in the range between 1.1 and 1.8 pm. Some materials such as P₂0₅ and B₂O₃, which are suitable for use at shorter wavelengths, have been given less consideration for use in the infrared region because of the infrared absorption loss characteristic of such materials. However, oxides such as Ge0₂, Sb₂0₃ exhibit suitably low loss in the infrared region when employed as a dopant for silica.
There is current interest in the use of single-mode fibres for use in the infrared region since, in addition to the possibility of achieving low loss, such fibres enable very high capacity telecommunication systems to be designed with fewer repeater stations. Single mode fibres having losses less than 1 dB/km have been reported. These fibres, which contain cores of silica doped with germania, were prepared by a chemical vapour deposition technique.
The optical characteristics of a single mode fibre are determined mainly by the parameter V which is expressed by the formula
where a is the core radius, \ is the wavelength of the propagated light and n, and n₂ are the refractive indices of the core and cladding, respectively. In the range of the value of V no larger than about 2.4, single mode propagation will occur.
Single mode waveguides having losses less than 1 dB/km in the infrared region have been made by a chemical vapour deposition process whereby vapours flowing through a glass tube react to form particles which are deposited on the inner surface of the tube where they are consolidated to form a glassy layer. One or more layers of glass are formed on the inner surface of the tube in this manner. Ordinarily, the coated bait tube has at least two compositional regions. The interior region, which ultimately forms the core of the resulting optical fibre, consists of SiO_z and Ge0₂. The exterior region, which forms the cladding, consists essentially of Si0₂. The remaining critical step involves pulling the relatively large diameter cylindrical preform into a relatively small diameter fibre. Prior to pulling the preform into a fibre, the preform is usually collapsed into a smaller diameter preform or preferably into a solid cylindrical mass.
Fabrication of this type of fibre is difficult for several reasons. The higher temperature required to deposit pure Si0₂ leads to tube shrinkage during deposition and necessitates the use of pressure control of tube diameter. Deposition rates are reduced because of the difficulty of sintering the particles of Si0₂ that are deposited to form the cladding. The tube collapse step is very difficult because of the high viscosity of the deposited glass. The high temperature required to collapse the coated bait tube leads to a larger index dip at the fibre axis and causes a greater diffusion of hydroxyl ions from the substrate tube towards the core material. Also, because of these processing difficulties, only relatively small preforms have been formed by this technique.
Dopants have been added to the deposited cladding layer to lower the deposition and sintering temperature of the process. The addition of a small amount of P₂0₅ to the deposited silica cladding layer is taught in the publication: S. Sentsui et al., "Low Loss Monomode Fibers with P₂O₅―SiO₂ Cladding in the Wavelength Region 1.2-1.6 pm", Fifth European Conference on Optical Communication, Amsterdam, September, 1979. The use of P₂0₅ along with either B₂0₃ or F in the deposited silica cladding layer is taught in the publication: B. J. Ainslie et al., "Preparation of Long Length of Ultra-Low-Loss Single-Mode Fiber" Electronics Letters, July 5, 1979, Vol. 15, No. 14, pp. 411-413. The use of such dopants has resulted in a deposition temperature of about 1500°C, which is approximately 200°C lower than the temperature required to deposit the pure silica cladding layer. The reduced deposition temperature resulting from a P₂0₅ level of 0.3 to 1.0 wt.% increases the deposition rate, greatly reduces tube shrinkage and distortion, and makes the collapse process much easier.
During the manufacture of single-mode waveguides by the aforementioned chemical vapour deposition process residual water may be introduced into the light region of the fibre by several mechanisms. By residual water in glass is meant that the glass contains a high level of OH, H₂ and H₂0. Water can be introduced by employing a bait tube containing a large amount of water, by employing reactants which contain water, or it can enter through leaks in the vapour transport system.
The main disadvantage of using P₂O₅ in the cladding is that OH radicals trapped at phosphorus sites result in a broad P-O-H absorption band which increases attenuation in the 1.3-1.8 pm range. A discussion of P-O-H absorption in the infrared region of the spectrum appears in the publication: T. Edahiro et al., "Spectral Loss Characteristics of GeO₂P₂O₅ Doped Silica Graded-Index Fibres in Long-Wavelength Band", Electronics Letters, May 10, 1979, Vol. 15, No. 10, pp. 274-275.
We have, therefore, sought to provide a low-loss infrared optical fibre waveguide which is easily fabricated and which is essentially free from absorption losses caused by OH radicals.
The optical fibre waveguide of the present invention is particularly useful in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, the present invention provides an optical fibre waveguide comprising a first glass cladding layer,

a second glass cladding layer formed of Si0₂ and a dopant comprising P₂0₅ and/or B₂0₃ and disposed on the inner wall surface of the first layer, the softening temperature of the second layer being less than that of the first layer,
an axially disposed core of Si0₂ doped with an oxide to increase the refractive index thereof, the dopant being such that the core glass exhibits relatively low attenuation losses at wavelengths between 1.1 and 1.8 pm,

