DE19948885A1 - Fire protection system for tunnels has inner spaced protective wall with protectors of high temperature resistant material with good heat conductivity for faster dissipation of heat - Google Patents

Abstract

The tunnel wall is lined at a distance with a protective wall which has protectors (16) made of a material resistant to high temperatures and with good heat conductivity, such as ceramic. The protectors can have a support body of metal provided at least on one side with a high temperature resistant material whose melting point is higher than that of the metal. The protectors are joined along their edges by heat-conducting material such as lead which fills out the seams.

Description

The invention relates to a fire protection device for accessible and / or passable cavities, in particular tunnels, with a protective wall ( 6 ) which is arranged at a distance from the wall ( 4 ) of the cavity ( 5 ).

The accessible and / or passable cavities can be in provided above ground or in underground structures be in which there is a potential fire risk and the must be protected against the effects of fire. To simplify such a, a walkable and / or passable Cavity-forming structure below as an example Referred to as tunnels without this To limit patent application to underground tunnels, because the fire protection device according to the invention can also in underpasses, high or underground garages, factories or other structures that can be walked on or driven over by humans be applied.

Usually have such structures, such as Traffic tunnels, especially road tunnels Concrete wall. However, concrete is a poor heat conductor, so that when fires occur, the on the Concrete wall of the tunnel due to heat  poor thermal conductivity of concrete at high temperatures leads in the area of fire. This leads to a Deformation of the reinforcement in the concrete with the result that the Concrete flakes off and that large and heavy concrete parts in the Can fall inside the tunnel and people there injure or damage vehicles and escape routes and block escape routes. It is even conceivable that in In extreme cases the tunnel skin supporting the mountain fails, so that at high mountain pressure the tunnel can collapse and making it impassable.

In fires of vehicles, especially transport vehicles, high energies can be released in tunnels, for example 5 MW for a passenger car, between 20 MW and 30 MW for a truck, and 100 MW or more for a dangerous goods transport. When a passenger car fires, temperatures of approx. 850 ° C occur over a period of 30 to 35 minutes, in the case of a truck over the same duration 1000 ° C and up to 1200 ° C when a dangerous goods transport is burned.

A problem with severe fires in tunnels is therefore that this amount of heat over the period described conventional tunnel inner surfaces (usually concrete or Ceramic surfaces) acts on the reinforced concrete and thus causing damage described above.

Another problem is that of a fire Smoke in the tunnel. Many road tunnels are included Smoke extraction systems provided, the air from the Tunnel is usually suctioned off near the ground because collect the vehicle exhaust fumes there. In the event of a fire, however The combustion gases collect in the upper area of the tunnel and are arranged by those on the tunnel floor Suction devices sucked down again, where they are in the  Area of breathing air for people fleeing the fire reach.

DE 296 01 777 U1 describes fire protection insulation in Known tunnels and structures, in which a ventilated Perforated sheet metal shell in the upper area of the tunnel or on the Tunnel ceiling is attached. The perforated sheet shell is complete coated with insulating layer formers. When a The intumescent layer foams up and forms fire this way, with the perforated sheet metal shell coated as Carrier scaffolding, a heat-insulating protective wall. A such a heat-insulating protective wall on a foam However, perforated sheet is only partially resistant to high Temperatures. In the event of a fire in a motor vehicle Partially very high temperatures occur, especially if these vehicles are loaded with a flammable dangerous goods there is a burning of the insulation layer, so that the one behind the one that only consists of the perforated plate Fire protection wall located concrete wall due to the fire is exposed to high temperatures and damage can take. Furthermore, when burning the Insulating layer of gaseous combustion residues that still Also burden the remaining breathing air in the tunnel.

The object of the present invention is a Specify generic fire protection device that the Risk of damaging the wall of the cavity or the tunnel due to the effects of temperature in the case of high-energy fires in the cavity or in the Tunnel minimized and at the same time the available standing escape time for in the cavity or in the tunnel located people maximized.

This invention is achieved according to claim 1 by a Fire protection device for walk-in and / or drive-over  Cavities, especially for tunnels, with a protective wall, which is spaced from the wall of the cavity the protective wall is a high temperature resistant material having protectors of high thermal conductivity having.

This construction and arrangement of the protective wall leads that a large part of those caused by the fire Heat radiation reflected from the high temperature resistant material is, so that the protectors are heated by the Thermal radiation is reduced. Furthermore, they lead well heat-conducting protectors that are punctual due to the fire occurring heat from the side, so that the selective on the Fire protection device acting on a larger heat Area of the fire protection device is distributed. Though the one behind the fire protection device heats up Wall of the cavity or tunnel also, yet occur due to heat dissipation within the Fire protection device no high temperature peaks in the Wall of the cavity on.

The high-temperature-resistant material is preferably a ceramic material, which is preferably fiber-reinforced, the protectors being formed from this material. This creates protectors that can be manufactured in one piece and have high thermal conductivity and high temperature resistance as well as high surface hardness. The ceramic material can have, for example, silicon caride (SiC), boron nitride (BN), boron carbide (B ₄ C) or tungsten caride (WC). The fiber reinforcement can have carbon fibers, glass fibers or fibers made from polymeric halogenated hydrocarbons.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the protectors one Have support body made of metal and at least on one side  are provided with a high temperature resistant material, the Melting point of the high temperature resistant material is higher than that of the metal of the metal carrier body of the associated Protectors and where the protectors at least on that of surface facing away from the wall of the cavity with the high temperature resistant material are provided. This Fire protection device is simple and also inexpensive to manufacture and easily in already existing tunnels built-in.

The high-temperature resistant material is preferably enamel. This enamel surface causes the enamel coating load-bearing metal, for example steel, at high Fire temperatures are not scaled. Steel enamel is through that Enameling is a composite material with high resistance to glowing means that the enamelled steel sheet even at extremely high Temperatures above the annealing temperature or the Melting temperature of the steel sheet, does not glow or melts. Steel sheets with a Thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm is used, with the enamel thickness preferably does not exceed 500 µm. The metal one Carrier material can completely with a Basic enamelling should be provided, on which then the aforementioned high temperature resistant layer of enamel additionally applied is. Another advantage of using Enamel-clad metal plates is easy to clean the protective wall, which at the same time the inner wall of the Tunnels or the cavity forms. It is advantageous in addition, that the email surface is not charged statically.

The high temperature resistant material can also advantageously Be ceramic.

It is also advantageous if the protectors have plate-like shape. Such  plate-shaped structure of the protective wall enables the simple construction and at the same time fast and inexpensive retrofit option for existing tunnels or cavities. Such a retrofit plate-shaped protectors can even be found in a tunnel be carried out if the traffic in it continues half-sided flows.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention are the plate-shaped forming the protective wall Protectors on their adjacent edges by means of the Joints between the protectors filling thermally conductive Jointing material thermally connected. This thermally conductive lining of the joints improves the Heat dissipation within the protective wall and thus ensures for a further improved heat distribution an area of the protective wall acting on one larger area of the protective wall. The thermally conductive Joint material is preferably lead, but it can also Be rock wool. Is the joint material lead or another at temperatures lower than those mentioned at the beginning Fire temperature melting, good heat conductive material, this is how this joint material seals the joints in the normal state between the individual protectors, ensures up to one certain temperature for good heat dissipation, melts then, however, to release the joints so that the Flue gases can be extracted through these joints.

It is particularly advantageous if such melting seals alternating with non-melting, good heat-conducting seals inside a joint are provided so that even after melting of the meltable joint material over the non-melting ones Sections of the joint seal ensure good heat conduction neighboring protectors remains possible.  

It can also be advantageous if the melting ones Seals only in the area of the upper protectors, i.e. in the Area of the tunnel ridge are provided, since there the Flue gases are to be extracted, while in the rest of the area Protective wall non-melting seals are provided, to achieve maximum heat dissipation there.

