DE102018002060A1 - METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RELEASE OF SURPLUS HEAT IN HYDROGEN METAL SYSTEMS BY DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGING AND ITS COMBINATION WITH OTHER ACTIVATION PROCEDURES - Google Patents

Abstract

The patent pertains to methods and devices which use the Dielectric Barrier Charge as an excitation method to exploit, in conjunction with the action of suitable catalysts, the exothermic transition of hydrogen to strongly bonded states for optimum release of excess heat. By combining with electrochemical excitation before the DBD gas discharge, as well as other measures, a high COP value can be achieved and sustainably generated useful heat based on hydrogen. Figure 7c shows the embodiment of an autonomously operated small heat source based on a DBD reactor containing a special dielectric tube (1a) filled with a complex particle bed (1c) and (4a). In the tube protrudes a metal electrode (2b). The tube (1a) is enclosed by a metal electrode (2a) with water cooling, which is coupled to the reservoir of the heat exchanger (13) in the circuit. An integrated solid state circuit generates high frequency packets for controlled excitation of the DBD discharge.

Description

Technical field and state of the art

In a series of international publications and patent applications of recent years, methods and apparatus are presented in which by means of certain electromagnetic excitation mechanisms in different metal-hydrogen systems heat release is triggered, which is well above the energy input used for the excitation and far beyond that of known chemical and electrochemical conversion processes possible energy yields. This extraordinary release of heat is frequently referred to herein as excess heat (English: Excess Heat). The technical mastery and exploitation of this phenomenon is of fundamental importance for future sustainable and environmentally friendly energy production. The present patent is devoted to the use of a special form of gas discharge, the Dielectric Barrier Discharge, as an electromagnetic excitation process to trigger this process.

• - elektromagnetische Wärmestrahlung (S. Focardi et al., 11 Nuovo Cimento V. 111, N. 11 (1998) 1233; Levi et al., http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3913v3: Parkhomov, A.G., Int. Journ. of Unconv. Science 7(3)(2015)68-72 und 8(3)(2015)34-38 );
• - Hochstrom-Plasmaentladungen (Mills, R.L., Lu, Y., Eur. Phys. Journ. 64(2011)65, Mills, R.L. et al., Journ. of Plasma Physics 79(2013)489 );
• - Plasmaelektrolyse (Bazhutov et al. WO 2015/108434 A1 );
• - elektrolytische Beladung von Metallen (McKubre, M. C. H., in: Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook; J. Marwan, S. B. Krivit (Eds.) Vol. 998, American Chem. Soc, 2[008).

Examples of such methods and various excitation mechanisms are:

• electromagnetic heat radiation (S.Focardi et al., 11 Nuovo Cimento V. 111, N. 11 (1998) 1233; Levi et al., Http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3913v3: Parkhomov, AG, Int. Journ. of Unconv. Science 7 (3) (2015) 68-72 and 8 (3) (2015) 34-38 );
• - High-current plasma discharges (Mills, RL, Lu, Y., Eur. Phys. Journ. 64 (2011) 65, Mills, RL et al., Journ. of Plasma Physics 79 (2013) 489 );
• - Plasma electrolysis (Bazhutov et al. WO 2015/108434 A1 );
• - Electrolytic loading of metals (McKubre, MCH, in: Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook, J. Marwan, SB Krivit (Eds.) Vol. 998, American Chem. Soc, 2 [008].

Numerous theoretical models of these processes, which proceeded from the process of nuclear reactions at low particle energies - so-called LENR processes (for low energy nuclear reactions) - have so far encountered unsolvable problems. On the one hand, this involved the explanation of overcoming the Coulomb barrier for particles of low kinetic energy and, on the other hand, the discrepancy between considerable excess heat and very weak or missing characteristic nuclear radiation (gamma quanta and nuclear particles). For these reasons, in particular, all attempts to describe the observed heat effects as a result of known nuclear fusion processes - often referred to as Cold Fusion - have so far failed.

• - Theorien, welche die Existenz bisher unbekannter, stark gebundener Zustände des Wasserstoffatoms vorhersagen, die unter bestimmten Anregungsbedingungen besiedelt werden, wobei Energie in Form von elektromagnetischer Strahlung im Bereich optischer Wellenlängen bis zu harter Röntgenstrahlung freigesetzt wird:
  • > Wasserstoff mit Valenz Null, „Hydrino“, (R. L. Mills et al., Journ. of Hydrogen Energy 35(2010)8446; Eur. Phys. Journ. 64(2011)65; Journ. of Plasma Physics 79(2013)489);
  • > Deep Dirac Levels; Maly, J. A., Va'vra, J., 24(3)(1993)307-318; 27(1)(1995) 59-70);
• - Theorien, welche die Bildung von neuartigen, räumlich kompakten Zuständen aus zwei oder mehreren Protonen und Elektronen mit starker elektromagnetischer und Spin-Spin-Kopplung der Teilchen vorhersagen, wobei Bindungsenergie freigesetzt wird und nachfolgend erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für nukleare Umwandlungen gegeben ist:
  • > Bildung von ultra-dichtem Wasserstoff auf Metalloberflächen; (Holmlid, L., Int. Journ. of Mass Spectrometry, 15 (2013) 1-8; Int. Journ. of Modern Physics E, Vol. 25, N.10 (2016) 165[00853; Holmlid, L., Olafsson, S.; Int. Journ. of Hydrogen Energy 40 (2015) 10559-10567)
  • > Bildung von binuklearen Wasserstoffmolekülen bei Stoßprozessen; Cerofolini, G.F., Para A.F.,, Fusion Science and Technology Vol. 23, N. 1, 1993, 98-102);
  • > Fempto-Atome und -Moleküle; (Meulenberg, A., Paillet, J.-L., Journ. of Cond. Matter Nucl. Science 19(2016)192-201 und 19(2016)202-209);
• - Theorien, welche eine innere Struktur und räumliche Ausdehnung des Elektrons voraussetzen, wodurch es zur Besiedlung stark gebundener Zustände kommt, bei denen Protonen innerhalb von Elektronen eingefangen sind:
  • > Bildung und Wechselwirkung von „Quasineutronen“ (ep); (Laptuchov, A.I.: Inshenernaya Fizika (russisch) N.9 (2014) 09-16);
  • > Bildung von „Hydronions“ infolge der Zitterbewegung des Elektrons; (Calaon, A.; Jorn. of Condensed Matter Nucl. Science 19 (2016) 1-12);
• - Theorien, welche von einer elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektronen und Protonen/H-Atomen ausgehen, die zur Bildung kompakter, neutraler Teilchen führen:
  • > schwere Elektronen durch Oberflächen Plasmonen Polaronen; Widom, A., Larsen, L.; Eur. Phys. Journ. C, 46(2[006)107-110);
  • > exotische elektroschwache Resonanzen e+H, „Neutronium, Dineutronium“; (Ratis, Yu.,L.: Int. Journ. Unconv. Science Issue E21(2016)3-10);
  • > erzwungener Elektroneneinfang, neutrale Protonen/Deuteronen; (Pines et al.; Pine Sei. Consulting, NASA Glenn Res. Center, US 2017/0263337A1 , filed March 9, 2016, publ. Sept. 14, 2017).

Completely different theoretical models and explanations suggest that the observed release of excess heat is due to previously unknown atomic or molecular transformation processes, as well as to the internal structure of electrons, whereas nuclear transformations do not occur or only as secondary processes. The latter model presentations are to be divided into the following three groups as examples:

• - Theories that predict the existence of hitherto unknown, strongly bound states of the hydrogen atom, which are populated under certain conditions of excitation, whereby energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the range of optical wavelengths up to hard X-rays:
  • Hydrogen valence zero, "Hydrino", (RL Mills et al., Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010) 8446; Eur. Phys. Journ. 64 (2011) 65; Journ. Of Plasma Physics 79 (2013) 489 );
  • > Deep Dirac Levels; Maly, JA, Va'vra, J., 24 (3) (1993) 307-318; 27 (1) (1995) 59-70);
• - Theories that predict the formation of novel, spatially compact states of two or more protons and electrons with strong electromagnetic and spin-spin coupling of the particles, releasing binding energy and subsequently increasing the likelihood of nuclear transformations:
  • > Formation of ultra-dense hydrogen on metal surfaces; (Holmlid, L., International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 15 (2013) 1-8; Int Journ. Of Modern Physics E, Vol. 25, N.10 (2016) 165 [00853, Holmlid, L., et al. Olafsson, S., Int Journ. Of Hydrogen Energy 40 (2015) 10559-10567)
  • > Formation of binuclear hydrogen molecules in collision processes; Cerofolini, GF, Para AF ,, Fusion Science and Technology Vol. 23, N. 1, 1993, 98-102);
  • > Fempto atoms and molecules; (Meulenberg, A., Paillet, J.-L., Journal of Cond. Matter Nucl. Science 19 (2016) 192-201 and 19 (2016) 202-209);
• - Theories that require an internal structure and spatial extent of the electron, resulting in the colonization of strongly bound states in which protons are trapped within electrons:
  • > Formation and interaction of "quasineutron"(ep); (Laptuchov, AI: Inshenernaya Fizika (Russian) N.9 (2014) 09-16);
  • > Formation of "hydronions" due to the shaking motion of the electron; (Calaon, A .; Jorn of Condensed Matter Nucl. Science 19 (2016) 1-12);
• - Theories, which assume an electroweak interaction between electrons and protons / H atoms, leading to the formation of compact, neutral particles:
  • > heavy electrons through surfaces plasmonic polarons; Widom, A., Larsen, L .; Eur. Phys. Journ. C, 46 (2 [006] 107-110);
  • > exotic electro-weak resonances e + H, "neutronium, dineutronium"; (Ratis, Yu., L .: Int Journ Unconv. Science Issue E21 (2016) 3-10);
  • > forced electron capture, neutral protons / deuterons; (Pines et al .; Pine Sei. Consulting, NASA Glenn Res. Center, US 2017 / 0263337A1 , filed March 9, 2016, publ. Sept. 14, 2017).

