CN203807559U - Laser additive manufacturing equipment of metal components - Google Patents
Laser additive manufacturing equipment of metal components Download PDFInfo
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- CN203807559U CN203807559U CN201420013022.7U CN201420013022U CN203807559U CN 203807559 U CN203807559 U CN 203807559U CN 201420013022 U CN201420013022 U CN 201420013022U CN 203807559 U CN203807559 U CN 203807559U
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Abstract
The utility model discloses laser additive manufacturing equipment of metal components. The laser additive manufacturing equipment comprises a galvanometer laser melting forming device and a thin wall preparation device, wherein the galvanometer laser melting forming device is similar to a selective laser melting forming device not provided with a forming cylinder; the thin wall preparation device is mounted inside an atmosphere cavity of the selective laser melting forming device and used for completing the manufacture of a thin wall layer by layer, so that a random shape cavity is formed; the laser melting forming device is used for completing paving metal powder inside the random shape cavity and performing selective laser melting formation on the metal powder; the thin wall preparation device can be a laser additive manufacturing device for automatically feeding powder, or a built-up welding device, or adopts a multi-joint robot or an automatic blanking mechanism. The laser additive manufacturing equipment remains the advantages of the SLM (Selective Laser Melting) metal additive manufacturing technology, adopts a random shape cylinder, overcomes the limitation of a forming cylinder with the fixed size of an SLM device, and can realize the high-precision manufacture of large size and even oversized components.
Description
Technical field
The utility model equipment belongs to laser gain material manufacturing technology field, is specifically related to a kind of increasing material producing apparatus of high-precision metal part, is particularly useful for the even manufacture of the complicated metal parts of oversize of large size.
Background technology
In recent years, the laser gain material manufacturing technology based on " discrete-pile up " and " add and be shaped " can directly have been manufactured from cad model and metal-powder the metal parts of density intimate 100%.Common metal material has all been trial-produceed successfully as tool steel, stainless steel, nickelalloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy and tungstenalloy etc., and the metal parts of manufacture is progressively moving towards practical application in industry.
At present, the method that adopts laser gain material manufacturing technology directly to manufacture 100% density metal part is summed up two kinds: a kind of is Laser Melting Deposition technology (Laser Melting Deposition based on automatic powder feeding technique, hereinafter to be referred as LMD technology), another kind is precinct laser fusion technology (the Selective Laser Melting based on preset paving powder craft, also claim selective laser melting technology, hereinafter to be referred as SLM technology).
Due to powder feeding mode difference, technological line and the equipment of LMD and SLM have notable difference.What LMD adopted is automatic powder feeding, and shaping in process, metal-powder is to be synchronously ejected into molten bath by nozzle from Chu Fendou, and disposable the sending into of powder, fusing, the solidification forming of completing, therefore also referred to as single stage method.
Due to powdered alloy dynamically ejection from nozzle, therefore the laser facula in LMD technology can not be too little, otherwise most of metal-powder can not be by laser capture; And realize because the relative movement of laser and workpiece adopts lathe, acceleration and the speed of lathe are all less, and when figuration manufacture precision component, sedimentation effect will be very low.Therefore, the larger spot diameter of the general employing of LMD technique, the part shape of manufacturing is relatively simple, and shaping live width is wider, and spatial resolution is lower, and drip molding precision is poor, generally in millimeter magnitude.So the follow-up machining of LMD technology formation of parts is larger.But one of significant advantage of LMD technology is that former can be used the very ripe general-purpose machine of development, manufactures large size component device fabrication degree-of-difficulty factor used not high.Therefore, LMD technology can be prepared large-sized part, and its shadow area size can reach several square metres.
SLM technology adopts the mode of preset paving powder, in moulding cylinder, lays in advance the certain thickness metal-powder bed of one deck, then adopts laser beam alloy powder bed to realize selective melting.This powder first technique preset, that then fusing is shaped is called again two-step approach.
In SLM forming technology, because powdered alloy remains static, therefore adopt very little laser facula also can effectively catch powdered alloy, realize high precision and be shaped.And owing to adopting scanning galvanometer to realize the relative movement of laser and workpiece, the corresponding parameter when fundamental characteristics of scanning galvanometer makes the sweep velocity of laser beam, redirect speed and acceleration ratio LMD adopt lathe is much bigger.Therefore, compared with LMD, the minimum shaping live width of SLM technology is much smaller, and spatial resolution, forming accuracy and the surface smoothness of drip molding are much higher.And because being adopts paving powder craft, powder bed can be used as the support of suspended structure.Above-mentioned various reasons makes SLM technology be particularly suitable for the clean shaping of the metal parts with elaborate structure.
Illustrate its working process below in conjunction with Fig. 1 a, 1b.
In prior art, SLM technology is manufactured metal parts 1 and normally in moulding cylinder 2, is completed, and as shown in Figure 1a, detailed process is described as follows.
First,, according to the needed precision of metal parts 1 to be processed, the three-dimensional CAD model that adopts custom-designed software in SLM equipment to treat processing metal part 1 carries out hierarchy slicing according to certain thickness, obtains every layer plane profile scan information of metal parts 1.For protecting metal not oxidized in the course of processing; moulding cylinder 2 and Chu Fendou (or storage powder cylinder) 3 all needs to adopt gas shield; usually moulding cylinder 2 is placed in to atmosphere chamber 4, in atmosphere chamber 4, can be filled with various protective atmospheres, as argon gas, nitrogen etc.Some equipment also can be arranged heating and heat-insulating device around moulding cylinder 2, makes it have preheating slow cooling function.In manufacture metal parts 1 process, the metal-powder 5 in storage powder bucket 3 is sent to moulding cylinder 2, and automatic power spreading device 7 is paved powder as reference plane using the upper surface table top 6 of moulding cylinder 2.When paving powder, the whole region of moulding cylinder 2 all needs to be paved with metal-powder 5 (paving powder aftershaping cylinder vertical view as shown in Figure 1 b).Because the size of traditional SLM equipment moulding cylinder 2 is fixed, therefore, in making metal parts process, in whole part height, moulding cylinder 2 is interior will be paved with metal-powder; Computer control system drives scanning galvanometer according to the given graphical information of required processing parts, makes laser beam realize selective scanning, deposite metal powder on powder bed surface, just forms one deck of metal parts 1 after melted powder rapid condensation; Then the height of a thickness in monolayer of the piston of moulding cylinder 2 decline, repeats to spread powder-laser selective and scans-melt forming process; By being layering of said process melting powder layer, obtain metal parts 1.Storage powder bucket 3 can be placed in the side top (being now commonly referred to as Chu Fendou) of moulding cylinder 2, also can parallelly be placed on the side (being now commonly referred to as storage powder cylinder) of moulding cylinder 2.Storage powder bucket can be placed in atmosphere chamber 4, also can be placed in outside atmosphere chamber 4; But storage powder cylinder must be placed in atmosphere chamber 4.