₂

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which:-

Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus suitable for the formation of an optical fibre waveguide according to the present invention;
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a preform formed in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an optical fibre waveguide formed from the preform of Figure 2; and
Figure 4 is a spectral attenuation graph illustrating the improvement in attenuation obtained by the present invention.

Referring to Figure 1, there is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for depositing layers of cladding and core material on the inner surface of a glass bait tube 10. Heating means 12 is caused to move relative to tube 10 as indicated by arrow 14. The tube 10 rotates about its axis as indicated by arrow 16. Reactants flow into and through tube 10 as indicated by arrow 18. Each traverse of the heating means 12 in the direction of arrow 18 causes a layer of uniform composition to be deposited. A predetermined number of passes of the heating means along the tube is required in order to form the cladding and core portions of the preform.
The bait tube is generally formed of pure Si0₂ or Si0₂ doped with one or more oxides including B₂0₃. The water content of the bait tube is not a critical factor due to the structure of the resulting fibre. The reactants necessary to form the oxide layers in the bait tube 10 include oxygen and compounds containing the elements necessary to form the desired oxides. The oxides Si0₂, B₂0₃, P₂0₅ and GeO₂ can be deposited by employing the reactants SiCl₄, BCI₃, POCI₃ and GeCl₄, respectively. The list of reactants is intended to be exemplary, it being well known that other reactants can be employed to form the listed oxides. Fluorine is added to the deposited glass by supplying fluorine-containing gas such as CCl₂F₂ to the bait tube.
Numerous reactant delivery systems known in the prior art are suitable for delivering reactants 18 to tube 10. Reference is made in this regard, for example, to U.S. Patents Nos. 3,826,560,4,148,621,4,173,305 and 4,212,663.
Figure 2 shows the various layers which are deposited within bait tube 10 in accordance with the present invention. Figure 3 illustrates the resulting fibre 30 which is formed by collapsing and drawing the preform of Figure 2. The various regions of the fibre illustrated in Figure 3 are represented by primed reference numerals which correspond to the layers of the preform of Figure 2 that are referenced by the same numerals. Prior to the deposition of glass layers on the inner surface of tube 10, the burner may be caused to traverse and fire polish that tube. A layer 22 of soft cladding glass is initially deposited on the inner surface of bait tube 10. Layer 22 consists of Si0₂ doped with an oxide such as P₂0₅ or B₂0₃ which lowers the processing temperature. If an oxide such as P₂0₅ is employed, it may be desirable to employ an additional dopant such as B₂0₃ or F for the purpose of decreasing the refractive index of that layer. As stated above, the addition of P₂0₅ to layer 22 has the deleterious effect of increasing the attenuation in the 1.3-1.8 pm region when the core layer is deposited directly on layer 22.
In accordance with the present invention a layer 24 of pure Si0₂ is introduced between layer 22 and layer 26 of core material. The thickness of layer 24 must be sufficient to provide in the resultant fibre 30 a silica layer 24' having a minimum thickness of about 1.5 times the core radius. This minimum thickness should be great enough to insure that about 99% of the light propagating in fibre 30 propagates in the central region which comprises core 26' and silica layer 24'. The thickness of layer 24' should not be so great that the processing difficulties encountered in the fabrication of the aforementioned pure silica clad fibres are introduced. After layer 22 of soft cladding glass is deposited, it is sufficient to deposit layer 24 of silica during a few longitudinal passes of burner 12 along tube 10. By adding this thin layer of silica, some tube shrinkage occurs, and collapse is made slightly more difficult. However, overall processing is far easier in the practice of the present method than that of the method of producing fibres wherein the entire deposited cladding layer comprises pure silica.
The introduction of the pure silica inner cladding layer prevents the diffusion of P₂0₁ from the outer cladding layer 22 into the core layer 26. Thus, absorption losses in the P-O-H band in the 1.3-1.8 pm region are greatly reduced.
In order to draw the preform of Figure 2 into the fibre of Figure 3 the preform should be collapsed into a solid rod. The collapse step is preferably performed under pressure as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,154,591. Moreover, prior to the drawing step, the collapsed preform may be inserted into a glass tube which thereafter becomes the outer cladding layer of the resulting fibre. This latter mentioned practice is sometimes employed to form single mode waveguides wherein the ratio of the core diameter to the fibre diameter is relatively small. Notwithstanding the current interest in single mode fibre waveguides as evidenced by various publications cited hereinabove, this invention also encompasses multimode fibre waveguides.