Each of the above models describes certain experimentally observed facts, yet no model has finally prevailed, especially because of the underlying assumptions or hypotheses. Nevertheless, model assumptions, which assume the existence of extremely strongly bonded states of individual hydrogen atoms as well as the formation of spatially compact, strongly bonded clusters of two or more hydrogen atoms, can be considered as a theoretical basis for the processes and equipment described in this patent. Such states are generalized in the context of this patent as strongly bound hydrogen ( SGW ) - English Strongly Bound Hydrogen ( SBH ) - or Hydrogen Cluster ( HC ) designated. Thus, it is stated that the methods and systems described in this patent are independent of any of the above theoretical models, and the only requirement is that exothermic energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation be released per elemental transition to a long-lived SGW state , One specific feature of these transitions in SGW states is that they involve a close association with the course of cathalytic processes, as has been demonstrated many times in experiments.

Nuclear transformations in the sense of LENR Processes are not necessarily required for the release of excess heat in these mechanisms, but they are not excluded as secondary processes if sufficiently small core particle distances are realized in the SGW systems formed which, if necessary with the aid of additional electromagnetic excitation, nuclear nuclear transformations, by weak and / or strong interaction - but which are fundamentally different from conventional processes of nuclear reactions between two core particles.

Dielectric Barrier Discharge: The Dielectric Barrier Discharge, in English Dielectric Barrier Discharge - continued here briefly as DBD -Discharge - sometimes referred to as "silent electric discharge", has long been known and widely used in the art - as light sources, for surface treatment of materials and in other fields. It is an alternating voltage discharge in the gas, in which at least one electrode is galvanically separated from the gas space by a dielectric. The discharge takes place either by numerous micro-discharges, with a typical duration in the nanosecond range, or as a continuous, homogeneous discharge. Wv Siemens used this form of gas discharge to generate ozone O ₃ in air. In connection with the present patent application are in particular by DBD Ultraviolet discharges induced ultraviolet excimer radiation as well as the high current densities and high electron densities realized in the discharge channels (filaments), which have already been used in numerous applications of plasma catalysis DBD (Kogelschatz, U., Eliasson, B. Physical Sheets V52, I. 4 (1996) 360-362; Appl. Phys. B46 (1988) 299-303; Appl. Surface Science 54 (1992) 410 -423);

Patent applications for DBD Stimulation of LENR -Prozessen: There is a patent application of the authors from the year 2014 (Krieg, B, NN; DE 10 2014 014 209 A9 ; Date of publication 19.05.2016), to which in the following abbreviated with the symbol PI reference. This patent application PI is deepened in the present patent, as well as greatly expanded by new content. Other patent applications to this form of electromagnetic excitation to release excess heat due to the transition to SGW states are not known.

Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen or HHO Gas: Prior art methods are methods of separating electrolytic current flow in aqueous solutions of an electrolytic cell with oxygen and hydrogen gases either separately O ₂ and H ₂ also called oxyhydrogen - - or as the gas mixture oxyhydrogen to produce and subsequently energetically continue to use by combustion or in fuel cells (Krull, UJ: Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, ^3rd Edition, Analytical Chemistry, Academic Press, 2 [001; ISBN 978-0122274107; Schmidt, VM, Electrochemical Process Engineering, Fundamentals, Reaction Engineering, Process Optimization, Wiley-VCH Weinheim, 2 [003. ISBN 978-3527299584).

A special case is the plasma electrolysis, in which one of the two electrodes of the cell is close to the surface of the electrolyte, whereby a plasma discharge forms at the transition between this electrode and the electrolyte (Bazhutov et al. WO 2015/108434 A1 ).

Another special case is the high-temperature steam electrolysis, referred to in the literature as Solid Oxide Electrochemical Conversion (SOEC), in which the production of hydrogen can be thermodynamically efficient by coupling process heat and synergies by coupling with high-temperature fuel cells, as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), can give ( Donitz, W. et al .; Int. Journ. of Hydrogen Energy 5 (1) (1980) 55-63; Isenberg, AO; Solid State Ionics 3-4 (1981) 431-437 ; Schnurnberger, W. et al .; FVS topics 2 [004, pages 50-59 ).

Autocatalytic hydrogen recombination: Finally, the state of the art is also the exothermic, passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombination in so-called recombinators. This process was originally developed for nuclear technology, with the aim of ensuring the re-ignition-free, self-starting recombination of hydrogen to water when hydrogen gas is released into the air in the reactor chambers ( Reinecke, EA et al .; Nuclear Engineering and Design, 230 (2 [004] 49-59 ; Bröckerhof, P., et al., FZ Jülich; DE 19852951C2, 11.07.2 [002] , Meanwhile, commercial products for the exothermic recombination of electrolysis gas are on the market.

II. Description of the processes and systems to be patented Objective and basic structure

Objective: The present patent application relates to methods and systems with which the Dielectric Barrier Enladung, engl. Dielectric Barrier Discharge ( DBD ) is used in gaseous media as an excitation method to effect, in conjunction with the catalytic action of suitable solids and gas constituents, the exothermic transfer of hydrogen to its SGW states for optimal release of excess heat. The DBD Gas discharge is particularly suitable as an excitation method for this, since it leads to the formation of electron streams of high density and particle energy with comparatively little (compared to other forms of gas discharge) use of excitation energy. Transitions to SGW states are primarily not nuclear processes, but multi-level changes in the atomic shell (s). By combination of electrochemical excitation of gases with subsequent DBD Gas discharge under the presence of extended solid surfaces of suitable catalysts as well as further measures according to the invention take into account the multi-stage nature of the transitions into SGW states in a special way to a high degree COP Value and thus enable an ecological and sustainable generation of useful heat based on hydrogen as a "fuel" when using low-cost catalysts.

• - Komplex A: Reaktor mit der Reaktions- und Nachreaktions- bzw. Verbrennungskammer, in der bei DBD-Anregung unter spezifischen Bedingungen und in Anwesenheit geeigneter Katalysatoren im speziell konditionierten gasfömigen Medium die Überschusswärme freigesetzt wird;
• - Komplex B: Bereitstellung der elektromagnetischen Anregung;
• - Komplex C: Konditionierung des gasförmigen Mediums und Auskopplung der Nutzwärme;
• - Komplex D: Kontrolle der Prozessparameter und Steuerung des gesamten Betriebes. Komplex A: Reaktor mit Reaktions- und Nachreaktions- bzw. Verbrennungskammer

Basic structure of the system: The basic structure of the system according to the invention is a block diagram It corresponds to the structure shown in PI and represents its extension and generalization. The plants each consist of four basic plant complexes with the following functions:

• - complex A : Reactor with the reaction and Nachreaktions- or combustion chamber, in at DBD Excitation under specific conditions and in the presence of suitable catalysts in the specially conditioned gaseous medium, the excess heat is released;
• - complex B : Provision of electromagnetic stimulation;
• - complex C Conditioning the gaseous medium and extracting the useful heat;
• - complex D : Control of process parameters and control of the entire operation. complex A : Reactor with reaction and post-reaction or combustion chamber

• - spezifischer Dielektrika im Bereich der Entladung,
• - spezieller Materialien für die Gegenelektroden im Kontakt zur Entladung,
• - dem Einsatz von Katalysatoren und Promotoren,
• - der speziellen Konditionierung des Mediums im Entladungsraum,
• - dem Einsatz von Strukturierungen der Metalle und Dielektrika im Nano- und Mikro-Millimetermeterbereich,
• - der speziellen Anordnung hinsichtlich Kopplung mehrerer DBD-Zellen untereinander sowie mit vor- und nachgelagerten Anlagenelementen zur Anregung und Nachbehandlung,

wie in den folgenden Punkten explizit ausgeführt.DBD reactor cell: The core of the reactor for the generation of excess heat consists of a DBD discharge cell - like the to in each case at least one of the two electrodes ( 2a . 2 B ) through a dielectric ( 1 ) from the gas discharge space ( 4 ), in which, excited by a harmonic or pulsed AC voltage ( 3 ), a gas discharge in the form of many microdischarges (so-called filaments) or takes place homogeneously. While the various embodiments of DBD discharge cells are generally known in the art, the novelty claim of the present invention results from the specificity of such DBD discharge cells for use in optimally initiating SGW transitions into hydrogen. The novel elements of DBD discharge cells in this patent result in particular from the Eisatz

• - specific dielectrics in the discharge area,
• special materials for the counterelectrodes in contact with the discharge,
• - the use of catalysts and promoters,
• the special conditioning of the medium in the discharge space,
• - the use of structuring of metals and dielectrics in the nano- and micro-millimeter range,
• the special arrangement with regard to the coupling of several DBD cells with one another and with upstream and downstream plant elements for excitation and aftertreatment,

Explicitly executed as in the following points.

While in the patent application PI a planar and asymmetric shape and as process supporting process the formation of nanoparticles during the discharge is described, the present patent application is much wider and contains many new elements. Below are on dn to shown some embodiments of the invention. However, the invention claim also includes other possible geometric configurations, each with specific functional features, which are listed in more detail below.

shows a symmetrical, plate-like structure in which both metal electrodes are separated from the discharge space by dielectric layers. This structure is characterized by a largely homogeneous discharge and little or no erosion of the electrode surfaces due to the gas discharge. According to the invention, in this geometry, as well as in the subsequent arrangements ( to the dielectric in the discharge space are made of dielectrics with field-enhancing properties (see point 016 ).

shows an asymmetric, plate-like structure, which is advantageous for the simultaneous production of nanoparticles from the electrode material during discharges - as described in PI. Depending on the geometry of the reactor cell and the applied voltage amplitude, both filamentary and homogeneous discharges can be generated in this design. The counterelectrode ( 2 B ) can be loaded according to the invention advantageously with Wassersoff and / or with suitable catalyst material (see point 021 ) and the dielectric ( 1 ) are made of field enhancing materials to achieve high rates of SGW transitions.

shows a multi-layered plate structure with alternating metal electrodes, insulator plates and free spaces for the DBD gas discharge. This arrangement allows comparatively higher throughputs or longer contact times of the gaseous medium with the plasma discharge and the catalysts.

shows a symmetrical, multi-plate DBD reactor cell, in which the dielectric layers in the discharge space is located centrally between the metal electrodes. This arrangement is characterized by a particularly large plasma-metal contact area. Are these surfaces structured (see point 023 ) and / or both sides with suitable catalysts (see points 021 and 022 ) and dielectrics used with field-enhancing properties, the invention results in particularly good conditions for high SGW transition rates.

shows a tubular structure of the DBD reactor cell with central, embedded in the insulator high-voltage electrode, which is characterized by a large metal surface in contact with the discharge space and field strength increase on the dielectric. In this geometry, the outer surface of the counter electrode ( 2 B ) coated with catalyst and also for heat extraction (cooling) or temperature increase (heating) can be used.

shows a tubular structure with free counter electrode, in which high electric field strengths at the rod-shaped central electrode ( 2a ), which promote filamentous discharges in the medium and the formation of nanoparticles. Optionally, this geometry also allows the supply of hydrogen from the grid of heated metal to the central electrode, when carried out as a hollow rod, and from material with high hydrogen storage capacity (see Item 020 ) is made. In this geometry, grounding can alternatively be applied to the central electrode ( 2a ) are reversed and these are designed as a pipe for continuous cooling liquid for the withdrawal of heat. Optionally, in this geometry, the gas space between the central electrode and the dielectric can also be filled with beds of dielectrics with good catalytic and / or field-enhancing properties.

shows the use of an external DBD discharge between the central high voltage electrode ( 2a ) and the grounded housing ( 2 B ) along the surface of the dielectric ( 1 ). The medium is guided laterally through the grounded housing into the discharge space. This arrangement is also suitable as a combustion chamber in the case of the supply of the medium from combustible gases / gas mixtures and thus for the initiation of SGW transitions at high temperatures.

Coupling of several reactor cells: In order to increase the throughput of the medium or the duration of stay in the discharge space and thus the heat output, the in point 010 described embodiments of reactor cells are each operated in parallel. There is also the possibility according to the invention of coupling reactor cells of the same or different type in series, such as . and show by way of example:

shows the coupling of two reactor cells in cross section, according to the and are constructed. The medium first passes through a predominantly filamentous DBD discharge with high field strength at the rod-shaped counter electrode and then passes into a post-reaction chamber with homogeneous discharge and large contact surface with the catalyst on the metal surface of the counter electrode. Materials for the insulators and electrodes can also be chosen differently in the two reactor cells, as well as their surface finish. In is the supply of the electromagnetic excitation from the same voltage source ( 3 However, according to the invention it is also possible to use different signals - with regard to voltage amplitude, frequency and signal shape - at the two cells in order to optimize the transition rates into SGW states.

On is the coupling of two reactor cells on the and fg shown cell type. The pressurized gaseous medium 1 enters the first discharge space ( 4a ), in which a rod-shaped counter electrode is located and filamentary discharges take place. The resulting plasma is transferred to the second discharge space ( 4b ), in which a substantially homogeneous discharge takes place along the surface. In this Nachreaktions- and combustion chamber can optionally be a second medium 2 be supplied under pressure (see point 039 ). The large contact area between the plasma and the counterelectrode in the second discharge space increases the effectiveness of catalysts on the surface of the latter, wherein suitable structuring of the surfaces can increase this effect even more.

shows a two-stage DBD reactor. In the first discharge space, the central rod-shaped electrode is enclosed by a dielectric, which may have specific supporting properties (field enhancement, large internal surfaces). In the second discharge room is a granular bed. The bed can according to the invention of field-enhancing dielectrics (ferroelectrics or piezoelectrics), catalytically active dielectrics or mixtures thereof, optionally also with addition of oxide and metal particles (for more details see point 016 ). The grounded counter electrode in the second discharge space also serves as a metallic contact surface on the hydrogen clusters condense, ie can accumulate.

Numerous other coupling possibilities of DBD reactor cells can be realized and are part of the present invention.

• - In der Durchbruchphase der Entladung (Dauer ps bis ns) finden in den Molekülen der zugeführten Gase die Prozesse Ionisation, Dissoziation und Anregung statt, es enstehen Ionen, freie Elektronen und Radikale H, O, OH u.a., auch in hochangeregten Rydberg-Zuständen H*, Li*, K* u.a. - die elektrokatalytische Oxidation.
• - In der folgenden Reaktionsphase (Dauer µs bis ms) kommt es zur Umwandlung der Radikale H, O, OH in sekundäre Radikale wie O₃, HO₂, HOH* sowie Anregung von Excimern und Exiplexen u.a. Weiterhin finden Oxidationsprozesse im Volumen des Gases und Oberflächenreaktionen an der Elektrode sowie am Dielektrikum unter Wirkung der freigesetzten UV-Strahlung statt, von denen besondere Bedeutung die katalytischen Prozesse mit weiterer Freisetzung von atomarem Wasserstoff H haben, aus dem sich wiederum die länger lebenden sekundären Radikale HO₂ und HOH* bilden können. Es bildet sich Rydbergmaterie durch Zusammenschluss von N Rydbergatomen, z.B. H*_N, Li*_N, K*_N u.a.
• - Durch erneute Anregung in folgenden Entladungen können durch Stöße zwischen den primären und sekundären Radikalen und in Wechselwirkung mit anderen Molekülen und Ionen und Elektronen im Plasma exotherme Übergänge in SGW-Zustände stattfinden, welche Überschusswärme freisetzen.
• - In der Nachreaktionsphase (Dauer ms bis s) finden Wärme-und Stofftransport, Diffusion und chemische Reaktionen statt, Bildung von Aerosolen, Adsorption an Oberflächen sowie Reaktionen durch Reaktionsvermittler. Darunter können nochmals Reaktionen von Katalysatoren mit geeigneten Promotoren (Reaktionsvermittler) mit den zu dieser Zeit im Gas noch vorhandenen langlebigen Radikalen sein, die zur nachträglichen Freisetzung von Überschusswärme beitragen.

Reactor Processes According to the invention, the following process takes place in the DBD reactor for releasing excess heat from SGW transitions:

• - In the breakthrough phase of discharge (duration ps to ns), the processes of ionization, dissociation and excitation take place in the molecules of the gases fed in, forming ions, free electrons and radicals H, O, OH, etc., even in highly excited Rydberg states H *, Li *, K * et al. - electrocatalytic oxidation.
• In the following reaction phase (duration μs to ms), the radicals H, O, OH are converted into secondary radicals such as O ₃ , HO ₂ , HOH * and excited excimers and exiplexes, inter alia, oxidation processes in the volume of the gas and surface reactions on the electrode as well as on the dielectric under the action of the liberated UV radiation, of which special significance are the catalytic processes with further release of atomic hydrogen H, from which in turn the longer-lived secondary radicals HO ₂ and HOH * can form. It forms Rydbergmatterie by combination of N Rydberg atoms, eg H * _N , Li * _N , K * _N and others
• By renewed excitation in subsequent discharges, shocks between the primary and secondary radicals and in interaction with other molecules and ions and electrons in the plasma can cause exothermic transitions into SGW states which release excess heat.
• In the post-reaction phase (duration ms to s) heat and mass transport, diffusion and chemical reactions take place, formation of aerosols, adsorption on surfaces and reactions by reaction mediators. These may include reactions of catalysts with suitable promoters (reaction mediators) with the long-lived radicals still present in the gas at that time, which contribute to the subsequent release of excess heat.

Nachreaktionskammer: Due to the possibly longer post-reaction phase, it may be useful according to the invention, the gas flow after the Reactor into a post-reaction chamber ( NRK ), in which further reactions take place by contact with adsorbers and catalysts with promoters, particles are adsorbed in the reactor and, furthermore, heat, including excess heat from SGW transitions, is released. The latter is also referred to in the literature as residual heat. Suitable fillers are metal sponges, coated or uncoated ceramic particles, loose activated carbon beds and similar loose structures, prepared on the surfaces with calcifiers and promoters. This Nachreaktorgefäß accepts the function of the nanoparticle absorber according to the invention at the same time.

Thermal insulation: essential for achieving a high level COP is a coat around the reactor - on the . and not shown - for thermal insulation and obtaining a sufficient working temperature in the reaction and post-reaction chamber. If cooling of these components is required, in this way, the heat dissipated from the cooling circuit can be largely transferred to the useful heat to be recovered or used for conditioning of the medium. Alternatively, this allows the reactor cell to be heated to the required operating temperature. Noticeable release of excess heat takes place according to the cited above and other references in metal-hydrogen systems with exclusively thermal excitation already from 3 [00 ° C instead.

Construction material: In the patent application PI, the preferred dielectric material construction material is alumina ceramics (especially γ-Al ₂ O ₃ ). In accordance with the invention, this is extended to the materials quartz (SiO ₂ ), glass and field-enhancing ceramics with high relative dielectric constants ε _r , in particular layers of sintered ferroelectrics.

The choice of materials for the metal electrodes are justified in the application PI as follows: "The counter electrode is made of transition metals, preferably nickel or for the realization of catalyst effects also of alloys such as nickel-zirconium, or of the said metals with admixtures of catalytically active metal oxides , The counterelectrode of chemically very pure material is carefully processed, cleaned and charged with hydrogen until the discharges are ignited to saturation. " The range of materials in question is here according to the invention substantially broader and is in the points 018 to 021 detailed and justified. In the reactor variants according to . . and with rod-shaped electrodes, in which the discharge is spatially concentrated, extremely heat-resistant metals such as tungsten are suitable.