In a further preferred embodiment, the Protective wall on the wall of the cavity facing Side ventilated, with the space between the Protective wall and the wall of the cavity a ventilation duct is formed or a space for ventilation ducts is provided. Such a ventilation duct can be in normal operating condition of the cavity or tunnel for the supply of Serve fresh air in the cavity or tunnel, while in the event of fire, the fire gases through the ventilation duct be sucked off. Furthermore, the ventilation duct in the normal operating state also as a cooling air duct for cooling serve the protective wall, especially at very deep in Traffic tunnels located at mountain temperatures from can prevail up to 55 ° C.

In addition, the back of the protective wall, that is the side facing the wall of the cavity, with a Thermal insulation should be provided during normal operation of the tunnel the mountain range surrounding the tunnel Temperature from the protective wall and thus the Cooling load of the bulkhead cooling reduced, and the in In the event of fire, additional thermal insulation for the behind the Protective wall located wall of the tunnel and this before high local temperature peaks.

Are in another preferred embodiment at least some of the protectors of the protective wall from the  the protective wall forming composite to form an opening at least partially removable in the protective wall. This Design of the protective wall enables that at a Heating the protectors to a predefinable level Tripping temperature, for example to 400 ° C, a local Opening in the protective wall is created, which is a suction of the Fire gases through one connected to the opening Ventilation duct allowed. Preferably the joints remain closed between the protectors.

It is particularly advantageous if the removal of the Protectors by thermally releasable locks underneath Gravity and / or spring force takes place. This can For example, a protector can be designed as a flap on one edge hinge-like on the neighboring protector is articulated and on at least one other edge by means of a melting or otherwise (e.g. using a bimetal) an approval effecting bracket is secured. At this Design of the fire protection device ensures that only in the area of the fire an opening in the protective wall for the extraction of the fire gases is formed. All others provided in the fire protection device too opening protectors or ventilation flaps remain closed so that no fumes in others Tunnel sections are sucked. The melting or locking of the Flap also ensures a safe and reliable Operation as no electrical or electronic Controls must be provided in the event of a fire could possibly fail.

In a further preferred embodiment, Space behind at least one removable protector a storage container for extinguishing agent is provided  under the influence of heat automatically to release the Extinguishing agent by the protector formed by the detached Opening into the cavity opens. Such an automatic Extinguishing device allows automatic spreading of Extinguishing media, such as fire extinguishing powder, immediately the source of the fire. For this purpose the extinguishing agent is, for example, in a plastic tube, which is behind the detachable metal projector is attached. After this Removing the protector from the bulkhead melts the plastic hose under the influence of heat and that Fire extinguishing powder falls onto the source of the fire. The Extinguishing agent storage containers can also be used with a Pressure source may be connected in the event of fire is triggered thermally and the extinguishing agent is under pressure spreads on the source of the fire.

Are, as in a further preferred embodiment, in the Layer of enamel reflective and / or self-luminous integrated or afterglow components, so can this way a weatherproof and fireproof Escape and rescue routes are signposted.

The invention is described below using an example Reference to the drawing explained in more detail. In this shows:

Figure 1a is a vertical section through a tunnel profile of a tunnel, which is equipped with the inventive fire protection device.

FIG. 1b shows a vertical section through an alternative tunnel profile of a tunnel, which is equipped with the inventive fire protection device;

Figure 2 is a view of a protective wall of a fire protection device according to the invention in the direction of arrow II in Fig. 1a.

Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a protective wall along the line III-III in Fig. 2;

FIG. 4 shows a sectional view analogous to FIG. 3 with an alternative design of the protective wall;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of a protector according to detail V in FIG. 3;

Fig. 6 is a sectional view of a section of a tunnel with a fire protection device according to the invention and

Fig. 7 shows a longitudinal section through a road tunnel with a fire protection device according to the invention according to the view VII-VII in Fig. 1a.

In Fig. 1a is a vertical section through a tunnel profile of a vehicle equipped with an inventive fire protection device 1 tunnel 2. The tunnel 2 is designed as a road tunnel with a roadway 3 and with a tunnel wall 4 . A cavity 5 is formed within the tunnel 2 , which determines the tunnel interior that can be driven by vehicles 30 .

The fire protection device 1 comprises a protective wall 6 spaced from the inside of the tunnel wall 4 . Between the tunnel wall 4 and the protective wall 6 , an intermediate space 7 is formed, which is essentially hermetically separated from the cavity or tunnel interior 5 by the protective wall 6 .

The protective wall 6 is shown, anchored by means of in Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b only schematically heat-resistant holders 8 on the tunnel wall 4. The brackets 8 are resistant to high temperatures and designed as thermal insulators, so that no heat is conducted through the brackets from the protective wall 6 into the tunnel wall 4 .

Fig. 1b shows an alternative tunnel profile, in which the protective wall 6 is formed substantially horizontally in the upper area, whereby a space 7 'is created for ventilation ducts and other installations in the upper tunnel area. In addition, this figure shows how an insulating material layer 9 can be attached to the rear of the protective wall 6 .

The structure of the protective wall 6 is described below with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2, which shows a view of the protective wall 6 in the direction of the arrow II in FIG. 1a, shows a detail of the protective wall 6 , which is formed from a multiplicity of plate-like protectors 10 . These protectors 10 are tiled to form the protective wall 6 , the contour of the individual protectors 10 being such that they adapt to the curvature of the tunnel wall 4 , as can be seen in FIG. 1a. The individual protectors 10 are secured to the tunnel wall 4 by means of loosely attached safety ropes 11 , so that the protectors 10 cannot fall onto the roadway 3 if the protective wall 6 is released .

Longitudinal joints 12 and transverse joints 14 are formed between the individual protectors 10 and are sealed with a heat-conducting joint material 13 , as can be seen in FIG. 3. The joint material 13 is either lead or another sealing and good heat-conducting material, such as rock wool. If lead is used as the joint material, this can be advantageous because in the event of a fire, the lead melts out of the joints and thus releases the joints in the fire area as ventilation openings, through the smoke from the tunnel interior 5 into the space 7 between the protective wall 6 and the tunnel wall can be sucked 4, when the gap 7 is added after the occurrence of a fire by reversal of this gap 7 be fed in normal operation with fresh air blower under reduced pressure.

The protectors 10 are enamelled on all sides and additionally provided on their surface facing away from the tunnel wall 4 , that is to say on the surface facing the tunnel interior 5 , with a layer 10 C made of a high temperature-resistant material 10 B, for example enamel, as further below is explained in connection with FIG. 5.

Fig. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the structure of the protective wall 6 ', in which the edges of the individual plate-like protectors 10' does not abut each other bluntly, but one another slightly overlap. In this case, the joint material 13 ′ is arranged between the front side of the upper protector facing the tunnel interior 5 and the rear side of the underlying protector facing the tunnel wall 4 in the overlap region. As a result of this scale-like overlap of the individual superimposed protectors, water dripping or flowing down the side of the protective wall 6 'is drained off, so that it cannot enter the tunnel interior 5 through leaks in the longitudinal joint area. A similar overlap can also be provided in the region of the transverse joints 14 ( not shown in FIG. 4), which prevents mountain water from entering the tunnel interior 5 through the transverse joints 14 .

Fig. 5 shows a longitudinal section through a protector 10 according to the detail V in Fig. 3. The protector 10 comprises a supporting body 10 A of a viable and highly thermally conductive metal, for example made of sheet steel, the thickness d _{A is} from about 1.5 to 2 mm is. On its side facing the tunnel interior or cavity 5 , the carrier body 10 A is provided with a high-temperature resistant material 10 B forming a refractory layer. This high temperature resistant material 10 B is preferably enamel. The thickness d _{C of} this refractory layer 10 C made of, for example, enamel is up to 500 μm.

Fig. 6 shows an optional equipment of the fire protection device according to the invention, namely an automatically opening to fire vent flap 16 and an overlying reservoir 18 for fire-extinguishing means 20.

In the upper tunnel region 2 '(Fig. 1a, Fig. 1b) is moved under the roof of the tunnel there forming tunnel wall 4 in the space 7, a tube-like reservoir 18 containing the fire extinguishing means 20. This storage container 18 has, at least in its lower region 18 ', a wall made of material which melts under the action of heat, for example of a plastic which melts at normal fire temperatures, so that the hose-like storage container 18 opens at the fire site in its lower region 18 ' and the fire extinguishing agent 20 can fall down.