Compared with LMD technology, the process characteristic that SLM technology is shaped is: metal parts has high precision, high-mechanical property, high surface finish, and the metal parts of can be shaped complex construction and shape.Its main limitation is, the part dimension that can be shaped is limited by size and the scanning galvanometer field sweep scope of moulding cylinder.Therefore, existing SLM technology is generally used for and manufactures middle-size and small-size part.Manufacture large-scale part if really need to adopt SLM technology, must adopt large size moulding cylinder, a large amount of powder of large size moulding cylinder carrying bring very heavy load to lathe, make the load of the mechanical part such as piston, the screw mandrel carrying in SLM former large, manufacturing cost and the degree-of-difficulty factor of equipment increase considerably.
In sum, LMD technology is generally used for manufacturing the large size metal parts that shape is relatively simple, dimension precision requirement is lower; SLM technology is used for manufacturing the metal parts complex-shaped, dimension precision requirement is higher, but cannot manufacture at present large size metal parts.Adopt the SLM method of large size moulding cylinder to manufacture large-scale metal parts, can bring a lot of technical barriers to the manufacture of SLM equipment, for example must there is excess powdered alloy to fill up whole moulding cylinder, just can complete part manufacture, this will make lathe become overweight, and mechanical means complexity significantly increases considerably with device fabrication cost.Therefore, people are finding the high precision increasing material manufacturing method and apparatus of the complicated metal parts of large size always.
Utility model content
The utility model equipment provides a kind of brand-new metal parts laser gain material producing apparatus, and its object is to realize the even high precision manufacture of the complicated metal parts of oversize of large size.
The laser gain material producing apparatus of a kind of metal parts that the utility model equipment provides, is characterized in that, this equipment comprises galvanometer laser fusion building mortion and thin-wall preparation facilities;
Described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion is similar to the selective laser melting building mortion of not being with moulding cylinder; Described thin-wall preparation facilities is arranged in the atmosphere chamber of selective laser melting building mortion, for successively completing the manufacture of thin-wall, form conformal chamber, described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion has been used in described conformal chamber, spreading metal-powder and this metal-powder being carried out to selective laser melting shaping.
As the preferred implementation of one of above-mentioned laser gain material producing apparatus, described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion comprises Chu Fendou, atmosphere chamber, three-dimensional moving-member, work top, scanning galvanometer focusing system, the first light-conducting system, automatic power spreading device and laser apparatus; Chu Fendou is placed in atmosphere indoor or outdoors, and work top is positioned at bottom, atmosphere chamber, for placing the substrate as thin-wall and part supporting body;
Scanning galvanometer focusing system and automatic power spreading device are arranged on three-dimensional moving-member by mounting plate, the powder inlet of automatic power spreading device obtains powder by tube cell or free-falling mode from Chu Fendou, automatic power spreading device is used for to conformal chamber internal powder conveying, and scraper plate is also paved powder in conformal chamber; Laser apparatus is connected with the light inlet of scanning galvanometer focusing system by the first light-conducting system; When work, the powder bed surface of the laser beam of laser emitting in scanning galvanometer focusing system converges in conformal chamber, and according to part shape, powder is carried out to selective laser melting shaping.
As the preferred implementation of another kind of above-mentioned laser gain material producing apparatus, described thin-wall preparation facilities comprises laser apparatus, optical focusing system, the second light-conducting system, coaxial powder-feeding nozzle and three-dimensional moving-member; Optical focusing system and coaxial powder-feeding nozzle are all arranged on three-dimensional moving-member by mounting plate, and coaxial powder-feeding nozzle is coaxial with optical focusing system, and mouth is connected with the meal outlet of Chu Fendou by tube cell; The powdered alloy storing up when work in powder bucket is input to after coaxial powder-feeding nozzle along tube cell under negative pressure drives, and the ejection convergent point of powder and the focus of optical focusing system are positioned at powder bed surface same position; The laser beam of laser emitting converges on the powder convergent point of the coaxial ejection of powder-feeding nozzle after optical focusing system, forms cladding layer at substrate surface.In the time that coaxial powder-feeding nozzle and optical focusing system are pressed projected path motion with transverse axis, on substrate, form the thin-wall of desired shape, the region that this thin-wall surrounds is conformal chamber; Described thin-wall preparation facilities and described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion share a laser apparatus and/or three-dimensional moving-member, or are separately equipped with separately.
Described thin-wall preparation facilities also can adopt welding set, or is furnished with the articulated robot of strip material, or is furnished with strip material and is arranged on the automatic-blanking mechanism on three-dimensional moving-member.
The basic thought of the utility model equipment is: the manufacture of part to be processed is still based on existing SLM technology similar approach, adopt preset paving powder and high-speed vibrating mirror scan mode, the preset certain thickness powder of every one deck, scanning galvanometer drives laser beam selective scanning, heating, melted alloy powder, completes the shaping of this layer.By being layering, finally form high accuracy three-dimensional entity.With existing SLM technology difference be, the utility model equipment no longer adopts the moulding cylinder of fixed measure in SLM technology, but along with the shape and size difference of every layer of section of part, the shape and size of moulding cylinder are also suitably adjusted and changed, we are referred to as " conformal cylinder ".From three-dimensional space, what surround this " conformal cylinder " is thin-wall.According to the shape and size of every layer of section of part; we are referred to as " conformal chamber the cavity area that thin-wall forms " the effect in " conformal chamber " is for the paving powder of every layer of part to be processed provides datum plane and cavity, make powdered alloy can according to designed even thickness be laid in the surface of formed parts.In every one deck, the number in " conformal chamber " can be one, can be also multiple: the outline of their shape and its metal parts layer surrounding is basically identical, and thin-wall has with a certain distance from periphery of part profile to be processed." conformal chamber " stacked form " conformal cylinder ".