The extension according to the invention of the range of materials for the electrodes with contact for gas discharge is primarily due to the fact that the surfaces of these materials have a catalytic effect on the processes of formation of primary and secondary radicals, which ultimately are responsible for the transitions to SGW states ,

The constructive possibilities for increasing the invention COP by optimal design of the DBD reactor with regard to arrangement and material selection of its constituents are thus not exhaustive described - further variations are possible and part of this patent

• - feldverstärkende Dielektrika mit ferroelektrischen Eigenschaften, wie Blei-Zirkonat-Titanat PbZrO3-PbTiO3 (PZT) oder Bariumtitanat BaTiO3
• - Piezoelektrika wie Quarz SiO₂, Bariumtitanat BaTiO₃, Lithiumniobat LiNbO₃, Galliumorthophosphat, piezoelektrische Dünnschichten aus ZnO, Aluminiumnitrit auf Silizium, piezoelektrische Karamiken, Polyvinylenfluorid (PVDF) u.a.;
• - und Dielektrika mit großen aktiven Oberflächen, wie Silikagel.
• - Zur Verstärkung der Raten von SGW-Übergängen führen darüber hinaus erfindungsgemäß Mischungen der dielektrischen Schüttungen mit Metall-, Metallhydrid- und Metalloxidpartikeln im Durchmesserbereich von einigen Nanometer bis 1[00 Mikrometer. Die Dichte der Metallpartikel ist dabei jedoch so gering zu halten, dass der insgesamt dielektrische Charakter der Schüttung erhalten bleibt und sich lokale Mikroentladungen in den Partikel-Zwischenräumen mit extrem hoher elektrischer Feldstärke ausbilden.

Beds in the discharge space: Particularly suitable as material for bedding in the DBD discharge space

• - Field-amplifying dielectrics with ferroelectric properties, such as lead zirconate titanate PbZrO3-PbTiO3 (PZT) or barium titanate BaTiO3
• Piezoelectrics such as quartz SiO ₂ , barium titanate BaTiO ₃ , lithium niobate LiNbO ₃ , gallium orthophosphate, piezoelectric thin films of ZnO, aluminum nitrite on silicon, piezoelectric caramics, polyvinyl fluoride (PVDF) and others;
• and dielectrics with large active surfaces, such as silica gel.
• In addition, to increase the rates of SGW transitions, mixtures of the dielectric beds with metal, metal hydride and metal oxide particles in the diameter range from a few nanometers to 1 [00 micrometers. However, the density of the metal particles is to be kept so low that the overall dielectric character of the bed is maintained and form local microdischarges in the particle spaces with extremely high electrical field strength.

shows by way of example the coupling of two DBD cells with a material bed according to the invention in the discharge space of the first DBD cell. Other arrangements for the introduction of corresponding beds of particle mixtures are possible, in particular for DBD discharge cells in cylindrical geometry, which are based on the and were shown.

fuel

Fuel of the heat generator: In the patent application PI hydrogen gas H _{2 is described} with an overpressure of 10 to 1 [00 bar as a medium for the DBD discharge and thus as a fuel of the heat generator. Subsequently, the According to the invention underlying mechanism of action detailed and specified, the potential range of eligible fuels and the pressure range to 1 bar to 1 [00 bar and other hydrogen-containing materials and compounds greatly expanded.

• > Stufe 1 - Bildung von freien oder schwach gebundenen Wasserstoffatomen und deren Übergang in Rydberg-Zustände H*;
• > Stufe 2 - exothermer Übergang in stark gebundene SGW-Zustände durch Wechselwirkungen der freien Wasserstoffatome mit anderen Katalysepartnern im Medium.

Mechanism: The source of release of excess heat mainly forms hydrogen atoms, which are characterized by the special form of interaction between the gaseous medium and the target material of the counterelectrodes ( 2 B ) as well as the dielectrics ( 1 ) as catalysts, under the influence of the DBD excitation, to exothermic transitions into SGW states - ie strongly bonded hydrogen atoms and / or strongly bonded hydrogen clusters of two or more hydrogen atoms - lead. These transitions do not occur directly from the molecular form H ₂ or a chemically bonded form of hydrogen, such as H ₂ O, but from excited hydrogen radicals H *, ie free hydrogen atoms in highly excited Rydberg states, or from excimer or exciplex states weakly coupled states H *. An example of this is gaseous exciplex states of the form HOH * with a weakly coupled excited atom H *, which is in a state with a high orbital angular momentum (1> 2), so that it can not decay directly into the ground state and thus has a relatively long lifetime. Interactions of hydrogen radicals with excited molecular states, recently reported for the termolecular transformation process HO ₂ ** + H (Burke, MP, Klippenstein, SJ; Mature Chemistry, 14 August 2017, DOI: 10.1038 / NCHEM.2842 ). Decisive for the formation rate of highly excited H * states are the high energy and density of the electrons in the non-thermal DBD discharge as well as the supporting presence of catalysts and promoters. The process of highly exothermic release of excess heat is thus at least two stages:

• > Level 1 - formation of free or weakly bound hydrogen atoms and their transition into Rydberg states H *;
• > Level 2 - exothermic transition into strongly bound SGW states through interactions of the free hydrogen atoms with other catalysis partners in the medium.

This requires, in addition to water or near-hydrogen bonded in the metal grid, the presence of special hydrogen catalysts and is favored by the presence of chemically or interstitially bound hydrogen in the metal lattice and increased electromagnetic fields due to nano-structured surfaces. The atoms and molecules in the gaseous medium are at the same time fuel and also catalyst themselves, absorbing the energy released during the transition into SGW states by means of collisions and thus enabling these transitions.

In the formation of long-lived SGW states, the two stages mentioned are sufficient for the release of electromagnetic radiation - from the IR to the optical, UV, HV-UV and X-ray regions and thus responsible for at least the majority of the total excess heat.

• > Stufe 3 - nukleare Prozesse infolge starker oder schwacher Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der SGW-Zustände (Protonen, Deuteronen, Elektronen) sowie Gitterbausteinen in deren unmittelbarer Nähe, die sich jedoch infolge der spezifischen kollektiven Eigenschaften der SGW-Zustände, insbesondere ihrer Langlebigkeit bei extrem geringen Teilchenabständen, sowie als Mehrteilchenprozesse erheblich von den bekannten nuklearen Zweiteilchenreaktionen unterscheiden. Infrage kommen in diesem Sinne zum Beispiel modifizierte Prozesse der d-d-Verschmelzung, des Strahlungseinfangs von Protonen oder Deuteronen, der p-p-Verschmelzung mit Elektroneneinfang, aber auch Vielteilchen-Wechselwirkungen zwischen Protonen-Clustern der SGW-Zustände und Gitterbausteinen, ggf. mit nachfolgenden radioaktiven Zerfällen - und weitere. Dies wären LENR-Prozesse in der eigentlichen Bedeutung des Begriffs.

If the distance between nuclear particles in the SGW states formed is sufficiently low - in the range of a few centimeters, as predicted by some of the models mentioned above - then, with further (additional) electromagnetic excitation of the SGW states, another process stage could follow:

• > Level 3 - nuclear processes due to strong or weak interactions between the components of the SGW states (protons, deuterons, electrons) and lattice building blocks in their immediate vicinity, but due to the specific collective properties of the SGW states, in particular their longevity at extremely small particle distances, as well as multi-particle processes differ significantly from the known nuclear two-particle reactions. In this sense, for example, modified processes of dd fusion, the radiation capture of protons or deuterons, the pp fusion with electron capture, but also many-particle interactions between proton clusters of SGW states and lattice building blocks, possibly with subsequent radioactive decay - and more. These would be LENR processes in the very meaning of the term.

Previous experimental studies on the release of excess heat in hydrogen-metal systems, as cited above, show that in the selected excitation methods thermal excitation and gas discharge - assuming the observed very low or absent emission of gamma or particle radiation - the conventional nuclear Interactions play virtually no or only a very minor role. This also applies to the DBD excitation method of the present patent and is an important prerequisite for the sustainability of potential applications based on this method.

Hydrogen sources: Indispensable component of the fuel for the release of excess heat in the DBD excitation is hydrogen gas H ₂ and conventional water H ₂ O in the aggregate state of water vapor Also D ₂ or T ₂ or D ₂ O or T ₂ O and mixtures of the three Hydrogen isotope compounds may be considered but are of lesser practical importance for cost reasons. This is the consequence of the fact that the release of excess heat described here is primarily not a nuclear process, but rather atomic rearrangements in the area of action of electromagnetic forces. As a hydrogen source in the metal grid absorbed hydrogen, metal hydrides and chemically bonded hydrogen are suitable, which can deliver atomic hydrogen into the gaseous medium at the working temperature of the DBD reactor.

• - vor allem Metalle mit guter Speicherfähigkeit für Wasserstoff, wie Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Pd, Ag, Au,
• - aber auch andere Metalle mit ausreichend hoher Schmelztemperatur wie Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, W, In u.a. sind geeignet, jedoch mit jeweils unterschiedlicher Ausbeute an Überschusswärme, bezogen auf gleiche Größe der elektromagnetischen Anregungsenergie,
• - auch leitfähige Legierungen aus zwei oder mehreren Metallen,
• - Verbundwerkstoffe, Metallschäume und -schwämme, Komposite auf Kohlenstoffbasis,
• - Metalle mit Oberflächenbeschichtungen,
• - im Punkt 016 bereits genannte Metallpartikel, die in dielektrischen Schüttungen oder Schichten eingeschlossen sind und darin die Funktion als Targetmaterial übernehmen.

Target materials: As metal electrodes ( 2 B ) in contact with the DBD discharge according to the invention for the release of excess heat in the DBD reactor, depending on the selected geometry of the reaction chamber, electrically conductive materials with sufficiently high melting temperature in question:

• especially metals with good hydrogen storage capacity, such as Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Pd, Ag, Au,
• but also other metals with a sufficiently high melting temperature such as Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, W, In and others are suitable, but each with a different yield of excess heat, based on the same size of the electromagnetic excitation energy,
• - also conductive alloys of two or more metals,
• - composites, metal foams and sponges, carbon-based composites,
• - metals with surface coatings,
• - in the point 016 Already mentioned metal particles which are enclosed in dielectric beds or layers and assume therein the function as target material.

• - insbesondere Schichten aus FeO, Fe₂O₃, CuO, Cu₂O₃, NiO, Ni₂O₃, CoO und Co₂O₃,
• - auch Oxide von Legierungen, so zum Beispiel Co-Mg-Oxide, Ni-Mg-Oxide oder Cu-Mg-Oxide.

