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DE10046103A1 - Sun or headlight dazzle protection device for vehicle driver, has segments which can be individually darkened based on position and intensity of light source - Google Patents

Sun or headlight dazzle protection device for vehicle driver, has segments which can be individually darkened based on position and intensity of light source

Info

Publication number
DE10046103A1
DE10046103A1 DE2000146103 DE10046103A DE10046103A1 DE 10046103 A1 DE10046103 A1 DE 10046103A1 DE 2000146103 DE2000146103 DE 2000146103 DE 10046103 A DE10046103 A DE 10046103A DE 10046103 A1 DE10046103 A1 DE 10046103A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
arrangement according
darkened
user
segments
eye
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE2000146103
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Felix Blank
Wolfram Kaiser
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to DE2000146103 priority Critical patent/DE10046103A1/en
Publication of DE10046103A1 publication Critical patent/DE10046103A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J3/00—Antiglare equipment associated with windows or windscreens; Sun visors for vehicles
    • B60J3/04—Antiglare equipment associated with windows or windscreens; Sun visors for vehicles adjustable in transparency
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/04—Eye-masks ; Devices to be worn on the face, not intended for looking through; Eye-pads for sunbathing
    • A61F9/045—Eye-shades or visors; Shields beside, between or below the eyes

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Eye Examination Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

The device includes a normally transparent pane that can be darkened at least in parts, in connection with a sensor for identifying the position and intensity of a source of dazzle relative to the eye. The pane may be divided into segments that can be individually darkened. The segments may be individually controlled so that darkened regions can be produced at any position on the pane. The device may be used in conjunction with a navigation system or integrated in a night vision device or a pair of spectacles.

Description

Problematik und Stand der TechnikProblem and state of the art

Zum Schutz von Fahrern oder Piloten werden heutzutage häufig mechanische Klappen, sogenannte Sonnenblenden nach Fig. 2-(5) verwendet, die durch Einbringung eines mechanischen Körpers in die Verbindungslinie von Sonne bzw. Lichtquelle und Fahrerauge einen Abschattungseffekt herbeiführen.To protect drivers or pilots, mechanical flaps, so-called sun visors according to FIGS. 2- (5), are frequently used today, which bring about a shading effect by introducing a mechanical body into the connecting line of the sun or light source and driver's eye.

Die Problematik der aktuell verwendeten Sonnenblenden besteht darin, daß sie das Sichtfeld des Fahrers stark einschränken und nur Lichtquellen in einem eng definierten Sektor abschatten können und zumeist nicht individuell an die Kopfhaltung und Sichtfeldgeometrie des Fahrers angepasst werden können.The problem with the currently used sun visors is that they are Limit the driver's field of vision and only narrow light sources in one can shadow the defined sector and mostly not individually to the Head position and field of view geometry of the driver can be adjusted.

Aufgrund der stark begrenzten Abschattungssektoren können die Fahrer von beispielsweise Kraftfahrzeugen bei Sonneneinstrahlung aus einem Bereich oberhalb des inneren Rückspiegels am Rand der Frontscheibe mit konventionellen Methoden nur begrenzt geschützt werden.Due to the very limited shading sectors, drivers of for example motor vehicles in the sun from an area above of the inner rear-view mirror at the edge of the windscreen using conventional methods protected only to a limited extent.

Patent DE 44 13 905 zeigt und Beschreibt eine Vorrichtung, bei der diese Bereiche zusätzlich verdunkelt werden können. Die Einschränkung des Fahrersichtfeldes durch Abschattung von Gesichtsfeldsektoren, aus denen keine Blendwirkung hervorgeht wird damit allerdings nicht behoben.Patent DE 44 13 905 shows and describes a device in which these areas can also be darkened. The restriction of the driver's field of vision by shadowing areas of the visual field, from which there is no glare However, this does not resolve the issue.

Erfindunginvention

Die Erfindung beruht auf der Idee, daß nur derjenige Teil einer Scheibe, die zwischen einer Lichtquelle und dem menschlichen Auge angebracht ist, beispielsweise einer Windschutzscheibe oder eine Brille, auf dynamischem Wege verdunkelt wird, der in der Verbindungslinie zwischen dem Auge des Benutzers und der einwirkenden Lichtquelle(beispielsweise der Sonne) liegt. Dabei kann der Verdunkelungsgrad gegebenenfalls der Lichtintensität angepasst werden.The invention is based on the idea that only that part of a disc that between a light source and the human eye, for example a windshield or glasses, in a dynamic way is darkened in the line connecting the user's eye and the acting light source (e.g. the sun). The The degree of darkening may be adjusted to the light intensity.

Voraussetzung für den Betrieb einer solchen Vorrichtung ist eine ausreichend exakte Kenntnis über Richtung und Azimut des Leuchtkörpers in Bezug zum Benutzerauge.A requirement for the operation of such a device is sufficient exact knowledge of the direction and azimuth of the filament in relation to the User eye.

Die Erfassung der Position der Lichtquelle relativ zum Benutzer kann auf verschiedene Weise realisiert werden. Eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung von Intensität, Richtung und Azimut der Lichtquelle ist beispielsweise die Verwendung eines Sensors auf CCD-Basis.The detection of the position of the light source relative to the user can be based on can be realized in different ways. One way to determine The intensity, direction and azimuth of the light source is, for example, the use of a sensor based on CCD.

Ist die Position der Lichtquelle relativ zum Auge bekannt, können die Einstrahlparameter und damit der Bereich, in dem die Scheibe verdunkelt werden muß, einfach berechnet werden.If the position of the light source relative to the eye is known, the Irradiation parameters and thus the area in which the window is darkened must simply be calculated.

Zur technischen Realisierung der Verdunkelung können verschiedene Mechanismen eingesetzt werden wie beispielsweise Strukturen auf Flüssigkristallbasis oder auf Grundlage elektrochromer Schichten. Various mechanisms can be used to implement the blackout function are used such as structures based on liquid crystal or Basis of electrochromic layers.  

Insbesondere Flüssigkristallanzeigen sind bei Digitaluhren oder Taschenrechnern seit längerem bekannt. Diese Technik wird unter anderem auch bei Schweißschilden benutzt. Die Flüssigkristallschicht wird durch das Anlegen einer Spannung dahingehend angeregt, daß die Kristalle eine definierte Ausrichtung einnehmen und Lichtstrahlen nicht mehr ungehindert durch die Schicht dringen können.Liquid crystal displays in particular are used in digital clocks or pocket calculators known for a long time. This technique is also used for welding shields used. The liquid crystal layer is applied by applying a voltage to the effect that the crystals have a defined orientation and Light rays can no longer penetrate the layer unhindered.

Die Tatsache, daß die Technologie für Schweißschilde eingesetzt wird zeigt, daß auch starke Lichtquellen soweit verdunkelt werden können, daß sie kein Problem mehr für das menschliche Äuge darstellen. Eine weitere Technologie die es ermöglicht, transparente Schichten zu erzeugen, die in ihrer Transparenz regelbar sind, sind elektrochrome Oberflächen, die bereits zur ganzflächigen Verdunklung von Windschutzscheiben eingesetzt werden können.The fact that the technology is used for welding shields shows that Even strong light sources can be darkened to such an extent that they are not a problem represent more to the human eye. Another technology it allows to create transparent layers that are adjustable in their transparency are electrochromic surfaces that are already used to darken the entire surface of windshields can be used.

Eine Voraussetzung für die partielle Verdunkelung der Scheibe ist eine geeignete Segmentierung und Ansteuerung voneinander unabhängiger Sektoren. Die Scheibe wird um eine Funktionsschicht, welche die Aufgabe der Verdunkelung hat erweitert. Diese Funktionsschicht ist in Segmenten aufgebaut und beispielsweise aufgeteilt in eine Vielzahl aneinander angrenzender Rechtecke. Diese Rechtecksegmente können jeweils einzeln verdunkelt werden.A prerequisite for the partial darkening of the window is a suitable one Segmentation and control of independent sectors. The pane becomes a functional layer, which has the task of darkening expanded. This functional layer is built up in segments and for example divided into a large number of adjacent rectangles. This Rectangle segments can be darkened individually.

Eine Recheneinheit bestimmt anhand der Position der Lichtquelle relativ zum Benuzterauge, welche Segmente zu verdunkeln sind. Die Recheneinheit verfügt vorteilhafterweise zusätzlich über eine Eingabemöglichkeit für Intensität der Abdunklung, beispielsweise über einen Drehschalter. Weiterhin ist es vorteilhaft, die Größe des Verdunkelungsfeldes individuell anpassen zu können.A computing unit determines the position of the light source relative to the User eye, which segments are to be darkened. The computing unit has advantageously additionally via an input option for intensity of the Darkening, for example via a rotary switch. It is also advantageous that To be able to individually adjust the size of the darkening field.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

  • - Einschränkung des Benutzer-Gesichtsfeldes nur im Bereich der Blendquelle.- Restriction of the user field of vision only in the area of the glare source.
  • - Dynamische Nachführung des Verdunklungssektors bei relativer Änderung der Bedieneraugeposition zur Blendquelle.- Dynamic tracking of the blackout sector with relative changes in Operator eye position to the glare source.
  • - Allgemeine Aufweitung des Gesichtsfeldes gegenüber einer mechanischen Sonnenblende oder Sonnenbrille.- General widening of the visual field compared to a mechanical one Sun visor or sunglasses.
  • - Blendschutz vor beliebigen Lichtquellen natürlichen und künstlichen Ursprungs.- Anti-glare protection against any light sources of natural and artificial origin.
Beschreibung der AbbildungenDescription of the pictures

Die Fig. 1 bis 3 zeigen die Funktionsweise anhand einer erfindungsgemäßen Windschutzscheibe eines Kraftfahrzeugs. Die Verwendung in einer Brille, die am Körper befestigt getragen wird, erfolgt analog. Figs. 1 to 3 illustrate the operation according to the invention with reference to a windshield of a motor vehicle. The use in glasses that are worn attached to the body is analogous.

Fig. 1 Fig. 1

Fig. 1 zeigt eine Fahrzeug-Frontscheibe (4) eines Fahrzeuges mit Rückspiegel (2) und der Sonne (1) im Blickfeld des Fahrers. Fig. 1 shows a vehicle front window ( 4 ) of a vehicle with a rear-view mirror ( 2 ) and the sun ( 1 ) in the driver's field of vision.

Fig. 2 Fig. 2

Fig. 2 zeigt eine Fahrzeug-Frontscheibe mit der üblichen Sonnenblende (5) in abgeklappter Stellung zur Erzielung eines Blendschutzes. Fig. 2 shows a vehicle windshield with the usual sun visor ( 5 ) in the folded position to achieve glare protection.

Fig. 3 Fig. 3

Fig. 3 zeigt eine erfindungsgemäße Fahrzeugscheibe mit verdunkeltem Scheibensegment in der Verbindungslinie zwischen der Lichtquelle (Sonne) und dem Auge des Fahrers mit erheblich aufgeweitetem Gesichtsfeld im Vergleich zu Fig. 2. FIG. 3 shows a vehicle window according to the invention with a darkened window segment in the connecting line between the light source (sun) and the driver's eye with a considerably enlarged field of vision in comparison to FIG. 2.

Claims (13)

1. Anordnung zum Schutz des menschlichen Auges vor Blendung durch natürliche (Sonne) oder künstliche Lichtquellen (Scheinwerfer) auf Basis einer zumindest teilweise abdunkelbaren, im nicht abgedunkelten Zustand transparenten Scheibe in Verbindung mit mindestens einem Sensor zur Identifizierung von Position und Intensität einer Blendquelle relativ zum Auge.1. Arrangement to protect the human eye from glare from natural (Sun) or artificial light sources (spotlights) based on at least one partially darkened, transparent when not darkened in connection with at least one sensor for the identification of position and Intensity of a glare source relative to the eye. 2. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Scheibe in einzelne abdunkelbare Segmente unterteilt ist.2. Arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that the disc in individual darkened segments is divided. 3. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die abdunkelbaren Segmente einzeln angesteuert und damit abgedunkelte Bereiche beliebiger Position auf der Scheibe erzeugt werden können.3. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 2, characterized in that the darkened segments individually controlled and thus darkened areas any position on the disc can be generated. 4. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Position und Intensität einer Blendquelle relativ zum Benutzergesicht aus den Sensordaten und individuellen Benutzerabmessungen bestimmt werden kann.4. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the position and intensity of a glare source relative to the user face from the Sensor data and individual user dimensions can be determined. 5. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Sektor in der Verbindungslinie Blendquelle-Benutzergesicht durch fortwährende Erfassung der relativen Lage der Lichtquelle zum Benutzerauge automatisch (z. B. durch Ansteuerung der Segmente mit einem Computer) abgedunkelt werden kann und dieser Sektor bei Änderung der relativen Position des Benutzerauges zur Blendquelle dynamisch nachgeführt wird.5. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that a sector in the glare source user face connecting line through continuous detection the relative position of the light source to the user's eye automatically (e.g. by Control of the segments with a computer) can be darkened and this sector when the relative position of the user's eye changes Glare source is tracked dynamically. 6. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Größe des abgedunkelten Bereichs automatisch oder manuell verändert werden kann.6. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the size of the darkened area can be changed automatically or manually. 7. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verdunklungsgrad des abgedunkelten Bereichs automatisch oder manuell verändert werden kann.7. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that the Degree of darkening of the darkened area automatically or manually can be changed. 8. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß bei Auftreten mehrerer Blendquellen die Abdunklung mehrerer voneinander unabhängiger Sektoren gleichzeitig möglich ist.8. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that when it occurs several sources of glare the darkening of several independent of each other Sectors is possible at the same time. 9. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Größe und Position des abgedunkelten Sektors in horizontaler und senkrechter Richtung durch Zugabe eines beispielsweise additiven Wertes an die Kopfhaltung und Gestalt des Benutzers manuell angepaßt, werden kann.9. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 8, characterized in that the size and Position of the darkened sector in the horizontal and vertical direction by adding an additive value to the head posture and Shape of the user can be adjusted manually. 10. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Identifizierung der relativen Position einer Lichtquelle zum Benutzerauge ein geeigneter lichtempfindlicher Sensor verwendet wird.10. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 9, characterized in that for Identification of the relative position of a light source to the user's eye suitable light-sensitive sensor is used. 11. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Identifizierung der relativen Position der Sonne zu einer erfindungsgemäßen Fahrzeugscheibe ein Chronometer in Verbindung mit einem Satellitennavigationsgerät und einem Kompaß oder einem geeigneten Richtungsanzeiger (Trägheitsnavigationssysstem)verwendet wird.11. The arrangement according to claim 1 to 10, characterized in that for Identification of the relative position of the sun to an invention A chronometer in conjunction with a vehicle window Satellite navigation device and a compass or an appropriate one Direction indicator (inertial navigation system) is used. 12. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorrichtung in ein Nachtsichtgerät integriert und analog verwendet wird.12. The arrangement according to claim 1 to 11, characterized in that the Device integrated in a night vision device and used analogously. 13. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorrichtung in eine Brille integriert und analog verwendet wird.13. Arrangement according to claim 1 to 12, characterized in that the Device integrated in glasses and used analogously.
DE2000146103 2000-09-18 2000-09-18 Sun or headlight dazzle protection device for vehicle driver, has segments which can be individually darkened based on position and intensity of light source Withdrawn DE10046103A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2000146103 DE10046103A1 (en) 2000-09-18 2000-09-18 Sun or headlight dazzle protection device for vehicle driver, has segments which can be individually darkened based on position and intensity of light source

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2000146103 DE10046103A1 (en) 2000-09-18 2000-09-18 Sun or headlight dazzle protection device for vehicle driver, has segments which can be individually darkened based on position and intensity of light source

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DE10046103A1 true DE10046103A1 (en) 2001-12-06

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005013173A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2006-09-28 Daimlerchrysler Ag Sun visor e.g. for motor vehicle has layer which is transparent LCD-element (liquid crystal display element) which is arranged in framework and its transparency can be changed
DE102005015960A1 (en) * 2005-04-07 2006-10-12 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Glare shield for installation to front windshield of motor vehicle, darkens or opaques one of square segments in front windshield according to presence of sunlight and line of sight of vehicle driver
DE102006006690A1 (en) * 2006-02-14 2007-08-23 Audi Ag Anti glare device for vehicle, is arranged movably at object, particularly in interior of vehicle, and has translucent subarea of laminar expansion, which corresponds to extents of anti glare device
DE102006036976A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-14 Daimler Ag Transparent automotive sun visor incorporates zone whose transparency may be regulated
DE102006036975A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-14 Daimler Ag Sun visor for use in windscreen of vehicle, has diaphragmatic transparent region comprising set of sections darkened dependent on ambient light, and sensor e.g. rain sensor, determining ambient light incident on windscreen
CN102555737A (en) * 2010-11-22 2012-07-11 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 Method for reducing glare from light sources through windscreens
DE102011010947A1 (en) 2011-02-10 2012-08-16 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Device for protecting driver of e.g. car against glare from e.g. flashing lights of emergency vehicle, has control device darkening glare regions of transparent pane based on classification of light sources
DE102011013320A1 (en) * 2011-03-07 2012-09-13 Magna Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik Ag & Co Kg Motor vehicle e.g. passenger car has sun visor elements that are arranged in primary vision region and secondary vision region so as to darken primary vision region and secondary vision region
DE102011016652A1 (en) * 2011-04-09 2012-10-11 Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh Device for motor vehicle for preventing glaring of one or more vehicle occupants by sun, has sensor unit for determining vehicle environment, evaluation unit for processing data of sensor unit, and component for preventing glaring
DE102018214638A1 (en) * 2018-08-29 2020-03-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method and control device for automatically darkening at least a partial area of a visor, black-out visor, and helmet with a black-out visor
AT526365A1 (en) * 2022-08-04 2023-12-15 Christopher Peindl Ing motor vehicle

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005013173A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2006-09-28 Daimlerchrysler Ag Sun visor e.g. for motor vehicle has layer which is transparent LCD-element (liquid crystal display element) which is arranged in framework and its transparency can be changed
DE102005015960A1 (en) * 2005-04-07 2006-10-12 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Glare shield for installation to front windshield of motor vehicle, darkens or opaques one of square segments in front windshield according to presence of sunlight and line of sight of vehicle driver
DE102006006690A1 (en) * 2006-02-14 2007-08-23 Audi Ag Anti glare device for vehicle, is arranged movably at object, particularly in interior of vehicle, and has translucent subarea of laminar expansion, which corresponds to extents of anti glare device
DE102006006690B4 (en) * 2006-02-14 2008-07-03 Audi Ag Anti-glare device
DE102006036976A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-14 Daimler Ag Transparent automotive sun visor incorporates zone whose transparency may be regulated
DE102006036975A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-14 Daimler Ag Sun visor for use in windscreen of vehicle, has diaphragmatic transparent region comprising set of sections darkened dependent on ambient light, and sensor e.g. rain sensor, determining ambient light incident on windscreen
CN102555737A (en) * 2010-11-22 2012-07-11 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 Method for reducing glare from light sources through windscreens
DE102011010947A1 (en) 2011-02-10 2012-08-16 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Device for protecting driver of e.g. car against glare from e.g. flashing lights of emergency vehicle, has control device darkening glare regions of transparent pane based on classification of light sources
DE102011013320A1 (en) * 2011-03-07 2012-09-13 Magna Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik Ag & Co Kg Motor vehicle e.g. passenger car has sun visor elements that are arranged in primary vision region and secondary vision region so as to darken primary vision region and secondary vision region
DE102011016652A1 (en) * 2011-04-09 2012-10-11 Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh Device for motor vehicle for preventing glaring of one or more vehicle occupants by sun, has sensor unit for determining vehicle environment, evaluation unit for processing data of sensor unit, and component for preventing glaring
DE102018214638A1 (en) * 2018-08-29 2020-03-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method and control device for automatically darkening at least a partial area of a visor, black-out visor, and helmet with a black-out visor
AT526365A1 (en) * 2022-08-04 2023-12-15 Christopher Peindl Ing motor vehicle

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