CN87106212A - 智能式自由呼吸阻抗血流图仪 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明为一种用于测试人体阻抗血流图的装置,该装置的特征在于采用巴特沃兹滤波器和信号平均方法来滤除呼吸对人体阻抗信号的干扰,采用变采样周期的方法,实现信号平均法中的同相位迭加,以适应心率不齐者采用信号平均法滤除呼吸干扰。该装置由单板计算机及放大,电平移位等电路组成,能有效地实现各类患者人体阻抗血流图的测试,是一种方便、有效、精确、自动化程度较高的医用电子设备。
Description
本发明涉及一种可以滤除阻抗血流图△Z呼吸干扰,使被检查者能在自由呼吸壮态下测试阻抗血流图的医疗电子仪器。
阻抗血流图是近年发展起来的一项新的无损伤性的生物物理学检查诊断方法,由于其方法简单,操作方便,尤其是具有对病人无创伤性等优点而越来越受到医疗界的重视。但目前各医院使用的各种阻抗血流图仪,例如国产SJ-42型四导生理记录仪和日本生产的八导生理记录仪及其它各种阻抗血流图仪在用以测量肺阻抗血流图,肝血流图,心阻抗血流图时,由于呼吸所造成肺部空气量变化而引起阻抗的变化,使肺阻抗血流图,肝血流图,心阻抗血流图产生严重失真,见图1和图2,因此不得不要求被检查者屏气测试。这不适于对心脏功能差,意识不清,小儿等不易配合的患者进行观察,见顾慎为,黄建权编著“阻抗血流图”人民卫生出版社,1986年9月第一版,162页;102页;137页。
重庆大学无线电系曾研制“微处理机阻抗血流图系统”。该系统采用了数字迭加技术滤除心阻抗微分血流图 (dz)/(dt) 的呼吸干扰,见“电子技术应用”1984年第1期,17-19页。但上述系统不适用于心率不齐的人,而大量的临床医学实验和调查表明,大部分正常人的心率在自由呼吸状态下是变化的。例如,当心电机走纸速度为每秒25mm时,心率变化一般为1mm-3mm。而心脏病患者心率不齐更为严重,如图3所示,第2个至第3个QRS波之间为13毫米 第三个至第四个QRS波之间为23毫米
本发明的目的在于研制用于滤除阻抗血流图△Z呼吸干扰的滤波系统,该滤波系统与阻抗血流图仪组成使被检者能够在自由呼吸状态下测试阻抗血流图的检测系统,该系统对心率不齐者应有良好的适用性,该滤波系统还应适用于滤除心、肝、肺阻抗血流图和阻抗微分 (dz)/(dt) 血流图的呼吸干扰。
本发明的工作原理如下:
由阻抗血流图的基本原理可知:
(△R)/(R) = (△V)/(V) ……(1)
式中R为导体电阻,△R为电阻变化量
V为导体容积,△V为容积变化量
即电阻的变化与容积的变化呈线性关系。由图2可见,停呼吸状态下的肺阻抗血流图是由几个连续而有规律波动曲线构成的,它反映了心动周期内肺循环血流容积的变化。而图1是自由呼吸状态下肺阻抗波形。呼吸对肺阻抗波形有较大的影响。其原因是由于呼吸造成肺部空气量的变化而引起阻抗的变化,亦是由于容积变化而引起阻抗的变化。因此可以认为由于呼吸而引起阻抗的变化与反映肺循环的肺阻抗信号△Z之间是线性迭加的,所以可以采用滤波的方法滤除呼吸干扰。
由于呼吸动作引起阻抗的变化其幅度大约为停呼吸状态下肺血流图△Z的幅度3至10倍。由图1,图2可见在呼吸信号两周内肺阻抗信号搏动七次,肺阻抗信号基波频率约为1HZ左右(从心电图纸上可见每周期为25mm,纸速为25mm/秒)而呼吸信号的基波频率为:
1/(3.5秒) =0.285HZ
这样呼吸信号的基波频率与肺阻抗信号基波频率只差0.715HZ,一般呼吸信号的基波频率为肺阻抗信号的基波频率的 1/3 ~ 1/5 。所以呼吸信号三次及其以上各次谐波有可能与肺阻抗信号基波及各次谐波相重合。
由图2可以看出肺阻抗波形是有规律的,我们可以把它看作为有用的信号。由图1可见由呼吸引起阻抗的变化则是随机的,我们可把它看作是噪声。可用微弱信号检测技术降低信号所伴随的噪声,以增强有用信号。
由上面分析可知呼吸信号基波频率与肺阻抗信号的基波频率相差约为0.7HZ-0.8HZ。如仅用模拟滤波器或数字滤波器滤波,则要求滤波器的过渡带宽要小于0.7HZ,而滤波器的阶数必然很高,则难以实现。而且呼吸信号二次以上谐波有可能进入滤波器肺阻抗信号通带之内。因此我们除采用巴特沃兹有源高通滤波器滤除呼吸信号的基波频率外,还采用了信号平均技术滤除呼吸干扰。信号经N次测量并积累是线性相加的,积累信号值为平均值的N倍,由于把呼吸信号看成是噪声,它是无规则起伏的,应按均方根值平均,积累信号为平均值的N倍,N次测量可提高信噪比N倍。