Catalysts: Of particular influence on the release of excess heat in the DBD excitation is the chemical surface properties of the targets. Thus, according to the invention, certain oxide layers, owing to their catalytic action, can lead to an increase in the heat release in the case of DBD excitation:

• in particular layers of FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , CuO, Cu ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , CoO and Co ₂ O ₃ ,
• - Also oxides of alloys, such as Co-Mg oxides, Ni-Mg oxides or Cu-Mg oxides.

Catalytic effect achieve according to the invention not only in the point 020 It also includes various molecular and atomic admixtures in the area of the discharge plasma, which relates to additions of water vapor, complex states of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, particles with superficially adsorbed atoms of alkali and alkaline earth metals, certain organic vapors and others.

Promoters: It is known that metal oxides of industrial hydrogen catalysts are added to promoters which promote the catalytic process. Holmlid, for example, uses styrene catalysts of Fe ₂ O ₃ with the addition of potassium for the generation of the strongly bound ultra-dense hydrogen. Rossi and Parkhomov use as fuel LiAlH ₄ in conjunction with nickel. According to the invention, the processes of release of excess heat in the DBD excitation can be supported by suitable promoters.

• - Verbindungen der wasserstoffähnlichen Alkalimetalle Li, Na, K, Rb und Cs,
• - sowie Verbindungen der Erdalkalimetalle Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba.

The promoters can be added to the metal of the electrode with plasma contact - as alloy, composite, surface layer or implant. Alternatively, suitable gaseous components can be added to the gas medium, which accelerate the catalytic process in the plasma. In question are:

• Compounds of the hydrogen-like alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs,
• - and compounds of the alkaline earth metals Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.

Nanostructures: The catalytic effect of metal nanoparticles in the DBD reactor has already been established in PI. Nanostructures on the target surface can cause higher particle velocities in the plasma of the discharges by higher electromagnetic field strengths at the surface and thus according to the invention promote the transfer of hydrogen into SGW states in the DBD reactor. According to the invention, layers of nanoparticles of the metals Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, Ni and their alloys or mixtures of particles of different metals are possible. According to the invention, catalytically active nanoparticles can not only form on the compact target surfaces as a result of filamentary microdischarges, but can also be knocked out of the surface of metal particles contained in dielectric beds in the DBD space. In this way, the field-enhancing effect of certain dielectrics - ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics - can overlap with the high electric field strength at the surface of conducting nanoparticles.

The spectrum of materials according to the invention is extended to composites and microparticles, which combine the material composition and properties of storage metal for hydrogen, catalyst and promoter.

Gas Loading: According to the invention, the medium in the DBD discharge space consists of H ₂ gas under normal pressure or a different overpressure in the range 1 up to 1 [00 bar. Also suitable according to the invention are admixtures of passive carrier gases, such as nitrogen N ₂ or noble gases. According to the invention, adding steam or the gaseous exciplex compound HOH * may increase the rate of transitions into SGW states. According to the invention, an admixture of gaseous oxygen O ₂ to the carrier gas or air - the constant mixture of N ₂ , O ₂ and CO ₂ - under normal or overpressure. In these cases, the release of excess heat due to transitions into SGW states is combined with the heat release of the conventional hydrogen-oxygen reaction (oxyhydrogen combustion). This allows the operation of the DBD reactor according to the invention at elevated temperatures and also increases the release of excess heat due to transitions into SGW states. Finally, according to the invention, it is also possible to introduce oxyhydrogen - a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen - so as to achieve the highest possible temperatures and improved conditions for the exothermic transition into the SGW states. However, this must be accompanied by significantly increased safety precautions for handling hydrogen or hydrogen / oxygen mixture.

Electrochemical Activation I: According to the invention, hydrogen can also be supplied to the gas in the discharge space from a separately operated, separate electrolysis cell or a mixture of hydrogen and water vapor from a COEC cell operated at high temperatures.

Hydrogen H ₂ and hydroxyl ions OH ^- , from which complex hydrogenated compounds such as H ₃ O ₂ ^- are formed at the cathode during water decomposition. H ₅ O ₃ ^- , H ₇ O ₅ ^- , H ₉ O ₇ ^- arise with a relatively long life, which in turn hydrogenated electrons and hydroxyl radicals OH arise, which have a high reactivity. From H ⁺ ions hydrogen radicals H can be formed by electron accumulation, which in turn undergo further reactions, among other things, long-lived, gaseous HOH * arise that escapes with the hydrogen H ₂ from the electrolysis cell, enters the gas discharge space of the DBD discharge and the Rate of transitions in SGW states increased ..

According to the invention, the use of hydrogen from the cathode compartment of an electrolysis cell increases the release of excess heat, since in this way the medium additionally contains both atomic hydrogen in the form of excited free radicals H *, water vapor and excited molecules HOH * as catalyst partner for the transition to SGW. States are added.

The feed of electrolysis hydrogen from the plasma electrolysis or a SOEC cell, which is operated at high temperature, is according to the invention of two advantages: First, the energy required for the dissociation of water molecules is less than at room temperature and, secondly, the already heated medium in addition to hydrogen It also adds heated water vapor, which, in turn, becomes the on-site source of atomic hydrogen H and, at the same time, the catalyst of SGW transitions due to the discharges in the DBD reactor.

Electrochemical activation II: According to the invention, gases from a separately operated, non-separated electrolytic cell can be supplied to the DBD discharge space, which in addition to the gases H ₂ and O ₂ also hydrogen radicals H, ozone O ₃ , vaporous H ₂ O with excited molecules HOH * and - Depending on the electrolyte used - also have compounds of alkali or alkaline earth metal ions. The feed of the electrolysis gas according to the invention in a DBD reactor of shown type. The DBD reactor then simultaneously combines the function of an oxyhydrogen burner with that of a generator for SGW transitions, which can be operated at elevated temperatures. According to the invention, further oxygen, air and / or water vapor can be added to the gas from the electrolysis cell prior to injection into the DBD reactor. Thus, a complete combustion of the hydrogen can be achieved in one run and useful heat with elevated temperature, up to several hundred degrees Celsius, be dissipated. According to the invention, this variable operating regime offers versatile control possibilities for the process of releasing excess heat from SGW transitions. However, this form of use of electrolysis gases, in which discharge and combustion chamber melt together, however, involves considerable risks for technical safety as a result of possible reignition of the gas mixture into the electrolysis space, which must be considered constructively.

Electrochemical activation III: According to the invention, the electrochemical activation can also take place in-situ, ie immediately before the DBD reactor cell. For this purpose, reactor arrangements are suitable according to the invention and by way of example, as described in the . and are shown, in which the DBD discharge attaches directly or near the surface of the solution of an electrolytic cell. The DBD discharge can be operated either with the entire electrolysis gas ( or safer with separate gas from the cathode compartment of an electrolysis cell with semipermeable Partition wall (( 8th ) and ). Alternatively, it is also possible to work with an additional carrier gas - air, nitrogen or the like - which permanently rinses the electrolysis cell and carries the resulting electrolysis gas into the discharge space. According to the invention, further apparatus solutions are possible in which the DBD discharge is in direct contact with the electrolysis medium ( 5 ) he follows.

Arrangements, as on and can be operated - installed in appropriate housing - even under pressure and at high temperatures, so that the system as a water vapor electrolysis, ie as SOEC works. This ensures particularly high dissociation rates of H ₂ O, high yields of radicals H and OH, and thus high rates of SGW transitions.

shows a plasma electrolysis cell coupled to the DBD reactor cell. In this case, strongly hydrogen-containing cathode gas from the plasma electrolysis is sent as a medium in the DBD discharge, which was exposed in the plasma of a strong action of photons, thereby carrying a particularly large number of excited species.

Inventive variants of arrangements of the combination of a DBD reactor cell and an upstream electrolysis cell for the optimized generation of excess heat as on . . and In addition, according to the invention, it is also possible to couple in series with other DBD cells, in analogy to the couplings as described in US Pat and already shown.

: Introduction of the entire electrolysis gas into an asymmetric, plate-shaped DBD cell; the free counterelectrode is in this case permeable to the electrolysis gases (perforated plate, metal mesh).

: Introduction of the electrolysis gas from the cathode compartment into a tubular DBD cell with central, exposed plate-shaped inner electrode;

: as but in cylinder geometry, with rod-shaped inner electrode of the DBD reactor cell; indicated on the right in the picture is the alternative supply of the electrolytic cell with a superimposed DC and AC voltage;

The DBD reactor cell is preceded by a plasma electrolysis cell with separate detection of cathode and anode gas, from which a mixture of cathode gas plus water vapor passes into the DBD discharge space, which according to the invention in turn generates SGW transitions particularly effectively.

Afterburner: According to the invention, after the DBD reactor cell also an admixture of gaseous oxygen O ₂ to the carrier gas or air - the constant mixture of N ₂ , O ₂ and CO ₂ - under normal or overpressure. In these cases, the release of excess heat due to transitions into SGW states is combined with the heat release of the conventional hydrogen-oxygen reaction (oxyhydrogen combustion). This allows the operation of the DBD reactor according to the invention at elevated temperatures and also increases the release of excess heat due to transitions into SGW states. Finally, according to the invention, it is also possible to introduce oxyhydrogen - a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen - so as to achieve the highest possible temperatures and improved conditions for the exothermic transition into the SGW states. However, this must be accompanied by significantly increased safety precautions for handling hydrogen or hydrogen / oxygen mixture.

Some variants of the arrangement of components for the conditioning according to the invention of the medium and dissipation of heat when using the DBD excitation to generate excess heat are on . . . . and shown schematically:

: Supply of hydrogen gas from a gas storage SP ( 10 ) into the DBD reactor cell DBD ( 11 ) and compressed air (alternatively oxygen) in the afterburner NB ( 12 ) and removal of the useful heat from the post-reaction chamber with heat exchanger ( 13 ).