Example 1

The following is a typical example of the formation of an optical waveguide filament in accordance with the present invention. A low water content silica substrate tube having an outside diameter of 25 millimeters and a wall thickness of about 2.5 millimeters was mounted in a deposition lathe well known in the art. The burner was caused to traverse the tube six times to fire polish the same at a temperature of about 2000°C. The constituent reactants SiCl₄, GeC1₄ and POCI₃ were delivered to the substrate tube by a chemical vapour deposition system of the type taught in the above mentioned U.S. Patent No. 3,826,560. Oxygen was bubbled through the liquid reactants to entrain vapours of the reactants. Illustrative parameters of the process of this example are set out in Table I.
For the example of Table I the oxygen provided for reaction was about 2500 sccm. The burner traverse rate of layer application was about 13.3 cm/min.
The resulting preform was then collapsed under pressure in accordance with the teaching of U.S. Patent No. 4,154,591. During collapse, the preform temperature was increased from 2300°C to 2500°C for six burner passes, while the preform was rotated at a speed of 50 rpm. The resulting solid preform was then mounted in a drawing apparatus well known in the art, the end thereof heated to a temperature of about 2000°C and drawn into an optical fibre waveguide having the cross-sectional profile illustrated in Figure 3. The parameters of the resulting fibre are set out in Table II.
Curve 40 of Figure 4 shows the spectral attenuation of the fibre of Example 1 between 0.8 and 1.8 pm. Except for the peak at 1.4 pm, the attenuation is about 2 dB/km or less between 0.9 and 1.75 pm, a minimum attenuation of less than 0.4 dB/km occurring at 1.55 pm.

Example 2 (Comparison)

To illustrate the improvement of the present invention the process parameters set forth above were employed in the fabrication of a second fibre except that the silica inner cladding layer 24 was omitted, and clad layer 22 was formed by 25 burner passes. Only five burner passes were needed to collapse the preform. The core diameter of the resulting fibre was. about 6.78 pm. Curve 42 of Figure 4 shows the spectral attenuation of the fibre of Example 2. Dashed line segment 44 illustrates the existence of a broad P-O-H absorption band. This has caused the attenuation at wave-lengths between 1.5 µm and 1.8 pm to increase by about 1.0 dB/km and the attenuation at 1.3 µm to increase by about 1.3 dB/km.

Claims

1. An optical fibre waveguide comprising a first glass cladding layer (10'),

a second glass cladding layer (22') formed of Si0₂ and a dopant comprising P₂0₅ and/or B₂O₃ and disposed on the inner wall surface of the first layer, the softening temperature of the second layer being less than that of the first layer,

an axially disposed core (26') of Si0₂ doped with an oxide to increase the refractive index thereof, the dopant being such that the core glass exhibits relatively low attentuation losses at wavelengths between 1.1 and 1.8 µm,

characterised in that the core (26') of the optical fibre waveguide comprises Si0₂ doped with only Ge0₂ and in that the optical fiber waveguide also comprises a third laye (24') of pure Si0₂ disposed between the second glass cladding layer and the core, which third layer (24') has a minimum thickness of about 1.5 times the radius of the core and a refractive index equal to or less than that of the second cladding layer.

2. An optical fibre waveguide according to claim 1, wherein the radius a of the core and the concentration of Ge0₂ in said core are such that the quantity

wherein λ is the wavelength of the propagated light and n, and n₂ are the refractive indices of the core and cladding respectively is less than 2.4 at wavelengths greater than 1.1 pm.

3. An optical fibre waveguide according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the second glass cladding layer comprises Si0₂ doped with P₂0₅ along with B₂0₃ and/or F.