Therefore, the utility model equipment had both retained the advantage of laser selective melting shaping (SLM) metal increasing material manufacturing technology, adopted preset paving powder and high-speed vibrating mirror scanning, met the requirement that complicated metal parts high precision is shaped; Owing to having adopted " conformal cylinder ", break through the restriction of conventional SLM equipment fixed measure moulding cylinder again, realize the high precision manufacture of large-scale part.So, the utility model equipment not only can make to manufacture high-accuracy large-scale part becomes possibility, and compared with the existing large-scale part SLM forming technique based on fixed-type cylinder structure, device complexity significantly reduces, the metal amount of powder for subsequent use needing also significantly reduces, thereby provides a kind of brand-new laser gain material manufacturing technology for high precision, the short flow manufacturing of the complicated metal parts of large size.The technological line that the utility model equipment can adopt mainly comprises three steps that circulation is carried out: 1) first manufacture conformal chamber according to the size of part layer size; 2) paving powder; 3) high-speed sweep galvanometer selective laser melting is shaped.Therefore, be called again three-step approach.
With LMD, SLM resemble process, the utility model equipment can adopt three-step approach to increase material manufacturing technology, is also to complete in the atmosphere chamber of sealing, therefore can, by the indoor atmosphere of regulation and control atmosphere, prevent that metallic substance is oxidized.
Compare with SLM (two step method) technology with existing metal parts laser gain material manufacturing technology LMD (single stage method), the new pattern laser that the utility model equipment proposes increases material manufacturing technology (three-step approach) and has following advantage: first, can manufacture large size, high precision, complicated metal parts: the existing LMD technology large-size components that can be shaped, but working accuracy is low, following process amount is large, and complexity, high-precision part cannot be shaped; And SLM technology forming accuracy is high, but the size of processing parts is subject to the restriction of moulding cylinder, and shaping large-scale part needs large moulding cylinder, and large moulding cylinder not only needs powder for subsequent use many, and existence load is heavy, part is difficult to many technical barriers such as taking-up.The utility model equipment makes the high-precision laser of the complicated metal parts of large size increase material and creates possibility, and equipment is relatively simple: by retaining in SLM technology the method for preset paving powder and the vibration mirror scanning metal parts to be processed that is shaped, adopt conformal cylinder technology to avoid needing a large amount of metal-powders, make large size even the high-precision laser of oversize complicated shape increase material and create possibility;
Second, use the utility model equipment, can significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of former: the technological line that the utility model equipment proposes, adopt traditional gang tool or articulated robot to combine with SLM fusing manufacturing process, equipment forms relatively simple, the high precision former of large size complicated shape is significantly simplified, and degree-of-difficulty factor and the cost of device fabrication significantly reduce;
The 3rd, use the utility model equipment, can significantly save metal-powder for subsequent use: conformal cylinder is to be laminated by conformal chamber, and the size in conformal chamber is successively to change according to the shape of actual parts, profile and size, can be close to part to be processed, even can carry out the multiple conformals of zoning design chamber according to the feature of part for the part having.Therefore when the required metal-powder of inserting in conformal cylinder body is fixed " moulding cylinder " than traditional SLM equipment, want much less, thereby solved the difficult problem of powder a large amount of " leaving unused ", reduce metal-powder for subsequent use, reduce dynamics of investment;
The 4th, use the utility model equipment, substrate concept can be expanded to sketch plate from traditional flat board: substrate is a part that can be used as part sometimes, has been shaped rest part part making of the technology that adopts the utility model equipment to provide on substrate.In traditional SLM technology, the first layer paving powder thickness is to be determined by the difference of altitude between upper surface and the substrate of fixed-type cylinder, therefore spread uniformly powder thickness in order to ensure, must adopt surface is the substrate of level, this at the part being prepared with such as bottom exists big area entity structure but can lose time very much and money when the out-of-level part in surface.Adopt the utility model equipment, owing to adopting conformal cavity configuration, can make the concept of substrate and shape enclose significantly expansion, make precinct laser fusion technique as LMD technique, to be applicable to on-plane surface substrate.Such as, for above-mentioned situation, just can use surface for nonplanar matrix is as substrate, this bottom entity just can become a part for substrate, so not only can save the curring time of this part entity, can also adopt irregularly shaped substrate.Visible, to adopt the utility model equipment to propose conformal cylinder, can make partial plastic forming precision component on complicated shape or large-size substrate become possibility, and this is that traditional SLM technology or LMD technology is beyond one's reach;
The 5th, the utility model equipment can use LMD technology and SLM technical combinations: for the not high part of some accuracy requirements of part, also can directly adopt LMD technology direct forming blank, complete the precise form of parts in conjunction with mechanical workout, improve forming efficiency; Then on this basis, recycling SLM technology is further manufactured complex precise structure;
The 6th, the utility model equipment can adopt many galvanometer collaborative works, improve shaping efficiency: if the size of the metal parts of formed thereby is enough large, separate unit galvanometer inefficiency, because metal-powder remains static, can also configure multi-station laser, many scanning galvanometers scan the processing that is shaped, thereby increase substantially forming efficiency.
In sum, the utility model equipment can be by immediate system for conformal cylinder, what overcome traditional fixed-type cylinder of SLM needs that powder is many, load is heavy and the technical barrier such as device manufacturing process is complicated, both make to manufacture large size complicated shape and there is high-precision feature, greatly simplify again the complexity of equipment, making becomes possibility from cad model and the direct large size high-precision metal part of manufacturing 100% density of metal-powder, has prospects for commercial application widely.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 a is the front view that conventional SLM technology is manufactured metal parts, and Fig. 1 b is paving powder aftershaping cylinder vertical view;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of a kind of specific implementation of the equipment that provides of the utility model equipment;
Fig. 3 is the details enlarged view of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the another kind of specific implementation of the equipment that provides of the utility model equipment;
Fig. 5 is the details enlarged view of Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is the welding set schematic diagram that thin-wall preparation facilities adopts;
Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of the articulated robot of thin-wall preparation facilities employing.