Below the storage container 18 , a flap-like protector 16 is provided in the protective wall 6 , which is similar in structure to the firmly anchored protectors 10 , in particular also has the refractory layer made of high-temperature-resistant material 10 B on its surface facing the tunnel interior or cavity 5 . This protector 16 is also secured to the tunnel wall 4 by means of a loosely attached safety rope 17 , whereby although the protector 26 is allowed to fold down, it is avoided that it falls onto the roadway 3 .

The flap-like protector 16 is articulated on its one longitudinal edge with a hinge 22 to an adjacent protector 10 so that it can pivot downward, as shown by the broken line and arrow C in FIG. 6.

In the normal operating state, the flap-like protector 16 is held in the solid closed position shown in FIG. 6 by means of a lock 24 on another neighboring protector 10 . However, the joints surrounding the flap-like protector 16 are not sealed with lead, but only contain a joint material that does not mechanically connect to the adjacent protectors 10 or the flap-like protector 16 . For example, the joints are clogged with rock wool 26 , so that the flap-like protector 16 can be opened.

The lock 24 can open under the influence of heat (for example at a temperature of 300 ° C. to 400 ° C.), for example by providing a bimetallic lock or by providing a section of melting plastic. This makes it possible for the flap-like protector 16 to pivot automatically downward due to its own weight in the event of a fire resulting from a fire, and thus to release a ventilation opening 28 in the ridge area of the protective wall 6 at the location of the fire. In this way, on the one hand, the smoke gases arising during the fire can be sucked out of the tunnel interior 5 into the intermediate space 7 and out of the latter out of the tunnel, and on the other hand, the heat rising from the source of the fire or the heat radiation emitted upwards can be directed directly to the lower region 18 'of the act with storage container 18 filled with fire extinguishing agent 20 so that this lower area 18 'can melt and the fire extinguishing agent can fall down onto the source of the fire.

Underneath the storage container 18 for the fire extinguishing agent 20 , however, a similarly constructed foldable protector 16 'can also be provided, which only exposes an extinguishing opening 29 which is sealed off from the intermediate space 7 in such a way that the fire extinguishing agent 20 can freely fall down through this extinguishing opening 29 without to be hindered by fire gases or flue gases flowing in opposite directions.

The mode of operation of the fire protection device according to the invention in the event of a vehicle fire in a tunnel is described below in conjunction with FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 shows a longitudinal section through a road tunnel along the line VII-VII in FIG. 1a, only one tunnel section being shown. In the tunnel 2 , a motor vehicle 30 has caught fire and the vehicle occupants 32 , 34 have escaped from the location of the fire. Due to the temperature arising during the vehicle fire, ventilation flaps located above the location of the fire and formed by flap-like protectors 16 , 16 'have opened and the combustion gases and the smoke arising during the fire are sucked through the ventilation openings 28 formed in this way into the intermediate space 7 and through it to the outside.

Furthermore, the tubular storage hose or storage container 18 for the fire extinguishing agent 20 , which is arranged in the intermediate space 7 above the flap-like protector 16 , has opened due to the heat generated during the fire, and the fire extinguishing agent 20 falls down through the ventilation and extinguishing opening 29 onto the burning vehicle 30 . Due to the effect of the fire temperature, some of the longitudinal and transverse joints 12 ', 14 ' in the upper area of the protective wall above the source of the fire have opened by melting out the joint material, so that these open joints 12 ', 14 ' also cause fire gases and smoke into the space 7 be sucked off. In the area far from the fire, the flap-like protectors 16 "and the joints remain tightly closed.

The invention is not based on the above embodiment limited, which is only the general explanation of the Core idea of the invention serves. As part of the Rather, the scope of the device according to the invention can also other than the embodiments described above accept. The device can, in particular, have features have a combination of the respective Represent individual features of the claims.

Reference signs in the claims, the description and the Drawings are only for a better understanding of the Invention and are not intended to limit the scope.  

Reference list

1

Fire protection device

2nd

tunnel

2nd

'' Upper tunnel area

3rd

roadway

4th

Tunnel wall

5

cavity

6

Protective wall

6

'' Protective wall

7

Space

7

'' Room for ventilation ducts

8th

Mounts

9

Insulation material layer

10th

Protectors

10th

'' Protectors

10th

A carrier body

10th

B High temperature resistant material

10th

C layer of high temperature resistant material

11

Safety rope

12th

Longitudinal joints

12th

'' Longitudinal joints

13

Grout

14

Transverse joints

14

'' Transverse joints

16

Flap-like protector

16

'Flap-like protector

16

"Flap-like protector

17th

Safety rope

18th

Storage container

18th

' Lower area

20th

Extinguishing agents

22

hinge

24th

bracket

26

Rock wool

28

Vent

29

Extinguishing opening

30th

Motor vehicle

32

Vehicle occupants

34

Vehicle occupants
d _A

Thickness of

10th

A
d _C

Thickness of

10th

C.

Claims (14)

1. Fire protection device ( 1 ) for walk-in and / or drive-through cavities ( 5 ), in particular for tunnels, with a protective wall ( 6 ) which is spaced from the wall ( 4 ) of the cavity ( 5 ), characterized in that the protective wall ( 6 ) has protectors ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') having a high temperature-resistant material and having high thermal conductivity. 2. Fire protection device according to claim 1, characterized, that the high temperature resistant material is a ceramic material is, which is preferably fiber-reinforced, and that the Protectors are made from this material. 3. Fire protection device according to claim 1, characterized in that the protectors ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') have a carrier body ( 10 A) made of metal and are provided at least on one side with a high temperature-resistant material ( 10 B), the melting point of the high-temperature resistant material ( 10 B) is higher than that of the metal of the metal support body ( 10 A) of the associated protector ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') and the protectors ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') at least on the wall ( 4 ) of the Cavity ( 5 ) facing away from the high temperature resistant material ( 10 B) are provided. 4. Fire protection device according to claim 3, characterized in that the high temperature resistant material ( 10 B) is enamel. 5. Fire protection device according to claim 3, characterized in that the high temperature resistant material ( 10 B) is a ceramic material. 6. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the protectors ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') have a plate-like shape. 7. Fire protection device according to claim 6, characterized in that the protective wall ( 6 ) forming plate-shaped protectors ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') at their mutually adjacent edges by means of the joints ( 12 , 14 ) between the protectors ( 10 , 16 ) filling thermally conductive joint material ( 13 , 26 ) are thermally interconnected. 8. Fire protection device according to claim 7, characterized in that the joint material ( 13 ) is lead. 9. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the protective wall ( 6 ) on its the wall ( 4 ) of the cavity ( 5 ) facing side is ventilated, wherein in the space ( 7 ) between the protective wall ( 6 ) and the wall ( 4 ) of the cavity ( 5 ) a ventilation duct is formed or a space is provided for ventilation ducts. 10. Fire protection device according to claim 9, characterized in that at least some ( 16 , 16 ') of the protectors ( 10 , 16 , 16 ') of the protective wall ( 6 ) from the protective wall ( 6 ) forming composite to form an opening ( 28 , 29 ) in the protective wall ( 6 ) can be at least partially removed. 11. Fire protection device according to claim 10, characterized in that the detachment of the protectors ( 16 , 16 ') by thermally releasable locks ( 24 ) takes place under gravity and / or under spring force. 12. Fire protection device according to one of claims 10 or 11, characterized in that in the intermediate space ( 7 ) behind at least one detachable protector ( 16 ') a storage container ( 18 ) for fire extinguishing agent ( 20 ) is provided, which is automatically released under the influence of heat Fire extinguishing agent ( 20 ) opens through the opening ( 29 ) formed by the protector ( 16 ') into the cavity ( 5 ). 13. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the intermediate space ( 7 ), preferably on the protective wall ( 6 ) on its side facing away from the cavity ( 5 ), an insulating material layer ( 9 ) is provided. 14. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the layer ( 10 C) of enamel reflecting and / or self-illuminating or afterglowing components are integrated.