: as , with supply of electrolysis gas from an electrolytic cell ( EZ , ( 15 )) and air (alternatively oxygen) in the afterburner NB ( 12 ).

: As and , with separate supply of cathode gas ( K ) into the DBD reactor cell ( 11 ) and anode gas ( A ), mixed with air (alternatively oxygen) in the afterburner NB ( 12 ); optionally, according to the invention liquids from the reservoir F (16) the air flow in the afterburner NB ( 12 ). In the a thermal coupling of the heat exchanger with the electrolytic cell is provided, which allows the favorable electrolysis operation at elevated temperatures, which is required in the SEOC steam electrolysis.

: as , with a steam turbine DT ( 17 ) and generator G ( 18 ) for electric energy, the afterburner NB ( 12 ) are connected downstream. Alternatively or additionally, the delivery is alternative Media from the memory F ( 16 ) intended. This coupling of a steam turbine to the afterburner allows, by optional supply of alternative materials (see point 039 ) from the liquid storage ( 16 ) to accelerate the amount of heat released by conventional combustion processes.

: Hydrogen gas gets out of the store SP ( 10 ) is fed to the DBD reactor cell; the unused hydrogen becomes in the after-reaction chamber NRK (19) exothermic, with the help of supplied air to water autocatalytically oxidized and the heat released, including excess heat, through the heat exchanger ( 13 ) extracted;

: As in the case of feeding cathode gas into the DBD reactor cell, for autocatalytic reconversion into water, the anode gas from the separate electrolysis cell in the recombiner ( NRK ) are used.

Post-reaction chamber and recombinator: Alternatively to the point 027 described combustion of oxyhydroxide mixture in a combined discharge and combustion chamber, according to the invention can also be a post-reaction chamber with the exclusive introduction of hydrogen gas from a storage or cathode gas from a separate electrolytic cell according to the DBD reactor cell NRK (see point 013 ), which in this case fulfills the main function of a recombiner. For this purpose, the gas output of the reactor cell is passed together with air from a fan, possibly with the addition of anode gas of the electrolysis cell, in the recombiner for the exothermic recombination of hydrogen and oxygen. In addition, the post-reaction chamber also acts as an affinder of excited species and SGW clusters, which are carried along with the gas stream from the DBD discharge and only then condense or adsorbed on the surfaces. They represent a source of the release of residual heat. Circuit examples are schematic on the and shown. Optional tubular or plate-shaped recombiners made of metal, whose surface is activated in contact with the gas mixture with suitable catalysts, are used. Also suitable are beds of heat-resistant ceramic particles (Al ₂ O ₃ oa), which are surface-coated with catalyst - see . . , The post-reaction chamber (recombiner) can be structurally simply connected to the function of heat dissipation / cooling, as also on the . and shown.

shows embodiments of arrangements with inventively prepared post-reaction chambers NRK ( 13 ) downstream of the DBD reactor cell (s) for the autocatalytic re-conversion of hydrogen to water and for the release of residual heat:

: Plate or honeycomb structure of metal plates with catalyst coating according to the invention; the heat dissipation is immediately after NRK carried out so that the coated metal plates have elevated temperatures in the range of 2 [00 to 5 [00 ° C.

: Tube construction of the NRK , The inner walls of the tubes are coated according to the invention with catalyst for heat removal, the tubes are placed in a water bath. In unpressurized operation in the cooling circuit, the operating temperature of the NRK limited to <1 [00 ° C.

Catalyst-coated ceramic pellets according to the invention form a bed in the NRK through which the gas mixture is pressed for the recombination and inventive generation of further SGW transitions. The heat extraction takes place by cooling the outer surface of the NRK , Operation can take place at elevated temperatures. The inner surface of the metal shell in the lower region is used according to the invention for the accumulation of condensed hydrogen clusters, which form from the strongly bonded hydrogen atoms.

Complex B: Electromagnetic excitation

DBD excitation: The plant complex B on serves according to the invention to provide the electromagnetic excitation, both for the generation of the DBD discharge in the reactor cell, as well as voltages and currents for feeding the electrochemical activations. In the patent application PI This system component was represented by the high voltage generator, which provides the sinusoidal excitation voltage with an amplitude of 10 - 15 KV at a frequency in the range 50 - 1 [00 kHz. This description is greatly expanded in the present patent.

Amplitudes, Waveforms, Frequencies: For DBD excitation, according to the invention, both harmonic alternating voltages and periodic electrical power pulses are suitable, which are conducted to the DBD reactor and trigger the discharge therein. Depending on the chosen geometry, the design of the reactor cell and the operating parameters of the DBD reactor, the frequencies ω may be in the extended range of 1 kHz - 1 MHz and the amplitudes in the range 1 - 20 kV. The excitation of the DBD reactor can either in continuous operation, or clocked, after a specified by the control discharge - pause - cycle, take place.

Resonance Stimulation: To achieve high COP Values, it makes sense to interpret the intrinsic capacity of the DBD reactor cell as part of a LC-resonant circuit whose natural frequency ω * is tuned to the excitation frequency ω. With capacitive or inductive coupling of the LC resonant circuit, only small losses occur due to the low mean DBD discharge currents. This advantage can be used according to the invention both for excitation by alternating voltage as well as for periodic power pulses.

Electrolysis gas generation with DC voltage: The plant complex B also provides controllable DC voltages in the range -30 ... +30 V to build defined potential differences and electrochemical currents between the plates of an electrochemical cell, with which Oxyhydrogen, enriched with the described active radicals and activated Species, can be generated and optionally fed directly to the DBD cell ( , When using semipermeable partitions according to In this way, different gases can be diverted from the anode or cathode compartment of the cell and fed to the DBD reactor.

Gas generation with AC voltage: The AC voltage generated by the plant complex B can be used according to the invention, with appropriately adjusted amplitude, optionally also for exciting the electrochemical oxyhydrogen gas generation in the electrolysis cell. This also applies to the case that in the complex B periodic power pulses are generated, which can be used with reduced amplitude to trigger electrochemical surges in the cell. In accordance with the invention, this form of excitation increases the proportion of reactive constituents - H, OH, HOH *, HO ₂ **, etc. - in the electrochemically produced oxyhydrogen gas mixture or in the cathode gas of a separate cell, and thus increases the rate of SGW transitions in the DBD reactor.

Complex C: conditioning and cooling

Conditioning in Hydrogen Cycle Mode: The Plant Complex C on includes the apparatus for the provision and preparation of the cavitation medium and for the removal of heat. In the patent application PI, this complex is represented by the following components: hydrogen pressure accumulator, transport compressor, nanoparticle Auskreisteil and heat-Auskreisteil. As shown in PI, the hydrogen gas supplied from a hydrogen pressure accumulator as fuel and at the same time heat transfer medium is circulated many times through the DBD reactor, the nanoparticle recirculation part and the heat-recirculation part. The consumption of hydrogen is determined solely by the rate of SGW transitions, the absorption of hydrogen in the materials of construction, and leaks. When using solid-state absorbers as storage, the unused hydrogen gas can be stored / absorbed again after the end of the operation.

This description will be clarified and expanded below. The to : show exemplary embodiments of the schematic arrangement of components for the conditioning according to the invention of the medium and dissipation of the heat, including excess heat:

: Arrangement of a small heat source with hydrogen storage ( SP ) and thermal coupling of several DBD cells, DBD_I, DBD-II, with the heat exchanger ( 13 ).

: Arrangement of a medium DBD hot steam source with ice feed from a separate electrolysis cell and circulation through the post-reaction chamber NRK ( 19 ) and the heat exchanger ( 13 ).

Schematic structure of a micro heat source to 1KW thermal output based on a DBD reactor cell filled with a bed of the invention from a particle mixture of field-enhancing dielectrics, catalyst gate material, hydrogen-containing chemical compounds and metals.

: Schematic structure of an embodiment using the SOEC SOFC process for generating electric energy with thermal amplification by excess heat from DBD excitation.

Conditioning with inert carrier gases: Alternatively, this procedure is also possible according to the invention with a hydrogen-carrier gas mixture. Suitable carrier gases are: nitrogen ( N2 ) or noble gases, in particular argon (Ar). This increases the gas throughput through the DBD discharge chamber, after-reaction chamber and heat exchanger, which enables a more stable operation of the system. In addition, carrier gases, even in the process of transitions into SGW states, can play an active role as reactants and catalysts - for example, by forming eximers of type Ar ₂ *.

Conditioning with carrier gas Air: Alternative to point 035 According to the invention, hydrogen can be withdrawn continuously from an accumulator (Pos. 10) and the gas discharge in the DBD reactor cell ( 11 ). In immediate connection to the DBD discharge space is in the afterburner and ( 12 ) by means of blower ( 14 ) additionally air (alternatively oxygen) supplied under pressure, so that it comes to the complete combustion of hydrogen. The result is highly heated, but environmentally friendly combustion gases, which pass through the post-reaction chamber with heat exchanger ( 13 ) can be routed directly into the exhaust air - see and , As hydrogen storage come next accumulators for H ₂ -Gas also hydrogen fixed bed absorber in question. Instead of a DBD reactor cell ( 11 ) According to the invention also couplings of several DBD reactor cells can be used, as they are exemplary . . and 7a. This allows different forms of DBD discharges to be passed sequentially from the medium.

Fuel activated oxyhydrogen: Alternatively, according to the invention - as exemplified and shown fuel from a pressure electrolysis cell in the form of oxyhydrogen gas (H ₂ + O ₂ ), enriched with radicals, excited species (HOH * and others) and water vapor (see point 026 ) are conducted into the discharge space of the DBD reactor, where combustion and heat release in the afterburner take place simultaneously due to SGW transitions. In addition, air is also supplied to achieve complete combustion of the hydrogen, high temperatures and sufficient gas flow through the post-reaction chamber and the heat exchanger - see ,

Fuel cathode gas: Alternatively, according to the invention electrolysis gas from the separated cathode compartment of a pressure electrolysis cell ( 15 ) of the DBD reactor cell ( 11 ) are supplied as on the . and 4d are shown by way of example. This method offers the advantage that - because of the lack of oxygen O ₂ in the cathode gas - there is still no hydrogen combustion in the DBD reactor cell, but only in the afterburner ( 12 ) to which the anode gas of the electrolysis cell is supplied with air added - see scheme on ,

Alternatively, in this case, the post-reaction in a recombinator - as on the and shown - possible by the resulting in the electrolytic cell simultaneously with the cathode gas anode gas is supplied.

