DE60200723D1 - Abgasreiniger für eine Brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents
Abgasreiniger für eine BrennkraftmaschineInfo
- Publication number
- DE60200723D1 DE60200723D1 DE60200723T DE60200723T DE60200723D1 DE 60200723 D1 DE60200723 D1 DE 60200723D1 DE 60200723 T DE60200723 T DE 60200723T DE 60200723 T DE60200723 T DE 60200723T DE 60200723 D1 DE60200723 D1 DE 60200723D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- combustion engine
- internal combustion
- gas cleaner
- cleaner
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/0231—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0821—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with particulate filters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/80—Employing electric, magnetic, electromagnetic or wave energy, or particle radiation
- B01D2259/818—Employing electrical discharges or the generation of a plasma
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/28—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a plasma reactor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/028—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting humidity or water
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001065134A JP3551156B2 (ja) | 2001-03-08 | 2001-03-08 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2001065134 | 2001-03-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE60200723D1 true DE60200723D1 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
DE60200723T2 DE60200723T2 (de) | 2004-12-02 |
Family
ID=18923841
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE60200723T Expired - Lifetime DE60200723T2 (de) | 2001-03-08 | 2002-03-04 | Abgasreiniger für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6955041B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1239126B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP3551156B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE60200723T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040093853A1 (en) * | 2002-11-08 | 2004-05-20 | Hemingway Mark D. | System and method for using nonthermal plasma reactors |
US7331170B2 (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2008-02-19 | Hino Motors, Ltd. | Exhaust emission control device |
JP2004346828A (ja) * | 2003-05-22 | 2004-12-09 | Hino Motors Ltd | 排気浄化装置 |
JP4301094B2 (ja) * | 2004-06-25 | 2009-07-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料又は還元剤添加装置及び方法、並びにプラズマトーチ |
US7316106B2 (en) * | 2004-09-07 | 2008-01-08 | Gm Daewoo Auto & Technology Company | Method for processing combustion exhaust gas containing soot particles and NOx |
JP2007021312A (ja) * | 2005-07-13 | 2007-02-01 | Toshiba Corp | 放電装置 |
JP4619969B2 (ja) | 2006-03-22 | 2011-01-26 | 日本碍子株式会社 | プラズマ反応装置 |
JP4172519B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-26 | 2008-10-29 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 圧縮着火式内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP5045629B2 (ja) | 2008-04-08 | 2012-10-10 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化装置 |
EP2578822A4 (de) | 2010-05-25 | 2016-04-27 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Steuerungsvorrichtung für einen verbrennungsmotor |
WO2012124089A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 粒子状物質処理装置 |
WO2012124086A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 粒子状物質処理装置 |
EP2687692B1 (de) * | 2011-03-16 | 2017-07-19 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Vorrichtung zur verarbeitung von schwebstoffteilchen |
DE102011110057A1 (de) * | 2011-08-12 | 2013-02-14 | Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh | Verfahren zum Regeln einer Ionisationseinrichtung von einer Abgasnachbehandlungsvorrichtung |
FR2981862A3 (fr) * | 2011-10-27 | 2013-05-03 | Renault Sa | Controle du ratio no2/nox pour la scr par procede plasma |
CN102852595B (zh) * | 2012-04-19 | 2015-07-08 | 绍兴文理学院 | 汽车尾气pm2.5颗粒等氧离子净化装置及其净化方法 |
KR101498598B1 (ko) * | 2013-03-05 | 2015-03-04 | 주식회사 이노엔스 | 에너지 절감형 오염물질 처리장치 |
CN103256100B (zh) * | 2013-05-23 | 2017-02-08 | 无锡伊佩克科技有限公司 | 一种汽车尾气自检净化系统 |
EP3050615A1 (de) * | 2015-02-02 | 2016-08-03 | Winterthur Gas & Diesel AG | Strömungseinheit, Abgasreinigungsanlage und Verfahren für eine Abgasreinigungsanlage |
CN107289454B (zh) * | 2017-07-03 | 2019-05-17 | 南京中电熊猫平板显示科技有限公司 | 一种尾气处理监控方法及系统 |
US10947885B2 (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2021-03-16 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Passive nitric oxide storage catalyst management |
RU2689020C1 (ru) | 2018-10-30 | 2019-05-23 | Радченко Виталий Анатольевич | Устройство для очистки выбросов двигателей внутреннего сгорания от оксидов азота с помощью неравновесной низкотемпературной плазмы и поглотителя |
JP7347264B2 (ja) * | 2020-02-28 | 2023-09-20 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | 診断装置及び診断方法 |
CN111744341B (zh) * | 2020-07-09 | 2022-06-17 | 四川轻化工大学 | 低温等离子体有机废气处理的防爆监测控制方法与系统 |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3567385D1 (en) | 1984-04-23 | 1989-02-16 | Engelhard Corp | Catalyzed diesel exhaust particulate filter |
US5100632A (en) | 1984-04-23 | 1992-03-31 | Engelhard Corporation | Catalyzed diesel exhaust particulate filter |
US4902487A (en) | 1988-05-13 | 1990-02-20 | Johnson Matthey, Inc. | Treatment of diesel exhaust gases |
JPH04243525A (ja) | 1991-01-22 | 1992-08-31 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2722987B2 (ja) | 1992-09-28 | 1998-03-09 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
US5492678A (en) * | 1993-07-23 | 1996-02-20 | Hokushin Industries, Inc. | Gas-cleaning equipment and its use |
JPH08105317A (ja) | 1994-10-07 | 1996-04-23 | Tonen Corp | 排ガス処理装置 |
US5746984A (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-05-05 | Low Emissions Technologies Research And Development Partnership | Exhaust system with emissions storage device and plasma reactor |
US5863413A (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1999-01-26 | Litex, Inc. | Method for using hydroxyl radical to reduce pollutants in the exhaust gases from the combustion of a fuel |
US6038854A (en) * | 1996-08-19 | 2000-03-21 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Plasma regenerated particulate trap and NOx reduction system |
US6038853A (en) * | 1996-08-19 | 2000-03-21 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Plasma-assisted catalytic storage reduction system |
JPH10169431A (ja) | 1996-12-12 | 1998-06-23 | Mitsubishi Motors Corp | 排ガス処理装置 |
JPH10174845A (ja) | 1996-12-19 | 1998-06-30 | Mitsubishi Motors Corp | 排ガス処理装置 |
JPH10216558A (ja) | 1997-01-31 | 1998-08-18 | Takuma Co Ltd | パルス荷電ガス処理装置 |
JP3005500B2 (ja) | 1997-06-30 | 2000-01-31 | 神戸日本電気ソフトウェア株式会社 | 図形処理システム |
JPH11324652A (ja) | 1998-04-09 | 1999-11-26 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh & Co Kg | 自動車の有害物質の放出を低減する方法 |
US6775972B2 (en) * | 1998-10-09 | 2004-08-17 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Purification of exhaust gases |
GB9919200D0 (en) * | 1999-08-14 | 1999-10-20 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Pollution control |
-
2001
- 2001-03-08 JP JP2001065134A patent/JP3551156B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-03-04 EP EP02004888A patent/EP1239126B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-04 DE DE60200723T patent/DE60200723T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-06 US US10/090,781 patent/US6955041B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002266626A (ja) | 2002-09-18 |
EP1239126A3 (de) | 2003-07-30 |
DE60200723T2 (de) | 2004-12-02 |
JP3551156B2 (ja) | 2004-08-04 |
US6955041B2 (en) | 2005-10-18 |
EP1239126B1 (de) | 2004-07-14 |
US20020127151A1 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
EP1239126A2 (de) | 2002-09-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE60201367D1 (de) | Abgasreiniger für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60107156D1 (de) | ABGASREINIGUNGSSYSTEM FüR EINE BRENNKRAFTMASCHINE | |
DE60208478D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60200723D1 (de) | Abgasreiniger für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE50102833D1 (de) | Abgasturbolader für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60208522D1 (de) | Abgasreiniger für brennkraftmaschinen | |
DE60317219D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für verbrennungsmotor | |
DE69928330D1 (de) | Eine Abgas-Reinigungseinheit für einen Verbrennungsmotor | |
DE60224607D1 (de) | Abgaswärmerückwinngerät für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60113040D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für brennkraftmaschinen | |
DE60102626D1 (de) | Abgasvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60008673D1 (de) | Abgasrückführungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE50209521D1 (de) | Sauganlage für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60104615D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für brennkraftmaschinen | |
DE60305361D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60126871D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60116554D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60105947D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsanalge für brennkraftmaschinen | |
DE60103900D1 (de) | Lufteinlassanordnung für eine brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60103903D1 (de) | Lufteinlasszusammenbau für eine brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60302258D1 (de) | Abgasrückführeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen | |
DE60100571D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60014773D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60102874D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für brennkraftmaschine | |
DE60207324D1 (de) | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung und -Verfahren für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
8320 | Willingness to grant licences declared (paragraph 23) |