Fig. 8 is the method flow diagram of the manufacture metal parts that provides of the utility model device instance;
Fig. 9 a is the metal parts front view of the utility model device instance manufacturing, and Fig. 9 b is paving powder aftershaping cylinder vertical view.
Embodiment
Preset paving powder combines with vibration mirror scanning, is the major cause that SLM forming technique can realize high precision, complex construction manufacture.But existing SLM technology all adopts the moulding cylinder of fixed size, make the metal parts of preparation size-constrained.Therefore, if the thin-wall that add closed, certain thickness (its thickness can according to the size of part to be processed and material decision) in the three-dimensional CAD model of part to be processed, part to be processed can be surrounded, this thin-walled die cavity just can serve as the effect of fixed-type cylinder in existing SLM equipment.In other words, closed thin-wall Essential Action is exactly the moulding cylinder in conventional SLM forming process, just its shape and size are no longer changeless, but according to the shape and size of metal parts to be processed change, with metal parts synchronous forming to be processed, and can surround the thin-walled body of wall of metal parts outline to be processed.The upper surface that thin-wall is every layer is as the datum plane of paving powder, and its height gain equals to intend the individual layer powder thickness of paving powder, and the cavity that we form this thin-wall is referred to as " conformal chamber ", and " conformal chamber " combination being layering is " conformal cylinder ".Visible, the SLM technology that is fixed into die cavity from employing is different, and the conformal cylinder in the utility model equipment is synchronous growth along with the growth of part, and its shape and size are to change with the variation of part shape and size.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the embodiment of the utility model equipment is described further.It should be noted that at this, be used for helping to understand the utility model equipment for the explanation of these embodiments, but do not form the restriction to the utility model equipment.In addition, below involved technical characterictic in described each embodiment of the utility model equipment, as long as do not form each other conflict, just can mutually combine.
The utility model equipment comprises laser fusion building mortion and thin-wall preparation facilities; Described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion is the laser selective melting building mortion of not being with moulding cylinder, it can be any one device of realizing precinct laser fusion shaping function, be shaped for the laser fusion of realizing metal parts to be processed, obtain the metal parts of required shaping.Thin-wall preparation facilities is arranged in the atmosphere chamber of laser selective melting building mortion, for successively completing the manufacture of thin-wall, form conformal chamber, described laser fusion building mortion has been used for spreading metal-powder and this metal-powder being carried out to selective laser melting shaping in described conformal the chamber in.
Enumerate the equipment of several specific implementations below:
Described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion comprises Chu Fendou, atmosphere chamber, three-dimensional moving-member, work top, scanning galvanometer focusing system, light-conducting system, automatic power spreading device and laser apparatus.Wherein, three-dimensional moving-member can be gang tool or articulated robot.
Described thin-wall preparation facilities can be based on LMD principle, adopts the laser gain material manufacturing installation of automatic powder feeding successively to prepare thin-wall; Also can be based on Fundamentals of Welding, adopt build-up welding apparatus successively to prepare thin-wall; Can also be based on machining principle, adopt articulated robot or automatic-blanking mechanism that the strip of shearing in advance (steel plate, steel band, plastic tape, paper tape etc.) is successively laid to thin-wall.
As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, what three-dimensional moving-member adopted is machine tool chief axis formula structure, comprises lathe stand 11 and machine tool chief axis 12.
Storage powder bucket 3, atmosphere chamber 4, three-dimensional moving-member, work top 13, scanning galvanometer focusing system 15, light-conducting system 19, automatic power spreading device 17 and laser apparatus 18 form described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion.
Storage powder bucket 3 is placed in 4 tops, atmosphere chamber, and work top 13 is positioned at 4 bottoms, atmosphere chamber, for placing the substrate as the supporting body of thin-wall and part.
Scanning galvanometer focusing system 15, automatic power spreading device 17, optical focusing system 22 and powder-feeding nozzle 25 are all arranged on machine tool chief axis 12 by mounting plate 14, and machine tool chief axis 12 can be in X-axis, Y-axis and three direction motions of Z axis.
The powder inlet of automatic power spreading device obtains powder by tube cell or free-falling mode from Chu Fendou, and automatic power spreading device is used for to conformal chamber internal powder conveying, and powder in conformal chamber is paved.
In this example, automatic power spreading device 17 comprises powder bucket and scraper plate 16.The lower surface of scraper plate 16 is smooth, and must not be lower than the lower surface plane of optical focusing system 22 and powder-feeding nozzle 25.The powder inlet of powder bucket obtains powder by tube cell or free-falling mode from Chu Fendou, and to conformal chamber internal powder conveying, the meal outlet A/F of powder bucket can be regulated by computer control system according to conformal chamber size.Scraper plate 16 is paved powder in conformal chamber.
Described laser apparatus 18, optical focusing system 22, light-conducting system 23, tube cell 24, coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25 and described three-dimensional moving-member form described thin-wall preparation facilities.
Powder-feeding nozzle 25 is coaxial with optical focusing system 22, and the convergent point of the ejection powder of coaxial powder-feeding nozzle and the focus of optical focusing system 22 are positioned at substrate surface same position; The powder inlet of coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25 is connected with storage powder bucket 3 by tube cell 24, and powder is through the nozzle ejection of coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25.Laser apparatus 18 emitting laser bundles converge on the powder convergent point of coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25 coaxial ejections after optical focusing system 22, form cladding layer at substrate surface, in the time that coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25 is pressed projected path motion with optical focusing system 22 with transverse axis, on substrate, form the thin-wall of desired shape, the region that this thin-wall surrounds is conformal chamber.
The powder inlet of automatic power spreading device 17 by tube cell or the mode such as freely fall obtain the powder 5 of storage powder bucket 3, for to conformal chamber internal powder conveying; The scraper plate 16 of automatic power spreading device 17 is paved powder in conformal chamber.Another road light of laser apparatus 18 is connected with the light inlet of scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 by light-conducting system 19; On the powder of laser apparatus 18 emitting laser bundles in scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 converges in conformal chamber, and according to part shape, powder is carried out to the shaping of laser selective melting, in the time that the area of formed thereby is greater than the field sweep scope of scanning galvanometer focusing system 15, scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 moves under machine tool chief axis 12 drives, complete the shaping of laser selective melting is carried out in whole conformal chamber, obtain the metal parts layer of desired shape.
