DE3212942A1 - POWER DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR - Google Patents
POWER DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATORInfo
- Publication number
- DE3212942A1 DE3212942A1 DE19823212942 DE3212942A DE3212942A1 DE 3212942 A1 DE3212942 A1 DE 3212942A1 DE 19823212942 DE19823212942 DE 19823212942 DE 3212942 A DE3212942 A DE 3212942A DE 3212942 A1 DE3212942 A1 DE 3212942A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- current
- operational amplifier
- driver circuit
- coil
- transistor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019892 Stellar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D3/00—Control of position or direction
- G05D3/12—Control of position or direction using feedback
- G05D3/14—Control of position or direction using feedback using an analogue comparing device
- G05D3/18—Control of position or direction using feedback using an analogue comparing device delivering a series of pulses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D11/00—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated
- F02D11/06—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance
- F02D11/10—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type
- F02D2011/108—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type with means for detecting or resolving a stuck throttle, e.g. when being frozen in a position
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
- F02D2041/2017—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost current or using reference switching
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
- F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
- F02D2041/2058—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit using information of the actual current value
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
Description
H. 1TT26H. 1TT26
10.3. 1 962 Lr/Wl10.3. 1 962 Lr / Wl
ROBERT 30SCH GMBH, TOOO Stuttgart 1ROBERT 30SCH GMBH, TOOO Stuttgart 1
Stromtreiber schaltung für einen elektromechanischen Steller Current driver circuit for an electromechanical Controller
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Stromtreiberschaltung für einen elektro-mechanischen Steller, dessen getakteter Spulenstrom gemessen und von einer Steuerspannung bestimmt vird.The invention relates to a current driver circuit for an electro-mechanical actuator, its clocked Coil current measured and determined by a control voltage.
Zlektro-mechanische Steller haben im allgemeinen eine nichtlineare Strom/Kraft- oder Strom/Momentkennlinie und zeigen fast immer eine mechanische und/oder magnetische Hysterese.Electro-mechanical actuators generally have one non-linear current / force or current / torque characteristic and almost always show a mechanical and / or magnetic hysteresis.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Stromtreiber se haltung zu schaffen, die einen durch die Spule des elektro-mechanise hen Steller= fließenden Strom liefere, der zu der Steuerspannung proportional ist und außerdem Hystereseeffekte zu eliminieren gestattet. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe sind die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruchs 1 angegebenen Maßnahmen vorgesehen.The invention is based on the object of a current driver This posture to create a current flowing through the coil of the electro-mechanical actuator = supply which is proportional to the control voltage and also allows hysteresis effects to be eliminated. To the This problem is solved by the measures specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.
R. 17723R. 17723
Die Erfindung ist nachstehend anhand eines in der Zeichnung in seinem Schaltbild wiedergegebenen Ausführungsbeispieles näher beschrieben, zu welchem in den Figuren 1 bis 3 verschiedene Schaubilder dargestelllt sind. Zusätzlich zu dem in Figur k dargestellten Schaltplan zeigen die Schaltungsausschnitte nach den Figuren 5 und 6 abgewandelte Ausführungsformen für die in Figur 4 mit strichpunktierten Linien angedeutete Endstufe der Stromtreiberschaltung. The invention is described in more detail below with reference to an exemplary embodiment shown in its circuit diagram in the drawing, for which various diagrams are shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. In addition to the circuit diagram shown in FIG. K , the circuit details according to FIGS. 5 and 6 show modified embodiments for the output stage of the current driver circuit indicated by dash-dotted lines in FIG.
Im Schaltbild nach Figur k ist die Spule eines im übrigen nicht dargestellten, elektro-mechanischen Stellers mit L bezeichnet und liegt zwischen einem unmittelbar an die Plusleitung 10 angeschlossenen Meßwiderstand Ri5 und den beiden Kollektoren eines bipolaren, als elektronischem Leistungsschalter verwendeten Darlingtons T2, dessen Emitter an die mit dem Minuspol einer nicht dargestellten Sammlerbatterie verbundene Minusleitung 11 angeschlossen ist. Der Darlington T2 wird in rascher Folge stronileitend und wieder gesperrt, wobei durch die Spule L ein Strom i fließt, welcher infolge der Freilaufdiode 33 um einen Sollwert 12 mit einer Amplitude I„„ pendelt.In the circuit diagram according to Figure k , the coil of an electromechanical actuator, otherwise not shown, is labeled L and is located between a measuring resistor Ri5 connected directly to the positive line 10 and the two collectors of a bipolar Darlington T2, used as an electronic circuit breaker, whose emitter is applied the negative line 11 connected to the negative pole of a collector battery (not shown) is connected. The Darlington T2 is current-conducting and blocked again in rapid succession, with a current i flowing through the coil L which, as a result of the freewheeling diode 33, oscillates around a desired value 12 with an amplitude I "".