我们对自由呼吸状态下即伴呼吸干扰的肺阻抗信号△Z同相位迭加N次并平均,可以提高信噪比N倍。理论上迭加次数越多,信噪比改善越好。但实际上反映肺部血液循环状态的肺阻抗血流信号并不是理想的周期信号,为了能接近实时处理,N的次数不宜取得过多,我们取N=5-9。
由图4可见肺阻抗信号△Z与心电信号是同步的,因此可用心电图中QRS波中的R波作为多点同相位迭加平均的同步信号,用以确定肺阻抗信号的周期。
用同相位迭加平均的方法滤除呼吸干扰在本仪器里的B单板机中由软件实现。
经过大量实验得知正常人以及心脏病患者心率不齐是很普遍的,因此肺阻抗血流图△Z的周期也是变化的。例如某人在某段时间心率为80次/分,即肺阻抗血流图的基波频率为1.33HZ,假定每周期采64点,当心率高于或低于80次/分,则采样点就要少于或多于64点,因而无法进行同相位迭加平均,否则肺阻抗波形将产生严重失真,如用手动方式来改变单板机的采样周期,是跟不上心率变化的,因此我们采用了自动变采样周期的方法,使心率不齐的人肺阻抗信号也能进行同相位迭加平均来滤除呼吸干扰。只有解决这个问题这种滤除呼吸干扰的方法才能在临床上推广应用,这是本仪器的关键技术。
在本仪器中有A,B两个单板机。自由呼吸状态下的肺阻抗信号经处理放大加到接口电路A/D变换器上,将模拟量变为数字量,A机为固定采样时间,以心率80次/分为准,肺阻抗信号的周期为60秒/80=0.75秒,每周采64点则采样周期为60/(80×64)。如果实际情况心率变化,则肺阻抗信号每个不同周期采样点就不正好为64点。为解决这个问题,我们采用了算法较为简单的线性插值公式将不同周期所采的点数都变为64点,这样采样周期跟踪心率变化。使心率不齐的人肺阻抗信号能进行同相位迭加平均以滤除呼吸干扰。
下面介绍线性插值公式,假设采样时间常数为A,见图5,在肺阻抗波形某一周内实际采0-60点,如需插值为0-64点,首先需求出0-64点各点横座标的数值。
Nn= (A×60×n)/64 ……(2)
n=1,2…64
式中Nn表示各插值点横座标的数值
n代表第几个插值点
为节省运算时间,将算出各插值点的横座标制表存入单板机的EPROM中。然后根据线性插值公式求出插值点的纵座标数值,见图6
已知函数y=f(x)在点X0,X1上的值为y0,y1要求一个函数y=P1(X)使
P1(X0)=y0,P1(X1)=y1
根据插值公式(3)编程在本仪器的A单板机中完成插值任务,然后送往B机进行同相位迭加平均以滤除呼吸干扰。
整机工作原理:
将阻抗血流图仪的电流电极加到人体的前胸和后背给身体胸部加50KHZ的高频电流,为使被测量处电场均匀,需在近端加电压电板测定心搏过程中由于血流变化而引起肺阻抗的变化,但在自由呼吸状态下,由于受呼吸的影响而使肺阻抗波形产生严重失真。肺阻抗信号一般为十九毫伏,为了滤除高频干扰需加有源低通滤波器。通过运算放大器将肺阻抗信号放大,电平移位使△Z信号幅度为0-5V,加到接口电路A/D变换0809的0通道进行采样。这部分功能由框图1,2,完成。
由1导联取出心电信号,经三运放放大电路放大100倍送至50HZ带阻滤波器滤除交流50HZ干扰,由于人体加50KHZ高频电流因而心电信号受50KHZ的干扰,由50KHZ有源低通滤波器滤除,经放大电平移位使心电信号变到0-5V的信号再加到A/D变换的1通道进行采样,即框图3部分,另一路心电信号经放大,50HZ滤波,50KHZ滤波,限幅去掉各种干扰信号,再经放大加到单稳态电路去掉QRS波中的T波,经微分成尖脉冲加到A微处理机另通道,作为同相位迭加平均的同步信号,用以确定肺阻抗信号的周期。这部份即为框图4,即R波提取电路。
而后A/D变换将肺阻抗信号及心电信号进行采样送至A处理机,A机对上一周期肺阻抗信号及心电信号进行插值,在当前周期结束时,将上一周期插值结果送往公共内存,以后A机重复上述过程。
B机在适当时间将A机插值结果取进,进行迭加平均,再由A送来的周期时间数控制输出时间周期,将肺阻抗信号经滤除呼吸干扰后加到D/A变换上将数字量变为模拟量输出。
另一路将心电信号经D/A转换,将数字量变为模拟量与肺阻抗血流图同步输出。
滤除肺阻抗血流图呼吸干扰使被检查者能在自由呼吸状态下进行测试,解决了小儿,老人,危重病人等不易配合的患者测试问题;扩大了肺血流图仪的使用范围。