Complete after the preparation of layer of metal part layer, powder-feeding nozzle 25, optical focusing system 22, automatic power spreading device 17 and scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 move a bed thickness in Z-direction under machine tool chief axis 12 drives, then carry out the preparation of next metal parts layer.Laser fusion building mortion and the alternation of thin-wall preparation facilities, complete whole metal parts preparation and be shaped.
As shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, three-dimensional moving-member adopts two articulated robots 34, and articulated robot 34 is fixed on 4 bottoms, atmosphere chamber, and outside work top 13.Scanning galvanometer focusing system 15, automatic power spreading device 17, optical focusing system 22,25 5 parts of powder-feeding nozzle can be arranged on arbitrarily respectively on two articulated robots by mounting plate.Fig. 4, Fig. 5 are a kind of mode wherein, scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 is arranged on an articulated robot 34 by a mounting plate 14, optical focusing system 22 and coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25 and automatic power spreading device 17 are arranged on another articulated robot 34 by another mounting plate 14, and two articulated robots 34 all can be in X-axis, Y-axis and three direction motions of Z axis.Other structure is identical with structure shown in Fig. 2.
As shown in Figure 6, thin-wall preparation facilities can adopt welding set, and it comprises welding gun 28 and welding machine 29.Welding gun 28 is to be arranged on the three-dimensional moving-member of machine tool chief axis or articulated robot or other by mounting plate equally, and welding material can be powder, can be also welding wire.
As shown in Figure 7, thin-wall preparation facilities adopts articulated robot or is arranged on the automatic-blanking mechanism 31 on three-dimensional moving-member, and this three-dimensional moving-member can share with laser fusion building mortion or configuration separately.When one deck of every making thin-wall 8, articulated robot or can just according to computer instruction, strip material 30 be laid on suitable locus by automatic-blanking mechanism 31, and fix with the upper surface of front one deck, complete the making of this layer of thin-wall.Strip material 30 can be the strip that thickness equals single berth powder thickness, and as steel plate, steel band, plastic tape, paper tape etc., its shape is identical with the shape in conformal chamber.
Described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion is as laser selective melting building mortion; conventionally also comprise computer control system 20 and atmosphere Controlling System 21; computer control system 20 is for controlling the work of three-dimensional moving-member, laser apparatus 18, scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 and automatic power spreading device 17; atmosphere Controlling System 21 is for the atmosphere of controlled atmosphere chamber 4, as vacuumizes and dedusting etc.Computer control system 20 can also be used for controlling the work of thin-wall preparation facilities.
In the time that thin-wall preparation facilities adopts the laser gain material manufacturing installation of automatic powder feeding, it is the shared laser apparatus 18 of laser fusion building mortion also, light beam automatic exchanger 26 is set on laser apparatus 18, or between scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 and optical focusing system 22, light beam switched system 27 is set.Light beam automatic exchanger 26 or light beam switched system 27 are controlled by computer control system 20, to realize the switching of laser between scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 and transmitting focusing system 22.Technique scheme also can arrange independent laser apparatus separately.
In the utility model equipment, storage powder bucket 3 both can be placed in atmosphere indoor 4, also can be placed in outside atmosphere indoor 4.Mounting plate 14 also can configure as required a set of or overlap more.Automatic power spreading device 17 can adopt other structure formation, as scraper plate 16 also can be replaced with cylinder.
The required powdered alloy of coaxial powder-feeding nozzle 25 and welding set both can come from storage powder bucket 3, also can come from the automatic powder feeding device of independent setting, and the powder that the powder that it uses can be the same with metal parts to be processed, also can be different.
Light-conducting system 19 and 23 can be all optical fiber, or the leaded light light path being made up of optics such as speculums.
It (is that processing head is mobile on one side that scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 also can adopt flight scan mode, galvanometer is scanning on one side), also can adopt subarea-scanning mode (is the each mobile region of processing head, move to again another position completing after this domain scanning, realize the manufacture of large-size components by graphic joining).
If thin-wall need to be measured and repair, also need to be equipped with thin-wall measuring apparatus 32 and trimming device 33.They all should be placed in atmosphere chamber 4, and are arranged on three-dimensional moving-member by mounting plate 14, can move in tri-directions of XYZ.Thin-wall measuring apparatus 32 can be the various measuring elements such as pit gauge, and trimming device 33 can be as the machining such as milling cutter, bistrique device.In the time having the three-dimensional moving-members of two covers (structure as shown in Figure 4); thin-wall measuring apparatus 32 and trimming device 33 can be arranged on same three-dimensional moving-member (for machine tool structure), also can be respectively on different three-dimensional moving-members (for articulated robot).
As shown in Figure 8, the laser gain material manufacturing processed that adopts the utility model device instance to carry out metal parts is:
(1) three-dimensional CAD model for the treatment of processing parts is transformed, and increases the closed thin-wall that surrounds part to be processed.Every one deck thin-wall is all a closed ring, and ring can be circular, and square or required arbitrary shape is the same with part outline to be processed or part is the same, and we are referred to as " conformal chamber " cavity area of the ring formation of these closures.
The conformal chamber that thin-wall forms can be sealed or nonocclusive required arbitrary shape, limit opening above and/or under non-sealing refers to.
The stacked aggregate of this thin-wall finally forms " conformal cylinder ", and every layer of thin-wall forms " conformal chamber ", and every layer of " conformal chamber " shape can be the same, also can be different, and relevant to part shape to be processed, the shape of shape and metal parts layer adapts.This conformal cylinder can be the die cavity body that whole part is all included, as identical with the outline of metal parts layer in its shape; Also can be according to part shape to be processed, be divided into several regions, several die cavity body sums that these cut zone are included respectively.Obviously, conformal cylinder size immobilizes unlike the forming cavity of traditional SLM, but can change according to the variation of accessory size and shape.
(2) three-dimensional CAD model that has added thin-wall is treated as to new part, precision as required adopts computer software to carry out hierarchy slicing to it according to certain thickness, obtain the flat scanning information of Laser Light Plane Scanning profile information and the thin-wall profile of part to be processed, and according to the field sweep scope of scanning focused system, every layer plane scanning profile information of part to be processed is carried out to subregion;
(3) immediate system, for thin-wall, forms in " conformal chamber ":
Different from the structure that is fixed into die cavity, the conformal cylinder in the utility model equipment is that the cavity being formed by the thin-wall of the synchronous growth along with the growth of part is that " conformal chamber " is laminated.In the time of making thin-wall, can adopt the methods such as LMD technique and welding to prepare in real time, also in advance cutting thickness with set consistent sheet material or the band of slice thickness, and surrounded conformal chamber size, be fixed on " thin-wall " surface of front one deck, form new one deck.The cavity that thin-wall surrounds forms " conformal chamber ".
(4) paving powder in " conformal chamber ": the metal-powder in Chu Fendou is delivered in conformal chamber by automatic power spreading device, the scraper plate of automatic power spreading device is taking the upper surface of thin-wall as benchmark, by metal-powder in conformal chamber scrape smooth evenly, require powder to be full of whole conformal chamber;
If the newly-increased height of thin-wall and surface finish do not meet the requirement of follow-up paving powder, also to adopt pit gauge etc. to carry out the methods such as depth survey and milling, grinding to its newly-increased surfacing to thin-wall, planeness of its newly-increased height and upper surface and smooth finish be met and spread powder requirement.
(5) powder in conformal chamber is carried out to selective scanning, make to be shaped by the fusion of metal powder of laser irradiation, prepare one deck metal parts layer to be processed: according to the demixing scan profile information of part, start scanning galvanometer focusing system, complete the selective laser melting scanning machining to metal powder layer in conformal chamber, thereby make fusion of metal powder shaping one deck; If this layer of size is greater than the field sweep scope of scanning galvanometer, adopt three-dimensional moving-member to drive scanning galvanometer focusing system to move in XY plane, complete the scanning of this layer of part by subregion or flight scan mode, thereby complete the manufacture of one deck.
(6) galvanometer moves in the vertical direction a bed thickness height: after selective laser melting is shaped, galvanometer and automatic power spreading device vertically move downward or upward the height of an individual layer bed thickness under the drive of three-dimensional moving-member.
(7) repeat step (3)-(7), until part completes whole forming processes:
According to the 3 D graphic data of part, repeating step (3)-(7), until thin-wall stratification conformal cylinder, part also completes whole forming processes.
(8) remove thin-wall, obtain needed metal parts.
Different from the conventional SLM technology manufacture metal parts shown in Fig. 1 a, 1b, adopt flow process shown in Fig. 8, the part schematic diagram after being shaped is as shown in Fig. 9 a, 1b, and the part after shaping is made up of metal parts 1 and thin-wall 8.Thin-wall 8 is simultaneously prepared with metal parts to be processed, i.e. every preparation layer of metal part must first be prepared the thin-wall of one deck closure.The final stratification conformal cylinder 9 of thin-wall 8, every layer of closed " conformal chamber " 10 that forms of thin-wall, according to part shape, it can be also multiple that conformal chamber 10 can be one.After prepared by whole part and thin-wall, also thin-wall 8 will be removed, specific implementation process as shown in Figure 8.
The scanning profile of thin-wall 8 is to adopt computer control software to add certain thickness closed outer in a distance, edge of the cad model of metal parts 1 to form, thickness can be between 0.1mm～50mm (preferred value is 1～10mm); the distance of thin-wall distance part to be processed is between 0.1mm～300mm (preferred value is 1～50mm), and the distance of the thickness of thin-wall and distance part outline to be processed is by material, the shape and size concrete decision of part to be processed; Then regard thin-wall 8 and metal parts 1 as an one-piece parts, adopt computer control software, according to certain thickness, improved three-dimensional CAD model is carried out to hierarchy slicing according to the accuracy requirement of metal parts, obtain every layer plane scanning profile information of thin-wall 8 and metal parts 1; Wherein, thin-wall 8 can be to adopt LMD technique or weldprocedure and metal parts to be processed 1 synchronous forming; Also can be by advance according to the stalloy of monolayer slices thickness well cutting, thin steel band even the non-metallic material such as plastic tape, paper tape be processed into thin-wall geomery size, then adopt articulated robot or automatically shake off mechanism it is successively fallen and be fixed on the upper surface of front one deck thin-wall, to form one deck that thin-wall is new.This process and metal parts to be processed 1 synchronous forming.Every layer of shaping is all that the thin-wall 8 that is first shaped (forms conformal chamber 10, conformal chamber 10 stratification conformal cylinders 9), taking the upper surface of thin-wall 8 as benchmark, in conformal chamber 10, be paved with metal-powder 5, adopt again scanning galvanometer driving laser selective melting metal-powder (being SLM technique), one deck of Prototyping Metal Parts 1, if the size of this layer is greater than the field sweep scope of scanning galvanometer, adopt three-dimensional moving-member motion scan galvanometer focusing system in XY plane, adopt the mode of flight scanning or subarea-scanning to complete the manufacture of whole this layer.Under Controlling System control, lower one deck that order is carried out thin-wall 8 and metal parts 1 is shaped.So repeat, successively superpose, complete the manufacture of whole part.Remove after thin-wall 8, can obtain metal parts 1.
Visible, the preparation of the part to be processed 1 of the utility model equipment is all to adopt the mode of scanning galvanometer and preset paving powder to complete, the same with traditional SLM technology, therefore, the utility model equipment had both possessed the high precision feature of SLM technology, because adopt conformal cylinder technology, can realize easily the high precision manufacture of large-scale part again.
Example:
Example 1:
This example adopts structure shown in Fig. 2 to realize.
(1) cad model of metal parts 1 is transformed, obtained the layering profile information of metal parts 1 and thin-wall 8: adding the wide thin-wall 8 of a 4mm apart from the peripheral 1mm of metal parts profile place, closed " the conformal cylinder " 9 that form of thin-wall 8; Adopt computer to carry out hierarchy slicing to the three-dimensional CAD model of transformation according to needed precision, obtain respectively every layer of scanning profile information of thin-wall 8 and metal parts 1;
(2) adopt LMD technology to manufacture one deck thin-wall 8: laser is transformed into light-conducting system 23 by beam converter 27, arrive optical focusing system 22, then on working face, be focused into suitable hot spot, Controlling System control lathe drives laser and optical focusing system to scan along this layer of profile and the path planning of thin-wall 8,5 of metal-powders pass through tube cells 24 by storage powder bucket 3, then synchronously sent in molten bath by powder-feeding nozzle 25, complete the shaping of thin-wall 8 these layers, one deck thin-wall 8 that forms thin-wall 8 adopts the metal-powder used with metal parts 1 the same.The cavity that thin-wall forms is conformal chamber 10.