Der zeitliche Mittelwert 12 des die Spule L durchfließenden Stromes i kann als Sollwert mit Hilfe einer Steuerspannung Ue eingestellt werden, die über einen aus einem Längswiderstand R20 und einem Querwiderstand R1 bestehenden Spannungsteiler an den Pluseingang eines als Impedanzwandler geschalteten ersten Operationsverstärkers 0" gelegt ist. Der Operationsverstärker 01 ist als Integrier schaltung ausgebildet und unter der Bezeichnung LM 2902 im Handel erhältlich; er kann durch die angegebene 3eschaltung wie im Falle des zweiten OperationsverstärkersThe temporal mean value 12 of the value flowing through the coil L. Current i can be set as a setpoint with the help of a control voltage Ue, which is generated from a Series resistance R20 and a transverse resistance R1 existing Voltage divider to the positive input of a first operational amplifier connected as an impedance converter 0 " is laid. The operational amplifier 01 is designed as an integrator circuit formed and available in stores under the designation LM 2902; he can through the specified 3 circuit as in the case of the second operational amplifier
:-:·· Ο.::! 32 129A2: -: ·· Ο. ::! 32 129A2
- <&—■ R. 17728 - <& - ■ R. 17728
02 als Integralregler oder im Fall des Operationsverstärkers 03 als Komparator oder im Falle des Operationsverstärkers Ok als Oszillator verwendet werden.02 as an integral controller or in the case of the operational amplifier 03 can be used as a comparator or, in the case of the operational amplifier Ok, as an oscillator.
Die beabsichtigte Verwendung der dargestellten Stromtreiberschaltung macht es erforderlich, daß Kurzschlußfestigkeit gegen Masse gewährleistet ist und demgemäß der Meßwiderstand RI5 an der Plusleitung 10 liegt. Das der Größe des Stromes i entsprechende Signal muß auf Masse bezogen werden. Deshalb ist eine Stromspiegelschaltung SS mit einem aus den vier Transistoren T39 TU, T5 und Τβ bestehenden Transistor-Array vorgesehen, welches an den Steuerwiderstand R16 eine zum Spulenstrom i proportionale Spannung liefert.The intended use of the current driver circuit shown makes it necessary that short-circuit resistance to ground is guaranteed and accordingly the measuring resistor RI5 is connected to the positive line 10. The signal corresponding to the magnitude of the current i must be related to ground. A current mirror circuit SS is therefore provided with a transistor array consisting of the four transistors T3 9 TU, T5 and Τβ, which supplies a voltage proportional to the coil current i to the control resistor R16.
Die am Steuerwiderstand R16 erzeugte Spannung ist direkt auf den Minuseingang des Komparators 03 und über einen Widerstand RS auf den Minuseingang des Integralreglers gegeben. Wie das Schaubild nach Figur 2 zeigt, weist die elektromotorische oder elektromagnetische Stellkraft M des Stellers eine Hysterese auf, welche durch die Kurve 1^· und die Kurve 1? angedeutet ist, wobei die Kurve 15 bei ansteigendem Strom einen höheren Stromwert i benötigt, als bei dem durch die Kurve 1U angedeuteten Verlauf bei fallendem Wert des Stroms i. Zur Vermeidung dieser Hysterese ist ein bei 16 angedeuteter Rütteleffekt vorgesehen, der dadurch zustande kommt, daß der in Figur 1 dargestellten Oszillator schwingung eine Rechteckschwingung überlagert wird, deren Hub H und Frequenz konstant sind und optimal an den Steller angepaßt werden können. Diesen Rütteleffekt liefert der vierte Operationsverstärker Ο*. Die Amplitude H dieser Rechteckschwingung muß gerade ausreichen, um die Hysterese zu überwinden. Die Frequenz der Rechteckschwingung darf nur so groß sein,The voltage generated at the control resistor R16 is direct to the minus input of the comparator 03 and via a resistor RS to the minus input of the integral controller given. As the diagram according to FIG. 2 shows, the electromotive or electromagnetic actuating force M of the controller has a hysteresis, which is determined by the curve 1 ^ · and the curve 1? is indicated, the curve 15 when the current rises, a higher current value i is required than in the case of the course indicated by the curve 1U with falling value of the current i. To avoid this hysteresis, there is a shaking effect indicated at 16 provided, which comes about in that the oscillator shown in Figure 1 is oscillating a square wave is superimposed, the stroke H and frequency of which are constant and can be optimally adapted to the actuator. The fourth operational amplifier provides this shaking effect Ο *. The amplitude H of this square wave must just enough to overcome the hysteresis. The frequency of the square wave may only be so large
- ._ii - R. 177- ._ii - R. 177
daß der Steller ihr noch nicht zu folgen vermag, sie muß also kleiner als iie Resonanzfrequenz des Stellars sein. Die mechanische Wirkung ist eine drastische Verminderung der Hysterese mit sehr kleinem Momentenhub des Moments M.that the controller is not yet able to follow it, so it must be smaller than the resonance frequency of the stellar be. The mechanical effect is a drastic reduction in the hysteresis with a very small torque stroke of the moment M.
Beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist der zwischen der für sämtliche Operationsverstärker 01 bis C·+ wirksamen Masseleitung 13 und der mit dem Emitter des Darlingtons T2 verbundenen Masseleitung 11 ein Kohleschichtwiderstand R25 von etwa hl Ohm geschaltet. Dies hat den Vorteil, daß Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber langen Leitungen zwischen der Signalquelle Ue und der Stromtreiberschaltung SS erreicht wird, da kein störender Spannungsabfall auf der Signalmasse erzeugt werden kann. Hierdurch entfällt die Erdschleife zwischen Signalmasse und Spulenstrommasse. In the illustrated embodiment, a carbon film resistor R25 of approximately hl ohms is connected between the ground line 13, which is effective for all operational amplifiers 01 to C * +, and the ground line 11 connected to the emitter of the Darlington T2. This has the advantage that insensitivity to long lines between the signal source Ue and the current driver circuit SS is achieved, since no disruptive voltage drop can be generated on the signal ground. This eliminates the ground loop between signal ground and coil current ground.
In der abgewandelten Ausführungsform der Leistungsstufe nach Figur 5 ist dem Leitungstransistor T7 ein Treibertransistor Τ3 vorgeschaltet, welcher über den Widerstand R11 angesteuert wird und unmittelbar auf die Basis des Transistors T7 einwirkt.In the modified embodiment of the power level According to FIG. 5, the line transistor T7 is a driver transistor Τ3 connected upstream, which via the resistor R11 is controlled and immediately based on the Acts transistor T7.
3eim Ausführungsbeispiel nach Figur 6 ist als Leistungsendstufe für den die Spule L durchfließenden Strom i ein 3IPMQS-Transistör T9 vorgesehen, dessen durchgehendes gate G über den Widerstand R11 mit dem Ausgang des dritten Operationsverstärkers 03 verbunden ist und außerdem mit einer Zenerdiode 11 an der Minusleitung 11 und über einen Widerstand RIO am Pluseingang ies dritten Operationsverstärkers 03 liegt. Die rechts vom SIPMOS-Transistors T9 dargestellte Stromspiegelschaltung SS entspricht in allen wesentlichen Funkten derjenigen nach Figur -.In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6, the power output stage for the current i flowing through the coil L is a 3IPMQS transistor T9 provided, its continuous gate G through resistor R11 to the output of the third Operational amplifier 03 is connected and also with a zener diode 11 on the negative line 11 and above a resistor RIO at the plus input ies third operational amplifier 03 lies. The one to the right of the SIPMOS transistor T9 corresponds to the current mirror circuit SS shown in all essential points of those according to figure -.