The use of a separate SOEC cell, in which water vapor electrolysis takes place, in combination with the DBD reactor cell and a downstream afterburner or recombinator offers particular advantages - see ,

• - Wasser H₂O, Wasserstoffperoxid H₂O₂, Schwerwasser D₂O;
• - Atome und Ionen von Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallen als Promotoren von SGW-Übergängen in Lösungen von Salzen, Laugen oder Säuren (siehe Punkt 022);
• - Partikel von Katalysatormaterialien mit wässrigen Suspensionen (siehe Punkt 021);
• - Erdgas, Kohlenwasserstoffe und andere exotherm brennbare Stoffe.

Additions of alternative materials to the fuel: The air flow into the combustion chamber according to point 036 to 038 According to the invention, different substances, here called alternative materials (AM), can be added - for example from a liquid reservoir via a spraying device for liquids ( 16 ) in the air flow in the combustion and post-reaction space. In question are such substances as

• - water H ₂ O, hydrogen peroxide H ₂ O ₂ , heavy water D ₂ O;
• - Atoms and ions of alkali and alkaline earth metals as promoters of SGW transitions in solutions of salts, bases or acids (see point 022 );
• - Particles of catalyst materials with aqueous suspensions (see point 021 );
• - Natural gas, hydrocarbons and other exothermic combustible substances.

Heat utilization I: The dissipation of the released heat takes place with hydrogen circulatory method (point 033 ) by circulation of a heat carrier as a cooling medium between the heat recirculation part and the consumer. This type of cooling is inventively particularly suitable for the production of hot water in the temperature range <90 ° C and pressure range <5 bar - ie for hot water consumption.

Heat utilization II: Alternatively, when conditioning the fuel with air or oxyhydrogen, according to the points 035 to 038 , Temperatures at the outlet of the gas from the post-reaction chamber of> 5 [00 ° C can be achieved. This procedure is therefore also suitable according to the invention for the production of superheated steam. The use for operating a steam turbine for power generation is possible.

Heat utilization III: Another alternative is given when using a high-pressure high-temperature electrolysis cell SOEC - for the production of cathode gas from the steam electrolysis - according to point 038 - And supply of compressed air and anode gas in the afterburner (Pos. 12), as on shown. According to the invention, alternative materials can additionally be supplied to the combustion chamber, as per point 039 and , In this case, temperatures are in the output of the afterburner NB (Item 12) achievable, the drive of a steam turbine GT (Item 17) for the generation of electricity in the generator G (Item 18). This can be followed by a post-reaction chamber with heat exchanger (Pos. 13), can be removed from the useful heat for external consumers and for the heat demand of the SOEC cell. Such an arrangement is shown schematically shown. Part of the electrical power generated is used for the internal needs of the DBD plant,

Complex D: Control and Control

Overall concept: The plant component D on includes the control of all relevant operating parameters of the system and the control of their effective and safe operation. Standard components and products are used MSR -Technology. Scope and equipment of control and control will be adapted to the specific structure and purpose of the plant.

Data acquisition: Temperatures, in each case with one or more sensors, are recorded in the system components A . B and C , Currents and voltages of the DBD and electro-chemical excitation, pressure in the conditioning vessel, controls of the valves and circulation pumps and if necessary further parameters.

Control: Controlled currents, voltages and timing of the DBD discharge and electrochemical water decomposition, flow rate of cooling / heat removal, dosages of gas and liquid supply and other sizes.

Control: To ensure both the stability against short-term power outages, as well as the long-lasting consistency of plant operation quickly effective, as well as slow-acting control circuits are required. For the fast control to prevent power puzzles, the control of the high voltage source of the DBD excitation and the throttling of the air supply in the afterburner are suitable. Long-lasting stability of the plant operation can be achieved by regulating the supply of hydrogen from the accumulator and the subsequent delivery of electrolysis gas from the electrolysis cell and dosages of alternative materials from the liquid storage FSP ( 16 ) are effected.

III. embodiments

Small heat source with hydrogen storage: up is the schematic arrangement of a small heat source with two DBD reactor cells ( 11 ), a plate-shaped post-reaction chamber ( 19 ), designed as a hydrogen recombiner and heat exchanger ( 13 ) using a hydrogen pressure accumulator or fixed bed storage as a fuel source. In the start-up phase, the temperature in the DBD reactor cells rises due to thermal losses due to the DBD discharges (the AC voltage source is not shown in the picture for clarity). The rapid warming is supported by the in the recombiner ( 19 ) released heat by a changeover valve is switched to circulation of the heat carrier to direct circulation. After reaching the operating temperature in the DBD reactor cell (3 [00 to 4 [00 ° C]), the circulation of the heat carrier takes place additionally via the external consumer. In this way, both the excess heat and heat losses in the DBD reactor cells as well as the recombination heat of hydrogen are included in the usable heat cycle.

Medium heat source with separate SOEC electrolytic cell: up is the scheme of a medium source of superheated steam, with two reactor cells ( 11 ), a separate electrolysis cell ( 15 ) as well as after-reaction chamber ( 19 ) and heat exchangers ( 13 ). The first DBD cell ( DBD I ), the mixture of water vapor and cathode gas is supplied. The anode gas is recombined exothermically with the cathode gas after the DBD cells in the recombiner to form water vapor. For this purpose, a cycle of inert gas and water vapor is operated by means of the fan between recombiner and heat exchanger, are fed into the cathode and anode gas. The elements electrolysis cell ( 15 ), DBD reactor cells ( 11 ) and post-reaction chamber are again - up not shown - thermally coupled together, allowing the warm-up phase to reach operating temperature - similar to the example point 047 - Is accelerated by initially switching off the consumer circuit. The heating then takes place by electrical losses in the electrolysis and in the DBD discharges, release of excess heat and recombination heat.

Autonomous small heat source: up is an autonomous heat source to 1kW heat output shown, which consists of a tube of special dielectric with high dielectric constant ( 1a ), which with a complex particle bed (pos. 1c and 4a ) is filled, as in the points 016 and 023 described as well as on were presented. In the tube protrudes a metal electrode ( 2 B ). The tube is enclosed by a metal electrode ( 2a ) with water cooling connected to the reservoir of the heat exchanger ( 13 ) is coupled as a circuit. The tube of the reactor can be connected to an external system to be evacuated and filled with hydrogen gas from a solid reservoir. For heat generation, the tube is separated from this filling system and can be operated separately for a long time. The bed in the reactor is a mixture of hydrogen-storing catalyst and metal particles (as in points 020 . 021 . 022 and 023 described), particles of hydrogen-containing chemical compounds (point 019 ) and particles of field-enhancing dielectrics (point 016 ). Thus, the DBD reactor is made of materials according to P05 . P06 and P07 and a complex bed according to P014 . P15 and P16 equipped in DBD discharge room. Below the bed is a metal plate, laterally delimited by the dielectric, which serves to condense Hydrogen Cluster material while keeping the potential constant over the entire cross-section. Integrated in the small heat source is a solid-state circuit, with which controlled packets of high-frequency voltage pulses to the electrode in the tube ( 2 B ), which initiate a DBD discharge with numerous microdischarges between the particles, leading to SGW transitions and thus the release of excess heat. Duration of the pulse packets and repetition frequency of the same regulate the released heat output, so that the reactor and water temperature remain within predetermined limits. Control electronics and HF Genertor can be operated autonomously either with mains connection or from a battery. The hydrogen inventory in the sealed reactor is sufficient for several months of operation.

DBD heat source with feed from an SOEC: shows the scheme of a DBD heat source, which is operated with superheated steam mixture from a SOEC and drives a generator for generating electrical energy. By releasing excess heat by means of excitation by DBD discharge, the energy balance of the SOEC-SFC coupling is significantly improved, which enables economical use of this process.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

A

Anode, Anodengas

BHKW

Block-Heizkraftwerk

COP

Coefficient of Performance

DBD

Dielectric Barrier Discharge

DT

Dampfturbine

EZ

Elektrolysezelle

FSP

Flüssigkeitsspeicher

G

(Elektro)generator

GSP

Gasspeicher

HC

Hydrogen Cluster

K

Kathode, Kathodengas

LENR

Low Energy Nucler Reactions

M

Manometer

MSR

Mess- , Steuer- und Regeltechnik

NB

Nachbrenner

NRK

Nachreaktionskammer

QED

Quantenelektrodynamik

SBH

Strongly Bound Hydrogen

SGW

Stark Gebundener Wasserstoff

SP

(Wasserstoff-) Speicher

T

Temperatursensor

V

Vakuumpumpe

Bezugszeichen zur Bildbeschreibung

1:

Dielektrikum (Isolator) der DBD-Zelle

2:

Elektroden der DBD-Zelle; 2a - isolierte Elektrode; 2b - freie Gegenelektrode

3:

Hochspannungsquelle für die Anregung der DBD-Entladungen

4:

DBD-Entladungsraum

5:

Elektrolyt

6:

Anode

7:

Kathode

8:

Semipermeable Trennwand zwischen Anoden- und Kathodenraum

9:

Äußeres Gehäuse (auch Druckgehäuse) der Elektrolysezelle

10:

Wasserstoffspeicher

11:

DBD-Reaktorzelle(n)

12:

Nachbrenner

13:

Nachreaktionskammer mit Wärmetauscher

14:

Gebläse

15:

Elektrolysezelle

16:

Flüssigkeitsspeicher

17:

Gasturbine

18:

Generator zur Erzeugung von Elektroenergie

19:

Nachreaktionskammer

A

Anode, anode gas

CHP

Block-type thermal power station

COP

Coefficient of performance

DBD

Dielectric Barrier Discharge

DT

steam turbine

EZ

electrolysis cell

FSP

liquid storage

G

(Electrical) generator

GSP

gas storage

HC

Hydrogen Cluster

K

Cathode, cathode gas

LENR

Low Energy Nucler Reactions

M

manometer

MSR

Measuring and control technology

NB

afterburner

NRK

after-reaction

QED

Quantum electrodynamics

SBH

Strongly Bound Hydrogen

SGW

Heavily Tied Hydrogen

SP

(Hydrogen) storage

T

temperature sensor

V

vacuum pump

Reference to image description

1:

Dielectric (insulator) of the DBD cell

2:

Electrodes of the DBD cell; 2a - isolated electrode; 2 B - free counter electrode

3:

High voltage source for the excitation of the DBD discharges

4:

DBD discharge space

5:

electrolyte

6:

anode

7:

cathode

8th:

Semipermeable partition between anode and cathode space

9:

Outer housing (also pressure housing) of the electrolytic cell

10:

Hydrogen storage

11:

DBD reactor cell (s)

12:

afterburner

13:

Post-reaction chamber with heat exchanger

14:

fan

15:

electrolysis cell

16:

liquid storage

17:

gas turbine

18:

Generator for generating electrical energy

19:

after-reaction

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• WO 2015/108434 A1 [0002, 0010]
• US 2017/0263337 A1 [0004]
• DE 102014014209 A9 [0008]

Cited non-patent literature

• Levi et al., Http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3913v3: Parkhomov, A.G., Int. Journ. of Unconv. Science 7 (3) (2015) 68-72 and 8 (3) (2015) 34-38 [0002]
• R.L. et al., Journ. of Plasma Physics 79 (2013) 489 [0002]
• Donitz, W. et al .; Int. Journ. of Hydrogen Energy 5 (1) (1980) 55-63; Isenberg, A.O .; Solid State Ionics 3-4 (1981) 431-437 [0011]
• Schnurnberger, W. et al .; FVS Topics 2 [004, pages 50-59 [0011]
• Reinecke, E.A. Et al .; Nuclear Engineering and Design, 230 (2 [004] 49-59 [0012]
• P., et al., FZ Jülich; DE 19852951C2, 11.07.2 [002] [0012]

Claims (19)

The Patent claim 01 relates to processes which use the excitation of hydrogen in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge gas discharge as an excitation method, in conjunction with the catalytic action of suitable solids and gas constituents as well as the field-enhancing effect of nanoparticles and special dielectrics, to exothermically transfer hydrogen into it strongly bound states, here referred to as SGW states or hydrogen clusters (HC states), for optimum release of excess heat. Method according to Claim 01 , characterized in that the reactor - with a gas pressure range of 1 to 1 [00 bar is driven, - the excitation voltage in the range of 1 to 20 kV and - the frequency in the range of 10 kHz to 2 MHz. The excitation of the DBD plasma can be done both with harmonic alternating voltage, as well as with pulse voltages of said amplitudes and frequencies. Installations, which procedures after the Claims 01 and 02 apply, characterized by the The basic structure shown is that of the four plant complexes: - A - reactor with reaction and post - reaction chamber, - B - excitation, - C - conditioning and cooling, and - D - control and control. Attachments after the Claim 03 comprising one or more DBD reactor cell (s) having the following characteristics: - asymmetric plate-like structure, - symmetrical plate-like structure, - multilayer asymmetric, plate-like structure, - multi-layered, plate-shaped structure with central dielectric, - tubular structure with central, embedded in the dielectric electrode, - tubular structure with a central, rod-shaped, exposed electrode, - construction with DBD discharges along the surface of dielectrics; characterized in that they are suitable for carrying out the method according to Claim 01 if at least one or more of the following criteria are met in their design and use: - use of specific dielectrics in the field of DBD discharge, - use of special materials for the counterelectrodes in contact with the discharge, - use of catalysts and promoters, - a special one Conditioning of the gaseous medium in the discharge space, use of structuring of metals and dielectrics in the nano- and micro- and millimeter-meter range, choice of special arrangements of the coupling of several DBD cells with one another and with upstream and downstream plant elements for excitation and aftertreatment. The diverse geometric shapes and design variants with which reactor cells can be constructed and operated are part of this patent. In processes according to 01, 02 and systems according to 03, characterized in that the material of the counter electrodes (2b) for the release of excess heat - also referred to as target - electrically conductive materials come into question, - preferably metals with good storage capacity for hydrogen, such as Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Pd, Ag, Au, - wherein loading the electrodes with hydrogen prior to initiating the DBD discharge promotes the release of heat from SGW junctions, - above In addition, other metals such as Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, W, In, Sn are suitable, - in addition to metals may also conductive alloys, - composites, - composites based on carbon, - powders and beds of mixtures of metal and field-enhancing dielectrics, - and metal sponges and surface coatings on said metals. In processes according to 01 and 02 as well as according to 03, according to the invention certain oxide layers on the target surface can lead to an increase of the heat release in the DBD excitation due to their catalytic effect. This relates in particular to the invention - layers of FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , CuO, Cu ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ and CoO and Co ₂ O ₃ , - and this also applies to oxides of alloys, so Example Co-Mg oxides, Ni-Mg oxides or Cu-Mg oxides. Processes according to 01 and 02 and systems according to 03 use the nanostructures on the target surface or in the discharge space to amplify the SGW transition rates, since these lead to a local increase of the electric field strength and electron current density during the DBD discharges, characterized in that - singular particles or layers of nanoparticles of the metals Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, Ni and - nanoparticles of their alloys and mixtures, - but also nanoparticles of other metals, - as well as nanoparticles on surface structures in the μm and mm range on the target surface are used. According to the invention, the processes according to FIGS. 01 and 02 use hydrogen atoms as the fuel, which lead to the exothermic formation of SGW states due to the special form of the interaction between the DBD plasma in the discharge space (4) and the target material (2 b). This requires, in addition to water or bound hydrogen, according to the invention, the presence of specific hydrogen catalysts, as described in 06. A crucial factor in the size of the transition rates in SGW states is the concentration of radicals H, OH as well as eximers and exiplexes formed in the DBD plasma. In processes according to 01 and 02 serve as starting materials for the fuel according to the invention - the oxides of hydrogen - H2O, D2O, T2O, - or a mixture of these compounds, - other forms of hydrogen bonded as fuel - hydrides, - absorbed hydrogen in the metal grid - As well as other hydrogen-containing chemical compounds, such as hydroxides, salts, organic compounds and more. Method according to 01, 02 and systems according to 03 in which according to the invention to increase SGW transition rates the medium in the discharge space (4) oxyhydrogen is fed from a separately operated Elekrolysezelle, characterized in that - in addition to the gases H ₂ and O _2, an increased proportion of excited speciesHOH *, peroxide H ₂ O ₂ , ozone O ₃ , - and - depending on the electrolyte used - also get connections of alkali or alkaline earth ions in the discharge space - and the variable operation of the electrolytic cell - alternatively stationary, with adjustable current, or with AC or pulse voltage - is used as a control option for the process of release of excess heat. Processes and installations according to 01 and 02 and installations according to 03 in which oxyhydrogen from an electrolysis cell in direct contact with the DBD reactor is used, characterized by that with the electrolysis gas in addition to excited species also radicals H and OH reach the DBD discharge space, which increase the rate of SGW transitions, that they combine the traditional process of hydrogen combustion with the release of excess heat through SGW transitions, - completely burn hydrogen by injecting additional air into the combustion chamber, - To achieve high temperatures> 5 [00 ° C in the outflowing gas - And the reaction rates are increased in the subsequent post-reaction reactor. Method according to 01 and 02 and systems according to 03 in which according to the invention hydrogen-rich cathode gas, or alternatively only anode gas is introduced from a separate electrolysis cell or plasma electrolysis cell in the DBD reactor cell for increased generation of SGW transitions. Processes 01 and 02 and plants according to 03 in which according to the invention hydrogen-rich cathode gas, a mixture of hydrogen and water vapor, from a steam electrolysis cell (SOEC) is introduced into the DBD reactor cell and supports the SOEC-SFC cycle by generating excess heat. Method according to 01 and P02 and systems according to 03, in which according to the invention materials for increasing the SGW transition rates are used as a separating dielectric (1) in the discharge space (4) which have catalytic or field-enhancing properties (piezoelectric, ferroelectric). Method according to and 01 and 02 and systems according to 03 in which inventions in the discharge space (4) beds of particle mixtures are used, characterized in that it consists of two or more components from the range of - field-enhancing dielectrics, - catalytically acting dielectrics, - hydrogen containing materials and - metal particles are used, as in the Claims 05 . 06 and 07 are described in detail. Processes according to 01, 02 and 06 and systems according to 03, in which promoters are added to the medium in the DBD discharge space or the catalyst layers, which support the catalytic process of the transition to SGW states in the DBD excitation, characterized by - compounds of the hydrogen-like Alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs, - as well as compounds of the alkaline earth metals Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba. Method according to 01 and P02 and systems according to 03, in which the DBD reactor cell is followed by an afterburner, characterized in that - in addition to the discharge from the DBD reactor cell - alternatively air, - oxygen, - Anode gas or alternative media as described in item 038. Method according to 01 and 02 and systems according to P03, in which according to the invention a post-reaction chamber is provided, optionally arranged directly behind the DBD cell or, when using an afterburner, according to the latter, characterized in that - the after-reaction chamber take over the function of a recombiner by Hydrogen after exiting through the reactor cell (s) with oxygen in the air, is recombined autocatalytically to water and eliminates the function of the afterburner, - and this function are structurally coupled with the function of a heat exchanger for dissipating the useful heat and cooling. Processes according to 01 and 02 and installations according to 03, in which according to Claim 12 Hydrogen-vapor mixture is passed as a cathode gas from a separate plasma electrolysis cell in the DBD reactor cell for inducing SGW transitions and is brought in a downstream recombiner, the cathode gas with the anode gas from the plasma electrolytic cell autocatalytically to exothermic fusion to water.

Images