If newly-increased height and the surfaceness of the newly-increased layer of thin-wall do not meet the requirement of follow-up paving powder, need to adopt measuring apparatus 32 to measure and finishing thin-wall surface as milling cutter, bistrique etc. as pit gauge etc. and trimming device 33, make newly-increased height and the surfaceness of the newly-increased layer of thin-wall meet the requirement of follow-up paving powder.
(3) in conformal chamber 10, fill up powder: Controlling System arrives storage powder bucket 3 carrier frequency channel break of tube cell 24, the passage that arrives automatic power spreading device 17 is opened, metal-powder 5 in enough storage powder buckets 3 is admitted in conformal chamber 10, and the scraper plate 16 of automatic power spreading device 17 strikes off powder taking the upper surface of thin-wall as benchmark.For improving paving powder efficiency and quality, the meal outlet openings of sizes of automatic power spreading device 17 can be according to the size and shape in conformal chamber by Controlling System control.
(4) beam converter 27 is transformed into laser on light-conducting system 19, laser is through scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 and focus on working face, under the control of Controlling System, the galvanometer deflection of scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 realizes the selective melting shaping of the metal-powder in this conformal chamber 10, manufactures one deck of metal parts 1.If metal parts is greater than galvanometer field sweep scope in the scanning area of this layer, computer control system 20 is controlled three-dimensional moving-member and is driven mounting plate 14 to move in XY plane, thereby scanning galvanometer system 15 is moved, adopt subregion or flight scan mode to complete the shaping processing of this layer.
(5) complete after the processing of this layer, three-dimensional moving-member drives mounting plate 14 and is arranged on the move upward height of a bed thickness of parts on mounting plate 14, repeats thin-wall and the metal parts manufacture of lower one deck.
(6) and so forth, successively stack, just can complete the whole part manufacture with conformal cylinder.
(7) after completing, remove thin-wall 8 by conventional cutting or other isolation technique, can obtain metal parts 1.
Example 2:
This example adopts the welding process as shown in 6 to prepare thin-wall 8, and its step is as follows:
(1) three-dimensional CAD model of metal parts is transformed, obtained the layering profile information of metal parts 1 and thin-wall 8.In computer control system software, the three-dimensional CAD model of metal parts 1 is transformed: adding apart from metal parts 1 edge profile 25mm place far away the closed outer (being thin-wall 8) that width is 1mm, thin-wall 8 can form conformal cylinder 9.This conformal cylinder 9 is according to part shape, can be a die cavity body that surrounds whole part, also can be according to part feature subregion, can form multiple die cavity bodies of enclosed region; According to the desired dimensional precision of manufacturing part, adopt computer to carry out hierarchy slicing to the transformed cad model with thin-wall, obtain the Laser Light Plane Scanning profile information of metal parts 1 and each layer plane profile information of thin-wall 8;
(2) adopt welding technique to manufacture one deck thin-wall 8 under Controlling System control, multi-joint welding robot is according to the scanning profile of thin-wall and path planning, on substrate, pass through one deck of welding forming thin-wall 8; cavity that thin-wall 8 forms is one deck of conformal cylinder 9, is also conformal chamber 10;
If newly-increased height and the surfaceness of the newly-increased layer of thin-wall do not meet the requirement of follow-up paving powder, need to adopt measuring apparatus 32 to measure and finishing thin-wall surface as milling cutter, bistrique etc. as pit gauge etc. and trimming device 33, make newly-increased height and the surfaceness of the newly-increased layer of thin-wall meet the requirement of follow-up paving powder.
(3) in conformal chamber 10, fill up powder: Controlling System arrives triggering powder bucket 3 carrier frequency channel break of tube cell 24, the passage that arrives automatic power spreading device 17 is opened, metal-powder 5 in enough storage powder buckets 3 is admitted in conformal chamber 10, and scraper plate 16 strikes off powder taking the upper surface of thin-wall as benchmark.For improving paving powder efficiency and quality, the meal outlet opening of automatic power spreading device 17 can be opened according to the size in conformal chamber.
(4) laser beam arrives scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 through light-conducting system 19, and focus on working face, under the control of Controlling System, the galvanometer deflection of scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 realizes the laser selective melting shaping of these conformal chamber 10 interior metal-powders, manufactures one deck of metal parts 1.If metal parts is greater than galvanometer field sweep scope in the scanning area of this layer, computer control system 20 is controlled three-dimensional moving-member and is driven mounting plate 14 to move in XY plane, thereby scanning galvanometer system 15 is moved, adopt subregion or flight scan mode to complete the shaping processing of this layer.
(5) complete after the processing of this layer, three-dimensional moving-member drives mounting plate 14 and is arranged on the move upward height of a bed thickness of parts on mounting plate 14, repeats thin-wall and the metal parts manufacture of lower one deck.
(6) and so forth, successively stack, just can complete the whole part manufacture with conformal cylinder.
(7) after completing, remove thin-wall 8 by conventional cutting or other isolation technique, can obtain metal parts 1.
Example 3
The method that the strip (steel plate, steel band, plastic tape, paper tape etc.) that this example adopts articulated robot that realization is processed is laid is prepared thin-wall 8, and its step is as follows:
(1) three-dimensional CAD model of metal parts is transformed, obtained the layering profile information of metal parts 1 and thin-wall 8.In computer control system software, the three-dimensional CAD model of metal parts 1 is transformed: adding apart from metal parts 1 edge profile 50mm place far away the closed outer (being thin-wall 8) that width is 10mm, thin-wall 8 can form conformal cylinder 9.This conformal cylinder 9 is according to part shape, can be a die cavity body that surrounds whole part, also can be according to part feature subregion, can form multiple die cavity bodies of enclosed region; According to the desired dimensional precision of manufacturing part, adopt computer to carry out hierarchy slicing to the transformed cad model with thin-wall, obtain the Laser Light Plane Scanning profile information of metal parts 1 and each layer plane profile information of thin-wall 8;
(2) adopt welding technique to manufacture one deck thin-wall 8: under computer control system 20 is controlled, articulated robot 31 will be laid on suitable locus according to the steel sheet 30 of the scanning profile of thin-wall and single berth powder thickness in advance, and with thin-wall before one deck fix, form the new one deck of thin-wall 8; the newly-increased layer of thin-wall 8 forms cavity area, i.e. conformal chamber 10.
(3) in conformal chamber 10, fill up powder: the passage that the powder in storage powder bucket 3 is arrived automatic power spreading device 17 by Controlling System is opened, metal-powder 5 in enough storage powder buckets 3 is admitted in conformal chamber 10, and scraper plate 16 strikes off powder taking the upper surface of thin-wall as benchmark.For improving paving powder efficiency and quality, the opening of automatic power spreading device 17 can be opened according to the size in conformal chamber.
(4) laser beam arrives scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 through light-conducting system 19, and focus on working face, under the control of Controlling System, the galvanometer deflection of scanning galvanometer focusing system 15 realizes the selective melting shaping of the metal-powder in this conformal chamber 10, manufactures one deck of metal parts 1.If metal parts is greater than galvanometer field sweep scope in the scanning area of this layer, the three-dimensional moving-member of Controlling System control drives mounting plate 14 to move in XY plane, thereby scanning galvanometer system 15 is moved, adopt subregion or flight scan mode to complete the shaping processing of this layer.
(5) complete after the processing of this layer, three-dimensional moving-member drives mounting plate 14 and is arranged on the move upward height of a bed thickness of parts on mounting plate 14, repeats thin-wall and the metal parts manufacture of lower one deck.
(6) and so forth, successively stack, just can complete the whole part manufacture with conformal cylinder.
(7) after completing, remove thin-wall 8 by conventional cutting or other isolation technique, can obtain metal parts 1.
The above is preferred embodiment of the present utility model, but the utility model should not be confined to the disclosed content of this embodiment and accompanying drawing.Do not depart from the equivalence or the amendment that under spirit disclosed in the utility model, complete so every, all fall into the scope of the utility model protection.
Claims (8)
1. a laser gain material producing apparatus for metal parts, is characterized in that, this equipment comprises galvanometer laser fusion building mortion and thin-wall preparation facilities;
Described galvanometer laser fusion building mortion is the selective laser melting building mortion of not being with moulding cylinder; Described thin-wall preparation facilities is arranged in the atmosphere chamber of selective laser melting building mortion, for successively completing the manufacture of thin-wall, form conformal chamber, described laser fusion building mortion has been used in described conformal chamber, spreading metal-powder and this metal-powder being carried out to selective laser melting shaping.
2. the laser gain material producing apparatus of metal parts according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described laser fusion building mortion comprises Chu Fendou, atmosphere chamber, three-dimensional moving-member, work top, scanning galvanometer focusing system, the first light-conducting system, automatic power spreading device and laser apparatus;
Chu Fendou is placed in atmosphere indoor or outdoors, and work top is positioned at bottom, atmosphere chamber, for placing the substrate as thin-wall and part supporting body;
Scanning galvanometer focusing system and automatic power spreading device are arranged on three-dimensional moving-member by mounting plate, the powder inlet of automatic power spreading device obtains powder by tube cell or free-falling mode from Chu Fendou, automatic power spreading device is used for to conformal chamber internal powder conveying, and scraper plate is also paved powder in conformal chamber; When work, laser apparatus is connected with the light inlet of scanning galvanometer focusing system by the first light-conducting system; On the powder of the laser beam of laser emitting in scanning galvanometer focusing system converges in conformal chamber, and according to part shape, powder is carried out to selective laser melting shaping.
3. the laser gain material producing apparatus of metal parts according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described thin-wall preparation facilities comprises laser apparatus, optical focusing system, the second light-conducting system, powder-feeding nozzle and three-dimensional moving-member;
Optical focusing system and powder-feeding nozzle are all arranged on three-dimensional moving-member by mounting plate, and powder-feeding nozzle is coaxial with optical focusing system, and powder-feeding nozzle is connected with Chu Fendou by tube cell; When work, the convergent point of ejection powder of powder-feeding nozzle and the focus of optical focusing system are positioned at substrate surface same position; The laser beam of laser emitting converges on the powder convergent point of the coaxial ejection of powder-feeding nozzle after optical focusing system, form cladding layer at substrate surface, in the time that powder-feeding nozzle and optical focusing system are pressed projected path motion with transverse axis, on substrate, form the thin-wall of desired shape, the region that this thin-wall surrounds is conformal chamber;
Described thin-wall preparation facilities and described laser fusion building mortion share a laser apparatus and/or three-dimensional moving-member, or are separately equipped with separately a laser apparatus and/or three-dimensional moving-member.
4. the laser gain material producing apparatus of metal parts according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that, described thin-wall preparation facilities is welding set, or is furnished with the articulated robot of strip material, or is furnished with strip material and is arranged on the automatic-blanking mechanism on three-dimensional moving-member.
5. according to the laser gain material producing apparatus of arbitrary described metal parts in claim 3, it is characterized in that, described three-dimensional moving-member is lathe or articulated robot.
6. according to the laser gain material producing apparatus of arbitrary described metal parts in claim 4, it is characterized in that, described three-dimensional moving-member is lathe or articulated robot.
7. according to the laser gain material producing apparatus of arbitrary described metal parts in claim 2, it is characterized in that, described automatic power spreading device is made up of powder bucket and scraper plate, the powder inlet of powder bucket obtains powder by tube cell or free-falling mode from Chu Fendou, the meal outlet A/F of powder bucket is adjustable, and scraper plate is for paving powder in conformal chamber.
8. according to the laser gain material producing apparatus of arbitrary described metal parts in claim 2, it is characterized in that, described automatic power spreading device is made up of powder bucket and cylinder, the powder inlet of powder bucket obtains powder by tube cell or free-falling mode from Chu Fendou, the meal outlet A/F of powder bucket is adjustable, and cylinder is for paving powder in conformal chamber.
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