LeerseiteBlank page
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19823212942 DE3212942A1 (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1982-04-07 | POWER DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR |
GB08308437A GB2117938B (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1983-03-28 | Current driver circuit for an electric-mechanical adjuster |
IT20402/83A IT1194563B (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1983-03-31 | CURRENT DISPENSING CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR |
FR8305707A FR2524993B1 (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1983-04-07 | CURRENT PILOT CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL REGULATOR |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19823212942 DE3212942A1 (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1982-04-07 | POWER DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3212942A1 true DE3212942A1 (en) | 1983-10-13 |
DE3212942C2 DE3212942C2 (en) | 1990-10-04 |
Family
ID=6160450
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19823212942 Granted DE3212942A1 (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1982-04-07 | POWER DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE3212942A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2524993B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2117938B (en) |
IT (1) | IT1194563B (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3434644A1 (en) * | 1984-09-21 | 1986-04-03 | Vdo Adolf Schindling Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING A CLOCKED OPERATING VOLTAGE |
US7848126B2 (en) | 2007-08-21 | 2010-12-07 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Integrating current regulator and method for regulating current |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP7059147B2 (en) | 2018-08-08 | 2022-04-25 | 三菱重工エンジン&ターボチャージャ株式会社 | Control device, exhaust gas purification system and control method |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2950692A1 (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1981-07-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE ELECTRICAL ELECTRICITY BY AN INDUCTIVE CONSUMER, IN PARTICULAR BY A FUEL MEASURING VALVE IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2642753A1 (en) * | 1976-09-23 | 1978-03-30 | Vdo Schindling | Electrical controller for vehicle speed - has comparator receiving actual and desired speed control signals and actuating pneumatic control system |
SE434573B (en) * | 1979-10-02 | 1984-07-30 | Bofors Ab | SET AND DEVICE TO HIGHLINE LINERITY OF A SERVOS SYSTEM |
-
1982
- 1982-04-07 DE DE19823212942 patent/DE3212942A1/en active Granted
-
1983
- 1983-03-28 GB GB08308437A patent/GB2117938B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-03-31 IT IT20402/83A patent/IT1194563B/en active
- 1983-04-07 FR FR8305707A patent/FR2524993B1/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2950692A1 (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1981-07-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE ELECTRICAL ELECTRICITY BY AN INDUCTIVE CONSUMER, IN PARTICULAR BY A FUEL MEASURING VALVE IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3434644A1 (en) * | 1984-09-21 | 1986-04-03 | Vdo Adolf Schindling Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING A CLOCKED OPERATING VOLTAGE |
US7848126B2 (en) | 2007-08-21 | 2010-12-07 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Integrating current regulator and method for regulating current |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3212942C2 (en) | 1990-10-04 |
GB2117938A (en) | 1983-10-19 |
GB8308437D0 (en) | 1983-05-05 |
IT8320402A0 (en) | 1983-03-31 |
FR2524993B1 (en) | 1988-05-06 |
FR2524993A1 (en) | 1983-10-14 |
IT1194563B (en) | 1988-09-22 |
GB2117938B (en) | 1986-02-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0351451A2 (en) | Control circuitry for a pulsating current | |
DE1264142B (en) | Diesel engine with an actuator for adjusting the amount of fuel and an adjustment regulator | |
DE3708210C2 (en) | ||
DE2122472C3 (en) | Wide-angle display device for displaying signal voltages | |
DE3239653C2 (en) | Device for operating an electrical load | |
DE2745294A1 (en) | THRESHOLD CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM | |
DE3854006T2 (en) | Periodic signal generator, especially for switching power supplies. | |
EP0725996B1 (en) | Control circuit | |
DE69200655T2 (en) | Circuit for regulating the charging voltage of a battery fed by means of a generator. | |
DE1589840A1 (en) | Driver circuit for magnetic deflection systems | |
DE2543441C2 (en) | ||
DE2622836C3 (en) | Computer for determining the optimal fuel-oxygen mixture for internal combustion engines | |
DE3212942A1 (en) | POWER DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR | |
DE1763349A1 (en) | Voltage regulator | |
DE1763350A1 (en) | Voltage regulator | |
DE2422536B2 (en) | Circuit arrangement for current regulation for a DC power controller | |
EP0682305B1 (en) | Circuit device for generating a reference current | |
DE2211335A1 (en) | ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM FOR A COMBUSTION ENGINE | |
DE2822507A1 (en) | IGNITION SYSTEM FOR COMBUSTION ENGINE | |
DE2100929A1 (en) | Control circuit for supplying an inductive consumer | |
DE2938569C3 (en) | Horizontal deflection circuit | |
DE3131965C2 (en) | A signal buffer circuit in an integrated circuit for providing an output signal to a terminal thereof | |
DE3632076A1 (en) | CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR THE AUTOMATIC SETTING OF THE QUIET CURRENT IN A COUNTER-STAGE AMP | |
DE2124654A1 (en) | Circuit arrangement for controlling the mixer gain of an active push-pull modulator | |
DE2608266C3 (en) | Circuit arrangement for deriving a continuously variable direct voltage from the constant direct voltage of a direct voltage source |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
8125 | Change of the main classification |
Ipc: H02M 3/10 |
|
8120 | Willingness to grant licences paragraph 23 | ||
D2 | Grant after examination | ||
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |