DE102020125628A1 - Processes and devices for integrating functional fibers into a workpiece during selective laser sintering (SLS) - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for embedding functional fibers in a workpiece during selective laser sintering (SLS). Two variants of the method are proposed. In a first variant of the method, parts of the powder layer (pw) are sintered with a laser beam, for example, before the insertion process. A heating element (hk) then melts the workpiece parts that have already melted again. The functional fiber (ff) is fed through a channel (kn) in the heating element (hk) by means of a feed device to the melt or the melt-like mass and is inserted into the melt or melt-like mass at the insertion point. As a result of the movement of the heating element (hk), the fully or partially melted area moves away from the heating element and is heated less, which means that it cools down and solidifies with the functional fiber that has already been inserted. This variant can also be used to insert fibers into objects that have been produced, for example, by injection molding or extruder-based 3D printing. In the second variant, the heating element (hk) melts areas of the powder that have not yet been melted. The laser sintering process only takes place afterwards. In both processes, the next layer of powder is then typically applied.

Description

Field of invention

The invention is directed to a method for producing a three-dimensional body, in particular comprising an area with a composite material, in particular for additive manufacturing. The method can be used before and after sintering and for simultaneous sintering. In the broadest sense, this sintering can extend to complete local melting.

General introduction and motivation

The object of the invention is to embed functional fibers, hereinafter also functional fibers ( ff ) called, into the workpiece ( wst ), typically a powder layer that has yet to be melted or an already melted and solidified powder layer ( pv ) during selective laser sintering.

In the “Relevant Fonts” section, some fonts on additive manufacturing and the additive manufacturing of composite materials are listed. Neither solves the problem of inserting the carbon fibers into the workpiece for selective laser sintering (SLS).

From the US 2016/0 067 928 A1 a device for inserting composite fibers during 3D printing is known. The technical teaching of US 2016/067928 A1 relates to FDM printing in which a filament is melted by means of an extruder and its then melted material is placed at predetermined positions on a workpiece surface. In the technical teaching of US 2016/067928 A1, the composite fiber is introduced into the material to be deposited in various ways before it is deposited. This has several disadvantages. First, only one fiber can be inserted into the detached material coil made of filament material. The density of the composite fibers is therefore approximately limited to the fiber cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the extruder nozzle. Use in SLS systems is excluded, as this process does not allow the fibers to be fixed on the workpiece.

However, this is necessary so that in SLS systems the fibers are not torn out during the subsequent powder application of the subsequent powder layer.

The technical teaching of US 2016/0 067 928 A1 therefore does not solve the problem.

task

The proposal is therefore based on the task of creating a solution that solves the above tasks.

This object is achieved by devices and methods according to the claims.

Solution of the task

The invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional body, in particular a method for additive manufacturing, and the associated device. The goal is to create a composite material as part of the additive manufacturing process.

The basic idea of the invention, in contrast to the methods from the prior art, is to completely separate the deposition of the functional fiber from the deposition and sintering of the powder material. In a variant of the process, the process is a so-called selective thermal transfer sintering process (TTS) (English: Selective Heat Sintering Process (SHS)), in which the device selectively wholly or partially locally a not yet sintered powder melts and the functional fiber is inserted into the powder melt. The insertion tool (hereinafter referred to as the radiator ( hk ) is called) is moved over the powder surface at a predetermined speed. It heats the powder surface until the powder completely or partially melts. The process continues with the insertion of the functional fiber. After the functional fibers have been inserted into the fully or partially melted melt and the insertion tool has moved on, they no longer solidify sufficiently from the insertion tool, the radiator ( hk ), heated and melted powder surface areas again and fix the already inserted functional fiber sections of the functional fiber ( ff ).

The process is applied in layers of powder. In principle, a first process sequence and a second process sequence can take place when the basic process steps interact when the method is used in selective laser sintering.

1. 1. nächste Pulverschicht (pw) auftragen,
2. 2. Ausführen eines selektiven Laser-Sinterschritts oder eines anderen funktionsäquivalenten Sinterschritts,
3. 3. Ausführen des lokalen Einlegens der Funktionsfasern (ff) für diese Pulverschicht (pw)

als auch die zweite Prozessfolge

1. 1. nächste Pulverschicht (pw) auftragen,
2. 2. Ausführen des lokalen Einlegens der Funktionsfasern (ff) für diese Pulverschicht (pw) als Thermo-Transfer-Sinter-Schritt (Englisch: Selective-Heat-Sintering-Step) für diese Pulverschicht,
3. 3. Ausführen eines selektiven Laser-Sinterschritts oder eines anderen funktionsäquivalenten Sinterschritts

ausgeführt werden.It can thus both the first process step sequence

1. 1st next powder layer ( pw ) Instruct,
2. 2. Carrying out a selective laser sintering step or another functionally equivalent sintering step,
3. 3. Executing the local insertion of the functional fibers ( ff ) for this powder layer ( pw )

as well as the second process sequence

1. 1st next powder layer ( pw ) Instruct,
2. 2. Executing the local insertion of the functional fibers ( ff ) for this powder layer ( pw ) as a thermal transfer sintering step (English: Selective-Heat-Sintering-Step) for this powder layer,
3. 3. Carrying out a selective laser sintering step or another functionally equivalent sintering step

are executed.

Since the functional fibers are inserted by melting the powder or the workpiece surface, the process can also be used in the event that the powder that has not yet melted is melted ( pw ) can be seen and operated as a modification of thermal transfer sintering (TTS) (English: Selective Heat Sintering (SHS)). With regard to the order of the terminology, reference is made to the standard, VDI 3405, Additive Manufacturing Processes: Basics, Terms, Process Descriptions, Berlin (2014).

1. 1. nächste Pulverschicht (pw) auftragen;
2. 2. Ausführen des lokalen Einlegens der Funktionsfasern (ff) für diese Pulverschicht (pw) als Thermo-Transfer-Sinter-Schritt (Selective-Heat-Sintering-Step) für diese Pulverschicht (pw);

The core of the process then comprises the two main steps

1. 1st next powder layer ( pw ) Instruct;
2. 2. Executing the local insertion of the functional fibers ( ff ) for this powder layer ( pw ) as a thermal transfer sintering step (selective heat sintering step) for this powder layer ( pw );

The process is preferred in a temperature-controlled and possibly atmosphere-controlled process chamber ( pk ) carried out. The experimental validation of the concept according to the invention has shown that in simple cases a pre-temperature control of the powder bed with the powder ( pw ) through a heat spreader ( wv ) is sufficient.

The method can also be used after the additive manufacturing has already taken place on the surface of the workpieces with the help of a robot. This has the advantage that functional fibers can then also be inserted whose position is not coplanar with the position of the former powder layers ( pw ) is within the manufactured workpiece.

A process for manufacturing such a workpiece then roughly has the following

1. 1. Herstellen des Werkstücks (wst) mittels eines additiven Fertigungsverfahrens, wobei es sich dabei auch um ein Verfahren, wie zuvor beschrieben, handeln kann, bei dem bereits Funktionsfasern längs der Ebenen der additiven Fertigungsschichten eingelegt worden sein können.
2. 2. Lokales Aufschmelzen der Oberfläche des Werkstücks und Einlegen einer oder mehrerer Funktionsfasern in den so aufgeschmolzenen Bereich, wobei der Richtungsvektor zumindest einer Funktionsfaser in zumindest einem Funktionsfaserteilabschnitt von den Ebenen der additiven Fertigungsschichten, mit denen das Werkstück hergestellt wurde, abweicht.
3. 3. Anschließendes Erstarren des aufgeschmolzenen Bereiches der Werkstückoberfläche.

Process step sequence:

1. 1. Manufacture of the workpiece ( wst ) by means of an additive manufacturing process, which can also be a process, as described above, in which functional fibers can already have been inserted along the planes of the additive manufacturing layers.
2. 2. Local melting of the surface of the workpiece and insertion of one or more functional fibers into the melted area, the directional vector of at least one functional fiber in at least one functional fiber section deviating from the planes of the additive manufacturing layers with which the workpiece was manufactured.
3. 3. Subsequent solidification of the melted area of the workpiece surface.

This process can then be supplemented by the application of further workpiece layers, e.g. with the help of an extruder, which is preferably attached to a multi-axis robot arm so that it can be oriented and positioned by 6 degrees of freedom, so that after printing a core skeleton, for example, Method and after the introduction of the functional fibers, then the structure can be supplemented by additional layers of selectively deposited material.

If the functional fiber to be introduced has a certain rigidity, it can itself be used to melt the material of the workpiece or the powder layer. This can be done, for example, by inserting the functional fiber into an optical waveguide for heating the powder material ( pw ) is the laser beam used, which melts the powder material or the workpiece material at the end of the functional fiber within the powder material when it is inserted. This can also be done, for example, by using the functional fiber as a heat conductor for the heating of the powder material ( pw ) necessary heat from a heating device ( hz2 ) is used, which melts the powder material or the workpiece material along the functional fiber within the powder material during insertion. Other mechanisms, such as the introduction of energy by ultrasound or spark generation, are conceivable. The invention presented here claims these methods and devices as functionally equivalent methods and devices.

1. 1. Zeitweiliges Öffnen der Oberfläche des Werkstücks und Schaffung einer Werkstücköffnung,
2. 2. Einlegen der Funktionsfaser in die geschaffene Werkstücköffnung,
3. 3. Schließen der Werkstücköffnung nach dem Einlegen der Funktionsfaser (ff).

The core of the process idea thus comprises the steps

1. 1. Temporary opening of the surface of the workpiece and creation of a workpiece opening,
2. 2. Insertion of the functional fiber into the workpiece opening created,
3. 3.Close the workpiece opening after inserting the functional fiber ( ff ).

Here, opening means creating a temporary workpiece opening in the surface of the workpiece. A workpiece opening can be filled, for example, with melted, first material of the workpiece. The first material is the substance from which the powder of the layer ( pw ) exists, even understood. So when material from the first material is mentioned in the following, it is meant that a material, for example a granulate, precisely the first-mentioned material with a shape identification - for example, granulate - is made from precisely this first material as a substance without further shape characterization consists. In the sense of this document, a workpiece opening occurs when the functional fiber ( ff ) is movable and can be positioned in the area that opens up the workpiece opening within the first material of the workpiece.

In the context of this document, a workpiece is understood to mean both a non-sintered or not yet melted powder layer area and a surface of an already manufactured workpiece or an area of the powder layer that has already been sintered or melted and re-solidified. The surface can also be opened and closed mechanically. In this case, a trench is created in the new surface, for example by a mechanical device, and closed again, for example, by a second mechanical device. The functional fiber ( ff ) is in this case, so to speak, under the new surface ( open ) buried. These mechanical steps can be combined with thermal process steps, for example the selective melting presented here, and / or chemical steps, such as the locally selective synthesis of layers, and / or physical methods, such as, for example, the locally selective dissolving in solvents or precipitation from solutions .

First of all, the basic method for the combination with selective laser sintering (SLS) is described below. The combination with other methods is analogous. In this respect, this description is exemplary. The basic process is a selective heat melting (SHM) process. It can be viewed as a subset of the set of selective thermal transfer sintering processes (TTS) (English Selective Heat Sintering Process (SHS)).

At this point, reference should be made to the book Schmid, M. (2015b), Selective Lasersintern (SLS) with plastics: Technology, processes and materials, Hanser, Munich, in Chapter 3 and in particular in their Figures 3a to 3d the dynamic temperature profile during of laser sintering is represented.

The first step in the basic process is to provide a heat spreader ( wv ) with a planar surface ( of ). The heat spreader is, for example, a steel or aluminum plate that is sufficiently smooth and planar on the workpiece side. The task of the heat spreader ( wv ) is the pre-heating of the workpiece surface, here the powder layer ( pw ), to a temperature below the melting temperature of the first material of the powder layer ( pw ) or the workpiece ( wst ). This has the advantage that only a very small amount of energy has to be applied locally to make the powder of the powder layer ( pv ) to melt. On the side of the heat spreader facing away from the workpiece ( wv ) (also called the construction platform), i.e. on the side of the heat spreader opposite the powder side ( wv ), heating elements are preferred, in the following the first heating device ( hz1 ) called, attached in the form of meander-shaped heating conductors, which are supplied with electrical energy by a controller in such a way that a first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) is set. The heat spreader ( wv ) is preferred with a temperature sensor ( ts ) Mistake. However, the voltage drop across the heating conductor at a constant heating current can also be recorded, which is due to the typically resulting temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of the heating conductor of the first heating device ( hz1 ) a conclusion about the temperature of the heatsealing band and thus indirectly about that of the heat spreader ( wv ) after suitable calibration. To control the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) of the heat distributor ( wv ) the controller preferably uses one or more of these temperature sensors to record the current temperature (bevorzugt _wv ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) and regulates the electrical heating power for the first heating device ( Hz1 ) and thus the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) depending on the recorded temperature (ϑ _wv ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) to. The controller is preferably a PID controller or the like.

Alternatively, the surface temperature of the surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) can be measured, for example, by means of a pyrometer. With the help of infrared heating in the process chamber ( pk ) and a regulation of the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) can then the temperature gradient in the direction of the heat spreader on the surface ( open ) can be set, checked and regulated.

It is preferred to use a squeegee ( rk ) in one step 2 one layer ( pw ) made of a first material on the surface ( of ) with formation of a new surface ( open ) parallel to the previous surface ( of ) applied. For the purposes of this disclosure, the first material can also be a material mixture of different materials, which are then encompassed by this term. The first material is preferably a granulate with a suitable melting temperature or a suitable melting temperature range above the first process temperature ( ₁ ) and below a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ). In the case of a first material mixture as the first material, all partial materials of this first material mixture must have a suitable melting temperature above the first process temperature ( ₁ ) and below the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) in order to ensure process reliability. If the solidification temperature is not the same as the melting temperature, the solidification temperature should be above the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) and below the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) in order to ensure process reliability.

As already described above, the method can now optionally be combined with a method for selective sintering. As described, this can be, for example, selective laser sintering (SLS), selective thermal transfer sintering (TTS), selective seapration sintering (SSS), Selective-Inhibition-Sintering (SIS), Selective-Laser-Melting (SLM), Selective-Heat-Melting (SHM), Direct-Metal-Laser-Sintering (DMLS). For example, when combined with a selective laser sintering method, it makes sense to carry out selective laser sintering first. This is then followed in an optional step 2a, the selective sintering of the powdery material, which consists of the first material of the powder layer ( pw ) consists, by means of a method of selective laser sintering to sintered material, which also consists of the first material. When the material to be melted is mentioned below, the material that has already been melted, for example by selective laser sintering, is preferably locally and selectively melted again. However, the still powdery material can also consist of the first material of the powder layer ( pw ) are locally selectively melted for the first time.

By applying the powder layer ( pw ) a new surface is created ( open ), which can now be edited.

In a third step 3, a radiator is brought up ( hk ) to the new surface ( open ). The radiator ( hk ) preferably by means of a suitable mechanism to a predetermined xy position above the new surface at a first distance ( f ) brought. This can be done, for example, by the radiator ( hk ) in the correct xy position relative to the heat spreader ( wv ) is brought, or that the radiator ( hk ) closer to the surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) is brought up, which leads to a reduction in the first distance ( f ) corresponds. Bringing up the radiator ( hk ) can only be applied to the surface once when processing the new surface ( open ) respectively. In this case it is favorable if the radiator has only a low heat capacity and is relatively small and if the radiator ( hk ) is made of a thermally highly conductive material, for example copper or diamond. If the radiator ( hk ) cooled at the same time, it can be heated and cooled quickly with a high rate of temperature rise and fall, which leads to the creation of locally structured melting areas in the first material of the new surface ( open ) allowed. The second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) of the radiator ( hk ) can then, depending on the xy position relative to the new surface ( open ) can be selected, which also includes the melting width and possibly also the melting depth of the first material of the new surface ( open ) at the place of melting by the radiator ( hk ) can locally modulate xy-coordinate dependent.

In a fourth step 4, the heating of the radiator takes place accordingly ( hk ) to the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby this heating also occurs before or after the heating element is brought up ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) can be done.

The radiator ( hk ) can consist of several partial radiators with different second process temperatures (ϑ _2a, ϑ _2b ). Since the radiator ( hk ) typically over the surface ( open ) of the workpiece or the powder material of the powder bed at a first speed ( v1 ) is moved, this typically results in a temperature profile that is defined by a surface segment of the new surface ( open ) is run through when the radiator ( hk ) at this first speed ( v1 ) moved over it. Tests have shown that this leads to better results. In this context, be on 22nd referenced, which shows the screened photo of a test device with which the method of embedding the fibers was successfully tested.

By bringing up the radiator ( hk ) can now be done in a fifth step 5 a warm-up of the first material of the new surface ( open ) in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a , b ) respectively.

• • durch die Absorption der durch den Heizkörper (hk) emittierten Infrarotstrahlung durch den betreffenden Teil der neuen Oberfläche (ofn), der sich nahe dem Heizkörper (hk) befindet, und/oder
• • durch einen Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur neuen Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder
• • durch einen lokal begrenzten, direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und neuer Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder
• • durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser (ff), vom Heizkörper (hk) zur neuen Oberfläche (ofn) hin und /oder
• • durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Funktionsfaser (ff) als Spezialfall einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung vom Heizkörper (hk) zur neuen Oberfläche (ofn) hin.

The energy transfer from the radiator ( hk ) to the new surface ( open ) can be preferred

• • by the absorption of the radiator ( hk ) infrared radiation emitted by the relevant part of the new surface ( open ), which is close to the radiator ( hk ) is located, and / or
• • by heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) and or
• • through a locally limited, direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and new surface ( open ) and or
• • through heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber ( ff ), from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) there and / or
• • through heat transport using a functional fiber ( ff ) as a special case of a heat conduction device from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ).

If necessary, these methods can be combined, as far as it makes technical and economic sense.

In a central melting area ( b ) this has in a sixth step 6 the complete or partial melting of part of the first material of the powder layer ( pw ) in the warm-up area ( a , b ) result. This converts the warm-up area into a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( a , b ) to melted material as a result of the heating.

In this way, a locally limited melting area ( b ) have been generated. One idea can now be to create many locally limited melting areas ( b ), which then create a quasi point-like mosaic on the new surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) result.

• • durch ein abschließendes Wegführen des Heizkörpers (hk) von der neuen Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder
• • durch eine Absenkung der Temperatur des Heizkörpers (hk) unter die zweite Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₂).

The seventh step 7th therefore preferably includes ending the melting. This can be done, for example

• • by finally removing the radiator ( hk ) from the new interface ( open ) and or
• • by lowering the temperature of the radiator ( hk ) below the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ).

The melting temperatures of all partial materials of the first material of the layer are preferred ( pw ) and the new interface ( open ) fell below. The respective melting area ( b ) becomes a solidification area ( c ).

This comes in an eighth step 8th to solidify the melted material from the first material to solidified material from the first material in the solidification area ( c ), which ultimately becomes a solidification area ( d ) when it is completely frozen.

In a refinement of the method, in the sixth step of melting, as step 6, a translational displacement of the radiator ( hk ) during the melting of part of the first material of the layer ( pw ) performed. As already described above, this translational shift is preferably carried out at a first speed ( v1 ) parallel to new surface ( open ). As a result of this translational shift, at least part of the melted material typically leaves the warm-up area ( a ) and reaches a solidification area ( c ). This leads to step 6, which turns the solidification of this melted material into solidified material from the first material of the layer ( pw ) in this solidification area ( c ), which ultimately leads to the solidification area ( d ) after complete solidification.

In a further refinement of the method, the steps previously carried out are suitably repeated in order to create the following, now new layer of first material of the new powder layer ( pw ) structure. This can then be continued powder layer by powder layer of the first material. The powder layer consists of the first material, which in turn can consist of partial materials. The method for producing a subsequent layer then comprises additional steps, which are preferably carried out after the end of the melting process (step 7th ) be performed. Step 9 is then preferably the use of the new surface ( open ) as a surface ( of ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) for subsequent steps. The step is then carried out again as step 9 2 or step 2a if applicable. As step 9, the step is then carried out again if necessary 3 . The step is then carried out again as step 9 4th . The step is then carried out again as step 9 5 . The step is then carried out again as step 9 6th . As step 9.1, step 6 is then carried out again, if necessary. As step 9.2, step 6 is then carried out again if necessary. Step 9 is then carried out again 7th . The step is then carried out again as step 9 8th . If necessary, steps 9 to 9.8 are then carried out again as step 9.

Another variant of the method comprises step 9.1.1 of feeding in a functional fiber ( ff ) during step 9.1 and step 9.1.2 of inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melted material in the melting area ( b ) during step 9.1. This supply is preferably carried out through a channel ( kn ) in the radiator ( hk ). The feeding of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melting area can also take place in other ways. For example, it is conceivable that the supply via a separate from the radiator ( hk ) guided cannula is carried out in such a way that the functional fiber is inserted into the melt in the melt area at a functionally equivalent insertion point ( b ) he follows. This has the advantage that this separate cannula can be brought to a different temperature than the heating element ( hk ). This increases the freedom in process design and the quality of the process result can be further increased.

Another variant then includes, as step 9.1.3, the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ) parallel to step 9.1.1 at a second speed ( v2 ). So that there is no tension in the functional fiber ( ff ) comes, the second speed is ( v2 ) preferably essentially equal to the first speed ( v1 ) during step 9.1.

Essentially the same means that slight fluctuations in speed due to inadequacies in the mechanical structure and the speed control, the embedding of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the first material of the workpiece or into the new surface ( open ) do not prevent.

The functional fiber is preferred ( ff ) through the radiator ( hk ) brought to a third process temperature (ϑ ₃ ). If necessary, this can be done using a separate partial radiator. The functional fiber ( ff ) can be used during the embedding process as a heat conduction device, which brings about the melting process itself and then in the melted material of the layer ( pw ) sinks. For example, it is conceivable that the functional fiber is the first material of the new surface ( open ) or the workpiece melts with the heat transported through the fiber. In this case the functional fiber ( ff ) perpendicular to the new surface ( open ) are introduced into the first material. As a rule, therefore, only short pieces of functional fibers ( ff ) that can be brought in in this way.

After inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) into the first material of the layer ( pw ) by melting and subsequent solidification, the connection established between the workpiece ( wst ) or the re-solidified area of solidification in the powder ( pw ) on the one hand and the not yet inserted part of the functional fiber ( ff ) in the channel ( kn ) on the other hand still be separated. For this purpose, a step 9.1 of severing the functional fiber is preferably carried out ( ff ) in such a way that a part of the functional fiber ( ff ) remains in the now solidified material after step 9. This severing is preferably carried out by a severing mechanism above the radiator ( hk ). However, a different positioning is expressly possible. The radiator should therefore be as short as possible to avoid the dead space between the separating device and the insertion point of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the first material of the new surface ( open ) to keep short. Tests have shown that there is friction between the channel ( kn ) in the radiator ( hk ), through which the functional fiber is transported to the insertion point, on the one hand and the functional fiber ( ff ) on the other hand occurs. In addition to the separating mechanism, there is preferably a transport mechanism above the radiator ( hk ), which is the functional fiber ( ff ) with said second speed ( v2 ) transported in the direction of the insertion point. If the distance between the access point of this transport mechanism (the functional fiber feed device) and the insertion point is large compared to the portion of the functional fiber already in the solidification area ff ), the force with which the functional fiber ( ff ) is held in the powder bed, after leaving the transport mechanism through the functional fiber end may not be sufficient to overcome this friction. The solidification area ( d ) is then passed through the radiator ( hk ) carried away. Said severing is preferably a mechanical severing, for example by mechanical cutting or mechanical breaking, or ultrasonic or laser cutting. The said separating or cutting device is preferably above the channel ( kn ) arranged. An arrangement below the channel would be even better ( kn ), but this usually fails in terms of space. As a rule, the bottom surface of the radiator radiating infrared ( hk ) as close as possible to the new surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) placed in order to achieve maximum heating output. The separating or cutting device separates the functional fiber ( ff ) so that its end can come to rest at the predetermined position after it has been inserted. When determining the cutting time by a control computer, the fiber length between the insertion point and the cutting point of the cutting and separating device can therefore be taken into account. The one already in the channel ( kn ) part of the functional fiber ( ff ) is then still in the melted material from the first material of the layer ( pw ) inserted. This also includes the end of the functional fiber ( ff ) in this melted material and is after the solidification of the melted Material before being torn out by the squeegee ( rk ) protected when this is the next layer of powder ( pw ) applies.

A step is preferably carried out at the very end, when all layers have been made 10 removing the first material that is not a solidified material. This step 10 preferably takes place after one step 8th and / or after a step 9 and / or after a step 9.1. Since the material is preferably a powdery or granular first material, it typically trickles by itself or with mechanical or fluidic support from the workpiece created if sufficient and suitable trickle channels are provided and present in the workpiece.

The heat spreader is preferred ( wv ) brought to a heat distribution _{temperature (ϑ wv} ), which typically corresponds to the first process temperature (ϑ _1). As a rule, there will be a small temperature difference between the heat distribution temperature (ϑ _wv ) and the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ), which, however, should typically be known and compensated.

As described, the method presented here is preferably used together with selective laser sintering (SLS) methods. In the context of this document, the term selective laser sintering (SLS) also includes selective laser melting (SLM). A method as described above is therefore preferably used at least at times, together with at least one further, deviating method for producing three-dimensional bodies, in particular for additive manufacturing, in order to produce at least parts of the workpiece in the form of the three-dimensional body.

A structured, selective thermal transfer sintering process (Selective Heat-Sintering Process) or selective heat-melting (SHM) with several radiators is also possible. The radiators act like print heads. Such an extended procedure then operates with a plurality of radiators ( hk1 to hkn ), at least at times in parallel or in succession to the first with the help of at least one first radiator ( hk1 ) the majority of radiators ( hk1 to hkn ) a method as described above is carried out and, secondly, with the help of at least one second heating element ( hk2 ) the majority of radiators ( hk1 to hkn ) from the first radiator ( hk1 ) is different, a method as described above is also carried out. The first method can be that the first radiator ( hk1 ), differs from the second method that the second radiator ( hk2 ) executes may be different.

For example, the first radiator ( hk1 ) a first functional fiber ( ff ) with a first functional fiber type, e.g. a glass fiber, while the second radiator ( hk2 ) a second functional fiber with a second functional fiber type, for example a carbon fiber, is inserted. The first procedure that the first radiator ( hk1 ) can be carried out in the same way as the second method that the second radiator ( hk2 ) executes.

At least the first radiator (hl1) and the second radiator ( hk2 ) thermally insulated from each other. All radiators are preferred ( hk1 to hkn ) thermally insulated from each other.

This means that the radiators can be controlled independently. For this purpose, they preferably each have their own controller.

As a functional fiber ( ff Various sub-fixtures and materials can be used. For example, a light guide can be used as a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melted material from the first material of the layer ( pw ), which on the one hand can transmit data and on the other hand can be used as a sensor element or other optical functional element. Functional fibers can also be inserted in order to produce fiber composite materials during additive manufacturing or during the steps between the printing of different printing layers. For example, it can make sense to use a carbon fiber as a functional fiber ( ff ) to use. The use of wires as functional fibers ( ff ) possible. These can for example be made of metal or iron or stainless steel or copper or brass or silver or gold or platinum etc. and alloys.

It is also conceivable that the functional fibers ( ff ) have an in particular micro- or nanoscopic surface structure, such as barbs etc., which improve the anchoring in the material that later solidifies.

Of course, the functional fiber ( ff ) also be a plastic wire or a plastic strand or the like.

A functional fiber ( ff ) a melting or decomposition temperature that is higher than the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) in order to be able to be inserted. Does the functional fiber ( ff ) from different sub-devices, the functional fiber part of the functional fiber ( ff ) with the lowest melting or decomposition temperature has a melting or decomposition temperature that is higher than the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ). Of course, it is also conceivable that parts of the functional fiber are deliberately changed as a result of the temperature treatment prior to insertion. This condition then applies in an analogous manner to the functional fiber parts that are ultimately to be inserted.

Of course, a stranded wire can consist of wires of the same or different materials and wire surface structure. A strand can also be sheathed.

The functional fiber ( ff ) be a shape memory wire, especially a nition wire.

The term wire in the sense of a possible functional fiber ( ff ) is intended in the sense of this document to also include more complicated electrical wire-shaped devices such as coaxial cables.

The functional fiber can also be a natural fiber, for example a silk or cotton fiber, or a mineral fiber, for example an asbestos fiber. These can also be used with the previously described versions of the functional fiber ( ff ) to more complex functional fibers ( ff ) be combined.

The functional fiber ( ff ) act around a preferably linear fluidic device. Such a linear fluidic device in the sense of this document is, for example, a tube and / or a multiple tube with several sub-tubes, which can also include fluidic functional elements such as mixers, heat exchangers, etc. In the context of this document, the term tube also includes hoses that are particularly suitable for the insertion process because of their flexibility.

The functional fiber ( ff ) be a flexible electronic circuit, for example a flexible circuit carrier with very small components (keyword "electronic dust"). For example, it is conceivable that an electrical component, for example a temperature-dependent resistor, which for example has a first connection and a second connection, is placed in a hose. The first connection of the temperature-dependent resistor is then, for example, electrically and mechanically connected to a first piece of wire, for example by welding. The second connection of the temperature-dependent resistor is then electrically and mechanically connected, for example, to a second piece of wire, for example by welding. The use of components other than an electrical resistor, for example the use of transistors, diodes, light-emitting diodes, photodiodes, microswitches, sensors, etc., is of course conceivable. The number of wires used may have to be adjusted. If necessary, litz wires or similar functionally equivalent electrical connections are used instead of the wires. This combination of first piece of wire and second piece of wire and electrical component is then preferably introduced into said hose, which is intended to serve as an exemplary circuit carrier here. The hose with the electrical functional elements inside is then an exemplary functional fiber ( ff ), which can be introduced into the workpiece in the manner described. Thus, in this example, the workpiece can be provided with a temperature sensor in its interior. In particular, such an electronic circuit, which is part of a functional fiber ( ff ) is intended to be embedded in a workpiece, be provided with an antenna for receiving electrical energy and for exchanging data with its environment for its operation. The in the first material of the layer ( pw ) inserted functional fiber ( ff ) can therefore include, for example, an RFID functionality for individual marking of the workpiece. It is conceivable to deposit production data and other data in this RFID system, which is then stored in the subsequent workpiece, and then to read them out when used later. Such data can be, for example, serial numbers, machine parameters, batch numbers of materials, etc. Such an RFID system can also be supplied with electrical energy during later operation via an antenna inserted using the method presented here and, if necessary, use sensors of the RFID system to record physical values of the environment of the RFID system within the workpiece in the specific usage situation and save. The challenge when inserting such circuit systems is that the circuit is carried out by the channel ( kn ) must fit and that their overall height is less than the thickness of the melting area ( b ) the shift ( pw ) have to be. It should therefore preferably be a microsystem.

When designing such a microsystem or such a circuit carrier, the minimum bending radius should be taken into account. If this is too small, the microsystem or the circuit board will be damaged. This minimum bending radius is very general when embedding the functional fibers ( ff ) in the material of the powder bed. In this context it is already discussed here 20th and a method for increasing the maximum bending radius.

The functional fiber ( ff ) around a strand of the same or different such functional fibers ( ff ) act. The functional fiber ( ff ) be a fabric made of the same or different such functional fibers (FF). For example, the said tube of the functional fiber ( ff ) be a woven tube made of fiberglass with an electrical circuit.

A close-knit or wide-meshed fabric can also be used as a functional fiber ( ff ) should be inserted when it passes through the channel ( kn ) fits the loading device.

The functional fiber ( ff ) it can also be a sensor element, in particular a strain gauge or an optical waveguide with an optically active section. In the case of the optical waveguide, it can have one or more quantum dots. In particular, the optical waveguide can also have crystals, preferably microcrystals or nanocrystals with such quantum dots. It is particularly favorable if it has diamonds as crystals and if these in particular have one or more NV centers. This enables extremely highly sensitive magnetic field and acceleration measurements. Such an optical waveguide, which is to be used as a functional element, can also comprise further optical functional elements. Such a further optical functional element can be, for example, a doped section in the optical waveguide. For example, such a section of erbium can be doped, for example, for light amplification or for generating non-linear optical effects, etc.

It is particularly beneficial if a functional fiber ( ff ) is an actuator, in particular a heating wire or a cooling element or a wire with a memory effect (shape memory wire) or a ferromagnetic wire. As a result, thermal, chemical, optical, mechanical, magnetic and electrostatic effects can be caused by such actuators within the workpiece during later operation.

To create a thermal effect, it is useful, for example, to use a resistance wire as an electrical functional fiber ( ff ).

To create an optical effect, it makes sense, for example, to use an optical fiber or an electrical circuit with a light source, in particular an LED or a laser, as a functional fiber ( ff ) with an optical functional element. A sufficiently small, optical functional element is also conceivable, for example a reflective functional fiber or a functional fiber of a predetermined color as an optical functional element and thus as an optical functional fiber ( ff ) to use.

To create an electrostatic effect, it is useful, for example, to use an electrically conductive functional fiber ( ff ) For example a metal wire or a metal strand as an electrostatic functional element in the form of an electrostatic functional fiber ( ff ). This electrostatic functional fiber ( ff ) can then serve as an electrostatic electrode.

To create a magnetic effect, it is useful, for example, to use a ferromagnetic functional fiber ( ff ) for example a ferromagnetic wire or a ferromagnetic strand as a magnetic functional element in the form of a magnetic functional fiber ( ff ). This magnetic functional fiber ( ff ) can then serve as a power source for magnetic forces. In particular, it can be a functional fiber with permanent magnetic properties or a hard magnetic material that assumes such properties when magnetized later. It is also conceivable that the functional fiber is a Wiegand wire or a Nitiol wire or a shape memory wire. If a shape memory wire is used, it is conceivable to manufacture the workpiece from a material that is elastic after the additive printing process has been carried out, while the shape memory wire is used as a functional fiber during the printing process ( ff ) to introduce into the workpiece, in particular by means of the method presented here or another method for introducing functional fibers into a workpiece during additive manufacturing and after completion of the additive manufacturing process and preferably after completion of the manufacture of the workpiece in the intended use at the intended place of use, for example to activate it by increasing the temperature in such a way that it assumes its predetermined shape again and thereby deforms the material of the workpiece and thus the workpiece itself in such a way that it assumes its intended final shape. This method is of particular interest for medical implants that are to be brought to predetermined places in the body by means of minimally invasive surgery.

Both magnetic and electrostatic functional fibers ( ff ) can cause mechanical effects. The same applies if electrically conductive functional fibers ( ff ) are traversed by electric current and generate a magnetic field.

Chemical effects can be achieved, for example, if parts of the functional fibers, for example by temporarily modulating the temperature of the radiator ( hk ) below the melting point of the first material of the layer ( pw ) Come into contact with a liquid that wets the workpiece, e.g. an electrolyte. In this example, when a voltage is applied, the functional fiber has a chemical effect ( ff ). So if an embedding is claimed here, an incomplete embedding is also included.

Of course, the preceding functional fiber types can only be limited locally in certain functional fiber sections of the functional fibers ( ff ) be pronounced without possibly changing the stress.

Such a device for the production of a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, preferably comprises a heating element ( hk ), a heat spreader ( wv ), a channel ( kn ) and a feeding device for the functional fiber ( ff ). The heat spreader ( wv ) is preferably provided and suitable for a layer ( pw ) from a material on him preferably by means of a squeegee ( rk ) is applied. The radiator ( hk ) is preferably provided and suitable for locally selectively applying the material of the layer ( pw ) and / or in combination with a selective sintering process, in particular a selective laser sintering process, the already sintered material of the layer ( pw ) directly or indirectly to a melting area ( b ) to melt. The radiator ( hk ) preferably has a channel ( kn ) on. The feed device (the functional fiber feed device) is preferably suitable and provided for feeding a functional fiber ( ff ) through the canal ( kn ) in the melting area ( a , b ). For example, it can be two wheels ( ar , pr ) act, which the functional fiber ( ff ) provided with a feed.

As a result of these processes, which may have been carried out on the device described above, a corresponding workpiece is obtained ( wst ).

This document therefore also discloses a device for additive manufacturing by means of selective sintering and / or melting, which comprises a first group of sub-devices for carrying out a selective laser sintering process. These typically include the laser and its electronics and power supply, the LASER optics and the associated dynamic beam guidance. Furthermore, the device comprises a second group of sub-devices for performing a selective thermal transfer sintering process (TTS) (English: Selective Heat Sintering Process). A powder layer ( pw ) selectively sintered and / or melted on the surface for a short time with the help of a heater (kh), which has already been described in detail above. In contrast to the prior art, the device is equipped with a partial device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ) during this sintering or melting process.

In the example presented here, the second group of sub-devices for performing a selective thermal transfer sintering process (TTS) (English: Selective-Heat-Sintering-Process) also includes a part of the sub-device for inserting functional fibers ( ff ), namely the radiator ( hk ), which is now additionally equipped with a channel ( kn ) for the functional fiber ( ff ) is provided. In addition to the devices that are known for selective thermal transfer sintering (TTS) (English: Selective Heat Sintering), the dividing device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ) also via a fiber feed device. As described above by way of example, this fiber feed device includes, for example, the fastening means ( B. ), the drive roller ( ar ), the pressure roller ( pr ) for the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ), the compression spring (df), the typically L-shaped bar (bk) that can be rotated around an axis (AC), the upper functional thread guide (off), the pressure roller ( pr ) for the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ), the lower functional thread guide (uff) and the channel ( kn ), which has a counterpart in the bar (bk).

Typically this device has a process chamber ( pk ) on.

In the process chamber ( pk ) there are preferably infrared emitters that cover the surface ( open ) of the powder ( pw ) also heat up so that the temperature of the heat spreader ( wv ) is a little lower than the surface temperature ( open ) the powder layer ( pw ).

At least essential parts of it contain a positioning device for this sub-device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ). The said sub-device for inserting functional fibers ( ff ) preferably a functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ). The process chamber ( pk ) can preferably be _{tempered to a process chamber temperature (ϑ 4} ), which is preferably below the melting point of the material of the workpiece ( wst ) or the shift ( pv ) lies. The functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ), as already described above, feeds the functional fiber ( ff ) when inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) out. In contrast, the positioning device positions the sub-device for inserting functional fibers ( ff ) within the process chamber ( pk ). The problem now is that the process chamber temperature (ϑ ₄ ) is usually so high that inexpensive motors for driving the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) and the positioning device cannot be operated in the process chamber at the process chamber temperature (ϑ _4).

Therefore, the motors of the positioning device and the motors of the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) preferably outside the process chamber ( pk ) placed. As a rule, only one motor for the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) and a motor ( M. ) for the Positioning device can be used. The motor for the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) is typically the said motor ( VSM ) for the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ) towards the surface ( OF ) the shift ( pw ). The device preferably has mechanical means, in particular shafts and / or splined shafts ( kwl , kw2 , kw3 ) and, for example, bevel gears ( kz1 to kz4 ), for the transport of mechanical energy from the motor or motors ( M. ) the positioning device to the feed device ( SP ) the positioning device and for the transport of mechanical energy from the motor or motors ( VSM ) the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) to the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) yourself.

The feed device ( SP ) the positioning device can, for example, by means of a second bevel gear ( kz2 ) and a fourth bevel gear ( kz4 ) and a second splined shaft ( kw2 ) with the engine or engines ( M. ) be mechanically coupled to the positioning device. The functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) by means of a first splined shaft ( kw1 ) and a first bevel gear ( kz1 ) and a third bevel gear ( kz3 ) and a third splined shaft ( kw3 ) and with the engine or engines ( VSM ) the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) be mechanically coupled.

EMBEDDING THICK FUNCTIONAL FIBERS

In the case of thick functional fibers, it may not be possible to embed it completely in one step. A special procedure is proposed here for this case. This method ( 50 ) for embedding a thick functional fiber ( ff ) into a workpiece ( wst ), for example the surface of a possibly already sintered powder layer is described below by way of example. The workpiece ( wst ) or the powder layer ( pw ), which are also referred to here as the first layer, typically have a surface ( of ) on. The material on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) or the powder layer ( pw ) can include unconsolidated and consolidated areas. The surface of the workpiece ( wst ) can for example already be fully or partially solidified or not solidified, for example, with a selective laser sintering process. However, it can also be a layer applied or produced by means of an extruder. The surface of the workpiece ( wst ) or the powder layer ( pw ) can therefore also be structured and does not necessarily have to form a flat surface. The proposed method then preferably comprises the steps

Step 0: (in 50 provided) Manufacture of a workpiece ( wst ) with a surface ( of ) and / or production of a first layer, in particular a powder layer ( pw ) and / or providing a workpiece with a surface ( of ), where the material of the surface of the workpiece ( wst ) is at least partially suitable to be melted in the following process.

Step 1: selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece ( wst ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) or the first layer, especially the powder layer ( pw ) ( 39 , 40 );

Step 2: applying a second layer ( npw ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) or the surface of the first layer, in particular the surface of the powder layer ( pw ) ( 41 , 42 );

Step 3: selective melting and solidification of the second layer ( 43 , 44 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt during this melting;

Step 4: applying a third layer ( npw ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) ( 46 ) through an additive manufacturing process;

Step 5: selective melting and solidification of the third layer ( 47 , 48 , 49 ) in the area of the inserted functional fiber ( ff ) so that this functional fiber ( ff ) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified region of the material of the second layer and the solidified material of the third layer;

For the production of the workpiece, additive manufacturing processes are preferred, in particular stereolithography ( SL ), Laser-Sintering (LS), Selective Laser-Sintering (SLS), Laser-Beam Melting (SLM = Selective Laser Melting, also: Laser Beam Melting = LBM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Fused Layer Modeling / Manufacturing (FLM or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)) Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM), Poly-Jet Modeling (PJM), 3-D printing (3DP, also Binder Jetting), Layer Laminated Manufacturing (LLM), digital Light Processing (DLP), Thermal Transfer Sintering (TTS), Metal Laminated Tooling (MELATO), Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP), Selective Heat Sintering (SHS), Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), Wax Deposition Modeling (WDM), Contour Crafting, Cold gas spraying or metal powder application process (MPA), lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM), 3D screen printing, 3D inkjet printing, especially optical elements, light-controlled electrophoretic deposition, SDS process (shaping-debinding-sintering), production of metallic green bodies using Fused Deposition Mod elling / fused layer modeling or material extrusion, two-photon lithography, Arburg plastic free-form, screw Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (SEAM). However, other processes such as injection molding and machining processes can also be used to manufacture the workpiece. These workpiece considerations apply specifically to the workpiece throughout this document.

• Schritt 0: (in 50 vorausgesetzt) Herstellen eines Werkstücks (wst) mit einer Oberfläche (of) und/oder Herstellen einer ersten Schicht, insbesondere einer Pulverschicht (pw) und/oder Bereitstellen eines Werkstücks mit einer Oberfläche (of), wobei das Material der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (wst) zumindest abschnittsweise dazu geeignet ist, in dem folgenden Verfahren aufgeschmolzen zu werden.
• Schritt 1: selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks (wst) an der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) oder einer ersten Schicht an der Oberfläche (OF) des Werkstücks (wst) (39, 40);
• Schritt 2: selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (44, 45) mit zumindest teilweisen Einlegen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze während des Aufschmelzens;
• Schritt 3: Aufbringen einer weiteren, zweiten Schicht (npw) auf die Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) (46);
• Schritt 4: selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen der zweiten Schicht (47, 48, 49) im Bereich der eingelegten Funktionsfaser (ff), sodass diese Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest teilweise von dem verfestigten Bereich des Materials der ersten Schicht und des verfestigten Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks umschlossen ist. Das Verfahren ist also einen Schritt kürzer.

The procedure can be simplified if the insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ) takes place together with the selective sintering. Such a method is for example in 51 shown. Now, however, it comprises the steps:

• Step 0: (in 50 provided) Manufacture of a workpiece ( wst ) with a surface ( of ) and / or production of a first layer, in particular a powder layer ( pw ) and / or providing a workpiece with a surface ( of ), where the material of the surface of the workpiece ( wst ) is at least partially suitable to be melted in the following process.
• Step 1: selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece ( wst ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) or a first layer on the surface ( OF ) of the workpiece ( wst ) ( 39 , 40 );
• Step 2: selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece ( 44 , 45 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt during melting;
• Step 3: Applying another, second layer ( npw ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) ( 46 );
• Step 4: selective melting and solidification of the second layer ( 47 , 48 , 49 ) in the area of the inserted functional fiber ( ff ) so that this functional fiber ( ff ) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified area of the material of the first layer and the solidified material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece. So the process is one step shorter.

• Schritt 1: selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (39, 40) mit zumindest teilweisen Einlegen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze während des Aufschmelzens, sodass diese Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest teilweise von dem verfestigten Bereich des verfestigten Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks umschlossen ist. Dieses Verfahren ist dann aber für die Einbettung dicker Funktionsfasern (ff) nicht mehr geeignet.

This procedure can be further simplified and then only comprises the step:

• Step 1: selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece ( 39 , 40 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt during melting, so that this functional fiber ( ff ) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified area of the solidified material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece. However, this method is then suitable for embedding thick functional fibers ( ff ) no longer suitable.

The method presented here for selective sintering, in particular for selective laser sintering, can be summarized as follows

The selective sintering process is interrupted. A functional fiber is provided. The functional fiber is then positioned relative to the workpiece. The degrees of freedom of the functional fiber are restricted by welding, embedding, gluing, in particular in a form-fitting or force-fitting manner. Unless pre-assembled functional fiber pieces are involved, the functional fiber is optionally separated and thus the functional fiber is shortened to a predefined length. The selective sintering process is then continued.

Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) can be achieved by at least local melting of the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) to a melt, the insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt and the subsequent restriction of the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) by solidifying the melt. <<<<<<

• 19. A method for fused deposition modeling (FDM), comprising the steps
  • - Interrupt FDM process;
  • - Provision of a functional fiber ( ff );
  • - Positioning the functional fiber ( ff ) relative to the workpiece ( wst );
  • - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff );
  • - Optional separation of the functional fiber
  • - Continue the FDM process.
• 20. A method of additive manufacturing, comprising the steps
  • - Interrupting the additive manufacturing process;
  • - Provision of a functional fiber ( ff );
  • - Positioning the functional fiber ( ff ) relative to the workpiece ( wst );
  • - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff );
  • - Optional separation of the functional fiber
  • - Continuation of the additive manufacturing process;

An alternative and / or additional possibility to restrict the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) represents the fastening of the functional fiber ( ff ) on or in the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) with other methods. Such an attachment can for example by gluing, in particular using an adhesive, and / or by welding and / or by soldering, in particular with the formation of a eutectic, and / or by melting according to one or more of the methods described above and / or by mechanical fastening, in particular stapling and / or nailing and / or screwing and / or riveting.

During the development of the invention, it was recognized that in order to be able to embed the functional fiber well, a functional fiber to be embedded ( ff ) or strand made of functional fibers ( ff ) should have a suitable surface. One possibility is that the functional fiber ( ff ) or the strand made of functional fibers ( ff ) with a size ( SL ) is provided and this plain ( SL ) of the functional fiber during an insertion process of the functional fiber ( ff ) into a workpiece ( wst ) to the material of the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) at least in some areas of this surface ( of ) a meniscus ( mi ) with a contact angle ( χ ) that is smaller than 90 °. Will no finish ( SL ) is used, the surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) be designed in such a way, especially wetting, that the melt of the material of a surface ( of ) of a workpiece ( wst ) during an insertion process of the functional fiber ( ff ) in this surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) to the material of the surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) at least in some areas of this surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) a meniscus ( mi ) with a contact angle ( χ ) that is smaller than 90 °. In this way, optimal adhesion between the functional fiber and the material of the surface of the workpiece ( wst ) be ensured.

Features of the invention

• Merkmal 1: Verfahren zur Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, (27) umfassend die Schritte
  • Schritt A: Bereitstellen einer Oberfläche (of) eines Materials aus einem ersten Material, insbesondere der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks (wst) und/oder einer Schicht (pw);
  • Schritt B: Heizen des Heizkörpers (hk) auf eine zweite Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₂), wobei der Heizkörper (hk) aus mehreren Heizkörpern (hkl, hk2) bestehen kann, die dann auch unterschiedliche zweite Prozesstemperaturen (ϑ_2a, ϑ_2b) aufweisen können;
  • Schritt C: Aufwärmen des Materials im Bereich des Heizkörpers (hk) in einem Aufwärmbereich (a, b)
    • - durch Infrarotstrahlung des Heizkörpers (hk) und/oder
    • - durch Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (of) und/oder
    • - durch direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (of) und/oder
    • - durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser, vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (of), und
    • - Verändern der Position des Heizkörpers (hk) längs der Oberfläche (of) in einem ersten Abstand (f) zu Oberfläche (of) mit einer ersten Geschwindigkeit (v1);
  • Schritt D: Aufschmelzen eines Teils des Materials im Aufwärmbereich (a,b) in einem Aufschmelzbereich (b) innerhalb des Aufwärmbereiches (a,b) infolge des Aufwärmens in Schritt C zu aufgeschmolzenem Material;
  • Schritt E: Einlegen eines Funktionsfaserabschnitts einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in den Aufschmelzbereich (b)
  • Schritt F: Beenden des Aufschmelzens durch Verminderung des Energietransports vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (of) und durch die daraus resultierende Absenkung der Temperatur des Aufschmelzbereiches (b), wodurch der Aufschmelzbereich (b) zu einem Erstarrungsbereich (c) wird;
  • Schritt G: Erstarren des aufgeschmolzenen Materials zu erstarrten Material im Erstarrungsbereich (c) der dadurch zu einem Verfestigungsbereich (d) wird, in dem der betreffende Funktionsfaserabschnitt der Funktionsfaser (ff) ganz oder teilweise eingelegt ist.
• Merkmal 2: Verfahren (28) zur Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, umfassend die Schritte
  • Schritt 1: Bereitstellen eines Wärmeverteilers (wv) mit einer planaren Oberfläche (of);
  • Schritt 2: Aufbringen einer Schicht (pw) aus einem Material auf die Oberfläche (of) mit Bildung einer neuen Oberfläche (ofn) parallel zu der Oberfläche (of);
  • Schritt 3: Heranführen eines Heizkörpers (hk) an die neue Oberfläche (ofn);
  • Schritt 4: Heizen des Heizkörpers (hk) auf eine zweite Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₂), wobei das Heizen auch zeitlich vor oder zeitlich nach dem Heranführen des Heizkörpers (hk) an die Oberfläche (of) erfolgen kann und wobei der Heizkörper (hk) aus mehreren Heizkörpern (hkl, hk2) mit unterschiedlichen zweiten Prozesstemperaturen (ϑ_2a, ϑ_2b) bestehen kann;
  • Schritt 5: Aufwärmen des Materials im Bereich des Heizkörpers (hk) in einem Aufwärmbereich (a, b) durch Infrarotstrahlung des Heizkörpers (hk) und/oder Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur neuen Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder durch direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und neuer Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser (ff), vom Heizkörper (hk) zur neuen Oberfläche (ofn); Schritt 6: Aufschmelzen eines Teils des Materials im Aufwärmbereich (a, b) in einem Aufschmelzbereich (b) innerhalb des Aufwärmbereiches (a, b) infolge des Aufwärmens in Schritt 5 zu aufgeschmolzenem Material; Schritt 7: Beenden des Aufschmelzens
    • - durch abschließendes Wegführen des Heizkörpers (hk) von der neuen Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder
    • - durch Absenkung der Temperatur des Heizkörpers (hk) unter die zweite Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₂), wodurch jeweils der Aufschmelzbereich (b) zu einem Erstarrungsbereich (c) wird;
  • Schritt 8: Erstarren des aufgeschmolzenen Materials zu erstarrten Material im Erstarrungsbereich (c).
• Merkmal 3: Verfahren (29) zur Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, nach Merkmal 2 umfassend den zusätzlichen Schritt
  • Schritt 2a: Selektives Sintern oder Aufschmelzen des Materials der Schicht mittels eines Verfahrens des selektiven Sinterns und/oder Aufschmelzen, insbesondere des selektiven Laser-Sinterns und/oder des selektiven Thermo-Transfer-Sinterns (TTS) (Englisch: Selective Heat Sintering), zu gesintertem Material;
• Merkmal 4: Verfahren (30) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 3 umfassend die zusätzlichen Schritte
  • Schritt 6: translatorische Verschiebung des Heizkörpers (hk) während des Aufschmelzens eines Teils des Materials oder gesinterten Materials,
    • - wobei diese translatorische Verschiebung mit einer ersten Geschwindigkeit (v1) parallel zu neuen Oberfläche (ofn) erfolgt und
    • - wobei durch diese translatorische Verschiebung zumindest ein Teil des aufgeschmolzenen Materials den Aufwärmbereich verlässt und in einen Abkühlbereich gelangt;
  • Schritt 6: Erstarren dieses aufgeschmolzenen Materials zu erstarrten Material in diesem Abkühlbereich.
• Merkmal 5: Verfahren (31) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 4 mit den zusätzlichen Schritten, die zeitlich nach dem Beenden des Aufschmelzens (Schritt 7) liegen:
  • Schritt 9: Verwendung der neuen Oberfläche (ofn) als Oberfläche (of) des Wärmeverteilers für zeitlich nachfolgende Schritte;
  • Schritt 9: Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 2 und/oder des Schritts 2a;
  • Schritt 9: ggf. erneute Durchführung des Schritts 3;
  • Schritt 9: Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 4;
  • Schritt 9: Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 5;
  • Schritt 9: Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 6;
  • Schritt 9.1: ggf. Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 6;
  • Schritt 9.2: ggf. Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 6;
  • Schritt 9: Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 7;
  • Schritt 9: Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 8;
  • Schritt 9: ggf. Erneute Durchführung der Schritte 9 bis 9.8 und/oder Erneute Durchführung der Schritte 9 bis 9.8 und/oder Erneute Durchführung der Schritte 9 bis 9.8.
• Merkmal 6: Verfahren (32) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 5 mit den Schritten
  • Schritt 9.1.1: Zuführen einer Funktionsfaser während Schritt 9.1 und
  • Schritt 9.1.2: Einlegen der Funktionsfaser in das aufgeschmolzene
  • Material im Aufschmelzbereich während Schritt 9.1.
• Merkmal 7: Verfahren (32) nach Merkmal 6 mit dem Schritt Schritt 9.1.3: Vorschub der Funktionsfaser zeitlich parallel zu Schritt 9.1.1 mit einer zweiten Geschwindigkeit (v2), die im Wesentlichen gleich der ersten Geschwindigkeit (v1) ist, während Schritt 9.1.
• Merkmal 8: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 6 bis 7 wobei die Funktionsfaser durch den Heizkörper (hk) auf eine dritte Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₃) gebracht wird.
• Merkmal 9: Verfahren (33) nach Merkmal 8 wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) als Wärmeleitvorrichtung benutzt wird.
• Merkmal 10: Verfahren (34) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 6 bis 9 mit dem Schritt:
  • Schritt 9.1: Durchtrennen, insbesondere mechanisches Durchtrennen, der Funktionsfaser in der Form, dass ein in Schritt 9.1.2 in das aufgeschmolzene Material eingelegter Teil der Funktionsfaser in dem nun erstarrten Material verbleibt nach Schritt 9.
• Merkmal 11: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 6 bis 10 umfassend den Schritt 10: Entfernen des Materials, das kein erstarrtes Material ist nach Schritt 8 und/oder nach Schritt 9 und/oder Schritt 9.1.
• Merkmal 12: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 11 umfassend den Schritt
  • - Temperieren der Ist-Temperatur (ϑ_wv) des Wärmeverteilers (wv) auf eine Soll-Wärmeverteilertemperatur (ϑ₁).
• Merkmal 13: Verfahren zur Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, gekennzeichnet dadurch,
  • - dass zumindest zeitweise ein Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 12 verwendet wird und
  • - dass zumindest ein weiteres Verfahren zur Herstellung dreidimensionaler Körper, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, verwendet wird, um Teile des dreidimensionalen Körpers herzustellen, und
  • - wobei dieses weitere Verfahren kein Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 2 und/oder der Merkmale 4 bis 12 ist.
• Merkmal 14: Verfahren nach Merkmal 13
  • - wobei das weitere Verfahren ein Verfahren des selektiven Laser-Sinterns ist und/oder
  • - wobei das weitere Verfahren ein Verfahren der Extruder basierenden additiven Fertigung ist.
• Merkmal 15: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 14
  • - wobei das Verfahren eine Mehrzahl von Heizkörpern (hk₁ bis hk_n ) verwendet und
  • - wobei zumindest zeitweise zeitlich parallel oder zeitlich nacheinander zum Ersten mit Hilfe mindestens eines ersten Heizkörpers der Mehrzahl von Heizkörpern (hk₁ bis hk_n ) ein Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 14 durchgeführt wird und zum Zweiten mit Hilfe mindestens eines zweiten Heizkörpers der Mehrzahl von Heizkörpern (hk₁ bis hk_n ), der vom ersten Heizkörper verschieden ist, ein Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 14 durchgeführt wird.
• Merkmal 16: Verfahren nach Merkmal 15
  • - wobei zumindest der erste Heizkörper (hk1) und der zweite Heizkörper (hk2) gegeneinander thermisch isoliert sind. Thermisch isoliert bedeutet dabei, dass die Temperatur des ersten Heizkörpers (hk1) die Temperatur des zweiten Heizkörpers (hk2) bevorzugt so wenig beeinflusst, dass dies für das Arbeitsergebnis von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist.
• Merkmal 17: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 16 und nach Merkmal 6 oder nach Merkmal 1, wobei es sich bei der Funktionsfaser (ff) um eine oder mehrere der folgenden Fasern handelt oder wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) eine oder mehrere der folgenden Fasern und/oder Materialien umfasst:
  • - einen Lichtwellenleiter,
  • - eine Kohlenstofffaser,
  • - eine Glasfaser,
  • - eine Faser aus metallischem Glas,
  • - einen Draht, insbesondere umfassend Stahl oder Kupfer oder Messing oder Silber oder Gold oder Platin oder Wolfram oder eine Legierung oder ein anderes Metall,
  • - einen Formgedächtnisdraht, insbesondere einen Nitiol-Draht,
  • - einen Kunststoffdraht,
  • - eine Kunststofffaser,
  • - eine Litze,
  • - ein Gewebeband,
  • - eine Naturfaser,
  • - eine Röhre oder andere lineare fluidische Vorrichtung,
  • - eine flexible, insbesondere bandförmige elektrische Schaltung,
  • - ein RFID-System,
  • - ein Sensorelement, insbesondere ein Dehnungsmesstreifen oder ein Lichtwellenleiter mit einem optisch aktiven Abschnitt, insbesondere mit einem Quantenpunkt, insbesondere mit einem NV-Zentrum,
  • - ein Aktor, insbesondere ein Heizdraht oder ein Kühlelement oder ein Draht mit einem Memory-Effekt (Formgedächtnisdraht) oder ein ferromagnetischer Draht,
  • - ein Draht oder eine Litze oder eine Faser mit zumindest lokal ferromagnetischen Eigenschaften.
• Merkmal 18: Verfahren (35) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 2 bis 17 und nach Merkmal 6,
  • - wobei die Funktionsfaser nach dem Einlegen der Funktionsfaser in das aufgeschmolzene Material im Aufschmelzbereich während Schritt 9.1 oder während Schritt 6 in zumindest einem Bereich eine von Null verschiedene Krümmung mit einer Krümmungsachse aufweist. (Spule).
• Merkmal 19: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 18,
  • - wobei das Material der Schicht (pw) einen oder mehrere der folgenden Stoffe umfasst:
    • - einen Kunststoff, insbesondere ein Thermoplast,
    • - ein Metall,
    • - eine Keramik und/oder Material, dass bei einem Brennvorgang zu Keramik wird,
    • - Aluminium,
    • - ein Glas,
    • - Eisen,
    • - Kupfer,
    • - Gold,
    • - Platin,
    • - Titan,
    • - Vanadium,
    • - Neodym,
    • - Vanadium,
    • - Stahl und/oder Edelstahl,
    • - ein Composit-Material,
    • - einen Halbleiter,
    • - ein radioaktives Material,
    • - ein elektrisch leitendes Material,
    • - ein optisch transparentes Material,
    • - ein farbiges Material,
    • - ein ferromagnetisches Material und/oder eine ferromagnetische Materialkomponente,
    • - ein in einem Lösungsmittel lösliches Material und/oder eine in einem Lösungsmittel lösliche Materialkomponente, wobei insbesondere das erste Material der Schicht (pw) nicht in dem Lösungsmittel lösbar ist.
• Merkmal 20: Verfahren (36) zur Modifikation eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung von Composit-Materialien, umfassend die Schritte
  • Schritt I: Bereitstellen eines Werkstücks (pw) aus einem ersten Material und einer Oberfläche (ofn);
  • Schritt II: Heranführen eines Heizkörpers (hk) an die Oberfläche (ofn); Schritt III: Aufwärmen des ersten Materials des Werkstücks (pw) an der Oberfläche (ofn) im Bereich des Heizkörpers (hk) in einem Aufwärmbereich (a)
    • - durch elektromagnetische Strahlung, die vom Heizkörpers (hk) emittiert wird oder durch den Heizkörper transmittiert wird, und/oder
    • - durch Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
    • - durch direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
    • - durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser, vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks;
  • Schritt IV: Aufschmelzen eines Teils des ersten Materials im Aufwärmbereich in einem Aufschmelzbereich innerhalb des Aufwärmbereiches infolge des Aufwärmens in Schritt III zu aufgeschmolzenem ersten Material;
  • Schritt V: Verschiebung des Heizkörpers (hk) während des Aufschmelzens eines Teils des ersten Materials,
    • - wobei diese Verschiebung mit einer ersten Geschwindigkeit (v1) parallel zur Kontur der Oberfläche (ofn) erfolgt und
    • - wobei insbesondere diese Verschiebung eine Änderung der Position und/oder Orientierung des Heizkörpers unter Ausnutzung von rotatorischen und/oder translatorischen Freiheitsgraden sein kann und
    • - zuführen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) während der translatorischen Verschiebung und
    • - Einlegen der Funktionsfaser (ff) in das aufgeschmolzene erste Material im Aufschmelzbereich und
    • - wobei durch diese Verschiebung zumindest ein Teil des aufgeschmolzenen ersten Materials mit der eingelegten Funktionsfaser (ff) den Aufwärmbereich verlässt und in einen durch Verschiebung entstandenen Abkühlbereich gelangt;
  • Schritt VI: Erstarren dieses aufgeschmolzenen ersten Materials zu erstarrten ersten Material in diesem durch Verschiebung entstandenen Abkühlbereich.
  • Schritt VII: Beenden des Aufschmelzens, insbesondere
    • - durch Absenkung der Intensität der elektromagnetischen Strahlung, die vom Heizkörpers (hk) emittiert wird oder durch den Heizkörper transmittiert wird, und/oder
    • - durch Reduktion des Wärmetransports mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
    • - durch Beendigung des direkten mechanischen Kontakts zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
    • - durch Beendigung oder Verminderung des Wärmetransports mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser, vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks, wodurch jeweils der Aufschmelzbereich zu einem Abkühlbereich wird;
  • Schritt VIII: Erstarren des aufgeschmolzenen ersten Materials zu erstarrten ersten Material im Abkühlbereich.
• Merkmal 21: Verfahren (37) nach Merkmal 20 mit dem Schritt
  • Schritt V.I: Vorschub der Funktionsfaser (ff) zeitlich parallel zu Schritt V mit einer zweiten Geschwindigkeit (v2), die im Wesentlichen gleich der ersten Geschwindigkeit (v1) ist, während Schritt V.
• Merkmal 22: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 20 bis 21 wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) durch den Heizkörper (hk) auf eine dritte Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₃) gebracht wird.
• Merkmal 23: Verfahren nach Merkmal 22 wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) als Wärmeleitvorrichtung benutzt wird.
• Merkmal 24: Verfahren (38) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 20 bis 23 mit dem Schritt:
  • Schritt V.II: Durchtrennen, insbesondere mechanisches Durchtrennen, der Funktionsfaser (ff) in der Form, dass ein in Schritt V in das aufgeschmolzene erste Material eingelegter Teil der Funktionsfaser (ff) in dem erstarrten ersten Material verbleibt.
• Merkmal 25: Verfahren zur Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, gekennzeichnet dadurch,
  • - dass zumindest zeitweise ein Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 20 bis 24 verwendet wird und
  • - dass zumindest ein weiteres Verfahren zur Herstellung dreidimensionaler Körper, insbesondere zur additiven Fertigung, verwendet wird, um Teile des Werkstücks (pw) als dreidimensionalen Körpers herzustellen, und
  • - wobei dieses weitere Verfahren kein Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 20 bis 24 ist.
• Merkmal 26: Verfahren nach Merkmal 25
  • - wobei das weitere Verfahren ein Verfahren des selektiven Laser-Sinterns ist und/oder
  • - wobei das weitere Verfahren ein Verfahren der Extruder basierenden additiven Fertigung ist.
• Merkmal 27 Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 26, wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) eines oder mehrere der folgenden Materialien, im Folgenden als zweites Material bezeichnet, umfasst:
  • - eine Modifikation des Kohlenstoffs und/oder
  • - ein Glas aus einem elektrischen Isolator oder einem Metall oder einer Siliziumverbindung oder einem Halbmetall und/oder
  • - ein Metall, insbesondere Eisen und/oder Kupfer und/oder Messing und/oder Bronze und/oder Silber und/oder Gold und/oder Platin und/oder Wolfram und/oder Titan und/oder Niob und/oder seltene Erden und/oder Uran und/oder Plutonium und/oder Thorium und/oder Germanium und/oder Silizium und/oder Palladium und/oder Indium und/oder eine Legierung oder ein anderes Metall und/oder ein Halbmetall und/oder
  • - ein Kunststoff und/oder
  • - ein Thermoplast und/oder
  • - ein Duroplast und/oder
  • - ein faserartiges zweites Material und/oder
  • - ein ferromagnetisches und/oder permanentmagnetisches zweites Material und/oder
  • - ein keramisches zweites Material und/oder ein Vormaterial, dass durch Brennen in ein keramisches Material gewandelt werden kann und/oder
  • - ein radioaktives Material.
• Merkmal 28: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 27,
  • - wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) eine oder mehrere der folgenden Fasertypen umfasst:
  • - eine Kristallfaser, insbesondere Asbest,
  • - eine Keramikfaser,
  • - eine Kohlenstofffaser,
  • - eine Glasfaser, insbesondere einen Lichtwellenleiter,
  • - eine Faser aus metallischem Glas,
  • - einen Draht,
  • - einen Formgedächtnisdraht, insbesondere einen Nitiol-Draht,
  • - eine Kunststoff- und/oder Naturfaser,
  • - eine Litze,
  • - ein Gewebe und/oder Gewebeband,
  • - eine Röhre oder eine andere lineare fluidische Vorrichtung,
  • - eine flexible, insbesondere bandförmige, elektrische Schaltung,
  • - ein RFID-System,
  • - ein Sensorelement, insbesondere ein Dehnungsmesstreifen oder ein Lichtwellenleiter mit einem optisch aktiven Abschnitt, insbesondere mit einem Quantenpunkt, insbesondere mit einem NV-Zentrum,
  • - ein Aktor, insbesondere einen Heizdraht oder ein Kühlelement oder ein Draht mit einem Memory-Effekt (Formgedächtnisdraht) oder ein ferromagnetischer Draht,
  • - ein Draht oder eine Litze oder eine Faser oder ein Gewebe mit zumindest lokal ferromagnetischen und/oder permanentmagnetischen Eigenschaften.
• Merkmal 29: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 28,
  • - wobei zumindest ein Teil der Funktionsfaser (ff) nach dem Einlegen ein elektrisches Bauelement, insbesondere eine Spule oder Antenne, darstellt.
• Merkmal 30. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 29,
  • - wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) oder zumindest der Teil der Funktionsfaser (ff), der eingelegt werden soll, eine Schmelz- oder Zersetzungstemperatur hat, die oberhalb der zweiten Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₂) liegt.
• Merkmal 31: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 20 bis 30
  • - wobei das Material des Werkstücks (pw) eines oder mehrere der folgenden Stoffe umfasst:
  • - Kunststoff, insbesondere Thermoplaste,
  • - Metall,
  • - Aluminium,
  • - ein Glas,
  • - Eisen,
  • - ein Composit-Material,
  • - ein Halbleiter-Material,
  • - ein ferromagnetisches Material und/oder eine ferromagnetische Materialkomponente,
  • - ein in einem Lösungsmittel lösliches Material und/oder eine ein in einem Lösungsmittel lösliche Materialkomponente.
• Merkmal 32: Heizkörper (dhk) (19) für eine Vorrichtung für die additive Fertigung
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (dhk) optisch für elektromagnetische Heizstrahlung, insbesondere die Heizstrahlung eines Laser-Strahls (LLB1, LB2) transparent ist.
• Merkmal 33: Heizkörper (dhk) (16) für eine Vorrichtung für die additive Fertigung
  • - wobei in das Material des Heizkörpers (dhk) ein Temperatursensor (ts) integriert ist.
• Merkmal 34: Heizkörper (dhk) (16-18) für eine Vorrichtung für die additive Fertigung
  • - wobei in das Material des Heizkörpers (dhk) ein Aktor, insbesondere ein Heizer (hz2), integriert ist.
• Merkmal 35: Heizkörper (dhk) (17-18) für eine Vorrichtung für die additive Fertigung, insbesondere nach Merkmal 32 und/oder 33 und/oder 34,
  • - wobei das Material des Heizkörpers (dhk) Diamant umfasst.
• Merkmal 36: Heizkörper (dhk) (16-18) für eine Vorrichtung für die additive Fertigung
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (dhk) einen durchgängigen Kanal (kn) aufweist und
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (dhk) ein drittes Material aufweist, das diesen Kanal (kn) längs eines Hohlzylinders des Kanals (kn) umschließt und
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (hk) zwei gegenüberliegende Öffnungen (o1, o2) in seinem dritten Material aufweist, die den Anfang und das Ende des den Kanals (kn) bilden, und
  • - wobei dann ein zweites Material, insbesondere in Form einer Funktionsfaser (ff), in diesen Kanal (kn) durch die erste Öffnung (o1) in dem ersten Material eingeführt werden kann und aus dem Kanal (kn) über die zweite Öffnung (o2) in dem dritten Material entnommen werden kann und
  • - wobei das dritte Material bei Betriebstemperatur zumindest teilweise elektrisch isolierend ist und
  • - wobei das dritte Material thermisch leitfähig ist und
  • - wobei das dritte Material bei Betriebstemperatur lokal in ersten Bereichen des dritten Materials durch lokale Modifikation elektrisch leitfähig ist oder lokal in ersten Bereichen des dritten Materials in ein drittes elektrisch leitfähiges Material durch lokale Modifikation gewandelt ist und
  • - wobei das zweite Material auf oder in dem Werkstück (pw) deponiert wird.
• Merkmal 37: Vorrichtung (16-18) nach Merkmal 36
  • - wobei zumindest einer dieser ersten Bereiche als zweite Heizvorrichtung (hz2) benutzt wird.
• Merkmal 38: Vorrichtung (17) nach Merkmal 36 und/oder 37
  • - wobei zumindest einer dieser ersten Bereiche als Temperatursensor benutzt wird.
• Merkmal 39: Vorrichtung (17-18) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 36 bis 38
  • - wobei zumindest ein Arbeitsschritt der Modifikation eine Ionenimplantation von Atomen und/oder Molekülen in das dritte Material in den ersten Bereichen ist.
• Merkmal 40: Vorrichtung (17-18) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 36 bis 39
  • - wobei das dritte Material Diamant ist oder aufweist.
• Merkmal 41: Vorrichtung (17-18) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 36 bis 40
  • - wobei das dritte Material Graphit und/oder ganz oder teilweise amorphisierten Kohlenstoff umfasst.
• Merkmal 42: Vorrichtung (17-18) nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 36 bis 41
  • - wobei das dritte Material ein elektrisch dotiertes, insbesondere p-dotiertes, drittes Material umfasst.
• Merkmal 43: Vorrichtung dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie Mittel (hkl, hk2, wv) umfasst, um eines oder mehrere der Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 31 auszuführen.
• Merkmal 44: Vorrichtung (23) zur Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Körpers, insbesondere zum additiven Fertigen,
  • - mit einem Heizkörper (hk), insbesondere nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 32 bis 42, und
  • - mit einem Kanal (kn) und,
  • - mit einer Zuführeinrichtung und
  • - mit einem Werkstück,
  • - wobei das Werkstück eine Oberfläche (ofn) aufweist und
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (hk) den Kanal (kn) aufweist und
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (hk) dazu vorgesehen und geeignet ist, lokal selektiv das feste Material des Werkstücks (pw)
  • - durch Infrarotstrahlung des Heizkörpers (hk) und/oder
  • - durch elektromagnetische Strahlung, die durch den Heizkörper (hk) hindurch transmittiert wird, und/oder
  • - durch Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks und/oder
  • - durch direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks und/oder
  • - durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere mittels einer Funktionsfaser, vom Heizkörper (hk) zur neuen Oberfläche (ofn) lokal zu einem Aufschmelzbereich aufzuschmelzen und
  • - wobei die Zuführeinrichtung im Zusammenwirken mit der Kanal (kn) und dem Heizkörper (hk) dazu geeignet und vorgesehen ist, eine Funktionsfaser (ff) durch den Kanal (kn) in den Aufschmelzbereich einzubringen.
• Merkmal 45: Vorrichtung (23 und 26) nach Merkmal 44
  • - wobei der Heizkörper (hk) an einer Positioniervorrichtung (SP, B, M) angebracht ist,
  • - wobei die Positioniervorrichtung (SP, B, M) die translatorische Positionierung des Heizkörpers (hk) mit zumindest einem Freiheitsgrad, insbesondere längs einer linearen oder gebogenen Linie, entsprechend einer durch ein Rechnersystem vorgebbaren absoluten oder relativen translatorischen Position erlaubt und/oder
  • - wobei die Positioniervorrichtung (SP, B, M) die rotatorische Positionierung des Heizkörpers (hk) mit zumindest einem Freiheitsgrad, insbesondere eine Drehung um eine Achse des Heizkörpers (hk), entsprechend einer durch ein Rechnersystem vorgebbaren absoluten oder relativen rotatorischen Position erlaubt.
• Merkmal 46: Vorrichtung (26) nach Merkmal 45,
  • - wobei die Vorrichtung mehr als zwei, insbesondere sechs oder mehr als sechs, steuerbare Achsen (a1-a6, AC) aufweist.
• Merkmal 47: Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 43 bis 44
  • - mit einem Wärmeverteiler (wv) und
  • - wobei der Wärmeverteiler (wv) dazu vorgesehen und geeignet ist, dass eine Schicht (pw) aus einem ersten Material auf ihn aufgebracht wird, und
  • - wobei diese Schicht (pw) zumindest teilweise das Werkstück (wst) darstellt.
• Merkmal 48: Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 43 bis 47
  • - wobei das Werkstück (wst) an einer Positioniervorrichtung angebracht ist,
  • - wobei die Positioniervorrichtung die translatorische Positionierung des Werkstücks (wst) mit zumindest einem Freiheitsgrad, insbesondere längs einer linearen oder gebogenen Linie, entsprechend einer durch ein Rechnersystem vorgebbaren absoluten oder relativen translatorischen Position erlaubt und/oder
  • - wobei die Positioniervorrichtung die rotatorische Positionierung des Werkstücks (wst) mit zumindest einem Freiheitsgrad, insbesondere eine Drehung um eine Achse des Werkstücks (wst), entsprechend einer durch ein Rechnersystem vorgebbaren absoluten oder relativen rotatorischen Position erlaubt.
• Merkmal 49: Werkstück dadurch gekennzeichnet,
  • - dass es mittels eines Verfahrens nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 31 gefertigt wurde, und/oder,
  • - dass es unter Verwendung einer Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 32 bis 48 gefertigt wurde.
• Merkmal 50: Material dadurch gekennzeichnet,
  • - dass es mittels eines Verfahrens nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 31 gefertigt wurde, und/oder,
  • - dass es unter Verwendung einer Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 32 bis 48 gefertigt wurde.
• Merkmal 51: Vorrichtung zum dreidimensionalen Drucken mittels selektiven Sintern und/oder Aufschmelzen
  • - mit einer ersten Gruppe von Teilvorrichtungen zur Durchführung eines selektiven Laser-Sinterprozesses und
  • - mit einer zweiten Gruppe von Teilvorrichtungen zur Durchführung eines Thermo-Transfer-Sinter-Prozesses (Englisch: Selective-Heat-Sintering-Prozesses (SLS)) gekennzeichnet
  • - durch eine Teilvorrichtung zum Einlegen von Funktionsfasen (ff) während eines Sinter- oder Aufschmelzprozesses.
• Merkmal 52: Vorrichtung nach Merkmal 51
  • - mit einer Prozesskammer (pk) und
  • - mit einer Teilvorrichtung zum Einlegen von Funktionsfasen (ff) und
  • - mit einer Positioniervorrichtung für diese Teilvorrichtung zum Einlegen von Funktionsfasen (ff),
  • - mit einer Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr), die Teil der Teilvorrichtung zum Einlegen von Funktionsfasen (ff) ist,
  • - wobei die Prozesskammer (pk) auf eine Prozesskammertemperatur (ϑ₃) temperiert werden kann,
  • - wobei die Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr) den Vorschub der Funktionsfaser (ff) beim Einlegen der Funktionsfaser (ff) bewerkstelligt,
  • - wobei die Positioniervorrichtung die Teilvorrichtung zum Einlegen von Funktionsfasen (ff) innerhalb der Prozesskammer (pk) positioniert und
  • - wobei der oder die Motoren der Positioniervorrichtung außerhalb der Prozesskammer (pk) platziert sind und
  • - wobei der oder die Motoren der Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr) außerhalb der Prozesskammer (pk) platziert sind und
  • - wobei die Vorrichtung mechanische Mittel, insbesondere Wellen und/oder Keilwellen (kwl, kw2, kw3), für den Transport mechanischer Energie von dem oder den Motoren (M) der Positioniervorrichtung zu der Vorschubeinrichtung (SP) der Positioniervorrichtung aufweist und
  • - wobei die Vorrichtung mechanische Mittel, insbesondere Wellen und/oder Keilwellen (kwl, kw2, kw3), für den Transport mechanischer Energie von dem oder den Motoren (VSM) der Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr) zu der Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr) aufweist.
• Merkmal 53: Vorrichtung nach Merkmal 52
  • - wobei die Vorschubeinrichtung (SP) der Positioniervorrichtung mittels eines zweiten Kegelzahnrades (kz2) und eines vierten Kegelzahnrades (kz4) und einer zweiten Keilwelle (kw2) mit dem oder den Motoren (M) der Positioniervorrichtung mechanisch gekoppelt ist.
• Merkmal 54: Vorrichtung nach Merkmal 52 und/oder Merkmal 53
  • - wobei die Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr) mittels einer ersten Keilwelle (kw1) und eines ersten Kegelzahnrades (kz1) und eines dritten Kegelzahnrades (kz3) und einer dritten Keilwelle (kw3) und mit dem oder den Motoren (VSM) der Funktionsfaservorschubeinrichtung (ar, pr) mechanisch gekoppelt ist.
• Merkmal 55: Funktionsfaser (ff) zum Einlegen in das Material eines Werkstücks mittels eines Verfahrens nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 31 und/oder zur Verwendung mit einer Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 32 bis 36 zur Verwendung in einer Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 37 bis 48 und/oder zur Verwendung in einer Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 51 bis 54
• Merkmal 56: Verfahren (69) zum Einbetten einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in ein Werkstück
  • - wobei das Werkstück (wst) eine Oberfläche (of) aufweist und
  • - wobei das Material an der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) nicht verfestigte und verfestigte Bereiche umfassen kann, umfassend die Schritte
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks (wst) an der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks;
  • - Aufbringen einer ersten Schicht (npw) auf die Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst);
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen der ersten Schicht (62, 64) mit zumindest teilweisen Einlegen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze während des Aufschmelzens;
  • - Aufbringen einer zweiten Schicht (npw) auf die Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst);
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen der zweiten Schicht (62, 64) im Bereich der eingelegten Funktionsfaser (ff), sodass diese Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest teilweise von dem verfestigten Bereich des Materials der ersten Schicht und des verfestigten Materials der zweiten Schicht umschlossen ist;
• Merkmal 57: Verfahren (70) zum Einbetten einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in ein Werkstück
  • - wobei das Werkstück (wst) eine Oberfläche (of) aufweist und
  • - wobei das Material an der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) nicht verfestigte und verfestigte Bereiche umfassen kann, umfassend die Schritte
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks (wst) an der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks;
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (62, 64) mit zumindest teilweisen Einlegen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze während des Aufschmelzens;
  • - Aufbringen einer ersten Schicht (npw) auf die Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst);
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen der ersten Schicht (62, 64) im Bereich der eingelegten Funktionsfaser (ff), sodass diese Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest teilweise von dem verfestigten Bereich des Materials der ersten Schicht und des verfestigten Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks umschlossen ist;
• Merkmal 58: Verfahren zum Einbetten einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in ein Werkstück
  • - wobei das Werkstück (wst) eine Oberfläche (of) aufweist und
  • - wobei das Material an der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) nicht verfestigte und verfestigte Bereiche umfassen kann, umfassend die Schritte
  • - selektives Aufschmelzen und Verfestigen des Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (62, 64) mit zumindest teilweisen Einlegen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze während des Aufschmelzens, sodass diese Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest teilweise von dem verfestigten Bereich des verfestigten Materials des Werkstücks an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks umschlossen ist-
• Merkmal 59: Verfahren zum selektiven Sintern, insbesondere zum selektiven Laser-Sintern, umfassend die Schritte
  • - Unterbrechen des selektiven Sinterprozesses;
    • - Bereitstellen einer Funktionsfaser;
    • - Positionieren der Funktionsfaser relativ zum Werkstück;
    • - Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser;
    • - Optionales Trennen der Funktionsfaser;
    • - Fortsetzen des selektiven Sinterprozesses.
• Merkmal 60: Verfahren zum Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), umfassend die Schritte
  • - Unterbrechen des FDM-Prozesses der Fertigung eines Werkstücks (wst);
    • - Bereitstellen einer Funktionsfaser (ff);
    • - Positionieren der Funktionsfaser (ff) relativ zum Werkstück (wst);
    • - Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser (ff);
    • - Optionales Trennen der Funktionsfaser
    • - Fortsetzen des FDM-Prozesses.
• Merkmal 61: Verfahren der additiven Fertigung, umfassend die Schritte
  • - Unterbrechen eines Grundverfahrens der additiven Fertigung eines Werkstücks (wst);
  • - Bereitstellen einer Funktionsfaser (ff);
  • - Positionieren der Funktionsfaser (ff) relativ zum Werkstück (wst);
  • - Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser (ff);
  • - Optionales Trennen der Funktionsfaser
  • - Fortsetzen des Grundverfahrens der additiven Fertigung;
• Merkmal 62: Verfahren nach Merkmal 61
  • - wobei es sich bei dem Grundverfahren um ein Verfahren der VDI 3405 und/oder der DIN EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018 handelt und oder
  • - wobei es sich bei dem Grundverfahren um eines der folgenden Verfahren oder eine Abwandlung der folgenden Verfahren handelt:
    • Stereolithografie (SL), Laser-Sintern (LS), selektives Laser-Sintern (SLS), Laser-Strahlschmelzen (SLM = Selective Laser Melting, auch: Laser Beam Melting = LBM), Elektronen-Strahlschmelzen (Electron Beam Melting = EBM), Fused Layer Modelling/Manufacturing (FLM oder auch Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)) Multi-Jet Modelling (MJM), Poly-Jet Modelling (PJM), 3-D-Drucken (3DP, auch Binder Jetting), Layer Laminated Manufacturing (LLM), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Thermotransfer-Sintern (TTS), Metal Laminated Tooling (MELATO), Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP), Selective Heat Sintering (SHS), Laserauftragschweißen (LMD), Wax Deposition Modeling (WDM), Contour Crafting, Kaltgasspritzen bzw. Metall-Pulver-Auftragsverfahren (MPA), Lithography-based Ceramic Manufacturing (LCM), 3D-Siebdruck, 3D-Tintenstrahldruck insbesondere optischer Elemente, Lichtgesteuerte Elektrophoretische Abscheidung, SDS-Verfahren (Shaping-Debinding-Sintering), Herstellung metallischer Grünkörper mittels Fused Deposition Modelling/Fused Layer Modelling bzw. Material Extrusion, Zwei-Photonen-Lithographie, Arburg Kunststoff-Freiformen, Screw Extrusion Additiv Manufacturing (SEAM).
• Merkmal 63 Verfahren nach Merkmal 61 und/oder 62
  • - wobei das Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest durch eines der folgenden Verfahren erfolgt:
  • - zumindest teilweises Aufschmelzen einer Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks und Einlegen zumindest eines Teils der Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze und Erstarren der Schmelze und/oder
  • - Fixieren der Funktionsfaser an einer Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) mittels eines Befestigungsmittels, insbesondere mittels eines einem Klebers, und/oder
  • - Festklemmen und/oder Einlegen der Funktionsfaser (ff) an oder in einer Klemm- oder Haltestrukturstruktur an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (wst), insbesondere in einer Nut des Werkstücks, wobei die Klemm- oder Haltestrukturstruktur ggf. nur temporär während des additiven Fertigungsprozesses existieren kann, und/oder
  • - Festheften oder Festklammern oder Festnageln der Funktionsfaser (ff) an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (ff) mittels eines Befestigungshilfsmittels, insbesondere einer Klammer oder eines Nagels oder einer Klemme, und/oder
  • - Verknoten der Funktionsfaser mit einer Faserhaltestruktur, beispielsweise einem Haken oder einem Pfosten, an der Oberfläche des Werkstücks (wst), wobei die Faserhaltestruktur ggf. nur temporär während des additiven Fertigungsprozesses existieren kann, und/oder
  • - Vernähen der Funktionsfaser mit einem Teil des Werkstücks, wobei die Funktionsfaser als Nähfaden benutzt wird, und/oder Vernähen der Funktionsfaser mit einem Teil des Werkstücks, wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) als Nähfaden und als Oberfaden zusammen mit einer weiteren Faser als Unterfaden benutzt wird und/oder wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) als Nähfaden und als Unterfaden zusammen mit einer weiteren Faser als Oberfaden benutzt wird und wobei die weitere Faser ebenfalls eine Funktionsfaser sein kann.
• Merkmal 64: Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 59 bis 63
  • - wobei das Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser (ff) die Schritte
  • - zumindest lokales Aufschmelzen der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) zu einer Schmelze und
  • - Einlegen der Funktionsfaser (ff) in die Schmelze und
  • - Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser (ff) durch Erstarren der Schmelze umfasst.
• Merkmal 65. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 59 bis Merkmal 64
  • - wobei das Einschränken der Freiheitsgrade der Funktionsfaser (ff) den Schritt
  • - Befestigen der Funktionsfaser (ff) an oder in der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) umfasst.
• Merkmal 66: Verfahren nach Merkmal 65 wobei das Befestigen durch
  • - Klebung, insbesondere unter Verwendung eines Klebers und/oder
  • - Schweißung und/oder
  • - Lötung, insbesondere mit Bildung eines Eutektikums, und/oder
  • - Einschmelzen gemäß einem oder mehreren der Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 1 bis 31 und/oder gemäß einem oder mehreren der Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Merkmale 56 bis 58 erfolgt.
• Merkmal 67: Funktionsfaser (ff) oder Litze aus Funktionsfasern (ff)
  • - wobei die Funktionsfaser (ff) bzw. die Litze aus Funktionsfasern (ff) mit einer Schlichte (SL) versehen ist und
  • - wobei die Schlichte (SL) der Funktionsfaser während eines Einlegeprozesses der Funktionsfaser (ff) in ein Werkstück (wst) zu dem Material der Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) zumindest in einigen Bereichen dieser Oberfläche (of) einen Meniskus (mi) mit einem Kontaktwinkel (χ) ausbildet, der kleiner als 90° ist.
• Merkmal 68: Funktionsfaser (ff) oder Litze aus Funktionsfasern (ff)
  • - wobei die Oberfläche der Funktionsfaser (ff) so, insbesondere benetzend, gestaltet ist, dass die Schmelze des Materials einer Oberfläche (of) eines Werkstücks (wst) während eines Einlegeprozesses der Funktionsfaser (ff) in diese Oberfläche (of) des Werkstücks (wst) zu dem Material der Oberfläche der Funktionsfaser (ff) zumindest in einigen Bereichen dieser Oberfläche der Funktionsfaser (ff) einen Meniskus (mi) mit einem Kontaktwinkel (χ) ausbildet, der kleiner als 90° ist.

The features of the invention summarize these again. They can be combined with one another, provided that this does not lead to factual contradictions. In this respect, the dependencies and references presented here only represent particularly preferred, exemplary embodiments.

• Feature 1: Process for the production of a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, ( 27 ) comprehensive the steps
  • Step A: Providing a Surface ( of ) a material made of a first material, in particular the surface of a workpiece ( wst ) and / or a layer ( pw );
  • Step B: heating the radiator ( hk ) to a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the radiator ( hk ) from several radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can exist, which can then also have different second process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b );
  • Step C: Warming up the material in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a , b )
    • - by infrared radiation from the radiator ( hk ) and or
    • - by heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and or
    • - through direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( of ) and or
    • - through heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( of ), and
    • - changing the position of the radiator ( hk ) along the surface ( of ) at a first distance ( f ) to surface ( of ) at a first speed ( v1 );
  • Step D: Melting part of the material in the warm-up area ( a , b ) in a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( a , b ) as a result of the heating in step C to molten material;
  • Step E: Insertion of a functional fiber section of a functional fiber ( ff ) in the melting area ( b )
  • Step F: Ending the melting process by reducing the energy transport from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and the resulting lowering of the temperature of the melting area ( b ), whereby the melting area ( b ) to a solidification area ( c ) becomes;
  • Step G: solidification of the melted material to solidified material in the solidification area ( c ) which thereby becomes a solidification area ( d ), in which the relevant functional fiber section of the functional fiber ( ff ) is completely or partially inserted.
• Feature 2: procedure ( 28 ) for the production of a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, comprising the steps
  • Step 1: Providing a heat spreader ( wv ) with a planar surface ( of );
  • Step 2: applying a layer ( pw ) made of a material on the surface ( of ) with formation of a new surface ( open ) parallel to the surface ( of );
  • Step 3: bringing in a radiator ( hk ) to the new surface ( open );
  • Step 4: heating the radiator ( hk ) to a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the heating also occurs before or after the heating element is brought up ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and where the radiator ( hk ) from several radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can exist with different second process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b);
  • Step 5: warming up the material in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a , b ) by infrared radiation from the radiator ( hk ) and / or heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) and / or through direct mechanical contact between radiators ( hk ) and new surface ( open ) and / or heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber ( ff ), from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ); step 6th : Melting part of the material in the warm-up area ( a , b ) in a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( a , b ) to molten material as a result of the heating in step 5; Step 7: finishing the melting
    • - by finally removing the radiator ( hk ) from the new interface ( open ) and or
    • - by lowering the temperature of the radiator ( hk ) below the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the melting area ( b ) to a solidification area ( c ) becomes;
  • Step 8: solidification of the melted material to solidified material in the solidification area ( c ).
• Feature 3: procedure ( 29 ) for the production of a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, according to feature 2 comprising the additional step
  • Step 2a: Selective sintering or melting of the material of the layer by means of a method of selective sintering and / or melting, in particular selective laser sintering and / or selective thermal transfer sintering (TTS) sintered material;
• Feature 4: procedure ( 30th ) according to one or more of features 2 to 3 comprising the additional steps
  • Step 6: translational displacement of the radiator ( hk ) during the melting of part of the material or sintered material,
    • - whereby this translational shift with a first speed ( v1 ) parallel to new surface ( open ) takes place and
    • - With this translational shift at least part of the melted material leaves the warm-up area and arrives in a cooling area;
  • Step 6: solidification of this melted material to solidified material in this cooling area.
• Feature 5: procedure ( 31 ) according to one or more of the features 2 to 4 with the additional steps that lie after the end of the melting process (step 7):
  • Step 9: using the new surface ( open ) as a surface ( of ) the heat spreader for subsequent steps;
  • Step 9: Repeat step 2 and / or step 2a;
  • Step 9: if necessary, repeat step 3;
  • Step 9: Repeat step 4;
  • Step 9: Repeat step 5;
  • Step 9: Repeat step 6;
  • Step 9.1: if necessary, repeat step 6;
  • Step 9.2: if necessary, repeat step 6;
  • Step 9: Repeat step 7;
  • Step 9: Repeat step 8;
  • Step 9: If necessary, repeat steps 9 to 9.8 and / or repeat steps 9 to 9.8 and / or repeat steps 9 to 9.8.
• Feature 6: procedure ( 32 ) according to one or more of the features 2 to 5 with the steps
  • Step 9.1.1: feeding a functional fiber during step 9.1 and
  • Step 9.1.2: Insertion of the functional fiber into the melted
  • Material in the melting area during step 9.1.
• Feature 7: procedure ( 32 ) according to feature 6 with step 9.1.3: Feeding the functional fiber parallel to step 9.1.1 at a second speed ( v2 ), which is essentially equal to the first speed ( v1 ) is during step 9.1.
• Feature 8: Method according to one or more of features 6 to 7, wherein the Functional fiber through the radiator ( hk ) is brought to a third process temperature (ϑ ₃ ).
• Feature 9: procedure ( 33 ) according to feature 8 where the functional fiber ( ff ) is used as a heat conduction device.
• Feature 10: procedure ( 34 ) according to one or more of the features 6 to 9 with the step:
  • Step 9.1: severing, in particular mechanical severing, the functional fiber in such a way that a part of the functional fiber inserted into the melted material in step 9.1.2 remains in the now solidified material after step 9.
• Feature 11: Method according to one or more of features 6 to 10 comprising step 10: removing the material that is not a solidified material after step 8 and / or after step 9 and / or step 9.1.
• Feature 12: Method according to one or more of features 2 to 11, comprising the step
  • - Tempering the actual temperature (ϑ _wv ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) to a target heat distribution temperature (ϑ ₁ ).
• Feature 13: Method for producing a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, characterized in that
  • - That at least temporarily a method according to one or more of features 1 to 12 is used and
  • - That at least one further method for producing three-dimensional bodies, in particular for additive manufacturing, is used to produce parts of the three-dimensional body, and
  • - This further method is not a method according to one or more of features 1 to 2 and / or features 4 to 12.
• Feature 14: Procedure according to feature 13
  • - wherein the further method is a method of selective laser sintering and / or
  • - The further process being a process of extruder-based additive manufacturing.
• Feature 15: Method according to one or more of Features 2 to 14
  • - wherein the method comprises a plurality of radiators ( hk ₁ to hk _n ) used and
  • - at least at times in parallel or in succession to the first with the help of at least one first radiator of the plurality of radiators ( hk ₁ to hk _n ) a method according to one or more of features 2 to 14 is carried out and, secondly, with the aid of at least one second radiator of the plurality of radiators ( hk ₁ to hk _n ), which is different from the first radiator, a method according to one or more of features 2 to 14 is carried out.
• Feature 16: Procedure according to feature 15
  • - where at least the first radiator ( hk1 ) and the second radiator ( hk2 ) are thermally insulated from each other. Thermally insulated means that the temperature of the first radiator ( hk1 ) the temperature of the second radiator ( hk2 ) preferably influenced so little that this is of subordinate importance for the work result.
• Feature 17: Method according to one or more of features 2 to 16 and according to feature 6 or according to feature 1, whereby the functional fiber ( ff ) is one or more of the following fibers or where the functional fiber ( ff ) comprises one or more of the following fibers and / or materials:
  • - a fiber optic cable,
  • - a carbon fiber,
  • - an optical fiber,
  • - a fiber made of metallic glass,
  • - a wire, in particular comprising steel or copper or brass or silver or gold or platinum or tungsten or an alloy or another metal,
  • - a shape memory wire, especially a Nitiol wire,
  • - a plastic wire,
  • - a plastic fiber,
  • - a strand,
  • - a fabric tape,
  • - a natural fiber,
  • - a tube or other linear fluidic device,
  • - a flexible, in particular ribbon-shaped electrical circuit,
  • - an RFID system,
  • a sensor element, in particular a strain gauge or an optical waveguide with an optically active section, in particular with a quantum dot, in particular with an NV center,
  • - an actuator, in particular a heating wire or a cooling element or a wire with a memory Effect (shape memory wire) or a ferromagnetic wire,
  • - a wire or a braid or a fiber with at least locally ferromagnetic properties.
• Feature 18: procedure ( 35 ) according to one or more of features 2 to 17 and according to feature 6,
  • - wherein the functional fiber after the insertion of the functional fiber into the melted material in the melting area during step 9.1 or during step 6 in at least one area has a curvature other than zero with an axis of curvature. (Kitchen sink).
• Feature 19: method according to one or more of features 1 to 18,
  • - where the material of the layer ( pw ) contains one or more of the following substances:
    • - a plastic, in particular a thermoplastic,
    • - a metal,
    • - a ceramic and / or material that becomes ceramic during a firing process,
    • - aluminum,
    • - a glass,
    • - iron,
    • - copper,
    • - Gold,
    • - platinum,
    • - titanium,
    • - vanadium,
    • - neodymium,
    • - vanadium,
    • - steel and / or stainless steel,
    • - a composite material,
    • - a semiconductor,
    • - a radioactive material,
    • - an electrically conductive material,
    • - an optically transparent material,
    • - a colored material,
    • - a ferromagnetic material and / or a ferromagnetic material component,
    • - a material soluble in a solvent and / or a material component soluble in a solvent, in particular the first material of the layer ( pw ) is not soluble in the solvent.
• Feature 20: procedure ( 36 ) for the modification of a three-dimensional body, in particular for the additive manufacturing of composite materials, comprising the steps
  • Step I: Providing a workpiece ( pw ) from a first material and a surface ( open );
  • Step II: bringing in a radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ); Step III: warming up the first material of the workpiece ( pw ) on the surface ( open ) in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a )
    • - by electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiator ( hk ) is emitted or transmitted through the radiator, and / or
    • - by heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
    • - through direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
    • - through heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece;
  • Step IV: melting a part of the first material in the warming-up area in a melting area within the warming-up area as a result of the warming-up in step III to form melted first material;
  • Step V: moving the radiator ( hk ) during the melting of part of the first material,
    • - this shifting at a first speed ( v1 ) parallel to the contour of the surface ( open ) takes place and
    • - In particular, this shift can be a change in the position and / or orientation of the heating element using rotational and / or translational degrees of freedom and
    • - feeding a functional fiber ( ff ) during the translational shift and
    • - Insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melted first material in the melting area and
    • - whereby by this shift at least part of the melted first material with the inserted functional fiber ( ff ) leaves the warm-up area and enters a cooling area created by displacement;
  • Step VI: solidification of this melted first material into solidified first material in this cooling area created by displacement.
  • Step VII: finishing the melting, in particular
    • - by lowering the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiator ( hk ) is emitted or transmitted through the radiator, and / or
    • - by reducing the heat transport by means of convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
    • - by ending the direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
    • - by terminating or reducing the heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece, whereby the melting area in each case becomes a cooling area;
  • Step VIII: solidification of the melted first material to solidified first material in the cooling area.
• Feature 21: procedure ( 37 ) according to feature 20 with the step
  • Step VI: Feeding the functional fiber ( ff ) parallel to step V at a second speed ( v2 ), which is essentially equal to the first speed ( v1 ) while step V.
• Feature 22: Method according to one or more of features 20 to 21 wherein the functional fiber ( ff ) through the radiator ( hk ) is brought to a third process temperature (ϑ ₃ ).
• Feature 23: Method according to Feature 22 wherein the functional fiber ( ff ) is used as a heat conduction device.
• Feature 24: procedure ( 38 ) according to one or more of the features 20 to 23 with the step:
  • Step V.II: severing, in particular mechanical severing, of the functional fiber ( ff ) in the form that a part of the functional fiber ( ff ) remains in the solidified first material.
• Feature 25: A method for producing a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, characterized in that
  • - That at least temporarily a method according to one or more of the features 20 to 24 is used and
  • - that at least one further process for the production of three-dimensional bodies, in particular for additive manufacturing, is used to produce parts of the workpiece ( pw ) as a three-dimensional body, and
  • - this further method not being a method according to one or more of features 20 to 24.
• Feature 26: Procedure according to feature 25
  • - wherein the further method is a method of selective laser sintering and / or
  • - The further process being a process of extruder-based additive manufacturing.
• Feature 27 Method according to one or more of features 1 to 26, wherein the functional fiber ( ff ) comprises one or more of the following materials, hereinafter referred to as the second material:
  • - a modification of the carbon and / or
  • - A glass made of an electrical insulator or a metal or a silicon compound or a semi-metal and / or
  • - a metal, in particular iron and / or copper and / or brass and / or bronze and / or silver and / or gold and / or platinum and / or tungsten and / or titanium and / or niobium and / or rare earths and / or Uranium and / or plutonium and / or thorium and / or germanium and / or silicon and / or palladium and / or indium and / or an alloy or another metal and / or a semi-metal and / or
  • - a plastic and / or
  • - a thermoplastic and / or
  • - a thermoset and / or
  • - a fibrous second material and / or
  • - A ferromagnetic and / or permanent magnetic second material and / or
  • - A ceramic second material and / or a primary material that can be converted into a ceramic material by firing and / or
  • - a radioactive material.
• Feature 28: method according to one or more of features 1 to 27,
  • - where the functional fiber ( ff ) comprises one or more of the following fiber types:
  • - a crystal fiber, especially asbestos,
  • - a ceramic fiber,
  • - a carbon fiber,
  • - a glass fiber, in particular an optical waveguide,
  • - a fiber made of metallic glass,
  • - a wire,
  • - a shape memory wire, especially a Nitiol wire,
  • - a plastic and / or natural fiber,
  • - a strand,
  • - a fabric and / or fabric tape,
  • - a tube or other linear fluidic device,
  • - a flexible, in particular ribbon-shaped, electrical circuit,
  • - an RFID system,
  • a sensor element, in particular a strain gauge or an optical waveguide with an optically active section, in particular with a quantum dot, in particular with an NV center,
  • - an actuator, in particular a heating wire or a cooling element or a wire with a memory effect (shape memory wire) or a ferromagnetic wire,
  • - A wire or a braid or a fiber or a fabric with at least locally ferromagnetic and / or permanent magnetic properties.
• Feature 29: method according to one or more of features 1 to 28,
  • - where at least part of the functional fiber ( ff ) after insertion represents an electrical component, in particular a coil or antenna.
• Feature 30. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 29,
  • - where the functional fiber ( ff ) or at least the part of the functional fiber ( ff ) to be inserted has a melting or decomposition temperature that is above the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ).
• Feature 31: Method according to one or more of features 20 to 30
  • - where the material of the workpiece ( pw ) contains one or more of the following substances:
  • - plastic, especially thermoplastics,
  • - metal,
  • - aluminum,
  • - a glass,
  • - iron,
  • - a composite material,
  • - a semiconductor material,
  • - a ferromagnetic material and / or a ferromagnetic material component,
  • a material soluble in a solvent and / or a material component soluble in a solvent.
• Feature 32: radiator ( dhk ) ( 19th ) for a device for additive manufacturing
  • - where the radiator ( dhk ) optical for electromagnetic heating radiation, in particular the heating radiation of a laser beam ( LLB1 , LB2 ) is transparent.
• Feature 33: radiator ( dhk ) ( 16 ) for a device for additive manufacturing
  • - where in the material of the radiator ( dhk ) a temperature sensor ( ts ) is integrated.
• Feature 34: radiator ( dhk ) ( 16-18 ) for a device for additive manufacturing
  • - where in the material of the radiator ( dhk ) an actuator, especially a heater ( hz2 ) is integrated.
• Feature 35: radiator ( dhk ) ( 17-18 ) for a device for additive manufacturing, in particular according to feature 32 and / or 33 and / or 34,
  • - where the material of the radiator ( dhk ) Includes diamond.
• Feature 36: radiator ( dhk ) ( 16-18 ) for a device for additive manufacturing
  • - where the radiator ( dhk ) a continuous channel ( kn ) and
  • - where the radiator ( dhk ) has a third material that makes this channel ( kn ) along a hollow cylinder of the channel ( kn ) encloses and
  • - where the radiator ( hk ) two opposite openings ( o1 , o2 ) in its third material, which has the beginning and the end of the channel ( kn ) form, and
  • - where a second material, in particular in the form of a functional fiber ( ff ), in this channel ( kn ) through the first opening ( o1 ) can be introduced into the first material and out of the canal ( kn ) through the second opening ( o2 ) can be found in the third material and
  • - wherein the third material is at least partially electrically insulating at operating temperature and
  • - wherein the third material is thermally conductive and
  • - wherein the third material is electrically conductive locally in first regions of the third material by local modification at operating temperature or is converted locally in first regions of the third material into a third electrically conductive material by local modification and
  • - where the second material is on or in the workpiece ( pw ) is deposited.
• Feature 37: device ( 16-18 ) according to feature 36
  • - with at least one of these first areas as a second heating device ( hz2 ) is used.
• Feature 38: device ( 17th ) according to feature 36 and / or 37
  • - At least one of these first areas is used as a temperature sensor.
• Feature 39: device ( 17-18 ) according to one or more of the features 36 to 38
  • - At least one working step of the modification being an ion implantation of atoms and / or molecules into the third material in the first regions.
• Feature 40: device ( 17-18 ) according to one or more of features 36 to 39
  • - wherein the third material is or has diamond.
• Feature 41: device ( 17-18 ) according to one or more of features 36 to 40
  • - wherein the third material comprises graphite and / or completely or partially amorphized carbon.
• Feature 42: device ( 17-18 ) according to one or more of features 36 to 41
  • - wherein the third material comprises an electrically doped, in particular p-doped, third material.
• Feature 43: Device characterized in that it has means ( hkl , hk2 , wv) in order to carry out one or more of the methods according to one or more of features 1 to 31.
• Feature 44: device ( 23 ) for the production of a three-dimensional body, especially for additive manufacturing,
  • - with a radiator ( hk ), in particular according to one or more of features 32 to 42, and
  • - with one channel ( kn ) and,
  • - with a feeding device and
  • - with a workpiece,
  • - where the workpiece has a surface ( open ) and
  • - where the radiator ( hk ) the channel ( kn ) and
  • - where the radiator ( hk ) is provided and suitable for locally selectively removing the solid material of the workpiece ( pw )
  • - by infrared radiation from the radiator ( hk ) and or
  • - by electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiator ( hk ) is transmitted through, and / or
  • - by heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece and / or
  • - through direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( open ) of the workpiece and / or
  • - by heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular by means of a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) to melt locally to a melting area and
  • - the feed device interacting with the channel ( kn ) and the radiator ( hk ) is suitable and intended to use a functional fiber ( ff ) through the canal ( kn ) to be introduced into the melting area.
• Feature 45: device ( 23 and 26th ) according to feature 44
  • - where the radiator ( hk ) on a positioning device ( SP , B. , M. ) is appropriate,
  • - where the positioning device ( SP , B. , M. ) the translational positioning of the radiator ( hk ) with at least one degree of freedom, in particular along a linear or curved line, corresponding to an absolute or relative translational position that can be specified by a computer system and / or
  • - where the positioning device ( SP , B. , M. ) the rotational positioning of the radiator ( hk ) with at least one degree of freedom, in particular a rotation around an axis of the radiator ( hk ), according to an absolute or relative rotary position that can be specified by a computer system.
• Feature 46: device ( 26th ) according to feature 45,
  • - where the device has more than two, in particular six or more than six, controllable axes ( a1-a6 , AC).
• Feature 47: Device according to one or more of features 43 to 44
  • - with a heat spreader ( wv ) and
  • - where the heat spreader ( wv ) is provided and suitable that a layer ( pw ) is applied to it from a first material, and
  • - where this layer ( pw ) at least partially the workpiece ( wst ) represents.
• Feature 48: Device according to one or more of features 43 to 47
  • - where the workpiece ( wst ) is attached to a positioning device,
  • - where the positioning device is the translational positioning of the workpiece ( wst ) with at least one degree of freedom, in particular along a linear or curved line, corresponding to an absolute or relative translational position that can be specified by a computer system and / or
  • - where the positioning device is the rotational positioning of the workpiece ( wst ) with at least one degree of freedom, in particular a rotation around an axis of the workpiece ( wst ), according to an absolute or relative rotary position that can be specified by a computer system.
• Feature 49: workpiece characterized by
  • - that it was manufactured using a method according to one or more of features 1 to 31, and / or,
  • that it was manufactured using a device according to one or more of features 32 to 48.
• Feature 50: Material characterized by
  • - that it was manufactured using a method according to one or more of features 1 to 31, and / or,
  • that it was manufactured using a device according to one or more of features 32 to 48.
• Feature 51: Device for three-dimensional printing by means of selective sintering and / or melting
  • - With a first group of sub-devices for performing a selective laser sintering process and
  • - Marked with a second group of sub-devices for performing a thermal transfer sintering process (English: Selective Heat Sintering Process (SLS))
  • - by a dividing device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ) during a sintering or melting process.
• Feature 52: Device according to feature 51
  • - with a process chamber ( pk ) and
  • - with a dividing device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ) and
  • - with a positioning device for this sub-device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ),
  • - with a functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ), which are part of the dividing device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ) is
  • - where the process chamber ( pk ) can be tempered to a process chamber _{temperature (ϑ 3),}
  • - where the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ) when inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) accomplished,
  • - wherein the positioning device is the partial device for inserting functional bevels ( ff ) within the process chamber ( pk ) positioned and
  • - where the motor or motors of the positioning device outside the process chamber ( pk ) are placed and
  • - where the motor or motors of the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) outside the process chamber ( pk ) are placed and
  • - the device being mechanical means, in particular shafts and / or splined shafts ( kwl , kw2 , kw3 ), for the transport of mechanical energy from the motor or motors ( M. ) the positioning device to the feed device ( SP ) of the positioning device and
  • - the device being mechanical means, in particular shafts and / or splined shafts ( kwl , kw2 , kw3 ), for the transport of mechanical energy from the motor or motors ( VSM ) the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) to the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) having.
• Feature 53: Device according to feature 52
  • - where the feed device ( SP ) the positioning device by means of a second bevel gear ( kz2 ) and a fourth bevel gear ( kz4 ) and a second splined shaft ( kw2 ) with the engine or engines ( M. ) the positioning device is mechanically coupled.
• Feature 54: Device according to feature 52 and / or feature 53
  • - where the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) by means of a first splined shaft ( kw1 ) and a first bevel gear ( kz1 ) and a third bevel gear ( kz3 ) and a third splined shaft ( kw3 ) and with the engine or engines ( VSM ) the functional fiber feed device ( ar , pr ) is mechanically coupled.
• Feature 55: functional fiber ( ff ) for inserting into the material of a workpiece by means of a method according to one or more of features 1 to 31 and / or for use with a device according to one or more of features 32 to 36 for use in a device according to one or more of features 37 to 48 and / or for use in a device according to one or more of features 51 to 54
• Feature 56: procedure ( 69 ) for embedding a functional fiber ( ff ) into a workpiece
  • - where the workpiece ( wst ) a surface ( of ) and
  • - where the material on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) may include unsolidified and solidified areas, comprising the steps
  • - selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece ( wst ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece;
  • - application of a first layer ( npw ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst );
  • - selective melting and solidification of the first layer ( 62 , 64 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt during melting;
  • - application of a second layer ( npw ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst );
  • - selective melting and solidification of the second layer ( 62 , 64 ) in the area of the inserted functional fiber ( ff ) so that this functional fiber ( ff ) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified region of the material of the first layer and the solidified material of the second layer;
• Feature 57: procedure ( 70 ) for embedding a functional fiber ( ff ) into a workpiece
  • - where the workpiece ( wst ) a surface ( of ) and
  • - where the material on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) may include unsolidified and solidified areas, comprising the steps
  • - selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece ( wst ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece;
  • - selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece ( 62 , 64 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt during melting;
  • - application of a first layer ( npw ) on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst );
  • - selective melting and solidification of the first layer ( 62 , 64 ) in the area of the inserted functional fiber ( ff ), so that this functional fiber (ff) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified area of the material of the first layer and the solidified material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece;
• Feature 58: Method of embedding a functional fiber ( ff ) into a workpiece
  • - where the workpiece ( wst ) a surface ( of ) and
  • - where the material on the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) may include unsolidified and solidified areas, comprising the steps
  • - selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece ( 62 , 64 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt during melting, so that this functional fiber ( ff ) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified area of the solidified material of the workpiece on the surface of the workpiece-
• Feature 59: A method for selective sintering, in particular for selective laser sintering, comprising the steps
  • - Interrupting the selective sintering process;
    • - Provision of a functional fiber;
    • - Positioning the functional fiber relative to the workpiece;
    • - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber;
    • - Optional separation of the functional fiber;
    • - Continuation of the selective sintering process.
• Feature 60: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method, comprising the steps
  • - Interrupting the FDM process of manufacturing a workpiece ( wst );
    • - Provision of a functional fiber ( ff );
    • - Positioning the functional fiber ( ff ) relative to the workpiece ( wst );
    • - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff );
    • - Optional separation of the functional fiber
    • - Continue the FDM process.
• Feature 61: Additive manufacturing method, comprising the steps
  • - Interrupting a basic process of additive manufacturing of a workpiece ( wst );
  • - Provision of a functional fiber ( ff );
  • - Positioning the functional fiber ( ff ) relative to the workpiece ( wst );
  • - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff );
  • - Optional separation of the functional fiber
  • - Continue the basic process of additive manufacturing;
• Feature 62: Procedure according to feature 61
  • - whereby the basic procedure is a procedure of the VDI 3405 and / or the DIN EN ISO / ASTM 52900: 2018 acts and or
  • - where the basic procedure is one of the following procedures or a modification of the following procedures:
    • Stereolithography (SL), laser sintering (LS), selective laser sintering (SLS), laser beam melting (SLM = Selective Laser Melting, also: Laser Beam Melting = LBM), electron beam melting (Electron Beam Melting = EBM), Fused Layer Modeling / Manufacturing (FLM or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)) Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM), Poly-Jet Modeling (PJM), 3-D printing (3DP, also Binder Jetting), Layer Laminated Manufacturing (LLM ), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Thermal Transfer Sintering (TTS), Metal Laminated Tooling (MELATO), Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP), Selective Heat Sintering (SHS), Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), Wax Deposition Modeling (WDM), Contour crafting, cold gas spraying or metal powder application processes (MPA), lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM), 3D screen printing, 3D inkjet printing, especially optical elements, light-controlled electrophoretic deposition, SDS processes (shaping-debinding-sintering), Production of metallic green bodies by means of Fused deposition modeling / fused layer modeling or material extrusion, two-photon lithography, Arburg plastic freeforming, screw extrusion additive manufacturing (SEAM).
• Feature 63 Method according to feature 61 and / or 62
  • - where the restriction of the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) is done by at least one of the following methods:
  • - at least partial melting of a surface ( of ) of the workpiece and inserting at least part of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt and solidification of the melt and / or
  • - Fixing the functional fiber to a surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) by means of a fastening means, in particular by means of an adhesive, and / or
  • - Clamping and / or inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) on or in a clamping or holding structure structure on the surface of the workpiece ( wst ), in particular in a groove in the workpiece, the clamping or holding structure structure possibly only being able to exist temporarily during the additive manufacturing process, and / or
  • - Fixing or stapling or nailing down the functional fiber ( ff ) on the surface of the workpiece ( ff ) by means of a fastening aid, in particular a clip or a nail or a clamp, and / or
  • - Knotting the functional fiber with a fiber holding structure, for example a hook or a post, on the surface of the workpiece ( wst ), the fiber holding structure possibly only being able to exist temporarily during the additive manufacturing process, and / or
  • - Sewing the functional fiber to a part of the workpiece, whereby the functional fiber is used as a sewing thread, and / or sewing the functional fiber to a part of the workpiece, whereby the functional fiber ( ff ) is used as a sewing thread and as an upper thread together with another fiber as a lower thread and / or where the functional fiber ( ff ) is used as a sewing thread and as a bobbin thread together with another fiber as an upper thread, and the other fiber can also be a functional fiber.
• Feature 64: Method according to one or more of features 59 to 63
  • - where the restriction of the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) the steps
  • - at least local melting of the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) to a melt and
  • - Insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melt and
  • - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) by solidifying the melt.
• Feature 65. Method according to one or more of features 59 to feature 64
  • - where the restriction of the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) the step
  • - Attaching the functional fiber ( ff ) on or in the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) includes.
• Feature 66: The method of feature 65 wherein the securing by
  • - Gluing, in particular using an adhesive and / or
  • - welding and / or
  • - Soldering, in particular with the formation of a eutectic, and / or
  • - Melting takes place according to one or more of the methods according to one or more of features 1 to 31 and / or according to one or more of the methods according to one or more of features 56 to 58.
• Feature 67: functional fiber ( ff ) or strand made of functional fibers ( ff )
  • - where the functional fiber ( ff ) or the strand made of functional fibers ( ff ) with a size ( SL ) is provided and
  • - where the plain ( SL ) of the functional fiber during an insertion process of the functional fiber ( ff ) into a workpiece ( wst ) to the material of the surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) at least in some areas of this surface ( of ) a meniscus (mi) with a contact angle ( χ ) that is smaller than 90 °.
• Feature 68: functional fiber ( ff ) or strand made of functional fibers ( ff )
  • - where the surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) is designed in such a way, especially wetting, that the melt of the material of a surface ( of ) of a workpiece ( wst ) during an insertion process of the functional fiber ( ff ) in this surface ( of ) of the workpiece ( wst ) to the material of the surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) at least in some areas of this surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) a meniscus (mi) with a contact angle ( χ ) that is smaller than 90 °.

advantage

Such processes for the production of a three-dimensional body, especially for additive manufacturing, allow the embedding of functional fibers in the form of functional fibers ( ff ) into the workpiece or a surface during the implementation of an additive manufacturing process. The advantages are not limited to this.

Description of the figures

The figures show, by way of example, simplified essential parts of the proposed devices and methods.

Figure 1

1 shows the exemplary, schematically simplified, basic structure of a proposed device. A heat spreader ( wv ) determined with its first surface ( of ) the working area of the proposed additive manufacturing system. The heat spreader ( wv ) is typically made of a material that conducts heat relatively well. The heat spreader ( wv ) and the radiator ( hk ) are shown as an exemplary sectional view. For example, steel and aluminum work well for this purpose. The heat spreader ( wv ) has a first surface ( of ), which is typically the work surface of the proposed additive manufacturing system. Furthermore, the heat distributor ( wv ) via a second surface ( of2 ), which are typically the first surface ( of ) is arranged opposite. The second surface ( of2 ) is preferably designed to be electrically insulating. In the case of an aluminum plate as a heat spreader ( wv ) this insulation can be achieved, for example, by anodizing. Is the heat spreader ( wv ) a steel plate, various galvanic coatings and / or varnishes come into question. The second surface ( of2 ) is preferred with electrical lines of a first heating device ( hz1 ), which can heat up the heat spreader compared to the ambient temperature when electrically powered. In the 1 is an optional first cooling device ( kv ), which are used to cool down the heat spreader ( wv ) is used to be able to regulate this faster. The first cooling device ( kv ) can be water cooling, for example. The first heater ( hz1 ) would then be the first cooling device ( kv ) counteract, which allows a better defined and faster temperature setting. To determine the temperature of the heat spreader ( wv ) is preferably a A temperature sensor is provided that measures the first actual temperature of the heat spreader ( wv ) recorded as heat distribution temperature ϑ _wz ). A first controller, not shown, then energizes the first heating device ( hz1 ) depending on the heat distribution temperature (ϑ _wz ) recorded by the temperature sensor with an electrical heating current such that the heat distribution ( wv ) is adjusted to a first defined process temperature (ϑ ₁ ). _{The first temperature deviations of} the recorded heat distribution temperature (ϑ wv) as the first actual temperature compared to the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) are then limited to system noise and unavoidable control errors. Typically the first heater is ( hz1 ) made from simple conductor tracks. These are then preferably through a layer of varnish ( Ik ) protected against corrosion and electrically isolated from their surroundings.

On the heat spreader ( wv ) is a layer ( pw ) made of a first material on the surface ( of ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) applied. This layer ( pw ) from the first material defines a new surface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) parallel to the surface ( of ) of the heat spreader ( wv ). The layer is preferably a powder layer.

A radiator ( hk ) is at a first distance ( f ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) arranged. In a variant of the process, this first distance is ( f ) at least temporarily so large that the radiator ( hk ) the first material of the layer ( pw ) in the area of the radiator ( hk ) has not yet been significantly influenced in the sense of this document.

The radiator ( hk ) is preferred with a second heating device ( hz2 ) Mistake. This second heater ( hz2 ) can, for example, by one or more electrically insulated and thermally coupled windings of a heating wire around the radiator ( hk ) are formed. A second temperature sensor, not shown, records the radiator temperature (ϑ _hk ) as the second actual temperature of the radiator ( hk ). A second controller, not shown, then supplies current to _{the second heating device (hk} ) as the second actual temperature as a function of the recorded radiator temperature (hk). hz2 ) with a second electrical heating current in such a way that a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) is the radiator _{temperature (ϑ hk} ) of the radiator ( hk ) adjusts. This second heating device works preferentially ( hz2 ) against a second cooling device ( kl ), the radiator ( hk ) preferably cools. With this second cooling device ( kl ) it can be, for example, water cooling or air cooling.

The radiator ( hk ) is with its second heating device ( hz2 ) and the optional second cooling ( kl ) using fasteners ( B. ) on a feed device, here an exemplary spindle ( SP ) from an exemplary engine ( M. ) is typically rotated in response to control signals from a computer, not shown, attached. This allows the computer to determine the position of the radiator ( hk ) relative to the layer along this spindle ( SP ) as a positioning device.

The entire device is preferably in one process chamber ( pk ) housed, which is preferably brought to a defined fourth process temperature (ϑ ₄ ) by means of a fourth temperature sensor (not shown), a controller (not shown) and a fourth heating device (not shown). In the case of the engine ( M. ) it is preferably a stepper motor. Preferred is the engine ( M. ) positioned outside a chamber (KA2) not shown here for the sake of clarity, since the process chamber ( pk ) usually to a fourth process temperature (ϑ ₄ ) just below the lowest melting point of the first material of the layer ( pw ) is heated up. This allows simpler and cheaper engines ( M. ) be used.

In addition to the positioning device shown here ( SP , M. , B. ) for the radiator ( hk ), further positioning options in other directions and around other axes are preferred. For example, it can make sense to be able to move the radiator linearly not only in a translatory manner in the X direction, but also in a Y direction that is not parallel to it, so that every xy coordinate of every point of the new surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) on the heat spreader ( wv ) through the radiator ( hk ) can be reached.

As will become clear later ( 20th ), it also makes sense, for example, to switch the radiator ( hk ) around an axis of rotation perpendicular to the new surface ( open ) the shift ( pv ) on the heat spreader ( wv ) to be able to rotate with another stepper motor depending on signals from the said computer. Finally, it makes sense if, for example, the first distance ( f ) can be changed by means of a fourth stepper motor and, for example, a further spindle by means of control signals by the computer. This further spindle and the fourth stepper motor are an example of a lifting device with which the radiator ( hk ) can be raised.

The computer preferably controls the current value of the first electrical heating current and of the second electrical heating current as a function of the position and orientation of the heating element, among other things.

Figure 2

2 largely corresponds to 1 . The 2 represents an example of a proposed device. A lifting device, not shown, has the first distance ( f ) of the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) and thus to the surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) decreased from the first material.

The first material of the layer is now warmed up ( pw ) in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a and b ) by the infrared radiation of the heated radiator ( hk ). Compared to the situation in 1 is the infrared radiation of the radiator ( hk ) into the new interface ( open ) now reinforced because the first distance ( f ) was reduced by the lifting device (not shown). Alternatively or in addition, heat can also be transported by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) and / or heat transport by means of direct mechanical contact between radiators ( hk ) and new surface ( open ) and / or heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber ( ff ), from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) are provided.

Of course, it is also possible to change the second process temperature ( _{) 2} ) dynamically over time in order to achieve an effect equivalent to the function that increases the heat spreader ( wv ) can add. The radiator ( hk ) can be lowered to produce the functionally equivalent effect.

If the first process temperature (ϑ ₁ ) and the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) are suitably selected, part of the first material of the layer will now melt ( pw ) in the warm-up area ( a and b ) in a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( a and b ) as a result of warming up. Molten material of the first material of the layer forms ( pw ) in a melted area ( b ). The material of the layer melts to a depth ( e ) under the new surface ( open ) on. This depth ( e ) depends on the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) of the radiator ( hk ), more precisely the radiator temperature (ϑ _hk ), the heat distribution temperature (ϑ _wv ), the first distance ( f ) the lower edge of the radiator ( hk ) from the new interface ( open ), the emission coefficient of the underside of the radiator ( hk ) and the absorption coefficient of the new surface ( open ) below the underside of the radiator ( hk ) for infrared radiation from .

Melting can possibly be limited to sintering.

Figure 3

This melting process is then ended again in a defined manner. this shows 3 exemplary.

This termination of the melting process can be done in various ways. The measure that initiated the melting is preferably reversed.

Has the melting been, among other things, by reducing the first distance ( f ) the underside of the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) is initiated, this first distance ( f ) preferably increased back to the initial value in order to end the melting process.

Has the melting been, among other things, by increasing the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) of the radiator ( hk ) e.g. by increasing the current supply to the second heating device ( hz2 ) caused by the controller (not shown) or a correspondingly increased target value specification, e.g. by the said computer system, the controller lowers the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ) of the radiator ( hk ) by lowering the current supply to the second heating device ( kz2 ) caused by the regulator not shown. Typically, this is preceded by a lower target value specification, for example by the said computer system.

The melted area ( b ) [Melting area (b)] the 2 transforms preferentially by solidification (or chemical reaction) into a solidifying area [solidification area (c)] and then into a solidified area ( vb ) [Solidification area (d)].

Figure 4

4th shows an exemplary situation when the process is run in parallel with several radiators ( hkl , hk2 ).

The 4th shows an example of a first radiator ( hk1 ), which is supplied by a second cooling device ( kl1 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) is cooled and by the second heating device ( hz21 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) is heated.

The 4th shows an example of a second radiator ( hk2 ), which is supplied by a second cooling device ( kl2 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) is cooled and by the second heating device ( hz22 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) is heated.

The first radiator ( hk1 ) is at a first distance ( f1 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) to the new Surface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) arranged.

The second radiator ( hk2 ) is at a first distance ( f2 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) arranged.

The initial situation for the first radiator thus corresponds to ( hk1 ) and the second radiator ( hk2 ) each of the initial situation of the 1 for the radiator there ( hk ).

With suitable control, this plurality of radiators ( hz1 , hz2 ) can be used to create a pattern more quickly by locally selective melting in the new surface ( open ) the shift ( pw ) to create.

Figure 5

Now, for example, the first of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can be used to create a first melted area [melting area (ab1)] in a warm-up area ( a , b ) to create.

For example, if the first radiator ( hk1 ) is used for this purpose, for example, the first distance ( f1 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₁ ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz21 ) of the first radiator ( hz1 ) can be increased by a controller. Typically, an increased target value specification, e.g. by the said computer system for the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₁ ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) ahead. This situation is in 5 shown.

Instead and / or in parallel, the second of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can be used to create a second melted area ( starting at 2 ) to create.

For example, if the second radiator ( hk2 ) is used for this purpose, the second distance ( f2 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₂ ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz22 ) of the second radiator ( hz2 ) can be increased by a controller. Typically, an increased target value specification, e.g. by the said computer system for the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₂ ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) ahead.

Figure 6

Is the process of melting accordingly 5 terminated, the measures taken are typically reversed.

For example, if the first radiator ( hk1 ) of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) is used to create a first melted area ( from1 ), the first distance ( f1 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) can be increased again and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₁ ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz21 ) of the first radiator ( hz1 ) can be decreased again by a regulator. Typically, a lower target value specification, e.g. by the said computer system for the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₁ ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) ahead. This situation is in 6th shown. The solidification of the first melted area ( from1 ) then the first solidified area is formed ( vb1 ).

For example, if the second of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) used to create a second melted area ( starting at 2 ), the second distance ( f2 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) can be increased again and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₂ ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz22 ) of the second radiator ( hz2 ) can be decreased again by a regulator. The solidification of the second melted area ( starting at 2 ) then the second solidified area is formed ( vb2 ).

Figure 7

Now, for example, the first and second of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can be used to create a first melted area ( from1 ) to create.

For example, if the first radiator ( hk1 ) is used for this purpose, for example, the first distance ( f1 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₁ ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz21 ) of the first radiator ( hz1 ) can be increased by a controller.

At the same time, the second of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) to used, a second melted area ( starting at 2 ) in parallel.

If, for example, the second radiator ( hk2 ) is used for this purpose, for example, the first distance ( f2 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₂ ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz22 ) of the second radiator ( hz2 ) can be increased by a controller.

This situation with two active radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) is in 7th shown.

Figure 8

Is the process of melting accordingly 7th terminated, the measures taken are typically reversed.

For example, if the first of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) is used to create a first melted area ( from1 ), the first distance ( f1 ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) can be increased again and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₁ ) of the first radiator ( hk1 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz21 ) of the first radiator ( hz1 ) can be decreased again by a regulator. This situation is in 8th shown. The solidification of the first melted area ( from1 ) then the first solidified area is formed ( vb1 ).

For example, if the second of the two exemplary radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) used to create a second melted area ( starting at 2 ), the second distance ( f2 ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv ) can be increased again and / or the second process temperature (ϑ ₂₂ ) of the second radiator ( hk2 ) by means of the second heating device ( hz22 ) of the second radiator ( hz2 ) can be decreased again by a regulator. The solidification of the second melted area ( starting at 2 ) then the second solidified area is formed ( vb2 ).

This situation with two previously active radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) is in 8th shown.

Figure 9

9 shows the situation according to the 1 to 3 , but now the radiator ( hk ) through the spindle ( SP ) and the engine ( M. ) at a first speed ( v1 ) is moved along the spindle direction.

The image of the 9 equals to 2 with the difference that the area of the melt, which is caused by the movement of the radiator ( hk ) relative to the heat spreader ( wv ) the melting area ( b ) leaves, by leaving it in an area of solidification ( eb ) in the solidification area ( c ) is transferred, where the melt gradually solidifies again. The former melt ultimately solidifies completely, creating a solidified area ( vb ) in the solidification area ( d ) has reached.

Figure 10

After the entire melt has solidified, further material can now be applied, for example using a doctor blade ( rk ) as a new layer ( npw ) are applied. The material is preferably a powdery, meltable granulate of very fine grain size made from said first material. The bottom edge ( uk ) the squeegee ( rk ) with a leading material supply ( pwv ) is set to a preferably constant second distance ( G ) to the old surface ( aof ) the shift ( pw ) that previously created the new surface ( open ) was. This creates a new surface ( open ) the new layer ( npw ) for the next pass above the old surface ( aof ) educated. The squeegee ( rk ) is preferred with a third speed ( v3 ) over the old surface ( aof ) emotional.

Figure 11

After completing the order of the new shift ( npw ), as in 10 shown, the new situation arises accordingly 11 . Above the old surface ( aof ) a new layer ( npw ), which in the subsequent passage plays the role of the layer of material. The solidified area is preferably complete with the new layer ( npw ) of the material covered.

Instead of applying with the squeegee ( rk ) dispensing methods, printing methods and painting etc. are also possible.

Figure 12

The representation of the 12th corresponds to the representation of 9 with the difference that instead of the original layer ( pw ) now the new layer ( npw ) is processed and the newly formed solidified area ( vb ) on the old one solidified area ( vb ) stacks. It should be noted here that the depth ( e ) the melting of the material of the layer ( pw ) from the new interface ( open ) can be measured larger than the layer thickness ( G ), which by the second distance ( G ) the lower edge ( uk ) the squeegee ( rk ) to the old surface ( aof ) the shift ( pw ) is determined, which then becomes the thickness of the new layer ( npw ) represents. This means that more than just one layer of powder can be melted.

Figure 13

The representation of the 13th equals to 12th with the difference that now a functional fiber ( ff ) via a channel ( kn ) in the radiator ( hk ) at a second speed ( v2 ) is supplied. Such a feeding device for the functional fiber ( ff ) can theoretically also be used as an independent sub-device of the overall device independent of the radiator ( hk ) will be realized. However, the tests have shown that implementation as part of the radiator is particularly advantageous because the functional fiber ( ff ) before inserting into the melted surface ( of ) the shift ( pv ) or the workpiece is preheated. Preferably the inner lower edge ( kt ) of the channel ( kn ) has a suitable radius that is larger than the minimum permitted bending radius of the functional fiber ( ff ) along the course of the functional fiber section to be inserted of the functional fiber ( ff ). The second speed ( v2 ) is preferably essentially the same as the first speed ( v1 ) so that no forces can build up. The functional fiber ( ff ) is thereby in the material of the hardened area ( vb ) built-in. The functional fiber is preferably ( ff ) around a carbon fiber and / or a glass fiber and / or a mineral fiber and / or natural fibers and / or mineral fibers and / or plant fibers and / or silk fibers and / or a wire, which can in particular be made of a wire material, the gold, Silver, copper, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, rare earths, platinum, uranium, plutonium, thorium, iron and the like. May include, and / or a shape memory wire, in particular a nitride wire, and / or a stranded wire that has such Includes wires and / or fibers.

Figure 14

The representation of the 14th equals to 13th with the difference that now, by means of a step 2a, a structure has already been produced in the layer by means of a selective sintering process, for example by means of selective laser sintering, and this sintered material is now melted again. In this example, the material of the layer thus undergoes two heat treatments. First of all, the areas of the surface to be sintered are sintered ( of ) the new layer ( npw ) and then the repeated melting of some of these already melted and solidified material areas with the insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ).

Figure 15

The 15th largely corresponds to 14th with the following differences: The radiator ( hk ) is made of diamond in this example. Diamond is an example of a material in which monolithic electrical functionality can be integrated. It is known from diamond that electronic components can be manufactured in diamond. The diamond radiator ( dhk ) in this example is functionally equivalent to the previously discussed radiator ( hk ). The second heater ( hz2 ) is now in the material of the diamond radiator ( dhk ) exemplarily integrated and manufactured. For example, it can be a highly p-doped p + layer in the diamond of the diamond heater ( dhk ) act. Such a highly p-doped layer can, for example, by the localized and structured implantation (focused ion beam implantation) of boron atoms in the diamond material of the diamond heater ( dhk ) and subsequent heat treatment can be achieved. An implantation with a lower dose leads to less conductive layers that can be used as resistors or temperature sensors. A very high dose results in areas that can be used as electrical contacts. The use of titanium to produce ohmic contacts is also known. A first opening ( o1 ) and a second opening ( o2 ) preferably introduced by laser drilling through the canal ( kn ) are connected to each other. In the example of the 15th is the second heater ( hz2 ) as electrical resistance in the diamond material of the diamond heater ( dhk ) manufactured. When an electrical current is applied, this electrical resistance heats up and gives off the heat from .

Figure 16

16 equals to 15th with the difference that on the lower boundary surface of the diamond radiator ( dhk ) one or more temperature sensors ( ts ) are manufactured. These are, for example, resistors and / or pn diodes that were generated by implanting foreign atoms into the diamond. In this way, for example, the temperature at the lower edge of the diamond radiator ( dhk ) must be checked very carefully. A PID controller, for example, can be used to measure the electrical resistance of the temperature sensor ( ts ) the electric current through the second heating device ( hz2 ) to regulate. One benefit of using diamond together with a heat sink ( kl ) is the rapid drop in temperature of the diamond radiator ( dhk ) after the end of the heating due to the extremely good thermal conductivity of diamond, which is much better than that of copper.

Figure 17

17th shows an exemplary diamond radiator ( dhk ) in the top view of the underside of the diamond heating element ( dhk ) on the tip of the diamond heating element (dhk) seen from the workpiece side. The exemplary diamond radiator ( dhk ) has a first contact ( K1 ) and a second contact ( K2 ), via which a first second heating device ( hz2 ) can be electrically contacted and operated. The exemplary diamond radiator ( dhk ) has a seventh contact ( K7 ) and an eighth contact ( K8 ), via which a second heating device ( hz2 ) can be electrically contacted and operated. A third contact ( K3 ), a fourth contact ( K4 ), a fifth contact ( K5 ) and a sixth contact ( K6 ) are used for contacting the temperature sensors, which cannot be seen due to the rasterization of the image. The channel ( kn ) is in the middle of the diamond radiator ( dhk ) to recognize. For the electrical connection, spring contact pins are preferred on the contact surfaces of the contacts ( K1 to K8 ) put on. The corresponding brackets, spring pins and connections are not shown in the preceding figures for the sake of clarity.

Figure 18

18th shows another exemplary diamond radiator ( dhk ) viewed from above on the tip from the workpiece side. The exemplary diamond radiator ( dhk ) has a first contact ( K1 ) and a second contact ( K2 ) and a third contact ( K3 ) and a fourth contact ( K4 ) via which the cross-shaped temperature sensor ( ts ) is contacted. The channel ( kn ) is in the middle. When using this diamond heater, an external second heating device ( hz2 ) required.

Figure 19

19th equals to 16 with the difference that now the heating power by means of an exemplary first laser beam ( LB1 ) and by means of an exemplary second laser beam, i.e. also by means of electromagnetic radiation, by means of a mirror ( Isp ) through the diamond radiator ( dhk ) is entered into the warm-up area. The bottom of the radiator ( hk ) we prefer to run it flat over a larger area. The radiator is preferably used here as an optical functional element that heats energy in the form of laser rays ( LB1 , LB2 ) directs to the warm-up area.

Figure 20

The 20th essentially corresponds to 14th . Now, however, the device is modified in such a way that functional fibers with a larger bending radius can also be processed. As a result, the radiator ( hk ) no longer symmetrical and the functional fiber ( ff ) no longer hits the surface perpendicularly ( of ) the new layer ( npw ). It is therefore advantageous, for example, if the radiator ( hk ) depending on the current xy insertion position of the insertion point ( ep ) and the intended insertion direction of the functional fiber ( ff ) for this insertion point ( ep ) by means of a computer-controlled stepper motor around an axis of rotation ( Oh ) can be rotated, preferably through the insertion point ( ep ) goes. The radiator ( hk ) is then preferably always rotated in such a way that the component of the first speed ( v1 ) of the motion vector of the radiator in the xy plane parallel to the component of the direction vector of the functional fiber ( ff ) is in the xy plane. Only then is the laying of functional fibers ( ff ) possible in curves. The rotating device is in the 20th not shown for the sake of clarity. A possible direction of rotation and the virtual axis ( Oh ) by which the rotation of the radiator ( hk ), but are shown.

Figure 21

21 shows a rasterized photo of the test setup. In the photo are the engine ( M. ), the solidified area ( vb ), the radiator ( hk ), the powder layer ( pv ), the heat spreader ( wv ), an additional aluminum foil for better separability of the workpiece after production from the heat spreader, a second heating element ( hk2 ), the second heater ( hz2 ), the stepper motor ( VSM ) for the advance of the functional fiber towards the surface ( of ) the shift ( pw ) and the supply line of the temperature sensor ( ts ) to the second heating device ( hz2 ) to recognize. The rods for the spindle ( SP ) by the engine ( M. ) is driven and part of the wiring can be seen.

Figure 22

22nd shows a detail of the device from 21 . A fourth, typically optional heating device can be seen ( hz4 ). This is shaped, for example, as a ceramic rod, as is known from soldering irons. This fourth heating device heats a metal shoe, which is shaped as a sheet metal with a hole, via a thermally conductive one mechanical connecting sleeve which is attached to said ceramic rod. The sheet metal of the metal shoe is essentially parallel to the surface ( of ) the shift ( pv ) aligned. A hole is machined into the sheet metal of the metal shoe into which the radiator ( hk ) reaches in without touching the metal shoe. This means that the metal shoe and the radiator ( hk ) thermally insulated from each other essentially. The metal shoe serves here as a fourth radiator ( hk4 ) that occurs when the radiator is moved ( hk ) at the first speed ( v1 ) parallel to the surface ( of ) a temperature profile at the swept points on the surface of the layer ( pv ) generated. If necessary, additional heating elements can be used in order to achieve more complex temperature profiles. The solidified area can be seen ( vb ), the additional aluminum foil ( al ), the heat spreader ( wv ), the second heater ( hz2 ), the lead for the thermocouple to measure the temperature of the second heating element ( hz2 ) and the stepper motor ( VSM ) for the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ) towards the surface ( of ) the shift ( pw ).

Figure 23

The 23 again essentially corresponds to 14th . Now it's over 21 and 22nd known fourth radiator ( hk4 ) drawn in as an example. The fourth radiator is used to design the temperature profile when the radiator moves ( hk ) over the surface ( of ) the shift ( pw ) in the first distance ( f ). The fourth radiator ( hk4 ) is preferably fixed to the fastening of the radiator ( hk ) so that it is preferably permanently in roughly the same position relative to the radiator ( hk ) remains.

The feed unit that carries the functional fiber ( ff ) towards the surface ( of ) the shift ( pv ) is shown here as an example. In this example, the feed unit consists of a drive roller ( ar ) driven by a stepper motor ( VSM ) is driven. The axis of the drive roller is mounted in such a way that the drive roller is positioned relative to the channel ( kn ) and to the radiator ( hk ) does not change. The drive roller ( ar ) opposite is a spring-loaded and rotatable pressure roller ( pr ), which by the resilient mounting with a force F. the functional fiber ( ff ) against the drive roller ( ar ) presses. The drive roller ( ar ) preferably has grooves or teeth in order to reduce the friction between the functional fiber ( ff ) and the drive roller ( ar ) to maximize.

A cutting and separating device shown as an example ( av ) cuts the functional fiber ( ff ) when the insertion process of a functional fiber section is to be ended. That in the channel ( kn ) Remaining piece of the functional fiber is caused by the movement of the radiator at the first speed ( v1 ) and the friction between the solidified area ( vb ) and the powder bed ( pw , npw ) pulled out of the duct. It should be noted that the remainder of the functional fiber ( ff ) in the channel ( kn ) a frictional force on contact with the inner wall of the duct ( kn ) that is the opposite of this. Is that already in the solidified area ( vb ) embedded functional fiber section is too small, the friction between this solidified area is sufficient ( vb ) and the powder bed ( pw , npw ) is not enough to overcompensate this force and the solidified area ( vb ) starts moving and the remainder of the functional fiber does not leave the canal reliably ( kn ). For this reason, a minimum length of the functional fiber ( ff ) must be embedded in the solidified area before the cutting and separating device ( av ) can be done.

By using a further fourth radiator ( hk4 ) from the fourth heater ( hz4 ) is tempered, by choosing the distance between the underside of the fourth radiator, the shape of the underside of the fourth radiator ( hk4 ) in interaction with the first speed ( v1 ) a temperature profile over time for a point on the surface of the powder ( pw ) for the implementation of the insertion process of the functional fiber ( ff ) can be generated at this point.

Figure 24

24 shows the screened image of the insertion of a functional fiber ( ff ) from the radiator ( hk ) into a melted area. Since the area immediately under the radiator is very close to the surface ( of ) the shift ( pv ) floats, this area is difficult to illuminate, which is why the picture is very bright.

In this picture the functional fiber ( ff ) when exiting the sewer ( kn ) to recognize. The freezing area ( eb ) and the solidified area ( vb ) can be seen. There is also a not yet melted warm-up area ( from ) recognizable.

Figure 25

25th shows an exemplary electrical functional fiber ( ff ). A first wire ( d1 ) is electrical and mechanical, for example by welding, with a first connection ( A1 ) a resistor ( R. ) connected. The second port ( A2 ) of resistance ( R. ) is connected to a second wire. A filler material ( fm ) surrounds this sub-device. This construction is then in a tube ( sl ), which can be embedded in additive manufacturing using the methods and devices presented above.

Figure 26

26th shows a robot with six degrees of freedom ( a1 to a6 ) for positioning the radiator ( hk ) with the feeding device including the pressure roller ( pr ) and the drive roller ( ar ). The motors, the cutting device etc. are not shown for the sake of simplicity. The functional fiber ( ff ) is taken from a supply roll ( vr ) unwound and threaded into the canal through the feeding device. The workpiece ( wst ) preheated by a workpiece heater, not shown. The functional fiber ( ff ) is inserted into the surface of the workpiece ( wst ) inserted by locally selective melting of the surface. This locally selective melting of the surface of the workpiece takes place here, for example, by the heating element ( hk ) outgoing infrared radiation. Except for the more complex positioning device in the form of a robot, the situation corresponds to that of 14th , the powder of the powder bed having previously been removed in this example. The workpiece is preferred ( wst ) was created through additive manufacturing. After inserting the functional fibers ( ff ) the robot can use the tool to insert the functional fibers ( ff ) switch to an extruder tool that includes, for example, an extruder and a filament. The robot can then apply the next layer of filament material to the workpiece ( wst ) Instruct. When this has happened, the robot can again press the extruder tool against the tool for inserting the functional fibers ( ff ) and the next layer of functional fibers ( ff ) in the newly applied layer and so on.

Figure 27

27 represents an exemplary variant of a method for the production of a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing. The exemplary step sequence for embedding a functional fiber section in the surface is shown ( of ) of a workpiece ( wst ) and / or the surface ( OF ) one shift ( pw , npw ). The layer ( pw , npw ) or the workpiece are made of a first material. The exemplary method comprises the steps

Step A:

Providing a surface ( of ) of a first material, in particular the surface of a workpiece ( wst ) and / or a layer ( pw ).

Step B:

Heating the radiator ( hk ) to a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the radiator ( hk ) from several radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can exist, which can have different second process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b ).

Step C:

• • durch Infrarotstrahlung des Heizkörpers (hk) und/oder
• • durch Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (of) und/oder
• • durch direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (of) und/oder
• • durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser, vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (of).

Warming up the material in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a , b )

• • by infrared radiation from the radiator ( hk ) and or
• • by heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and or
• • through direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( of ) and or
• • by heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( of ).

The position of the radiator ( hk ) is along the surface ( of ) at a first distance ( f ) to surface ( of ) at a first speed ( v1 ) changed by a positioning device.
For curved surfaces ( of ) of a workpiece ( wst ) a multi-axis positioning device (see 26th ), for example a robot, can be used.

Step D:

Melting part of the material in the warm-up area ( a , b ) in a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( a , b ) as a result of the heating in step C to molten material;

Steps:

Insertion of a functional fiber section of a functional fiber ( ff ) in the melting area ( b )

Step F:

Ending the melting process by reducing the energy transport from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and the resulting lowering of the temperature of the melting area ( b ), whereby the melting area ( b ) to a solidification area ( c ) becomes;

Step G:

Solidification of the melted material to solidified material in the solidification area ( c ) which thereby becomes a solidification area ( d ), in which the relevant functional fiber section of the functional fiber ( ff ) is inserted.

Figure 28

28 shows the exemplary step sequence of a further proposed method for manufacturing a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing. The method focuses on the use of a powder bed without restricting the applicability of the method to it. This version of the procedure includes the steps

Step 1

Provision of a heat spreader ( wv ) with a planar surface ( of );

step 2

Applying a layer ( pw ) made of a material on the surface ( of ) with formation of a new surface ( open ) parallel to the surface;

step 3

Approaching a radiator ( hk ) to the new surface ( open );

Step 4

Heating the radiator ( hk ) to a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the heating also occurs before or after the heating element is brought up ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and where the radiator ( hk ) from several radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can exist with different second process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b);

Step 5

Warming up the material in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a , b ) by infrared radiation from the radiator ( hk ) and / or heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) and / or through direct mechanical contact between radiators ( hk ) and new surface ( open ) and / or heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open );

Step 6

Melting part of the material in the warm-up area ( a , b ) in a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( a , b ) to molten material as a result of the heating in step 5;

Step 7

• • durch abschließendes Wegführen des Heizkörpers (hk) von der neuen Oberfläche (ofn) und/oder
• • durch Absenkung der Temperatur des Heizkörpers (hk) unter die zweite Prozesstemperatur (ϑ₂), wodurch jeweils der Aufschmelzbereich (b) zu einem Erstarrungsbereich (c) wird, erfolgen.

Ending the melting by lowering the temperature of the melting area below the melting point. This can

• • by finally removing the radiator ( hk ) from the new interface ( open ) and or
• • by lowering the temperature of the radiator ( hk ) below the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the melting area ( b ) to a solidification area ( c ) will take place.

Step 8:

After lowering the temperature in the melting area, the melted material solidifies to solidified material in the solidification area ( c ). As a result, the functional fiber that may have been previously inserted into the melt in the melting area ( ff ) fixed.

Figure 29

29 shows the exemplary step sequence of a further proposed method for manufacturing a three-dimensional body, in particular additive manufacturing. The method focuses on the use of a powder bed without restricting the applicability of the method to it. In contrast to the method of 28 a sintering or melting step (step 2a) is now inserted. This version of the procedure includes the steps

Step 1:

Provision of a heat spreader ( wv ) with a planar surface ( of );

Step 2:

Applying a layer ( pw ) made of a material on the surface ( of ) with formation of a new surface ( open ) parallel to the surface;

Step 2a

Selective sintering or melting of the material of the layer by means of a method of selective sintering and / or melting, in particular selective laser sintering and / or selective heat sintering, to form sintered material;

step 3

Approaching a radiator ( hk ) to the new surface ( open );

Step 4

Heating the radiator ( hk ) to a second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the heating also occurs before or after the heating element is brought up ( hk ) to the surface ( of ) and where the radiator ( hk ) from several radiators ( hkl , hk2 ) can exist with different second process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b);

Step 5

Warming up the sintered material in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a ) by infrared radiation from the radiator ( hk ) and / or heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) and / or through direct mechanical contact between radiators ( hk ) and new surface ( open ) and / or heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open );

Step 6

Melting a part of the sintered material in the warming-up area in a melting area within the warming-up area as a result of the warming-up in step 5 to form molten material;

Step 7

End the melting process by finally moving away the heating element ( hk ) from the new interface ( open ) and / or by lowering the temperature of the radiator ( hk ) below the process temperature, whereby the melting area becomes a cooling area;

Step 8

Solidification of the melted material to solidified material in the cooling area.

Figure 30

30th illustrate, by way of example, a modified method based on the method of FIG 29 . It preferably includes the additional steps

As step 6, the process includes the additional translational displacement of the radiator ( hk ) during the melting of part of the material or sintered material. This translational shift takes place at a first speed ( v1 ) parallel to new surface ( open ). As a result of this translational shift, at least part of the melted material then leaves the warming-up area and, as a result of this leaving, then reaches a cooling area.

As step 6, the resultant drop in temperature of the melt then results in a solidification of this melted material to solidify material in this cooling area.

Inserting these steps corresponds to a transition from 2 to 9 .

Figure 31

• Schritt 9 Verwendung der neuen Oberfläche (ofn) als Oberfläche (of) des Wärmeverteilers für zeitlich nachfolgende Schritte;
• Schritt 9 Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 2, wenn eine neue Lage begonnen werden soll, und/oder des Schritts 2a, wenn lediglich ein anderer Bereich der Oberfläche (of) der Schicht (pw) bearbeitet werden soll.;
• Schritt 9 ggf. erneute Durchführung des Schritts 3, wenn ein anderer Bereich der Oberfläche (of) der Schicht (pw) bearbeitet werden soll;
• Schritt 9 Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 4;
• Schritt 9 Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 5;
• Schritt 9 Erneute Durchführung des Schritts 6;
• Schritt 9.1 ggf. erneute Durchführung des Schritts 6;
• Schritt 9.2 ggf. erneute Durchführung des Schritts 6. Dieser Schritt entfällt, wenn nur ein punktförmiger Bereich aufgeschmolzen werden soll;
• Schritt 9 ggf. erneute Durchführung des Schritts 7 Dieser Schritt entfällt, wenn nur ein punktförmiger Bereich aufgeschmolzen werden soll;
• Schritt 9 erneute Durchführung des Schritts 8;
• Schritt 9 ggf. Erneute Durchführung der Schritte 9 bis 9.8 und/oder erneute Durchführung der Schritte 9 bis 9.8 (neue Lage) und/oder Erneute Durchführung der Schritte 9 bis 9.8 (neue Funktionsfaser / neuer Aufschmelzbereich).

31 shows the exemplary step sequence of a further proposed method for manufacturing a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing. The process focuses on the repetition of the various process steps for subsequent powder layers without restricting the applicability of the process to them. In contrast to the method of 29 Most of the steps are now carried out several times. In particular, several layers are applied if necessary. This version of the method includes the steps that occur after the end of the melting process (step 7):

• Step 9 using the new surface ( open ) as a surface ( of ) the heat spreader for subsequent steps;
• Step 9 Repeat step 2 if a new layer is to be started and / or step 2a if only another area of the surface ( of ) the shift ( pw ) should be edited .;
• Step 9, if necessary, repeat step 3 if another area of the surface ( of ) the shift ( pw ) should be processed;
• Step 9 Repeat step 4;
• Step 9 Repeat step 5;
• Step 9 Repeat step 6;
• Step 9.1, if necessary, repeat step 6;
• Step 9.2, if necessary, repeat step 6. This step is not applicable if only a punctiform area is to be melted;
• Step 9 Repeat step 7 if necessary. This step is not applicable if only a punctiform area is to be melted;
• Step 9 repeat step 8;
• Step 9 If necessary, repeat steps 9 to 9.8 and / or repeat steps 9 to 9.8 (new layer) and / or repeat steps 9 to 9.8 (new functional fiber / new fused area).

Figure 32

The 32 largely corresponds to 31 . In addition to the steps of the 31 the step 9.1.1 of feeding in a functional fiber during step 9.1 and step 9.1.2 of inserting the functional fiber into the melted material in the fused area during step 9.1 now takes place. These two steps are synchronized with the translational movement of the radiator ( hk ) at the first speed ( v1 ). This is preferably done, for example, in a step 9.1.3, in which the advance of the functional fiber at a time parallel to step 9.1.1 during step 9.1 at a second speed ( v2 ) takes place, which is essentially equal to the first speed ( v1 ) is.

The functional fiber is preferred ( ff ) before it is placed in the melt through the heating element ( hk ) brought to a third process temperature (ϑ ₃ ), which prevents the melt at the insertion point from being caused by the insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ) stiffens.

Figure 33

The functional fiber ( ff ) can be used as a heat conduction device. This is the case when the functional fibers ( ff ) the amount of thermal energy conducted is greater than the amount of energy produced by the melting of the first material of the layer ( pw ) the functional fiber ( ff ) is withdrawn. It is then possible to use the functional fiber ( ff ) a hole in the first material of the layer ( pw ) to melt and the functional fiber ( ff ) to be inserted vertically. If the energy supply for the radiator ( hk ) and thus for the functional fiber ( ff ) throttled, the melt solidifies in the melting area ( b ) and the functional fiber is inserted vertically. It should be noted here that this can lead to problems if the squeegee ( rk ) is used.

When using the functional fiber ( ff ) as a heat conduction device, the functional fiber can thus vertically and horizontally into the melt in the melting area ( b ) be inserted.

Figure 34

34 largely corresponds to 32 . In addition, the method now includes the optional step 9.1 of severing, in particular mechanical severing, of the functional fiber ( ff ) in particular with a cutting and separating device ( av ) in such a way that a part of the functional fiber ( ff ) remains in the material that has now solidified after step 9.

Figure 35

35 shows an example of how a functional fiber ( ff ), which should be an electrical line here, for example, can be inserted in a U-shape. The U-shape is interesting for current sensors. When the electrically conductive functional fiber is supplied with electrical current, a magnetic field is generated. In order to locally strengthen the magnetic field to be generated, it is therefore proposed to use the functional fiber ( ff ) when inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melted material in the melting area ( b ) during step 9.1 or during step 6th to be inserted in such a way that, after the melt has solidified, it has a curvature other than zero in at least one area with an axis of curvature. In this way, coils can be manufactured.

Figure 36

• Schritt I Bereitstellen eines Werkstücks (pw) aus einem ersten Material und einer Oberfläche (ofn);
• Schritt II Heranführen eines Heizkörpers (hk) an die Oberfläche (ofn);
• Schritt III Aufwärmen des ersten Materials des Werkstücks (pw) an der Oberfläche (ofn) im Bereich des Heizkörpers (hk) in einem Aufwärmbereich (a). Dies kann insbesondere geschehen
  • • durch elektromagnetische Strahlung, die vom Heizkörpers (hk) z.B. als Infrarotstrahlung (2) oder als Laser-Strahlung emittiert wird (19) oder durch den Heizkörper transmittiert wird, und/oder
  • • durch Wärmetransport mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
  • • durch direkten mechanischen Kontakt zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
  • • durch Wärmetransport mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser, vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks;
• Schritt IV Aufschmelzen eines Teils des ersten Materials im Aufwärmbereich in einem Aufschmelzbereich (b) innerhalb des Aufwärmbereiches (ab) infolge des Aufwärmens in Schritt III zu aufgeschmolzenem, erstem Material;
• Schritt V Verschiebung des Heizkörpers (hk) während des Aufschmelzens eines Teils des ersten Materials,
  • • wobei diese Verschiebung mit einer ersten Geschwindigkeit (v1) parallel zur Kontur der Oberfläche (ofn) erfolgt und
  • • wobei insbesondere diese Verschiebung eine Änderung der Position und/oder Orientierung des Heizkörpers unter Ausnutzung von rotatorischen und/oder translatorischen Freiheitsgraden sein kann und
  • • zuführen einer Funktionsfaser (ff) während der translatorischen Verschiebung und
  • • Einlegen der Funktionsfaser (ff) in das aufgeschmolzene erste Material im Aufschmelzbereich und
  • • wobei durch diese Verschiebung zumindest ein Teil des aufgeschmolzenen ersten Materials mit der eingelegten Funktionsfaser (ff) den Aufwärmbereich verlässt und in einen durch Verschiebung entstandenen Abkühlbereich gelangt. Die mechanische Vorrichtung hierzu skizziert 26.
• Schritt VI Erstarren dieses aufgeschmolzenen ersten Materials zu erstarrten ersten Material in diesem durch Verschiebung entstandenen Abkühlbereich.
• Schritt VII Beenden des Aufschmelzens; insbesondere
  • • durch Absenkung der Intensität der elektromagnetischen Strahlung, die vom Heizkörpers (hk) emittiert wird oder durch den Heizkörper transmittiert wird, und/oder
  • • durch Reduktion des Wärmetransports mittels Konvektion vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
  • • durch Beendigung des direkten mechanischen Kontakts zwischen Heizkörper (hk) und Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks (pw) und/oder
  • • durch Beendigung oder Verminderung des Wärmetransports mittels einer Wärmeleitvorrichtung, insbesondere einer Funktionsfaser (ff), vom Heizkörper (hk) zur Oberfläche (ofn) des Werkstücks,
  wodurch jeweils der Aufschmelzbereich zu einem Abkühlbereich wird;
• Schritt VIII Erstarren des aufgeschmolzenen ersten Materials zu erstarrten ersten Material im Abkühlbereich.

36 illustrates another exemplary procedure ( 36 ). Instead of producing the workpiece, a workpiece is now created by inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) into the surface of the workpiece ( wst ) modified. It is therefore a process for modifying a three-dimensional body, in particular for the additive manufacturing of composite materials. It includes the steps:

• Step I Provision of a workpiece ( pw ) from a first material and a surface ( open );
• Step II bringing in a radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open );
• Step III warming up the first material of the workpiece ( pw ) on the surface ( open ) in the area of the radiator ( hk ) in a warm-up area ( a ). This can happen in particular
  • • by electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiator ( hk ) e.g. as infrared radiation ( 2 ) or emitted as laser radiation ( 19th ) or is transmitted through the radiator, and / or
  • • by heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
  • • through direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
  • • by heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece;
• Step IV melting part of the first material in the warm-up area in a melting area ( b ) within the warm-up area ( from ) as a result of the heating in step III to melted, first material;
• Step V moving the radiator ( hk ) during the melting of part of the first material,
  • • where this shift occurs at a first speed ( v1 ) parallel to the contour of the surface ( open ) takes place and
  • • where in particular this shift can be a change in the position and / or orientation of the heater using rotational and / or translational degrees of freedom and
  • • feeding a functional fiber ( ff ) during the translational shift and
  • • Insertion of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the melted first material in the melting area and
  • • whereby at least part of the melted first material with the inserted functional fiber ( ff ) leaves the warm-up area and enters a cooling area created by displacement. The mechanical device for this is outlined 26th .
• Step VI solidification of this melted first material to solidify first material in this cooling area created by displacement.
• Step VII ending the melting; especially
  • • by lowering the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiator ( hk ) is emitted or transmitted through the radiator, and / or
  • • by reducing the heat transport by means of convection from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
  • • by ending the direct mechanical contact between the radiator ( hk ) and surface ( open ) of the workpiece ( pw ) and or
  • • by terminating or reducing the heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber ( ff ), from the radiator ( hk ) to the surface ( open ) of the workpiece,
  whereby the melting area in each case becomes a cooling area;
• Step VIII Solidification of the melted first material to solidify first material in the cooling area.

Figure 37

37 content corresponds to 36 where a step VI of feeding the functional fiber ( ff ) parallel to step V at a second speed ( v2 ), which is essentially equal to the first speed ( v1 ) while step V occurs.

Figure 38

37 content corresponds to 37 whereby a step V.II of severing, in particular mechanical severing with a cutting and severing device ( av ), the functional fiber ( ff ). This severing is preferably carried out in such a way that a part of the functional fiber ( ff ) remains in the solidified first material.

Figures 39 to 49

The 39 to 49 show the complete embedding of a thick functional fiber ( ff ). A thick functional fiber within the meaning of this disclosure is a functional fiber ( ff ) whose thickness is greater than the depth of the melting of the material of the layer ( pw ) from the new interface ( open ) measured depth ( e ) the melting of the material of the layer ( pw ) from the new interface ( open ) measured.

Figure 39

39 represents the first step in such an embedding process 39 the first step is carried out as a step of thermal transfer sintering (TTS) (English Selective Heat Sintering (SSH)). The figure corresponds completely to the 9 . The layer ( pw ) is in the 40 by means of a radiator ( hk ) locally melted and solidified again to form a solidified area ( vb ). At this point, please refer to the comments on 9 referenced.

Figure 40

40 represents an exemplary alternative method for carrying out the first step. Instead of a method of thermal transfer sintering (TTS) (English Selective Heat Sintering), a method of selective laser sintering (SLS) is now used. A laser beam ( LB1 ) the powder layer melts ( pw ) locally to a predetermined depth ( e ) in a melting area ( from ) on. This then solidifies again to form a solidified area ( vb ). With regard to the remaining reference symbols, refer to the preceding statements, the list of reference symbols and, for example, the description of FIG 9 referenced.

Figure 41

In a second step, a new layer of powder is applied with a thickness that corresponds to the second distance ( G ) the lower edge ( uk ) the squeegee ( rk ) to the old surface ( aof ) the shift ( pw ) corresponds. The 41 fully corresponds to 10 . At this point, reference is made to the statements made there.

Figure 42

The 42 corresponds to the state after the application of the additional powder layer in the second step of FIG 41 .

Figure 43

In the 43 In a third process step, a thick functional fiber ( ff ) into one through the radiator ( hk ) generated melt in a melted area ( from ) inserted. Here, the melted area is placed in a not yet melted area of the layer ( pw ) generated. The 43 equals to 13th . In contrast to 13th but can now the functional fiber ( ff ) not completely into the melt in the melted area ( from ) be inserted. This means that the functional fiber ( ff ) over the surface ( of ) still protrudes.

Figure 44

44 equals to 14th . In the 44 In a third process step, a thick functional fiber ( ff ) into one through the radiator ( hk ) generated melt in a melted area ( from ) inserted. Here, the melted area is not like in the 43 in a not yet melted area of the layer ( pw ), but in a previously melted and re-solidified former solidified area ( vb ). In contrast to 14th but can now the functional fiber ( ff ) not completely into the melt in the melted area ( from ) be inserted. This means that the functional fiber ( ff ) also here over the surface ( of ) still protrudes.

Figure 45

45 shows the situation after inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) in the former melting area ( from ) after consolidation to the consolidated area ( vb ). To simplify matters, the functional fibers ( ff ) and the surrounding solidified areas ( vb ) shown in abbreviated form.

Figure 46

The 46 represents the application of another layer of powder ( npw ) on the old surface ( aof ) in a fourth process step. The process step typically corresponds to the second process step of 41 . The 46 differs in that from the old surface ( aof ) outstanding functional fiber ( ff ) from the state of the 41 . Due to the partial embedding of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the solidified area ( vb ) the functional fiber is removed by the squeegee ( rk ) not carried away. By partially embedding the functional fiber ( ff ) into the solidified area ( vb ) the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ), which prevents it from being torn out in this step.

Figure 47

47 largely corresponds to 39 . Now, however, the already partially embedded functional fiber ( ff ) in a fifth process step by melting the previously additionally applied layer in the new melting area ( from ) fully embedded. It is a selective thermal transfer process (English: Selective Heat Sintering Process)

Figure 48

48 represents an alternative execution of the fifth process step by melting the layer ( npw ) in a melting area ( from ) by means of a laser beam ( LB1 ). It is a selective laser sintering process.

Figure 49

49 represents the end result of the five process steps. The process step of separating the continuous fiber of the functional fiber ( ff ) is in the process sequence of the 39 to 49 omitted for simplicity. Reference is made in this regard to the statements above.

Figure 50

50 shows the exemplary process flow for a complete embedding of a thick functional fiber ( ff ) by thermal transfer sintering (selective heat sintering) of a non-melted powder of the layer ( pw ).

Figure 51

51 shows the exemplary process flow for a complete embedding of a thick functional fiber ( ff ) by thermal transfer sintering (selective heat sintering) and / or laser sintering of an already melted and re-solidified powder of the layer ( pw ).

Figure 52

52 shows a schematic drawing of a strand made of functional fibers inserted in a thermoplastic powder ( ff ). The functional fibers can be seen as points in the cross-section. The solidified area ( vb ) is irregular downwards to the still powdery area ( pw ) delimited. The functional fiber strand, here a carbon fiber, is coated with a size ( SL ) Mistake. It is of particular importance that the sizing ( SL ) of the functional fiber strand is chosen so that it contains both the functional fibers ( ff ) as well as the solidified area ( vb ) and an outwardly directed meniscus (mi) forms with a contact angle χ <90 °. If no size is used, the wetting angle between the melt of the melted area and the surface of the functional fiber ( ff ) smaller 90 °, better smaller 45 °, better smaller 25 °, better smaller 10 °.

Figure 53

Shows a photo of a cut that the 52 corresponds to.

Figure 54

Figure 54A)

54 A) shows the process flow in an SLS system based on a Pirrung diagram. The Pirrung diagram corresponds to the state of the art.

Figure 54 B)

The step “sintering the component” has been modified here. This modification of the step "sintering the component" is in 54B shown. The additional, proposed process steps that distinguish the process proposed here from the state of the art are surrounded by a dashed polygon and given the designation “proposed fiber integration process”. The proposed process also includes a repeated query as to whether a fiber should be inserted. If there is a fiber in the relevant position of the workpiece ( wst ) is to be introduced, the fiber is moved and positioned relative to the workpiece. The degrees of freedom of the fiber are restricted. As suggested here, this can be done by inserting the fiber into a melt that was previously generated at the insertion point. However, this can also be done by placing the fiber on the workpiece surface and then restricting the degrees of freedom. This can be done, for example, by covering with material and then melting and / or sintering or gluing or tacking on. The deposition of adhesive can take place before laying. Since they are preferably "continuous fibers", i.e. extremely long functional fibers ( ff ), a fiber separation step should be provided.

If further fibers are to be introduced in this component level, the process can be repeated.

Preferably, after the fibers have been inserted, the fiber insertion tool is brought into a typically predetermined parking position until the next use.

• Ein Stück Funktionsfaser (ff) wird abgewickelt.

If a functional fiber ( ff ) is to be inserted, then additional steps are inserted before the powder application:

• A piece of functional fiber ( ff ) is processed.

The unwound piece of functional fiber ( ff ) is moved and positioned relative to the surface of the workpiece or layer.

The degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) are restricted. As suggested here as the first possibility, this can be done by melting the surface of the workpiece or the layer ( pw ) happen and the final solidification of the melt with the inserted functional fiber ( ff ). A first alternative method involves gluing the functional fiber ( ff ) on the workpiece surface. A second alternative method for restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) includes the opening of a groove, e.g. by milling and vacuuming the chips, inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) and the immobilization of the functional fiber ( ff ) for example by gluing or overmolding with plastic or the like in the groove. A third alternative method comprises the production of the groove walls by sintering, in particular by a selective sintering process, e.g. by selective laser sintering, the removal of the non-sintered material of the layer ( pw ) inside the groove, for example by suction, inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) into the groove created in this way and the subsequent gluing or potting of the groove. It is conceivable that the groove is again filled with powder intended for sintering, for example by means of a doctor blade. The problem then is that the powder material layer to be melted is then thicker. It is conceivable to use this material with a greater heating power, for example by means of a longer heating Sufficiently melt the laser beam or slower moving laser beam. It is also conceivable that the depth of the groove is smaller than the thickness of the functional fiber ( ff ) to select an intimate mechanical connection between functional fibers ( ff ) and melted material.

Once the process of restricting the degrees of freedom has been completed or is about to be completed, the functional fiber is separated ( ff ).

If necessary, the ends of the functional fiber ( ff ) still inserted separately. Typically there is a distance between the insertion point of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the workpiece ( wst ) and the cut-off point

Only then is the next layer of powder applied.

Figure 55

Figure 55A)

55 A) shows the process flow in an additive manufacturing plant based on a Pirrung diagram. 55 shows the applicability of the technical teaching disclosed here to other additive manufacturing processes. In this respect, all of the features disclosed here can also be used for other additive manufacturing processes, provided this makes sense.

The Pirrung diagram corresponds to the state of the art.

Figure 55B)

The step "Extrude or additive manufacturing of the component" is modified here. This modification of the step "extrusion or additive manufacturing of the component" is in 55B shown. The additional, proposed process steps, which distinguish the process proposed here from the state of the art, are surrounded by a dashed polygon and labeled “proposed fiber integration process”. The proposed process also includes a repeated query as to whether a fiber should be inserted. If there is a fiber in the relevant position of the workpiece ( wst ) is to be introduced, the fiber is moved and positioned relative to the workpiece. The degrees of freedom of the fiber are restricted. As suggested here, this can be done by inserting the fiber into a melt that was previously generated at the insertion point. However, this can also be done by placing the fiber on the workpiece surface and then restricting the degrees of freedom. This can be done, for example, by covering with material and then melting and / or sintering or gluing or tacking on. The deposition of adhesive can take place before laying. Since they are preferably "continuous fibers", i.e. extremely long functional fibers ( ff ), a fiber separation step should be provided.

If further fibers are to be introduced in this component level, the process can be repeated.

Preferably, after the fibers have been inserted, the fiber insertion tool is brought into a typically predetermined parking position until the next use.

• Ein Stück Funktionsfaser (ff) wird abgewickelt.

If a functional fiber is to be inserted, then before the next layer is deposited on the workpiece ( wst ) added additional steps:

• A piece of functional fiber ( ff ) is processed.

The unwound piece of functional fiber ( ff ) is relative to the surface of the workpiece ( wst ) or the layer ( pw ) moved and positioned.

The degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) are restricted. As suggested here as the first possibility, this can be done by melting the surface of the workpiece or the layer ( pw ) happen and the final solidification of the melt with the inserted functional fiber ( ff ). A first alternative method involves gluing the functional fiber ( ff ) on the workpiece surface. A second alternative method for restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) includes the opening of a groove, e.g. by milling and vacuuming the chips, inserting the functional fiber ( ff ) and the immobilization of the functional fiber ( ff ) for example by gluing or overmolding with plastic or the like in the groove. A third alternative method for restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber ( ff ) includes the production of the groove walls by extrusion and / or an additive manufacturing process, if necessary the removal of excess material within the groove, for example by milling or other machining processes, laser ablation, spark erosion or similar functionally equivalent processes on the one hand and / or suction or rinsing on the other hand. The functional fiber is also inserted ( ff ) into the groove created in this way and the subsequent gluing or potting of the groove. It is conceivable that the groove is again filled with powder intended for sintering, for example by means of a doctor blade, or by means of an extruder with solidifying material. It is conceivable to use this material with a greater heating power, for example by means of a laser beam that remains longer or a laser beam that moves more slowly to melt sufficiently. It is also conceivable that the depth of the groove is smaller than the thickness of the functional fiber ( ff ) to select an intimate mechanical connection between functional fibers ( ff ) and melted material.

Once the process of restricting the degrees of freedom has been completed or is about to be completed, the functional fiber is separated ( ff ).

If necessary, the ends of the functional fiber ( ff ) still inserted separately. Typically there is a distance between the insertion point of the functional fiber ( ff ) into the workpiece ( wst ) and the cut-off point

Only then is the next layer applied using an extrusion process or another additive manufacturing process.

Figure 56

56 content corresponds to 21 , where it is a black and white photo and shows a better resolution. The elements are labeled in plain text. It is included with the first registration documents for documentation purposes, as the grid may lead to a loss of disclosure.

Figure 57

57 content corresponds to 22nd , where it is a black and white photo and shows a better resolution. The elements are labeled in plain text. It is included with the first registration documents for documentation purposes, as the grid may lead to a loss of disclosure.

Figure 58

58 is a black and white photo of the 24 . It is included with the first registration documents for documentation purposes, as the grid may lead to a loss of disclosure.

List of reference symbols

1

Start of the overall process;

2

Fill printer with enough powder;

2 B

Fill printer with enough filament;

3

Check that the printer is ready for operation;

4th

Is the machine working ?;

5

Perform troubleshooting;

6th

Place component in construction chamber;

7th

Set printing parameters;

8th

Transfer building order to printer;

9

Heating installation space, preparation of powder bed;

9b

Heating installation space, preparation of heating bed;

10

Sintering the component;

10b

Extrusion or additive manufacturing of the component;

10.1

Start of the sub-process “sintering the component”;

10b.1

Start of the sub-process "extrusion or additive manufacturing of the component";

10.2

Should fiber be introduced ?;

10.3

Unwind fiber;

10.4

Move fiber relatively;

10.5

Restrict degrees of freedom;

10.6

Separate fiber;

10.7

Last fiber ?;

10.8

No protruding fibers, fiber integration unit and building chamber in starting position;

10.9

Powder application + heating + sintering;

10b.9

Extrusion or additive manufacturing of a layer;

10.10

Last layer sintered ?;

11/10

Lowering of the building platform;

10b.11

Lowering the building platform or increasing the typically vertical distance;

10.12

End of the sub-process “sintering the component”;

10b.12

End of the sub-process "extrusion or additive manufacturing of the component";

11

Cooling process;

12th

Remove component from construction chamber;

13th

Sandblasting, fiber overhangs;

14th

End of the overall process;

a

Warm-up area;

a1

first axis of the robot;

a2

second axis of the robot;

a3

third axis of the robot;

a4

fourth axis of the robot;

a5

fifth axis of the robot;

a6

sixth axis of the robot;

A1

first connection of the resistor ( R. );

A2

second connection of the resistor ( R. );

from

melted area;

from1

first melted area;

starting at 2

second melted area;

Oh

Axis;

al

optional aluminum foil;

aof

old surface of the layer ( pw ) that previously created the new surface ( open ) was;

ar

Drive roller;

av

Cutting and separating device;

b

Melting area (is part of the warm-up area);

B.

Fasteners;

c

Solidification area;

d

Solidification area;

d1

first wire;

dhk

Radiator ( hk ) for example from diamond;

e

Depth of melting of the material of the layer ( pw ) from the new interface ( open ) measured;

eb

Area of solidification;

ep

Insertion point;

f

first distance of the radiator ( hk ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv );

F.

Contact pressure of the pressure roller for the advance of the functional fiber ( ff ) against the typically relative to the radiator ( hk ) fixed drive roller ( ar ) as a counter bearing.

f1

first distance of the first radiator ( hk1 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv );

f2

first distance of the second radiator ( hk2 ) to the new interface ( open ) of the heat spreader ( wv );

ff

Functional fiber;

fm

Filling material;

G

second distance ( G ) the lower edge ( uk ) the squeegee ( rk ) to the old surface ( aof ) the shift ( pw ) that previously created the new surface ( open ) was. The second distance is the thickness of the new layer ( npw );

hk

Radiator;

hk1

first radiator;

hk2

second radiator;

hk4

fourth radiator;

hz1

first heater;

hz2

second heater;

hz21

second heating device of the first radiator ( hz1 );

hz22

second heating device of the second radiator ( hz2 );

hz4

fourth heater of fourth radiator ( hk4 );

K1

first contact;

K2

second contact;

K3

third contact;

K4

fourth contact;

K5

fifth contact;

K6

sixth contact;

K7

seventh contact;

K8

eighth contact;

kl

second cooling device;

kl1

second cooling device of the first radiator ( hz1 );

kl2

second cooling device of the second radiator ( hz2 );

kn

Channel for the functional fiber ( ff );

kt

Edge of the channel ( kn );

kv

first cooling device;

kz1

first bevel gear;

kw1

first spline shaft;

kw2

second spline shaft;

kw3

third splined shaft;

kz1

first bevel gear;

kz2

second bevel gear;

kz3

third bevel gear;

kz4

fourth bevel gear;

l1

first plain bearing sleeve;

l2

second bearing of the second splined shaft ( kw2 );

l3

third bearing of the third splined shaft ( kw3 );

LB1

first laser beam;

LB2

second laser beam;

Ik

electrically insulating varnish or functionally equivalent layer;

Isp

Mirror;

M.

Engine;

Wed

Meniscus of wetting;

npw

new layer;

o1

first opening;

o2

second opening;

of

first surface of the heat spreader ( wv );

of2

second surface of the heat spreader ( wv );

open

new surface of the heat spreader ( wv ) by applying a layer ( pw ) of the material;

pk

Process chamber;

pr

Pressure roller for feeding the functional fiber ( ff );

pv

solidified powder layer;

pw

Shift ( pw ) made of a material on the surface ( of ) with formation of a new surface ( open ) parallel to the surface;

pwv

leading material supply from fresh powder for the sintering process;

R.

electrical resistance;

rk

the squeegee;

sl

Tube;

SL

Plain;

SP

Spindle;

ϑ1

first process temperature. This is the target process temperature of the heat spreader ( wv );

ϑ2

second process temperature. This is the target process temperature of the radiator ( hk );

ϑ2a

Process temperature of the first partial radiator of the radiator ( hk );

ϑ2b

Process temperature of the second part of the radiator ( hk );

ϑ21

second process temperature of the first radiator ( hk1 );

ϑ21

second process temperature of the second radiator ( hk2 );

ϑ3

third process temperature. This is the target process temperature of the functional fiber ( ff ) before being placed in the melt;

ϑ4

fourth process temperature. This is the process temperature of the process chamber ( pk ) or the process chamber temperature;

ϑhk

Actual radiator temperature of the radiator ( hk );

ϑwv

Actual heat spreader temperature of the heat spreader ( wv );

ts

Temperature sensor;

uk

Lower edge of the squeegee ( rk );

wv

Heat spreader;

v1

first speed of movement of the radiator ( hk ) relative to the heat spreader ( wv );

v2

second speed at which the functional fiber ( ff ) the workpiece in the form of the new layer ( npw ) is supplied.

v3

third speed at which the squeegee ( rk ) over the old surface ( aof ) is moved;

vb

solidified area;

vb1

first solidified area;

vb2

second solidified area;

vr

Supply roll for the functional fiber ( ff )

VSM

Motor for feeding the functional fiber ( ff ) towards the surface ( OF ) the shift ( pw );

wst

Workpiece. The workpiece is preferably an object manufactured by an additive manufacturing method. It is preferably an intermediate status of the printing process of the additive manufacturing process. In the sense of this proposal, however, the use of other workpieces for the insertion process is also conceivable, detached from the manufacturing process. For example, in such a case, the workpiece can be an injection-molded part or a part from a machining production process, in its surface then with the help of a process as presented here, functional fibers ( ff ) be inserted.

χ

Contact angle;

Relevant writings

DE 10 2010 015 199 B9 , Fiber guiding device and device for building a three-dimensional preform,

US 2016/0 067 928 A1 , Multilayer fiber reinforcement design for 3d printing

(2014), VDI 3405, Additive Manufacturing Processes: Basics, Terms, Process Descriptions, Berlin.

Akhoundi, B., Behravesh, AH & Bagheri Saed, A. (2019), "Improving mechanical properties of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites produced by FDM 3D printer", in: Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 99-116. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177 / 0731684418807300.

Baumann, F., Scholz, J. & Fleischer, J. (2017), "Investigation of a New Approach for Additively Manufactured Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymers", in: Procedia CIRP, Vol. 66, pp. 323-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.276.

Becker, J. (2019), Experimental Capability Analysis of a System for Selective Laser Sintering of Plastics, Master's Thesis, Karlsruhe: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

Breuninger, J., Becker, R., Wolf, A., Rommel, S. & Verl, A. (2013), Additive Manufacturing with Plastics, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24325-7.

Budding, A. & Vaneker, T. (2013), “New Strategies for Powder Compaction in Powder-based Rapid Prototyping Techniques”, in: Procedia CIRP, Vol. 6, pp. 527-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.03.100.

Dickson, AN, Barry, JN, McDonnell, KA & Dowling, DP (2017), "Fabrication of continuous carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites using additive manufacturing", in: Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 16, p. 146- 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.06.004.

DIN EN ISO / ASTM 52900: 2018-6 (), Additive Manufacturing - Basics - Terminology (ISO / ASTM DIS 52900: 2018); German and English version prEN ISO / ASTM 52900: 2018, Berlin.

Fidan, I., Imeri, A., Gupta, A., Hasanov, S., Nasirov, A., Elliott, A., Alifui-Segbaya, F. & Nanami, N. (2019), “The trends and challenges of fiber reinforced additive manufacturing ", in: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 102, No. 5-8, pp. 1801-1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-03269-7.

Gebhardt, A. (2016), Additive Manufacturing: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing for Prototyping - Tooling - Production, 5th, revised and expanded edition. Ed., Hanser, Munich.

Mark, GT & Gozdz, AS (2017), US9579851B2 , Apparatus for fiber reinforced additive manufacturing.

Mark, GT & Gozdz, AS (2018), US10099427B2 , Three dimensional printer with composite filament fabrication.

Matsuzaki, R., Ueda, M., Namiki, M., Jeong, T.-K., Asahara, H., Horiguchi, K., Nakamura, T., Todoroki, A. & Hirano, Y. (2016) , "Three-dimensional printing of continuous fiber composites by in-nozzle impregnation", in: Scientific reports, Vol. 6, p. 23058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep23058.

Meyer, O. (2008), Short fiber preform technology for the production of fiber composite components in accordance with the force flow, dissertation, Stuttgart: University of Stuttgart.

Mielicki, C., Wegner, A., Gronhoff, B., Wortberg, J. & Witt, G. (2012), “Prediction of PA12 melt viscosity in Laser Sintering by a Time and Temperature dependent rheological model”, in: RTejournal .

Pirrung, F. (2019), Concept development to include continuous reinforcing fibers into the selective laser sintering process, Master thesis, Karlsruhe: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

Prüß, H. & Vietor, T. (2015), "Design for Fiber-Reinforced Additive Manufacturing", in: Journal of Mechanical Design,, No. Vol. 137.

Rahim, TNAT, Abdullah, AM & Md Akil, H. (2019), “Recent Developments in Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing of Polymers and Their Composites”, in: Polymer Reviews, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 589-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2019.1597883.

Reis Silva, M., Pereira, AM, Alves, N., Mateus, G., Mateus, A. & Malça, C. (2019), "Development of an Additive Manufacturing System for the Deposition of Thermoplastics Impregnated with Carbon Fibers" , in: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3020035.

Schmid, M. (2015a), Additive Manufacturing with Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12289-8.

Schmid, M. (2015b), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) with Plastics: Technology, Processes and Materials, Hanser, Munich.

Schwarze, D., Wiesner, A. & Hermann, A. (2016), EP2818305B1 , Powder Applicator, and Operation Method for a Powder Applicator.

Thüning, A. (2019), research on system components in powder bed-based additive manufacturing processes, seminar paper, Karlsruhe: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

Wendel, B., Rietzel, D., Kühnlein, F., Feulner, R., Hülder, G. & Schmachtenberg, E. (2008), “Additive Processing of Polymers”, in: Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Vol. 293 , No. 10, pp. 799-809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200800121.

Zhu, W., Yan, C., Shi, Y., Wen, S., Liu, J., Wei, Q. & Shi, Y. (2016), “A novel method based on selective laser sintering for preparing high -performance carbon fibers / polyamide12 / epoxy ternary composites ", in: Scientific reports, vol. 6, p. 33780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep33780.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent literature cited

• US 2016/0067928 A1 [0004, 0253]
• DE 102010015199 B9 [0252]
• US 9579851 B2 [0264]
• US 10099427 B2 [0265]
• EP 2818305 B1 [0275]

Non-patent literature cited

• DIN EN ISO / ASTM 52900: 2018 [0101]

Claims (22)

Process for the production of a three-dimensional body with functional fibers, especially in additive manufacturing, ( 27 ) comprising the steps of step A: providing a surface (of) a material made of a first material, in particular the surface of a workpiece (wst) and / or a layer (pw); Step B: heating the radiator (hk) to a process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the radiator (hk) can consist of several radiators (hkl, hk2), which can then also have different process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b ); Step C: Warming up the material in the area of the heater (hk) in a warm-up area (a, b) - by infrared radiation from the heater (hk) and / or - by heat transport by convection from the heater (hk) to the surface (of) and / or - through direct mechanical contact between the heating element (hk) and the surface (of) and / or - through heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the heating element (hk) to the surface (of), and - changing the position of the heating element (hk) along the surface (of) at a first distance (f) to the surface (of) at a first speed (v1); Step D: melting a part of the material in the heating area (a, b) in a melting area (b) within the heating area (a, b) as a result of the heating in step C to form molten material; Step E: Insertion of a functional fiber section of a functional fiber (ff) in the melting area (b) Step F: Ending the melting by reducing the energy transport from the heating element (hk) to the surface (of) and the resulting lowering of the temperature of the melting area (b) whereby the melting area (b) becomes a solidification area (c); Step G: solidification of the melted material to solidified material in the solidification area (c) which thereby becomes a solidification area (d) in which the relevant functional fiber section of the functional fiber (ff) is completely or partially inserted. Procedure ( 28 ) for the production of a three-dimensional body with functional fibers, in particular in additive manufacturing, comprising the steps of step 1: providing a heat spreader (wv) with a planar surface (of); Step 2: applying a layer (pw) of a material to the surface (of) with the formation of a new surface (ofn) parallel to the surface (of); Step 3: bringing a radiator (hk) to the new surface (ofn); Step 4: Heating the radiator (hk) to a process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), - where the heating can also take place before or after the heating element (hk) is brought up to the surface (of) and - where the radiator (hk) can consist of several partial radiators (hkl, hk2), which can have different process temperatures (ϑ _2a , ϑ _2b ); Step 5: Warming up the material in the area of the radiator (hk) in a warm-up area (a, b) - through infrared radiation from the radiator (hk) or one or more partial radiators (hkl, hk2) and / or - through heat transport by convection from the radiator ( hk) or from one or more partial radiators (hkl, hk2) to the new surface (ofn) and / or - through direct mechanical contact between the radiator (hk) or one or more partial radiators (hkl, hk2) and new surface (ofn) and / or - through heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber (FF), from the radiator (hk) or one or several partial radiators (hkl, hk2) to the new surface (ofn); Step 6: melting a part of the material in the warm-up area (a, b) in a melting area (b) within the warm-up area (a, b) as a result of the heating in step 5 to form melted material; Step 7: Complete or partial termination of the melting process - by finally moving the radiator (hk) or one or more partial radiators (hkl, hk2) away from the new surface (open) and / or - by lowering the Temperature of the heating element (hk) or one or more partial heating elements (hkl, hk2) of the heating element (hk) below the second process temperature (ϑ ₂ ), whereby the melting area (b) becomes a solidification area (c); Step 8: solidification of the melted material to solidified material in the solidification area (c). Procedure ( 36 ) for the modification of a three-dimensional body, in particular for the additive manufacturing of composite materials, comprising the steps of step I: providing a workpiece (pw) made of a first material and a surface (ofn); Step II: bringing a heater (hk) to the surface (ofn); Step III: Warming up the first material of the workpiece (pw) on the surface (ofn) in the area of the radiator (hk) in a warming-up area (a) - by electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiator (hk) or transmitted through the radiator , and / or - by heat transport by convection from the heater (hk) to the surface (ofn) of the workpiece (pw) and / or - by direct mechanical contact between the heater (hk) and the surface (ofn) of the workpiece (pw) and / or - by heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the heating element (hk) to the surface (ofn) of the workpiece; Step IV: melting at least part of the first material in the warming-up area in a melting area within the warming-up area as a result of the warming-up in step III to form melted first material; Step V: Displacement of the heating element (hk) during the melting of a part of the first material, - this displacement taking place at a first speed (v1) parallel to the contour of the surface (ofn) and - with this displacement in particular changing the position and / or orientation of the heater using rotational and / or translational degrees of freedom and - feeding a functional fiber (ff) during the translational displacement and - inserting the functional fiber (ff) into the melted first material in the melting area and Part of the melted first material with the inserted functional fiber (ff) leaves the warm-up area and reaches a cooling area created by displacement; Step VI: solidification of this melted first material to solidified first material in this cooling area created by displacement. Step VII: finishing the melting; in particular - by lowering the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the heater (hk) or transmitted through the heater, and / or - by reducing the heat transport by convection from the heater (hk) to the surface (ofn) of the workpiece (pw) and / or - by ending the direct mechanical contact between the heating element (hk) and the surface (ofn) of the workpiece (pw) and / or - by ending or reducing the heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular a functional fiber, from the heating element (hk) to the surface (ofn) the workpiece, whereby the melting area in each case becomes a cooling area; Step VIII: solidification of the melted first material to solidified first material in the cooling area. Radiator (dhk) ( 19th ) for a device for additive manufacturing - wherein the heating element (dhk) is optically transparent for electromagnetic heating radiation, in particular the heating radiation of a laser beam (LLB1, LB2). Radiator (dhk) ( 16 ) for a device for additive manufacturing - whereby a temperature sensor (ts) is integrated into the material of the heating element (dhk). Radiator (dhk) ( 16-18 ) for a device for additive manufacturing - with an actuator, in particular a heater (hz2), being integrated into the material of the heating element (dhk). Radiator (dhk) ( 17-18 ) for a device for additive manufacturing, - wherein the material of the heating element (dhk) comprises diamond. Radiator (dhk) ( 16-18 ) for a device for additive manufacturing - wherein the heater (dhk) has a continuous channel (kn) and - the heater (dhk) has a third material that encloses this channel (kn) along the hollow cylinder of the channel (kn) and - wherein the heating element (hk) has two opposite openings (o1, o2) in its third material, which form the beginning and the end of the channel (kn), and - then a second material, in particular in the form of a functional fiber (ff ), can be introduced into this channel (kn) through the first opening (o1) in the first material and can be removed from the channel (kn) via the second opening (o2) in the third material and - the third material at Operating temperature is at least partially electrically insulating and - wherein the third material is thermally conductive and - wherein the third material is electrically conductive at operating temperature locally in first regions of the third material by local modification is capable or is locally converted into a third electrically conductive material by local modification in first regions of the third material and - wherein the second material is deposited on or in the workpiece (pw). Device characterized in that it comprises means (hkl, hk2, wv) to carry out one or more of the methods according to one or more of the Claims 1 to 3 to execute. Contraption ( 23 ) for the production of a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, - with a heating body (hk), in particular after one or more of the Claims 4 to 8th , and - with a channel (kn) and, - with a feeding device and - with a workpiece, - wherein the workpiece has a surface (ofn) and - wherein the heating element (hk) has the channel (kn) and - wherein the heating element (hk) is provided and suitable to locally selectively the solid material of the workpiece (pw) - by infrared radiation of the heater (hk) and / or - by electromagnetic radiation that is transmitted through the heater (hk), and / or - by heat transport by convection from the heater (hk) to the surface (ofn) of the workpiece and / or - by direct mechanical contact between the heating element (hk) and the surface (ofn) of the workpiece and / or - by heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular by means of a functional fiber, from the heating element (hk) to the new surface (ofn) to locally melt into a melting area and - with the feed device In cooperation with the channel (kn) and the heating element (hk), a functional fiber (ff) is suitable and provided through the channel (kn) into the melting area bring in. Device for producing a three-dimensional body, in particular for additive manufacturing, - with a heating body (hk), in particular according to one or more of the Claims 4 to 8th , and - with a channel (kn) and, - with a feed device and - with a fiber feed device and - with a workpiece, - wherein the workpiece has a surface (ofn) and - wherein the fiber feed device has the channel (kn) and - where the fiber feed device can be identical to the heating element (hk) and - the heating element (hk) being provided and suitable for locally selectively removing the solid material of the workpiece (pw) - by infrared radiation from the heating element (hk) and / or - by electromagnetic radiation that is transmitted through the heating element (hk) and / or - by heat transport by convection from the heating element (hk) to the surface (ofn) of the workpiece and / or - by direct mechanical contact between the heating element (hk) and the surface (ofn) of the workpiece and / or - by heat transport by means of a heat conduction device, in particular by means of a functional fiber, from the heating element (hk) to the new surface (ofn) locally to a melt to melt the area and - the feed device, in cooperation with the channel (kn) and the heating element (hk), is suitable and provided for introducing a functional fiber (ff) through the channel (kn) into the melted area. Workpiece characterized in - that it is by means of a method according to one or more of the Claims 1 to 3 was manufactured, and / or, - that it was manufactured using a device according to one or more of the Claims 4 to 11 was made. Material characterized in that - that it is made by means of a method according to one or more of the Claims 1 to 3 was manufactured, and / or, - that it was manufactured using a device according to one or more of the Claims 4 to 12th was made. Device for three-dimensional printing by means of selective sintering and / or melting - With a first group of sub-devices for performing a selective laser sintering process and / or a selective laser melting process and - With a second group of sub-devices for carrying out a selective heat sintering process or a selective heat melting process, characterized in that - That it comprises a partial device for inserting functional fibers (ff) during a sintering or melting process. Procedure ( 69 ) for embedding a functional fiber (ff) in a workpiece (wst) - wherein the workpiece (wst) has a surface (of) and - wherein the material on the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst) can include non-solidified and solidified areas , comprising the steps - selective melting and / or sintering and solidification of the material of the workpiece (wst) on the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst); - applying a first layer (npw) to the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst); - selective melting and solidification of the first layer ( 62 , 64 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber (ff) into the melt during the melting of the first layer ( 62 , 64 ); - applying a further layer (npw) to the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst); - selective melting and / or sintering and solidification of the further layer ( 62 , 64 ) in the area of the inserted functional fiber (ff), so that this functional fiber (ff) at least partially from the solidified area of the material of the first layer and the solidified material of the further layer is enclosed; Procedure ( 70 ) for embedding a functional fiber (ff) in a workpiece - wherein the workpiece (wst) has a surface (of) and - wherein the material on the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst) can comprise non-solidified and solidified areas, comprising the Steps - selective melting and solidification of the material of the workpiece (wst) on the surface of the workpiece (wst) ( 62 , 64 ) with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber (ff) into the melt during melting; - applying a first layer (npw) to the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst); - selective melting and / or sintering and solidification of the first layer ( 62 , 64 ) in the area of the inserted functional fiber (ff), so that this functional fiber (ff) is at least partially enclosed by the solidified area of the material of the first layer and the solidified material of the workpiece (wst) on the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst); Method for embedding a functional fiber (ff) in a workpiece (wst) - wherein the workpiece (wst) has a surface (of) and - wherein the material on the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst) can include non-solidified and solidified areas , comprising the steps - selective melting and subsequent resolidification of the material of the workpiece (wst) on the surface (of) of the workpiece (wst) ( 62 , 64 ) - with at least partial insertion of a functional fiber (ff) into the melt during melting, - so that this functional fiber (ff) at least partially from the re-solidified area of the solidified material of the workpiece (wst) on the surface (of) the workpiece (wst ) is enclosed or attached to the surface of the workpiece (wst). A method for selective sintering or selective melting, in particular for selective laser sintering or selective laser melting, comprising the steps - Interrupting the selective sintering process or the selective melting process; - Provision of a functional fiber (ff); - Positioning the functional fiber (ff) relative to the workpiece (wst); - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber (ff); - Optional separation of the functional fiber (ff); - Continuation of the selective sintering process or the selective melting process. A method for fused deposition modeling (FDM), comprising the steps - interrupting the FDM process; - Provision of a functional fiber (ff); - Positioning the functional fiber (ff) relative to the workpiece (wst); - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber (ff); - Optional separation of the functional fiber - Continue the FDM process. A method of additive manufacturing, comprising the steps - Interrupting a basic additive manufacturing process; - Provision of a functional fiber (ff); - Positioning the functional fiber (ff) relative to the workpiece (wst); - Restricting the degrees of freedom of the functional fiber (ff); - Optional separation of the functional fiber - Continue the basic process of additive manufacturing; Functional fiber (ff) or strand made of functional fibers (ff) - wherein the functional fiber (ff) or the strand of functional fibers (ff) is provided with a size (SL) and - wherein the size (SL) of the functional fiber (ff) during an insertion process of the functional fiber (ff) in a workpiece (wst) in a process of additive manufacturing to the material of the surface (of) the workpiece (wst) at least in some areas of this Surface (of) forms a meniscus (mi) with a contact angle (x) which is smaller than 90 °. Functional fiber (ff) or strand made of functional fibers (ff) - wherein the surface of the functional fiber (ff) is designed, in particular wetting, that the melt of the material of a surface (of) a workpiece (wst) during an insertion process of the functional fiber (ff) in this surface (of) of the workpiece (wst ) to the material of the surface of the functional fiber (ff) at least in some areas of this surface of the functional fiber (ff) forms a meniscus (mi) with a contact angle (x) which is smaller than 90 °.

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