这项技术还可用于滤除肝血流图,心阻抗血流图的呼吸干扰。也适用于滤除 (dz)/(dt) 呼吸干扰,可用于运动员,宇航员身体素质的检测。
所达到的指标:
1、肺阻抗信号经过滤波后能与心电信号同步描记。
2、肺阻抗信号与心电信号不小于4mV,机器能正常工作。
3、心率变化超过0.12S超出正常人心率变化范围亦能完成滤波作用。
4、图10,图11,图12分别指出自由呼吸,停呼吸,经滤波后的△Z波形。
图1为自由呼吸状态下肺阻抗血流图;
图2为停止呼吸状态下肺阻抗血流图;
图3为风湿性心脏病患者心电图;
图4为同步心电图与肺阻抗血流图;
图5为停呼吸肺阻抗图;
图6为线性插值公式示意图;
图7为整机硬件结构图;
图8为肺阻抗信号滤波、放大、电平移位电路原理图;
图9为心电信号放大及电平移位电路原理图;
图10为自由呼吸状态下△Z波形;
图11为停呼吸状态下肺阻抗△Z波形;
图12为经过滤波后自由呼吸状态下肺阻抗△Z波形。
实施例:本实施例由肺血流图机,肺阻抗信号予处理电路(放大滤波),心电信号R波提取电路,接口电路A/D,及两路D/A输出电路以及A,B两个单板计算机组成。见图7,框图中。
1、肺血流图机
2、肺阻抗信号滤波、放大、电平移位电路
3、心电信号放大及电平移位电路
4、心电信号R波提取电路
5、A单板机
6、公共内存储器
7、B单板机
图13为A机程序框图,图14为B机程序框图。
文件名称 页 行 补正前 补正后
说明书 5 20 ……血流变化 ……容积变化
″ 3 19 ……平均值的N倍 ……平均值的
倍
″ 3 19 …… 信噪比N倍 ……信噪比
倍
″ 3 21 …… 信噪比N倍 ……信噪比
倍
说明书 5 22 …… 一般为十九毫伏 ……一般为十几毫伏
Claims (3)
1、一种用于测试人体阻抗血流图的装置,包括阻抗血流图仪,其特征在于该装置还包括以下各个部分:
a:用于滤除呼吸干扰的滤波电路及放大和电平移位电路,
b:用于放大心电信号的放大及电平移位电路,
c:心电信号R波提取电路,
d:公共内存储器,
e:单板计算机。
2、用于权利要求1所述装置滤除呼吸干扰的滤波方法,其特征在于采用巴特沃兹有源高通滤波器滤除呼吸信号的基波频率,采用信号平均法滤除其他各次谐波的呼吸干扰,采用自动变采样周期来实现信号平均法中的同相位迭加。以适应心率不齐者采用信号平均法滤除呼吸干扰。
3、权利要求2所述的滤波方法,其特征在于所述信号平均法同相位迭加的次数N为5-9。
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US07/240,620 US5025784A (en) | 1987-09-05 | 1988-09-06 | Apparatus and method for detecting and processing impedance rheogram |
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CN87106212.7A Expired - Fee Related CN1024161C (zh) | 1987-09-05 | 1987-09-05 | 检测和处理阻抗血流图的方法及装置 |
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CN (1) | CN1024161C (zh) |
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CN109691993B (zh) * | 2018-12-07 | 2022-07-26 | 芯海科技(深圳)股份有限公司 | 一种测量心率变异性的方法及人体秤 |
CN111588368A (zh) * | 2020-05-25 | 2020-08-28 | 陈聪 | 一种信号处理滤波方法 |
Also Published As
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US5025784A (en) | 1991-06-25 |
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